1
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Long YP, Xie DJ, Zhao YY, Shi DQ, Yang WC. BICELLULAR POLLEN 1 is a modulator of DNA replication and pollen development in Arabidopsis. New Phytol 2019; 222:588-603. [PMID: 30484867 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During male gametogenesis in Arabidopsis, the haploid microspore undergoes an asymmetric division to produce a vegetative and a generative cell, the latter of which continues to divide symmetrically to form two sperms. This simple system couples cell cycle with cell fate specification. Here we addressed the role of DNA replication in male gametogenesis using a mutant bicellular pollen 1 (bice1), which produces bicellular, rather than tricellular, pollen grains as in the wild-type plant at anthesis. The mutation prolonged DNA synthesis of the generative cell, which resulted in c. 40% of pollen grains arrested at the two-nucleate stage. The extended S phase did not impact the cell fate of the generative cell as shown by cell-specific markers. BICE1 encodes a plant homolog of human D123 protein that is required for G1 progression, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here we showed that BICE1 interacts with MCM4 and MCM7 of the pre-replication complex. Consistently, double mutations in BICE1 and MCM4, or MCM7, also led to bicellular pollen and condensed chromosomes. These suggest that BICE1 plays a role in modulating DNA replication via interaction with MCM4 and MCM7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Long
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Lincui Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dong-Jiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Lincui Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Lincui Road, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dong-Qiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Lincui Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei-Cai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Lincui Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Sizani BL, Kalve S, Markakis MN, Domagalska MA, Stelmaszewska J, AbdElgawad H, Zhao X, De Veylder L, De Vos D, Broeckhove J, Schnittger A, Beemster GTS. Multiple mechanisms explain how reduced KRP expression increases leaf size of Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 2019; 221:1345-1358. [PMID: 30267580 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although cell number generally correlates with organ size, the role of cell cycle control in growth regulation is still largely unsolved. We studied kip related protein (krp) 4, 6 and 7 single, double and triple mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana to understand the role of cell cycle inhibitory proteins in leaf development. We performed leaf growth and seed size analysis, kinematic analysis, flow cytometery, transcriptome analysis and mathematical modeling of G1/S and G2/M checkpoint progression of the mitotic and endoreplication cycle. Double and triple mutants progressively increased mature leaf size, because of elevated expression of cell cycle and DNA replication genes stimulating progression through the division and endoreplication cycle. However, cell number was also already increased before leaf emergence, as a result of an increased cell number in the embryo. We show that increased embryo and seed size in krp4/6/7 results from seed abortion, presumably reducing resource competition, and that seed size differences contribute to the phenotype of several large-leaf mutants. Our results provide a new mechanistic understanding of the role of cell cycle regulation in leaf development and highlight the contribution of the embryo to the development of leaves after germination in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulelani L Sizani
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Shweta Kalve
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Marios N Markakis
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Malgorzata A Domagalska
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Joanna Stelmaszewska
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology Medical, University of Bialystok, 15-089, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62521, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Xin'ai Zhao
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22609, Germany
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, 6052, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Vos
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Jan Broeckhove
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22609, Germany
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
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3
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Lara-Núñez A, García-Ayala BB, Garza-Aguilar SM, Flores-Sánchez J, Sánchez-Camargo VA, Bravo-Alberto CE, Vázquez-Santana S, Vázquez-Ramos JM. Glucose and sucrose differentially modify cell proliferation in maize during germination. Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 113:20-31. [PMID: 28157579 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and sucrose play a dual role: as carbon and energy sources and as signaling molecules. In order to address the impact that sugars may have on maize seeds during germination, embryo axes were incubated with or without either of the two sugars. Expression of key cell cycle markers and protein abundance, cell patterning and de novo DNA synthesis in root meristem zones were analyzed. Embryo axes without added sugars in imbibition medium were unable to grow after 7 days; in sucrose, embryo axes developed seminal and primary roots with numerous root hairs, whereas in glucose axes showed a twisted morphology, no root hair formation but callus-like structures on adventitious and primary seminal roots. More and smaller cells were observed with glucose treatment in root apical meristems. de novo DNA synthesis was stimulated more by glucose than by sucrose. At 24 h of imbibition, expression of ZmCycD2;2a and ZmCycD4;2 was increased by sucrose and reduced by glucose. CDKA1;1 and CDKA2;1 expression was stimulated equally by both sugars. Protein abundance patterns were modified by sugars: ZmCycD2 showed peaks on glucose at 12 and 36 h of imbibition whereas sucrose promoted ZmCycD3 protein accumulation. In presence of glucose ZmCycD3, ZmCycD4 and ZmCycD6 protein abundance was reduced after 24 h. Finally, both sugars stimulated ZmCDKA protein accumulation but at different times. Overall, even though glucose appears to act as a stronger mitogen stimulator, sucrose stimulated the expression of more cell cycle markers during germination. This work provides evidence of a differential response of cell cycle markers to sucrose and glucose during maize germination that may affect the developmental program during plantlet establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Lara-Núñez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Brendy B García-Ayala
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sara M Garza-Aguilar
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jesús Flores-Sánchez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Victor A Sánchez-Camargo
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos E Bravo-Alberto
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sonia Vázquez-Santana
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge M Vázquez-Ramos
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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4
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García-Cambero JP, García-Cortés H, Valcárcel Y, Catalá M. Environmental concentrations of the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine induced sublethal toxicity in the development of plants but not in a zebrafish embryo-larval model. J Hazard Mater 2015; 300:866-872. [PMID: 26340554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have found cocaine and its main active metabolite benzoylecgonine (BE) in the aquatic environment and drinking water, derived from its consumption by humans as well as the inability of water treatment processes to eliminate it. A few studies have already investigated the ecotoxicology of BE to aquatic invertebrates, but none has still addressed the effects of BE on aquatic vertebrates or vascular plants. The goal of this publication is to provide information on the toxicity of environmental concentrations of BE during animal and vascular plant development, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the potential risk of this substance for the environment. BE induced alterations in mitochondrial activity and DNA levels of fern spores at environmental concentrations (1 ng L(-1)), which could disrupt gametophyte germination. However, BE at concentrations ranging from 1 ng L(-1) to 1 mg L(-1) did not disturb morphogenesis, hatching, heartbeat rate or larval motility in a zebrafish embryo-larval model. Adverse effects on ferns agree with the allelophathic role described for alkaloids and their unspecific interference with plant germination. Therefore, the anthropogenic dispersion of alkaloid allelochemicals may pose a risk for biodiversity and irrigated food production that should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P García-Cambero
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - H García-Cortés
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Higher School of Science and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, ESCET - Campus de Móstoles, C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Valcárcel
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Surgery, Psychology, Public Health, Inmunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda Atenas S/N, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Catalá
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Higher School of Science and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, ESCET - Campus de Móstoles, C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Bass HW, Hoffman GG, Lee TJ, Wear EE, Joseph SR, Allen GC, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Thompson WF. Defining multiple, distinct, and shared spatiotemporal patterns of DNA replication and endoreduplication from 3D image analysis of developing maize (Zea mays L.) root tip nuclei. Plant Mol Biol 2015; 89:339-51. [PMID: 26394866 PMCID: PMC4631726 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal patterns of DNA replication have been described for yeast and many types of cultured animal cells, frequently after cell cycle arrest to aid in synchronization. However, patterns of DNA replication in nuclei from plants or naturally developing organs remain largely uncharacterized. Here we report findings from 3D quantitative analysis of DNA replication and endoreduplication in nuclei from pulse-labeled developing maize root tips. In both early and middle S phase nuclei, flow-sorted on the basis of DNA content, replicative labeling was widely distributed across euchromatic regions of the nucleoplasm. We did not observe the perinuclear or perinucleolar replicative labeling patterns characteristic of middle S phase in mammals. Instead, the early versus middle S phase patterns in maize could be distinguished cytologically by correlating two quantitative, continuous variables, replicative labeling and DAPI staining. Early S nuclei exhibited widely distributed euchromatic labeling preferentially localized to regions with weak DAPI signals. Middle S nuclei also exhibited widely distributed euchromatic labeling, but the label was preferentially localized to regions with strong DAPI signals. Highly condensed heterochromatin, including knobs, replicated during late S phase as previously reported. Similar spatiotemporal replication patterns were observed for both mitotic and endocycling maize nuclei. These results revealed that maize euchromatin exists as an intermingled mixture of two components distinguished by their condensation state and replication timing. These different patterns might reflect a previously described genome organization pattern, with "gene islands" mostly replicating during early S phase followed by most of the intergenic repetitive regions replicating during middle S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hank W Bass
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, King Life Sciences Building, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4295, USA.
| | - Gregg G Hoffman
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, King Life Sciences Building, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4295, USA
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7612, USA
| | - Emily E Wear
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7612, USA
| | - Stacey R Joseph
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, King Life Sciences Building, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4295, USA
| | - George C Allen
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7609, USA
| | - Linda Hanley-Bowdoin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7612, USA
| | - William F Thompson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7612, USA
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6
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Ye J, Zhang Z, Long H, Zhang Z, Hong Y, Zhang X, You C, Liang W, Ma H, Lu P. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses reveal extensive phosphorylation of regulatory proteins in developing rice anthers. Plant J 2015; 84:527-44. [PMID: 26360816 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Anther development, particularly around the time of meiosis, is extremely crucial for plant sexual reproduction. Meanwhile, cell-to-cell communication between somatic (especial tapetum) cells and meiocytes are important for both somatic anther development and meiosis. To investigate possible molecular mechanisms modulating protein activities during anther development, we applied high-resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses for developing rice (Oryza sativa) anthers around the time of meiosis (RAM). In total, we identified 4984 proteins and 3203 phosphoproteins with 8973 unique phosphorylation sites (p-sites). Among those detected here, 1544 phosphoproteins are currently absent in the Plant Protein Phosphorylation DataBase (P3 DB), substantially enriching plant phosphorylation information. Mapman enrichment analysis showed that 'DNA repair','transcription regulation' and 'signaling' related proteins were overrepresented in the phosphorylated proteins. Ten genetically identified rice meiotic proteins were detected to be phosphorylated at a total of 25 p-sites; moreover more than 400 meiotically expressed proteins were revealed to be phosphorylated and their phosphorylation sites were precisely assigned. 163 putative secretory proteins, possibly functioning in cell-to-cell communication, are also phosphorylated. Furthermore, we showed that DNA synthesis, RNA splicing and RNA-directed DNA methylation pathways are extensively affected by phosphorylation. In addition, our data support 46 kinase-substrate pairs predicted by the rice Kinase-Protein Interaction Map, with SnRK1 substrates highly enriched. Taken together, our data revealed extensive protein phosphorylation during anther development, suggesting an important post-translational modification affecting protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zaibao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haifei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yue Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chenjiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wanqi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Pingli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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7
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Martynenko OI, Kyrylenko TK, Zaimenko NV, Antonyuk MM, Stepanyugin AV, Plodnik DP, Hovorun DM. Relationship between RNA/DNA ratio, growth rate and accumulation of selenium in the cells of wheat leaves under the influence of minerals analcime and trepel. Ukr Biochem J 2014; 86:89-94. [PMID: 25816592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied specific effects of different doses of natural minerals--analcime (An) and trepel (Tr)--on the growth rate, selenium (Se) content and functional activity of the genome of wheat leaves measured by the RNA/DNA ratio. Our results show that under the influence of An and Tr, especially at low doses (25 mg/100 g sand), there is a significant increase in the content of Se, increased growth rate of leaves of wheat seedlings and decreased RNA/DNA ratio. We have found significant correlations between studied parameters. Our findings suggest that the RNA/DNA ratio can be used as a convenient, reliable indicator of the biological activity of minerals An and Tr, and for quantitative express-estimation of their impact on plant organisms.
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8
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Bass HW, Wear EE, Lee TJ, Hoffman GG, Gumber HK, Allen GC, Thompson WF, Hanley-Bowdoin L. A maize root tip system to study DNA replication programmes in somatic and endocycling nuclei during plant development. J Exp Bot 2014; 65:2747-56. [PMID: 24449386 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The progress of nuclear DNA replication is complex in both time and space, and may reflect several levels of chromatin structure and 3-dimensional organization within the nucleus. To understand the relationship between DNA replication and developmental programmes, it is important to examine replication and nuclear substructure in different developmental contexts including natural cell-cycle progressions in situ. Plant meristems offer an ideal opportunity to analyse such processes in the context of normal growth of an organism. Our current understanding of large-scale chromosomal DNA replication has been limited by the lack of appropriate tools to visualize DNA replication with high resolution at defined points within S phase. In this perspective, we discuss a promising new system that can be used to visualize DNA replication in isolated maize (Zea mays L.) root tip nuclei after in planta pulse labelling with the thymidine analogue, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). Mixed populations of EdU-labelled nuclei are then separated by flow cytometry into sequential stages of S phase and examined directly using 3-dimensional deconvolution microscopy to characterize spatial patterns of plant DNA replication. Combining spatiotemporal analyses with studies of replication and epigenetic inheritance at the molecular level enables an integrated experimental approach to problems of mitotic inheritance and cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hank W Bass
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
| | - Emily E Wear
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Gregg G Hoffman
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
| | - Hardeep K Gumber
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
| | - George C Allen
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - William F Thompson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Linda Hanley-Bowdoin
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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9
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10
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Chyan CL, Lee TTT, Liu CP, Yang YC, Tzen JTC, Chou WM. Cloning and Expression of a Seed-Specific Metallothionein-Like Protein from Sesame. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 69:2319-25. [PMID: 16377889 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA clone, SiMT encoding an Ec type of metallothionein (MT)-like protein, was isolated from maturing seeds of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), and its deduced protein sequence shared 47-65% similarity to other known Ec type of MT-like proteins with three highly conserved cysteine-rich segments. The transcript of SiMT was exclusively accumulated in maturing seeds from two weeks after flowering to the end of seed maturation. The results of a southern blot analysis suggested that one SiMT and one SiMT-like gene were present in the sesame genome. Recombinant SiMT fused with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was over-expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. Recombinant SiMT released from GST was harvested after factor Xa cleavage. Migration of the recombinant SiMT during SDS-PAGE was accelerated when its binding metal ions were depleted by EDTA. The metal-binding capability of recombinant SiMT was measured by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Our results show that the recombinant SiMT could trap zinc or copper ions, but not manganese ions, with a stoichiometric ratio (metal ion/SiMT) of approximately 2.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Plant/biosynthesis
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Glutathione Transferase/genetics
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Metallothionein/biosynthesis
- Metallothionein/chemistry
- Metals/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Plant/biosynthesis
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Seeds/chemistry
- Seeds/metabolism
- Sesamum/chemistry
- Sesamum/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Chyan
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hwalien, Taiwan
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11
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Xiao WM, Zhao MC, Zou M, Tan YD, Zhang XG. Differences in differential gene expression between young and mature Arabidopsis C58 tumours. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2014; 16:539-549. [PMID: 24119138 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis of plants triggered by Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been investigated for over a century, but a global study on changes in gene expression in plant tumours during growth and development has received little attention so far due to technical difficulties. Recently a great advance in 'omic' technologies, e.g. microarray, proteome and transcriptome analyses, has allowed differential expression profiling of genes for metabolic regulation during plant tumour growth and development. Deeken et al.(The Plant Cell Online, 18, 3617) and Lee C.-W. et al.(The Plant Cell Online, 21, 2948) used a fold change approach to profile genes differentially expressed (DE) between Arabidopsis inflorescence stalks infected with Agrobacterium strains C58 (carrying T-DNA) or GV3101 (without T-DNA) and control stalks at 3 hours, 6 days and 35 days after inoculation. We utilised ranking analysis of microarray data, a modified t-test approach, to further analyse these microarray data and compared DE gene functioning in photosynthesis, energy, nucleotide, RNA, DNA, protein and lipid metabolism, biological defence, cell wall and signalling pathways in young (6-day-old) and mature (35-day-old) tumours. There were large differences in differential expression of genes for these basic metabolic pathways between young and mature tumours. In young tumours, more genes were up-regulated in most metabolic functional categories than down-regulated, whereas in mature tumours, genes involved in basic and major metabolic pathways were more down-regulated than up-regulated, strongly indicating that relative to the control stalk, many metabolic pathways were enhance in young tumours but decayed or tended to be decayed in mature tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-M Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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12
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Abstract
During plant genetic transformation, Agrobacterium transfers a single-stranded DNA (T-strand) into the host cell. Increasing evidence suggests that double-stranded (ds) T-DNA, converted from T-strands, are potent substrates for integration. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism governing T-strand conversion to dsT-DNA is unknown. Integrated T-DNA molecules typically exhibit deletions at their 3' end as compared with their 5' end. We hypothesize that this may result from asymmetric polymerization of T-DNA's ends. Here we show that β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression from sense T-strands is more efficient than from antisense T-strands, supporting asymmetric conversion. Co-transfection with two partially complementary, truncated GUS-encoding T-strands results in GUS expression, which suggests functional hybridization of the T-strands via complementary annealing and supports the notion that T-strands can anneal with primers. Indeed, red fluorescent protein (RFP) expression from mutated T-strand can be restored by delivery of synthetic DNA and RNA oligonucleotides with partial wild-type RFP sequence, implying the involvement of plant DNA repair machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuobin Liang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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13
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Abstract
The mitotic cell cycle in higher eukaryotes is of pivotal importance for organ growth and development. Here, we report that Elongator, an evolutionarily conserved histone acetyltransferase complex, acts as an important regulator of mitotic cell cycle to promote leaf patterning in Arabidopsis. Mutations in genes encoding Elongator subunits resulted in aberrant cell cycle progression, and the altered cell division affects leaf polarity formation. The defective cell cycle progression is caused by aberrant DNA replication and increased DNA damage, which activate the DNA replication checkpoint to arrest the cell cycle. Elongator interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and is required for efficient histone 3 (H3) and H4 acetylation coupled with DNA replication. Levels of chromatin-bound H3K56Ac and H4K5Ac known to associate with replicons during DNA replication were reduced in the mutants of both Elongator and chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1), another protein complex that physically interacts with PCNA for DNA replication-coupled chromatin assembly. Disruptions of CAF-1 also led to severe leaf polarity defects, which indicated that Elongator and CAF-1 act, at least partially, in the same pathway to promote cell cycle progression. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Elongator is an important regulator of mitotic cell cycle, and the Elongator pathway plays critical roles in promoting leaf polarity formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyang Xu
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
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14
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Córdoba-Cañero D, Roldán-Arjona T, Ariza RR. Arabidopsis ARP endonuclease functions in a branched base excision DNA repair pathway completed by LIG1. Plant J 2011; 68:693-702. [PMID: 21781197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) is an essential cellular defence mechanism against DNA damage, but it is poorly understood in plants. We used an assay that monitors repair of damaged bases and abasic (apurinic/apyrimidinic, AP) sites in Arabidopsis to characterize post-excision events during plant BER. We found that Apurinic endonuclease-redox protein (ARP) is the major AP endonuclease activity in Arabidopsis cell extracts, and is required for AP incision during uracil BER in vitro. Mutant plants that are deficient in ARP grow normally but are hypersensitive to 5-fluorouracil, a compound that favours mis-incorporation of uracil into DNA. We also found that, after AP incision, the choice between single-nucleotide or long-patch DNA synthesis (SN- or LP-BER) is influenced by the 5' end of the repair gap. When the 5' end is blocked and not amenable to β-elimination, the SN sub-pathway is abrogated, and repair is accomplished through LP-BER only. Finally, we provide evidence that Arabidopsis DNA ligase I (LIG1) is required for both SN- and LP-BER. lig1 RNAi-silenced lines show very reduced uracil BER, and anti-LIG1 antibody abolishes repair in wild-type cell extracts. In contrast, knockout lig4(-/-) mutants exhibit normal BER and nick ligation levels. Our results suggest that a branched BER pathway completed by a member of the DNA ligase I family may be an ancient feature in eukaryotic species.
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15
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Dubas E, Custers J, Kieft H, Wędzony M, van Lammeren AAM. Microtubule configurations and nuclear DNA synthesis during initiation of suspensor-bearing embryos from Brassica napus cv. Topas microspores. Plant Cell Rep 2011; 30:2105-16. [PMID: 21779827 PMCID: PMC3192950 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the new Brassica napus microspore culture system, wherein embryos with suspensors are formed, ab initio mimics zygotic embryogenesis. The system provides a powerful in vitro tool for studying the diverse developmental processes that take place during early stages of plant embryogenesis. Here, we studied in this new culture system both the temporal and spatial distribution of nuclear DNA synthesis places and the organization of the microtubular (MT) cytoskeleton, which were visualized with a refined whole mount immunolocalization technology and 3D confocal laser scanning microscopy. A 'mild' heat stress induced microspores to elongate, to rearrange their MT cytoskeleton and to re-enter the cell cycle and perform a predictable sequence of divisions. These events led to the formation of a filamentous suspensor-like structure, of which the distal tip cell gave rise to the embryo proper. Cells of the developing pro-embryo characterized endoplasmic (EMTs) and cortical microtubules (CMTs) in various configurations in the successive stages of the cell cycle. However, the most prominent changes in MT configurations and nuclear DNA replication concerned the first sporophytic division occurring within microspores and the apical cell of the pro-embryo. Microspore embryogenesis was preceded by pre-prophase band formation and DNA synthesis. The apical cell of the pro-embryo exhibited a random organization of CMTs and, in relation to this, isotropic expansion occurred, mimicking the development of the apical cell of the zygotic situation. Moreover, the apical cell entered the S phase shortly before it divided transversally at the stage that the suspensor was 3-8 celled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dubas
- Laboratory for Plant Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Radix building 107, W1 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Zhu Y, Weng M, Yang Y, Zhang C, Li Z, Shen WH, Dong A. Arabidopsis homologues of the histone chaperone ASF1 are crucial for chromatin replication and cell proliferation in plant development. Plant J 2011; 66:443-55. [PMID: 21251110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Anti-silencing function1 (ASF1) is an evolutionarily conserved histone chaperone. Studies in yeast and animals indicate that ASF1 proteins play important roles in various chromatin-based processes, including gene transcription, DNA replication and repair. While two genes encoding ASF1 homologues, AtASF1A and AtASF1B, are found in the Arabidopsis genome, their function has not been studied. Here we report that both AtASF1A and AtASF1B proteins bind histone H3, and are localized in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Loss-of-function of either AtASF1A or AtASF1B did not show obvious defects, whereas simultaneous knockdown of both genes in the double mutant Atasf1ab drastically inhibited plant growth and caused abnormal vegetative and reproductive organ development. The Atasf1ab mutant plants exhibit cell number reduction, S-phase delay/arrest, and reduced polyploidy levels. Selective up-regulation of expression of a subset of genes, including those involved in S-phase checkpoints and the CYCB1;1 gene at the G₂-to-M transition, was observed in Atasf1ab. Furthermore, the Atasf1ab-triggered replication fork stalling constitutively activates the DNA damage checkpoint and repair genes, including ATM, ATR, PARP1 and PARP2 as well as several genes of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway but not genes of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. In spite of the activation of repair genes, an increased level of DNA damage was detected in Atasf1ab, suggesting that defects in the mutant largely exceed the available capacity of the repair machinery. Taken together, our study establishes crucial roles for the AtASF1A and AtASF1B genes in chromatin replication, maintenance of genome integrity and cell proliferation during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Chaban IA, Lazareva EM, Kononenko NV, Poliakov VI. [Antipodal complex development in the embryo sac of wheat]. Ontogenez 2011; 42:101-115. [PMID: 21542339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dynamics of an antipodal complex formation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been observed in detail using a reconstruction of serial semifine sections. Three consecutive crucial stages have been identified in the development of the antipodal complex: (1) proliferation of initial cells, (2) growth and functional differentiation of antipodal cells, and (3) cell apoptosis. Specific features of the mitotic division of antipodal cells have been characterized. It has been shown that the structure of interphase nuclei and mitotic chromosomes of proliferating antipodal cells is similar to that of nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac. According to the reconstruction of appropriately oriented serial sections, the division of antipodal cells is asynchronous. DNA content in differentiated antipodal cells has been determined by a cytophotometric analysis; in the case of a mature embryo sac, the ploidy of antipodal cells varied from 8 to 32C. Proliferation and DNA endoreduplication processes in the antipodal complex proceed at different time; the second process starts only after the termination of the first one. DNA endoreduplication is accompanied by total chromatin remodeling; as a result, giant chromosomes are formed in the nuclei of antipodal cells. The final stage of the antipodal complex development is programmed cell death or apoptosis. A model for the structural organization of an antipodal complex has been proposed based on the layer arrangement of cells. The secretory activity of antipodal cells directed towards the endosperm syncytium has been detected for the first time. The analysis of "truncated" ovules with an undeveloped endosperm has shown that developing endosperm can be a possible inductor, which stimulates the functional activity of antipodal cells and triggers their terminal differentiation. The obtained results evidence the functional role of antipodal cells in the development of the endosperm and embryo.
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Ranghoo-Sanmukhiya M, Govinden-Soulange J, Lavergne C, Khoyratty S, Da Silva D, Frederich M, Kodja H. Molecular biology, phytochemistry and bioactivity of three endemic Aloe species from Mauritius and Réunion Islands. Phytochem Anal 2010; 21:566-574. [PMID: 20821810 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aloe tormentorii, A. purpurea and A. macra are used as multipurpose folk medicines in Réunion and Mauritius Islands and are mistaken for the introduced Aloe vera. OBJECTIVE To compare the phytochemical, antimicrobial and DNA profiles of Aloe endemic to Mauritius and Réunion with the profiles of A. vera. Methodology - Leaf extracts of these Aloe species were analysed using standard phytochemical screening techniques, TLC and by HPLC. These extracts were also assayed for antimicrobial activity using microdilution techniques. Genetic diversity was studied using RAPD markers. RESULTS Phytochemical and antimicrobial assays and RAPD analysis showed that Mascarene Aloe species were very different from A. vera. CONCLUSION This study is the first report highlighting the differences between Aloe sp.p from Mascarene and Aloe vera at the metabolic and genomic level.
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Huang J, Wang H, Xie X, Gao H, Guo G. Developmental changes in DNA methylation of pollen mother cells of David lily during meiotic prophase I. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2010; 44:853-858. [PMID: 21090172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic marks in the form of DNA methylation are involved in the development of germ cells and are important in the maintenance of fertility. However, the controlling system of the on-off switch for DNA methylation largely remains unclear. In this study, the extent of cytosine methylation during the meiotic prophase I in David lily is assessed using high pressure liquid chromatography to evaluate the DNA methylation rates. Comparing the degree of DNA methylation before, during, and after synizesis, both de novo methylation and demethylation occurred. Mainly the methylation level decreased by 21.3% (from 54.8 to 33.5%) during synizesis in the pollen mother cells. The developmental timing of genome-wide DNA methylation acquisition during pollen mother cell development is clarified in this paper. The relative amounts of 5-methyl-deoxycytidine of global methylation in leaf DNA in David lily were also higher than in other species reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Huang
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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20
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Jacob Y, Stroud H, Leblanc C, Feng S, Zhuo L, Caro E, Hassel C, Gutierrez C, Michaels SD, Jacobsen SE. Regulation of heterochromatic DNA replication by histone H3 lysine 27 methyltransferases. Nature 2010; 466:987-91. [PMID: 20631708 PMCID: PMC2964344 DOI: 10.1038/nature09290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple pathways prevent DNA replication from occurring more than once per cell cycle. These pathways block re-replication by strictly controlling the activity of pre-replication complexes, which assemble at specific sites in the genome called origins. Here we show that mutations in the homologous histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) monomethyltransferases, ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX-RELATED PROTEIN5 (ATXR5) and ATXR6, lead to re-replication of specific genomic locations. Most of these locations correspond to transposons and other repetitive and silent elements of the Arabidopsis genome. These sites also correspond to high levels of H3K27 monomethylation, and mutation of the catalytic SET domain is sufficient to cause the re-replication defect. Mutation of ATXR5 and ATXR6 also causes upregulation of transposon expression and has pleiotropic effects on plant development. These results uncover a novel pathway that prevents over-replication of heterochromatin in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Jacob
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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21
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Dahan Y, Rosenfeld R, Zadiranov V, Irihimovitch V. A proposed conserved role for an avocado FW2.2-like gene as a negative regulator of fruit cell division. Planta 2010; 232:663-676. [PMID: 20544218 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies using 'Hass' avocado and its small fruit (SF) phenotype as a model showed that SF is limited by cell number, not by cell size. In an attempt to explore the molecular mechanisms regulating avocado fruit cell division, we isolated four distinct avocado cell proliferation-related genes and investigated their expression characteristics, comparing normal fruit (NF) and SF developmental patterns. Three cDNAs termed PaCYCA1, PaCYCB1 and PaPCNA, encoding two mitotic cyclins and a proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), were first isolated from young NF tissues. The accumulation of their transcripts was predominant in mitotically active organs, including young fruitlets, leaves and roots. Furthermore, a fourth full-length cDNA, designated Pafw2.2-like, encoding a FW2.2 (fruit-weight)-like protein, was isolated from SF tissues. FW2.2 is postulated to function as a negative regulator of cell division in tomato fruit. Remarkably, northern analysis revealed that the accumulation of the mitotic cyclins and of PCNA transcripts gradually decreased in NF tissues during growth, whereas in SF, their levels had already decreased at earlier stages of fruit development, concomitant with an earlier arrest of fruit cell division activity. In contrast, parallel sq-RT-PCR analysis showed that Pafw2.2-like mRNA accumulation was considerably higher in SF tissues than in the same NF tissues essentially at all examined stages of fruit growth. Together, our data suggest essential roles for the two mitotic cyclins genes and the PCNA gene in regulating avocado fruit development. Furthermore, the possibility that Pafw2.2-like acts as does fw2.2 in tomato, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yardena Dahan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, 50250 Bet-Dagan, Israel
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Córdoba-Cañero D, Morales-Ruiz T, Roldán-Arjona T, Ariza RR. Single-nucleotide and long-patch base excision repair of DNA damage in plants. Plant J 2009; 60:716-28. [PMID: 19682284 PMCID: PMC2954439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) is a critical pathway in cellular defense against endogenous or exogenous DNA damage. This elaborate multistep process is initiated by DNA glycosylases that excise the damaged base, and continues through the concerted action of additional proteins that finally restore DNA to the unmodified state. BER has been subject to detailed biochemical analysis in bacteria, yeast and animals, mainly through in vitro reproduction of the entire repair reaction in cell-free extracts. However, an understanding of this repair pathway in plants has consistently lagged behind. We report the extension of BER biochemical analysis to plants, using Arabidopsis cell extracts to monitor repair of DNA base damage in vitro. We have used this system to demonstrate that Arabidopsis cell extracts contain the enzymatic machinery required to completely repair ubiquitous DNA lesions, such as uracil and abasic (AP) sites. Our results reveal that AP sites generated after uracil excision are processed both by AP endonucleases and AP lyases, generating either 5'- or 3'-blocked ends, respectively. We have also found that gap filling and ligation may proceed either through insertion of just one nucleotide (short-patch BER) or several nucleotides (long-patch BER). This experimental system should prove useful in the biochemical and genetic dissection of BER in plants, and contribute to provide a broader picture of the evolution and biological relevance of DNA repair pathways.
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Abstract
AIM Panax notoginseng is a cultivated ginseng species highly valued for its various pharmacological activities mostly associated with triterpenoid saponin glycosides. It would be of great interest to understand biodiversity in this ginseng species after its long history of domestication. METHODS We collected 92 random sampled 3-year-old P notoginseng plants from 4 counties of Wenshan prefecture in Yunnan province, China and documented their morphological features of plant height, stem color, number of leaves/leaflets and dry weight of tap root. Their genetic diversity was evaluated by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (fAFLP) analysis. RESULTS Among the samples collected, variable morphological features were observed. For these 4 populations (Zhulijie, Shangliuhe, Bazai and Jinbuhuan) analyzed by fAFLP, percentage of polymorphic bands among the total number of 582 discrete bands were 74.05%, 45.36%, 38.83% and 51.89% respectively. Mean genetic heterozygosity were 0.166, 0.093, 0.094 and 0.125. On the other hand, Nei genetic distances among populations were all <0.03. Further analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) attributed most (93.5%) genetic diversity to within population variation. Principal coordinates analysis (PCA) did not group any population distinctively. CONCLUSION This domesticated ginseng species still maintains a fair level of biodiversity and this conclusion is consistent with the local practice of non-selective collection of seeds for next season planting. There was no genetic drift in populations. Biodiversity of P notoginseng can be exploited to improve this important herb through breeding. Two possible strategies include inbreeding for pure lines and hybrid breeding with genetic divergent parents for hybrid vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
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Prikryl J, Watkins KP, Friso G, van Wijk KJ, Barkan A. A member of the Whirly family is a multifunctional RNA- and DNA-binding protein that is essential for chloroplast biogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:5152-65. [PMID: 18676978 PMCID: PMC2532728 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
'Whirly' proteins comprise a plant-specific protein family whose members have been described as DNA-binding proteins that influence nuclear transcription and telomere maintenance, and that associate with nucleoids in chloroplasts and mitochondria. We identified the maize WHY1 ortholog among proteins that coimmunoprecipitate with CRS1, which promotes the splicing of the chloroplast atpF group II intron. ZmWHY1 localizes to the chloroplast stroma and to the thylakoid membrane, to which it is tethered by DNA. Genome-wide coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that ZmWHY1 in chloroplast extract is associated with DNA from throughout the plastid genome and with a subset of plastid RNAs that includes atpF transcripts. Furthermore, ZmWHY1 binds both RNA and DNA in vitro. A severe ZmWhy1 mutant allele conditions albino seedlings lacking plastid ribosomes; these exhibit the altered plastid RNA profile characteristic of ribosome-less plastids. Hypomorphic ZmWhy1 mutants exhibit reduced atpF intron splicing and a reduced content of plastid ribosomes; aberrant 23S rRNA metabolism in these mutants suggests that a defect in the biogenesis of the large ribosomal subunit underlies the ribosome deficiency. However, these mutants contain near normal levels of chloroplast DNA and RNAs, suggesting that ZmWHY1 is not directly required for either DNA replication or for global plastid transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Prikryl
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405 and Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kenneth P. Watkins
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405 and Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Giulia Friso
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405 and Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Klaas J. van Wijk
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405 and Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alice Barkan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405 and Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Boubriak II, Grodzinsky DM, Polischuk VP, Naumenko VD, Gushcha NP, Micheev AN, McCready SJ, Osborne DJ. Adaptation and impairment of DNA repair function in pollen of Betula verrucosa and seeds of Oenothera biennis from differently radionuclide-contaminated sites of Chernobyl. Ann Bot 2008; 101:267-76. [PMID: 17981881 PMCID: PMC2711018 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The plants that have remained in the contaminated areas around Chernobyl since 1986 encapsulate the effects of radiation. Such plants are chronically exposed to radionuclides that they have accumulated internally as well as to alpha-, beta- and gamma-emitting radionuclides from external sources and from the soil. This radiation leads to genetic damage that can be countered by DNA repair systems. The objective of this study is to follow DNA repair and adaptation in haploid cells (birch pollen) and diploid cells (seed embryos of the evening primrose) from plants that have been growing in situ in different radionuclide fall-out sites in monitored regions surrounding the Chernobyl explosion of 1986. METHODS Radionuclide levels in soil were detected using gamma-spectroscopy and radiochemistry. DNA repair assays included measurement of unscheduled DNA synthesis, electrophoretic determination of single-strand DNA breaks and image analysis of rDNA repeats after repair intervals. Nucleosome levels were established using an ELISA kit. KEY RESULTS Birch pollen collected in 1987 failed to perform unscheduled DNA synthesis, but pollen at gamma/beta-emitter sites has now recovered this ability. At a site with high levels of combined alpha- and gamma/beta-emitters, pollen still exhibits hidden damage, as shown by reduced unscheduled DNA synthesis and failure to repair lesions in rDNA repeats properly. Evening primrose seed embryos generated on plants at the same gamma/beta-emitter sites now show an improved DNA repair capacity and ability to germinate under abiotic stresses (salinity and accelerated ageing). Again those from combined alpha- and gamma/beta-contaminated site do not show this improvement. CONCLUSIONS Chronic irradiation at gamma/beta-emitter sites has provided opportunities for plant cells (both pollen and embryo cells) to adapt to ionizing irradiation and other environmental stresses. This may be explained by facilitation of DNA repair function.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Boubriak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Sedira M, Welander M, Geier T. Influence of IBA and aphidicolin on DNA synthesis and adventitious root regeneration from Malus 'Jork 9' stem discs. Plant Cell Rep 2007; 26:539-45. [PMID: 17226058 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious root formation in Malus 'Jork 9' stem discs was studied through temporarily blocking DNA synthesis by application of aphidicolin (AD). Higher number of roots per disc (8.4) after 21 days of cultivation were formed after a 24-h pulse of 15 microM AD, compared to control without AD application (6.7), with significantly more roots (3.7) already appearing at day 7, compared to 1.5 roots on the control. The promotive effect of AD on rooting was lower at 5 microM, while a concentration of 30 microM was slightly inhibitory. Results show that DNA synthesis is effectively blocked by AD, and this blockage is overcome after AD withdrawal. The data indicate that AD treatment influences cell divisions, thereby, might synchronise root initiation. The effects of different treatments with and without AD were studied at the cellular level by visualising DNA replication through BrdU-labelling. BrdU labelling further revealed temporal changes in the competence of the explants to respond to applied IBA. Thus, it is shown that the proportion of replicating nuclei present during 28-32 h is significantly increased in the split IBA treatment (0-4 h and 28-32 h; treatment C3), compared with a single IBA application during 0-8 h (treatment C3.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sedira
- Department of Crop Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 44, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
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Saimaru H, Orihara Y, Tansakul P, Kang YH, Shibuya M, Ebizuka Y. Production of Triterpene Acids by Cell Suspension Cultures of Olea europaea. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:784-8. [PMID: 17473469 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea) contains large quantity of triterpene acids including oleanolic acid (6) as a major one. Varieties of biological activities exhibited by triterpene acids attracted our attentions, especially from pharmaceutical viewpoints. Cell culture of olive plant was induced and its triterpene constituents were studied. From the cell suspension cultures, six ursane type triterpene acids; ursolic acid (9), pomolic acid (10), rotundic acid (11), tormentic acid (12), 2alpha-hydroxyursolic acid (13) and 19alpha-hydroxyasiatic acid (14), and two oleanane type acids; oleanolic acid and maslinic acid (7), have been isolated. Quantity of ursane type triterpene acids produced by cell cultures was larger than that of oleanane type. Further, a multifunctional oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) named OEA was cloned by homology based PCRs from the same cultured cells. Major product of OEA is alpha-amyrin (ursane skeleton), showing good accordance to higher content of ursane-type triterpene acids in the cultured cells, and strongly suggesting OEA to be a major contributor OSC for their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Saimaru
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Scharff LB, Koop HU. Linear molecules of tobacco ptDNA end at known replication origins and additional loci. Plant Mol Biol 2006; 62:611-21. [PMID: 16897466 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-9042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Higher plant plastid DNA (ptDNA) is generally described as a double-stranded circular molecule of the size of the monomer of the plastid genome. Also, the substrates and products of ptDNA replication are generally assumed to be circular molecules. Linear or partly linear ptDNA molecules were detected in our present study using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting of ptDNA restricted with 'single cutter' restriction enzymes. These linear DNA molecules show discrete end points which were mapped using appropriate probes. One possible explanation of discrete ends would be that they represent origins of replication. Indeed, some of the mapped ends correlate well with the known origins of replication of tobacco plastids, i.e. both of the oriA sequences and--less pronouncedly--with the oriB elements. Other ends correspond to replication origins that were described for Oenothera hookeri, Zea mays, Glycine max and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, respectively, while some of the mapped ends were not described previously and might therefore represent additional origins of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars B Scharff
- Department of Biology I - Botany, University of Munich, Menzinger Str. 67, D-80638 München, Germany
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29
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Podevin N, De Buck S, De Wilde C, Depicker A. Insights into recognition of the T-DNA border repeats as termination sites for T-strand synthesis by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transgenic Res 2006; 15:557-71. [PMID: 16830227 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-9003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of the T-DNA left border (LB) repeat is affected by its surrounding sequences. Here, the LB regions were further characterized by molecular analysis of transgenic plants, obtained after Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation with T-DNA vectors that had been modified in this LB region. At least the 24-bp LB repeat by itself was insufficient to terminate the T-strand synthesis. Addition of the natural inner and/or outer border regions to at least the LB repeat, even when present at a distance, enhanced the correct recognition of the LB repeat, reducing the number of plants containing vector backbone sequences. In tandem occurrence of both the octopine and nopaline LB regions with their repeats terminated the T-strand synthesis most efficiently at the LB, yielding a reproducibly high number of plants containing only the T-DNA. Furthermore, T-strand synthesis did not terminate efficiently at the right border (RB) repeat, which might indicate that signals in the outer RB region inhibit the termination of T-strand synthesis at the RB repeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Podevin
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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Dai H, Lo YS, Litvinchuk A, Wang YT, Jane WN, Hsiao LJ, Chiang KS. Structural and functional characterizations of mung bean mitochondrial nucleoids. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:4725-39. [PMID: 16116038 PMCID: PMC1188516 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial nucleoids isolated from mung bean seedlings exhibited a chromatin-like structure associated with a membrane component. A similar structure, which underwent discrete changes during cotyledon development, was identified in situ. Isolated nucleoids consisted of essentially the same phospholipids, including cardiolipin, as whole mitochondria and proteins of inner- and outer-mitochondrial-membrane origin. Actin was consistently found with mitochondrial nucleoids prepared with different detergent concentrations. Formaldehyde cross-linking of cytochalasin B- and proteinase K-treated mitochondria further revealed that actin was associated with DNA in nucleoids. Mitochondrial nucleoids were self-sufficient in directing DNA synthesis in vitro in a pattern mimicking mtDNA synthesis in isolated mitochondria. In pulse-field gel electrophoresis, newly synthesized mtDNA separated into two major components, well-bound and fast-moving forms. Nucleoids DNA synthesis was resistant to aphidicolin but sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide, which indicates that a gamma-type DNA polymerase was responsible for this activity. Mitochondrial nucleoids were capable of self-directed RNA transcription in a non-random fashion in vitro. Consistent with and complementary to results from fungi and human cells done mostly in situ, our present work helps to establish the important paradigm that mitochondrial nucleoids in eukaryotes are more than mere mtDNA compaction and segregation entities but are centers of mtDNA maintenance and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Dai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan 11509, ROC.
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31
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Paschalidis KA, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA. Sites and regulation of polyamine catabolism in the tobacco plant. Correlations with cell division/expansion, cell cycle progression, and vascular development. Plant Physiol 2005; 138:2174-84. [PMID: 16040649 PMCID: PMC1183405 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.063941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously gave a picture of the homeostatic characteristics of polyamine (PA) biosynthesis and conjugation in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant organs during development. In this work, we present the sites and regulation of PA catabolism related to cell division/expansion, cell cycle progression, and vascular development in the tobacco plant. Diamine oxidase (DAO), PA oxidase (PAO), peroxidases (POXs), and putrescine N-methyltransferase expressions follow temporally and spatially discrete patterns in shoot apical cells, leaves (apical, peripheral, and central regions), acropetal and basipetal petiole regions, internodes, and young and old roots in developing plants. DAO and PAO produce hydrogen peroxide, a plant signal molecule and substrate for POXs. Gene expression and immunohistochemistry analyses reveal that amine oxidases in developing tobacco tissues precede and overlap with nascent nuclear DNA and also with POXs and lignification. In mature and old tissues, flow cytometry indicates that amine oxidase and POX activities, as well as pao gene and PAO protein levels, coincide with G2 nuclear phase and endoreduplication. In young versus the older roots, amine oxidases and POX expression decrease with parallel inhibition of G2 advance and endoreduplication, whereas putrescine N-methyltransferase dramatically increases. In both hypergeous and hypogeous tissues, DAO and PAO expression occurs in cells destined to undergo lignification, suggesting a different in situ localization. DNA synthesis early in development and the advance in cell cycle/endocycle are temporally and spatially related to PA catabolism and vascular development.
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32
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Kaźmierczak A. Aminooxyacetic acid inhibits antheridiogenesis and development of Anemia phyllitidis gametophytes. Plant Cell Rep 2004; 23:203-210. [PMID: 15480681 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-004-0829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytomorphological studies of the development of young fern gametophytes (Anemia phyllitidis) have been used to investigate combined effects of gibberellic acid and ethylene on male sex expression. ACC (the key by-product in ethylene biosynthesis pathway) was found to exert a synergetic effect on the gibberellic acid-induced antheridia formation, and this phenomenon could be related with the specific stimulation of cell growth and activity of their differentiation. To complete and verify those observations male sex expression in the fern gametophytes treated with ACC-biosynthesis inhibitor was reinvestigated. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) restrained antheridia formation via inhibition of cell divisions. AOA influenced the arrangement and flexibility of cellulose microfibrils in the antheridial zone cells, thus affecting cell expansion. On the other hand, the level of DNA synthesis was not reduced. Transient increase in the number of S-phase cells, followed by the accumulation of G2-phase cells led to the enhancement of cell polyploidization. All these findings correspond with the previous observations and support participation of ethylene in gibberellic acid-induced male sex expression in ferns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Department of Cytophysiology, University of Łódź, Pilarskiego 14, 90231, Poland.
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Dan H, Imaseki H, Wasteneys GO, Kazama H. Ethylene stimulates endoreduplication but inhibits cytokinesis in cucumber hypocotyl epidermis. Plant Physiol 2003; 133:1726-31. [PMID: 14645725 PMCID: PMC300727 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.025783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2003] [Revised: 06/26/2003] [Accepted: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ethylene on cell division are generally considered inhibitory. In this study, we demonstrate that transient ethylene exposure, while suppressing cytokinesis, stimulates DNA synthesis. We monitored DNA synthesis and cytokinesis in the epidermis of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) hypocotyls, an organ whose post-germination development involves strictly limited cell division. During exposure to ethylene, DNA synthesis, assessed by the incorporation of the thymidine homolog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, was detected in 20% of the epidermal cells, whereas DNA synthesis was nearly undetectable in normal air. Cytofluorometric analysis of nuclei in affected cells showed an up to 8-fold increase in DNA content. During this time, new cell plate formation was not detected. However, shortly after ethylene was removed, DNA content was rapidly restored to 2C (diploid) levels in all cells, and new cell plate formation dramatically increased. These results demonstrate that ethylene promotes DNA synthesis and its endoreduplication but inhibits cytokinesis, thereby maintaining some cells in G2 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Dan
- Department of Biology, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585 Japan
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Apone F, Alyeshmerni N, Wiens K, Chalmers D, Chrispeels MJ, Colucci G. The G-protein-coupled receptor GCR1 regulates DNA synthesis through activation of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Plant Physiol 2003; 133:571-9. [PMID: 12972659 PMCID: PMC219033 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.026005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2003] [Revised: 05/18/2003] [Accepted: 06/11/2003] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Different lines of evidence suggest that specific events during the cell cycle may be mediated by a heterotrimeric G-protein activated by a cognate G-protein coupled receptor. However, coupling between the only known Galpha-subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein (GPA1) and the only putative G-protein coupled receptor (GCR1) of plants has never been shown. Using a variety of approaches, we show here that GCR1-enhanced thymidine incorporation into DNA depends on an increase in phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C activity and an elevation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate levels in the cells. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells that overexpress either Arabidopsis GCR1 or GPA1 display this phenomenon. We suggest on the basis of these results that GCR1-controlled events during the cell cycle involve phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C as an effector of GCR1 and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate as a second messenger, and that GCR1 and GPA1 are both involved in this particular signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Apone
- Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6166 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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35
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Bertin N, Borel C, Brunel B, Cheniclet C, Causse M. Do genetic make-up and growth manipulation affect tomato fruit size by cell number, or cell size and DNA endoreduplication? Ann Bot 2003; 92:415-24. [PMID: 12853282 PMCID: PMC4257508 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcg146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the link between genetic and developmental controls of fruit size and composition. On two isogenic lines (CF12-C and CF14-L), differing by fruit weight and sugar content quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identified previously, basal and tip fruits were characterized at anthesis and at maturity through their growth, dry matter and sugar content, number and size of cells and nuclei DNA content. The influence of competition was assessed by removing either basal or tip ovaries at anthesis. On an intact inflorescence, CF12-C fruits grew less than CF14-L fruits, with 1.67 fewer cell layers and similar cell size, suggesting that genes controlling cell division may be responsible for this fruit size variation. Truss thinning masked the QTL effect on fruit size, mainly by reducing the difference in cell number between the two lines and by promoting cell expansion in tip fruits, so that fruit growth was similar at both positions and for both lines. Thus, in these lines, cell number exerts a control on final fruit size only when there is competition among fruits. Different responses of basal and tip fruits after flower removal suggested that this treatment induced changes in hormonal relationships within the truss. No fixed relationship between DNA endoreduplication and cell size was found, as while cell size and dry matter and sugar contents differed with tomato lines, fruit position and truss size, endoreduplication patterns were the same. CF12-C fruits had a higher dry matter (+0.3% of fresh weight) and carbohydrates (+8% of dry matter) content than CF14-L fruits. The percentage dry matter was independent of truss size but decreased slightly from basal to tip fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bertin
- Unité Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, INRA, Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon 9, France.
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36
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Shim YS, Kasha KJ. The influence of pretreatment on cell stage progression and the time of DNA synthesis in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L) uninucleate microspores. Plant Cell Rep 2003; 21:1065-1071. [PMID: 12836000 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2002] [Revised: 03/10/2003] [Accepted: 03/11/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to correlate the time that DNA synthesis first occurs in haploid microspores of barley with cell cycle and plant morphological stages and to subsequently assess the influence of pretreatments on DNA synthesis at different stages of microspore development. Spikes with microspores in early, mid, and late uninucleate stages of the two-rowed barley cultivars Manley and Igri were subjected to two commonly used pretreatments. First, during cold pretreatment for 28 days there was a slow increase in relative DNA values as well as asymmetric nuclear divisions in some microspores. Second, during a 4-day cold plus 0.3 M mannitol pretreatment, there was very little change in the microspore stage or DNA values indicating that for the duration of this pretreatment the progression of the cell cycle was essentially suspended at all stages, both in Igri and Manley. The results are discussed relative to the potential for genetic transformation of microspores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Shim
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
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37
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Momoyama Y, Miyazawa Y, Miyagishima SY, Mori T, Misumi O, Kuroiwa H, Tsuneyoshi K. The division of pleomorphic plastids with multiple FtsZ rings in tobacco BY-2 cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2003; 82:323-32. [PMID: 12868600 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastids, an essential group of plant cellular organelles, proliferate by division to maintain continuity through cell lineages in plants. In recent years, it was revealed that the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ is encoded in the nuclear genome of plant cells, and plays a major role in the plastid division process forming a ring along the center of plastids. Although the best-characterized type of plastid division so far is the division with a single FtsZ ring at the plastid midpoint, it was recently reported that in some plant organs and tissues, plastids are pleomorphic and form multiple FtsZ rings. However, the pleomorphic plastid division mechanism, such as the formation of multiple FtsZ rings, the constriction of plastids and the behavior of plastid (pt) nucleoids, remains totally unclear. To elucidate these points, we used the cultured cell line, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Bright Yellow-2, in which plastids are pleomorphic and show dynamic morphological changes during culture. As a result, it was revealed that as the plastid elongates from an ellipsoid shape to a string shape after medium renewal, FtsZ rings are multiplied almost orderly and perpendicularly to the long axis of plastids. Active DNA synthesis of pt nucleoids is induced by medium transfer, and the division and the distribution of pt nucleoids occur along with plastid elongation. Although it was thought that the plastid divides with simultaneous multiple constrictions at all the FtsZ ring sites, giving rise to many small plastids, we found that the plastids generally divide constricting at only one FtsZ ring site. Moreover, using electron microscopy, we revealed that plastid-dividing (PD) rings are observed only at the constriction site, and not at swollen regions. These results indicate that in the pleomorphic plastid division with multiple FtsZ rings, the formation of PD rings occurs at a limited FtsZ ring site for one division. Multiplied FtsZ rings seem to localize in advance at the expected sites of division, and the formation of a PD ring at each FtsZ ring site occurs in a certain order, not simultaneously. Based on these results, a novel model for the pleomorphic plastid division with multiple FtsZ rings is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Momoyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan.
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38
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Lutsenko GN, Zykova VV, Konstantinov IM. [Specific features of nucleic acid synthesis in mitochondria of Elymus sibiricus from different natural populations]. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2003:306-10. [PMID: 12816062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Conditions and kinetic characteristics of nucleic acid synthesis were studied in the isolated mitochondria of Elymus sibiricus from different natural populations. The results showed the reciprocal dependence of RNA and DNA synthesis rates in the mitochondrial genetic system of E. sibiricus seedlings of different genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Lutsenko
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1243, Irkutsk, 664033 Russia
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Abstract
A cDNA encoding an O-methyltransferase (OMT) was isolated from salt-tolerant barley roots by subtraction hybridization with cDNAs of salt-tolerant barley roots as a tester cDNA and cDNAs of the salt-sensitive barley roots as a driver cDNA. The deduced amino acid sequence showed significant identity with plant caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic acid OMTs. Southern blot analysis showed that the OMT gene was a single copy in both salt-tolerant and -sensitive barley. The cloned gene was expressed in a wheat germ cell-free system to produce the OMT, which had methylating activity for caffeic acid. Northern blot analysis showed that the OMT gene was expressed constitutively in the salt-tolerant barley roots and the expression level was increased 1.5 times by salt stress, but the salt-sensitive barley showed no expression of the gene in roots and leaves.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Chromosome Mapping
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Plant/biosynthesis
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics
- Hordeum/enzymology
- Hordeum/genetics
- Methyltransferases/biosynthesis
- Methyltransferases/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plant Roots/enzymology
- RNA, Plant/biosynthesis
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sodium Chloride/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan.
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Abstract
Plants and animals use the E2F-Rb pathway as a major mechanism of control in the decision to continue or stop cell division. The E2F-Rb pathway controls the G1-to-S-phase transition by the timely activation of genes involved in DNA synthesis and cell-cycle control. Recent findings reveal that the E2F-Rb pathway communicates with chromatin-remodelling factors in the control of transcription and cell-cycle progression. This article highlights the fast-moving advances in the molecular and functional characterization of plant E2F proteins, and in our understanding of how the E2F-Rb pathway is activated and repressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Shen
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), CNRS-ULP, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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41
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Abstract
Cell differentiation is frequently accompanied by a switch from a mitotic division cycle to an endoreduplication cycle. In endoreduplicating cells, DNA synthesis continues in the absence of cell divisions, and it is speculated that endoreduplication represents a shortened mitotic division cycle. In animals, it has been shown that cells switching from mitotic to endoreduplication cycles continue to express factors controlling the G1-S transition, whereas the transcription of mitotic factors controlling the G2-M transition is negatively regulated. It is unknown how the mitotic factors are repressed and what the functional significance of their suppression is. To test the function of two mitotic cyclins in an endoreduplication cycle, we expressed CYCLIN B1;1 and CYCLIN B1;2 in unicellular Arabidopsis trichomes. During wild-type development, trichomes undergo an average of four endoreduplication cycles, leading to a DNA content of approximately 32C. We find that ectopic expression of CYCLIN B1;2, not CYCLIN B1;1, induces mitotic divisions resulting in multicellular trichomes. The CYCLIN B1;2-triggered cell divisions appeared normal with respect to both nuclear division and cytokinesis. We show that CYCLIN B1;2 is misexpressed in the siamese mutant, which also produces multicellular trichomes. Additional overexpression of CYCLIN B1;2 in a siamese mutant background caused a strongly enhanced phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arp Schnittger
- Max-Delbrück-Labor, MPI für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
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Abstract
The feeding sites induced by sedentary root-endoparasitic nematodes have long fascinated researchers. Nematode feeding sites are constructed from plant cells, modified by the nematode to feed itself. Powerful new techniques are allowing us to begin to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that produce the ultrastructural features in nematode feeding cells. Many plant genes that are expressed in feeding sites produced by different nematodes have been identified in several plant species. Nematode-responsive plant genes can now be grouped in categories related to plant developmental pathways and their roles in the making of a feeding site can be illuminated. The black box of how nematodes bring about such elaborate cell differentiation in the plant is also starting to open. Although the information is far from complete, the groundwork is set so that the functions of the plant and nematode genes in feeding site development can begin to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godelieve Gheysen
- Vakgroep Moleculaire Genetica, Departement Plantengenetica, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Universiteit Gent, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Belgium.
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43
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Abstract
We cloned the gene of the acyclic sesquiterpene synthase, (E)-beta-farnesene synthase (CJFS) from Yuzu (Citrus junos, Rutaceae). The function of CJFS was elucidated by the preparation of recombinant protein and subsequent enzyme assay. CJFS consisted of 1867 nucleotides including 1680 bp of coding sequence encoding a protein of 560 amino acids with a molecular weight of 62 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence possessed characteristic amino acid residues, such as the DDxxD motif, which are highly conserved among terpene synthases. This is the first report of the cloning of a terpene synthase from a Rutaceous plant. A possible reaction mechanism for terpene biosynthesis is also discussed on the basis of sequence comparison of CJFS with known sesquiterpene synthase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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44
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Setter TL, Flannigan BA. Water deficit inhibits cell division and expression of transcripts involved in cell proliferation and endoreduplication in maize endosperm. J Exp Bot 2001; 52:1401-8. [PMID: 11457899 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/52.360.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit at the early post-pollination stage in cereal grains decreases endosperm cell division and, in turn, decreases the capacity for storage material accumulation. Post-mitotic replication of nuclear DNA (endoreduplication) may also play a role in stress effects. To gain a better understanding of the extent to which cell proliferation and endoreduplication are affected by water deficit, nuclear numbers and size were examined in endosperms of maize (Zea mays L.) by flow cytometry and the transcript levels of genes which have recognized roles in the cell cycle were quantified. Water deficit from 5-13 d after pollination (DAP) decreased the rate of endosperm cell division by 90% and inhibited [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA from 9-13 DAP. The proportion of nuclei engaging in endoreduplication and nuclear DNA content increased steadily from 9-13 DAP in controls, but water deficit initially increased the proportion of endoreduplicating nuclei at 9 DAP, then halted further entry into endoreduplication and S-phase cycling from 9-13 DAP. Transcript levels of alpha-tubulin, and the S-phase gene products histone H3 and PCNA were not affected by water deficit until 13 DAP, whereas those of ZmCdc2, a cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) with regulatory roles in mitosis, were inhibited substantially from 9-13 DAP. Cell proliferation and associated processes were inhibited at initial stages of the stress episode, whereas endoreduplication and associated S-phase processes were not inhibited until the stress was more advanced. It was concluded that endosperm mitosis has greater sensitivity than endoreduplication to water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Setter
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Abstract
The telomerase reverse transcriptase can recognize broken chromosome ends and add new telomeres de novo in a reaction termed "chromosome healing". Here we investigate new telomere formation in vitro by telomerases from a variety of flowering plant species. Comparing the electrophoretic mobilities and nucleotide sequences of the products, we uncovered three different modes of new telomere formation. The soybean telomerase, designated a Class I enzyme, only elongated DNA primers ending in telomeric nucleotides. Arabidopsis and maize telomerases, designated Class II enzymes, efficiently extended completely non-telomeric sequences by positioning the 3' terminus at a preferred site on the RNA template. Silene latifolia and sorghum telomerases constituted class III enzymes that elongated non-telomeric DNA primers by annealing them at alternative sites on the RNA template. For all enzymes, errors were prevalent during synthesis of the first two repeats, likely reflecting lateral instability of the primer 3' terminus on the template during the initial rounds of elongation. Class III telomerases, however, were five- to 13-fold more error prone than class II, generating more mistakes in distal repeats added to the primers. This remarkable variability in enzyme-DNA interactions among plant telomerases does not reflect phylogenetic relationships, and therefore implies that the telomerase active site can evolve rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Fitzgerald
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2128 TAMU, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, USA
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Jasencakova Z, Meister A, Walter J, Turner BM, Schubert I. Histone H4 acetylation of euchromatin and heterochromatin is cell cycle dependent and correlated with replication rather than with transcription. Plant Cell 2000. [PMID: 11090211 DOI: 10.2307/3871107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Reversible acetylation of nucleosomal histones H3 and H4 generally is believed to be correlated with potential transcriptional activity of eukaryotic chromatin domains. Here, we report that the extent of H4 acetylation within euchromatin and heterochromatic domains is linked with DNA replication rather than with transcriptional activity, whereas H3 acetylation remains fairly constant throughout the cell cycle. Compared with euchromatin, plant nucleolus organizers were more strongly acetylated at H4 during mitosis but less acetylated during S phase, when the nucleolus appeared to be (at least transiently) devoid of nucleosomes. Deposition-related acetylation of lysines 5 and 12 of H4 seems to be conserved in animals and plants and extended to K16 in plants. A possibly species-specific above-average acetylation at lysines 9/18 and 14 of H3 appeared in 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-stained heterochromatin fractions. These results were obtained by combining immunodetection of all acetylatable isoforms of H3 and H4 on mitotic chromosomes and nuclei in G1, early S, mid-S, late S, and G2 phases of the field bean with identification of specific chromatin domains by fluorescence in situ hybridization or DAPI staining. In addition, the histone acetylation patterns of distinct domains were compared with their replication and transcription patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jasencakova
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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Jasencakova Z, Meister A, Walter J, Turner BM, Schubert I. Histone H4 acetylation of euchromatin and heterochromatin is cell cycle dependent and correlated with replication rather than with transcription. Plant Cell 2000; 12:2087-100. [PMID: 11090211 PMCID: PMC150160 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.12.11.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2000] [Accepted: 09/06/2000] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reversible acetylation of nucleosomal histones H3 and H4 generally is believed to be correlated with potential transcriptional activity of eukaryotic chromatin domains. Here, we report that the extent of H4 acetylation within euchromatin and heterochromatic domains is linked with DNA replication rather than with transcriptional activity, whereas H3 acetylation remains fairly constant throughout the cell cycle. Compared with euchromatin, plant nucleolus organizers were more strongly acetylated at H4 during mitosis but less acetylated during S phase, when the nucleolus appeared to be (at least transiently) devoid of nucleosomes. Deposition-related acetylation of lysines 5 and 12 of H4 seems to be conserved in animals and plants and extended to K16 in plants. A possibly species-specific above-average acetylation at lysines 9/18 and 14 of H3 appeared in 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-stained heterochromatin fractions. These results were obtained by combining immunodetection of all acetylatable isoforms of H3 and H4 on mitotic chromosomes and nuclei in G1, early S, mid-S, late S, and G2 phases of the field bean with identification of specific chromatin domains by fluorescence in situ hybridization or DAPI staining. In addition, the histone acetylation patterns of distinct domains were compared with their replication and transcription patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jasencakova
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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48
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49
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Backert S. Strand switching during rolling circle replication of plasmid-like DNA circles in the mitochondria of the higher plant Chenopodium album (L.). Plasmid 2000; 43:166-70. [PMID: 10686137 DOI: 10.1006/plas.1999.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structure of sigma-like mitochondrial DNA molecules prepared from suspension cultured cells of Chenopodium album (L.) was studied by electron microscopy. These molecules were highly variable in size, ranging from about 1 to 104 kb, and had single- and double-stranded regions typical for rolling circle replicating intermediates. Partial denaturation studies confirmed that these structures constitute rolling circles. Close inspection of the circle-tail junctions of the replication fork at high magnification suggests that in circles with a double-stranded tail, both strands of the tail seem to be covalently attached to the circle in about 27% of the molecules. This observation can be explained by a phenomenon called strand switching or strand splippage during rolling circle replication, similar to a mechanism proposed for bacterial replicons or in vitro replicating constructs harboring bacteriophage T4 replication origins.
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MESH Headings
- Chenopodiaceae/genetics
- Chenopodiaceae/ultrastructure
- DNA Replication
- DNA, Circular/biosynthesis
- DNA, Circular/ultrastructure
- DNA, Mitochondrial/biosynthesis
- DNA, Mitochondrial/ultrastructure
- DNA, Plant/biosynthesis
- DNA, Plant/ultrastructure
- DNA, Single-Stranded/biosynthesis
- DNA, Single-Stranded/ultrastructure
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
- Microscopy, Electron
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Plasmids/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- S Backert
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Chausseestrasse 117, Berlin, D-10115, Germany.
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Hayashi H, Hiraoka N, Ikeshiro Y, Kushiro T, Morita M, Shibuya M, Ebizuka Y. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA for Glycyrrhiza glabra cycloartenol synthase. Biol Pharm Bull 2000; 23:231-4. [PMID: 10706391 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.23.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA clone (GgCAS1) encoding cycloartenol synthase (CAS) has been isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) by cross-hybridization with that of Pisum sativum CAS as a probe. The deduced amino acid sequence of GgCAS1 exhibits 89%, 83% and 81% identity to those of Pisum sativum, Panax ginseng and Arabidopsis thaliana CASs, respectively. CAS activity has been detected in the homogenate of the yeast transformed with the expression vector containing the open reading frame of GgCAS1. Southern blot analysis suggested that at least two CAS genes exist in the licorice genome. In Northern blot analysis, the strong signal for CAS mRNA is detected in the cultured licorice cells of all growth phases, but no significant increase of CAS mRNA expression was observed in the cells treated with the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor, pravastatin.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Plant/biosynthesis
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Library
- Glycyrrhiza/enzymology
- Glycyrrhiza/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization
- Intramolecular Transferases/biosynthesis
- Intramolecular Transferases/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Panax/genetics
- Pisum sativum/enzymology
- Pisum sativum/genetics
- Plants, Medicinal
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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