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Benson S, Karshikoff B. How Can Experimental Endotoxemia Contribute to Our Understanding of Pain? A Narrative Review. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:250-267. [PMID: 37797598 PMCID: PMC10619593 DOI: 10.1159/000534467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system and the central nervous system exchange information continuously. This communication is a prerequisite for adaptive responses to physiological and psychological stressors. While the implicate relationship between inflammation and pain is increasingly recognized in clinical cohorts, the underlying mechanisms and the possibilities for pharmacological and psychological approaches aimed at neuro-immune communication in pain are not fully understood yet. This calls for preclinical models which build a bridge from clinical research to laboratory research. Experimental models of systemic inflammation (experimental endotoxemia) in humans have been increasingly recognized as an approach to study the direct and causal effects of inflammation on pain perception. This narrative review provides an overview of what experimental endotoxemia studies on pain have been able to clarify so far. We report that experimental endotoxemia results in a reproducible increase in pain sensitivity, particularly for pressure and visceral pain (deep pain), which is reflected in responses of brain areas involved in pain processing. Increased levels of blood inflammatory cytokines are required for this effect, but cytokine levels do not always predict pain intensity. We address sex-dependent differences in immunological responses to endotoxin and discuss why these differences do not necessarily translate to differences in behavioral measures. We summarize psychological and cognitive factors that may moderate pain sensitization driven by immune activation. Together, studying the immune-driven changes in pain during endotoxemia offers a deeper mechanistic understanding of the role of inflammation in chronic pain. Experimental endotoxemia models can specifically help to tease out inflammatory mechanisms underlying individual differences, vulnerabilities, and comorbid psychological problems in pain syndromes. The model offers the opportunity to test the efficacy of interventions, increasing their translational applicability for personalized medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Benson
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Medical Education, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bianka Karshikoff
- Department of Social Studies, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lu Y, Yang Y, Peng Z, Xie L, Zhong X, Liang F, Yuan C, Lu B. Silencing IFNγ inhibits A1 astrocytes and attenuates neurogenesis decline and cognitive impairment in endotoxemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:1519-1526. [PMID: 33158480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment, acute or long-term, is a common complication in patients with severe bacterial infection. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully verified and effective medicine is not available in clinics. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a pivotal cytokine against infection and is believed to be a tune in homeostasis of cognitive function. Here, we collected blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CF) from human subjects and mice, and found that plasma and CF levels of IFNγ were significantly increased in septic patients and endotoxin-challenged mice when compared with healthy controls. IFNγ signaling was boosted in the hippocampus of mice after a challenge of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which was accompanied with cognitive impairment and decline of neurogenesis. Deficiency of IFNγ or its receptor (IFNγR) dramatically attenuated microglia-induced A1 astrocytes and consequently restored neurogenesis and cognitive function in endotoxemia mice model. Using primary microglia, astrocytes and neurons, we found that IFNγ remarkably increased LPS-mediated release of TNFα and IL-1α in microglia and consequently induced the transformation of astrocyte to A1 subtype, which ultimately resulted in neuron damage. Thus, IFNγ promotes cognitive impairment in endotoxemia by enhancing microglia-induced A1 astrocytes. Targeting IFNγ would be a novel strategy for preventing or treating cognitive dysfunction in patients with Gram-negative infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Lu
- Department of Hematology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, PR China
| | - Yanliang Yang
- Department of Hematology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, PR China
| | - Zhouyangfan Peng
- Department of Hematology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, PR China
| | - Lingli Xie
- Department of Hematology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, PR China; Department of Pathophysiology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410000, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhong
- Department of Hematology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, PR China
| | - Fang Liang
- Department of Hematology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, PR China
| | - Chuang Yuan
- Department of Hematology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, PR China.
| | - Ben Lu
- Department of Hematology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, PR China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, PR China.
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Draper A, Koch RM, van der Meer JW, Aj Apps M, Pickkers P, Husain M, van der Schaaf ME. Effort but not Reward Sensitivity is Altered by Acute Sickness Induced by Experimental Endotoxemia in Humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1107-1118. [PMID: 28948979 PMCID: PMC5854801 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sickness behavior in humans is characterized by low mood and fatigue, which have been suggested to reflect changes in motivation involving reorganization of priorities. However, it is unclear which specific processes underlying motivation are altered. We tested whether bacterial endotoxin E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affected two dissociable constructs of motivational behavior, ie, effort and reward sensitivity. After familiarization with 5 effort levels, participants made a series of accept/reject decisions on whether the stake offered (1, 4, 8, 12, or 15 apples) was 'worth the effort' (10%, 27.5%, 45%, 62.5%, and 80% of maximal voluntary contraction in a hand-held dynamometer). Effort and reward levels were parametrically modulated to dissociate their influence on choice. Overall, 29 healthy young males were administered LPS (2 ng/kg; n=14) or placebo (0.9% saline; n=15). The effort-stake task, and self-reported depression and fatigue were assessed prior to LPS/placebo injection, 2 and 5 h post injection. Cytokines and sickness symptoms were assessed hourly till 8 h after LPS injection. LPS transiently increased interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, sickness symptoms, body temperature and self-reported fatigue, and depression post injection relative to baseline and placebo. These changes were accompanied by LPS-induced decreases in acceptance rates of high-effort options, without significantly affecting reward sensitivity 2 h post injection, which were partially recovered 5 h post injection. We suggest that LPS-induced changes in motivation may be due to alterations to mesolimbic dopamine. Our behavioral paradigm could be used to further investigate effects of inflammation on motivational behavior in psychiatric and chronic illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Draper
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca M Koch
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Wm van der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Aj Apps
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Masud Husain
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marieke E van der Schaaf
- Donders Institute for Brain, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Wegner A, Elsenbruch S, Maluck J, Grigoleit JS, Engler H, Jäger M, Spreitzer I, Schedlowski M, Benson S. Inflammation-induced hyperalgesia: effects of timing, dosage, and negative affect on somatic pain sensitivity in human experimental endotoxemia. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 41:46-54. [PMID: 24814500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation-induced pain amplification and hypersensitivity play a role in the pathophysiology of numerous clinical conditions. Experimental endotoxemia has recently been implemented as model to analyze immune-mediated processes in human pain. In this study, we aimed to analyze dose- and time-dependent effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on clinically-relevant pain models for musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain as well as the interaction among LPS-induced changes in inflammatory markers, pain sensitivity and negative affect. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, healthy male subjects received an intravenous injection of either a moderate dose of LPS (0.8 ng/kg Escherichiacoli), low-dose LPS (0.4 ng/kg), or saline (placebo control group). Pressure pain thresholds (PPT), mechanical pain sensitivity (MPS), and cold pain sensitivity (CP) were assessed before and 1, 3, and 6h post injection to assess time-dependent LPS effects on pain sensitivity. Plasma cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) and state anxiety were repeatedly measured before, and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6h after injection of LPS or placebo. RESULTS LPS administration induced a systemic immune activation, reflected by significant increases in cytokine levels, body temperature, and negative mood with pronounced effects to the higher LPS dose. Significant decreases of PPTs were observed only 3h after injection of the moderate dose of LPS (0.8 ng/kg). MPS and CP were not affected by LPS-induced immune activation. Correlation analyses revealed that decreased PPTs were associated with peak IL-6 increases and negative mood. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed widespread increases in musculoskeletal pain sensitivity in response to a moderate dose of LPS (0.8 ng/kg), which correlate both with changes in IL-6 and negative mood. These data extend and refine existing knowledge about immune mechanisms mediating hyperalgesia with implications for the pathophysiology of chronic pain and neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wegner
- Clinic for Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Sigrid Elsenbruch
- Institute of Medical Psychology & Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Janina Maluck
- Institute of Medical Psychology & Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Jan-Sebastian Grigoleit
- Institute of Medical Psychology & Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Harald Engler
- Institute of Medical Psychology & Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Marcus Jäger
- Clinic for Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Ingo Spreitzer
- Paul Ehrlich Institute, Federal Agency for Sera and Vaccines, Langen, Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology & Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Benson
- Institute of Medical Psychology & Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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Pyter LM, El Mouatassim Bih S, Sattar H, Prendergast BJ. Peripheral tumors alter neuroinflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide in female rats. Brain Res 2014; 1552:55-63. [PMID: 24457042 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is associated with an increased prevalence of depression. Peripheral tumors induce inflammatory cytokine production in the brain and depressive-like behaviors. Mounting evidence indicates that cytokines are part of a pathway by which peripheral inflammation causes depression. Neuroinflammatory responses to immune challenges can be exacerbated (primed) by prior immunological activation associated with aging, early-life infection, and drug exposure. This experiment tested the hypothesis that peripheral tumors likewise induce neuroinflammatory sensitization or priming. Female rats with chemically-induced mammary carcinomas were injected with either saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 250μg/kg; i.p.), and expression of mRNAs involved in the pathway linking inflammation and depression (interleukin-1beta [Il-1β], CD11b, IκBα, indolamine 2,3-deoxygenase [Ido]) was quantified by qPCR in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and frontal cortex, 4 or 24h post-treatment. In the absence of LPS, hippocampal Il-1β and CD11b mRNA expression were elevated in tumor-bearing rats, whereas Ido expression was reduced. Moreover, in saline-treated rats basal hypothalamic Il-1β and CD11b expression were positively correlated with tumor weight; heavier tumors, in turn, were characterized by more inflammatory, necrotic, and granulation tissue. Tumors exacerbated CNS proinflammatory gene expression in response to LPS: CD11b was greater in hippocampus and frontal cortex of tumor-bearing relative to tumor-free rats, IκBα was greater in hippocampus, and Ido was greater in hypothalamus. Greater neuroinflammatory responses in tumor-bearing rats were accompanied by attenuated body weight gain post-LPS. The data indicate that neuroinflammatory pathways are potentiated, or primed, in tumor-bearing rats, which may exacerbate future negative behavioral consequences.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD11b Antigen/biosynthesis
- CD11b Antigen/genetics
- Depression/etiology
- Depression/genetics
- Depression/immunology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Endotoxemia/genetics
- Endotoxemia/immunology
- Endotoxemia/psychology
- Endotoxins/toxicity
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Female
- Frontal Lobe/drug effects
- Frontal Lobe/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/biosynthesis
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/psychology
- Interleukin-1beta/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/psychology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Weight Gain
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Pyter
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Sarah El Mouatassim Bih
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Husain Sattar
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Brian J Prendergast
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Schedlowski M, Engler H, Grigoleit JS. Endotoxin-induced experimental systemic inflammation in humans: a model to disentangle immune-to-brain communication. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 35:1-8. [PMID: 24491305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is among the most prominent and most frequently observed responses of the immune system. Over the past decades, it has become clear that inflammatory cytokines not only affect immune and metabolic functions but also cause a wide range of behavioral and mood changes. Based on experimental findings in animals and observations in clinical populations it has been hypothesized that inflammation-induced neurocognitive changes contribute to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases. However, since certain aspects of human behavior cannot be modeled in laboratory animals, there is a need for human models of systemic inflammation. In this review, we summarize recent studies employing administration of endotoxin as a model to induce transient systemic inflammation in healthy human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology & Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Harald Engler
- Institute of Medical Psychology & Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan-Sebastian Grigoleit
- Institute of Medical Psychology & Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Willette AA, Lubach GR, Knickmeyer RC, Short SJ, Styner M, Gilmore JH, Coe CL. Brain enlargement and increased behavioral and cytokine reactivity in infant monkeys following acute prenatal endotoxemia. Behav Brain Res 2011; 219:108-15. [PMID: 21192986 PMCID: PMC3662233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infections and inflammatory conditions during pregnancy can dysregulate neural development and increase the risk for developing autism and schizophrenia. The following research utilized a nonhuman primate model to investigate the potential impact of a mild endotoxemia during pregnancy on brain maturation and behavioral reactivity as well as the infants' hormone and immune physiology. Nine pregnant female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were administered nanogram concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on two consecutive days, 6 weeks before term, and their offspring were compared to nine control animals. When tested under arousing challenge conditions, infants from the LPS pregnancies were more behaviorally disturbed, including a failure to show a normal attenuation of startle responses on tests of prepulse inhibition. Examination of their brains at 1 year of age with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed the unexpected finding of a significant 8.8% increase in global white matter volume distributed across many cortical regions compared to controls. More selective changes in regional gray matter volume and cortical thickness were noted in parietal, medial temporal, and frontal areas. While inhibited neural growth has been described previously after prenatal infection and LPS administration at higher doses in rodents, this low dose endotoxemia in the monkey is the first paradigm to produce a neural phenotype associated with augmented gray and white matter growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriel A Willette
- Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
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Li IA, Drozdov VN. [Quality of life of patients with hyperendotoxemia after hemicolectomy]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2011:42-47. [PMID: 21916234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The concept of "health" is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease. Currently, one of the most widely used questionnaires of general type is the SF-36 Health Status Survey, proposed the Boston Institute for Health and created on the basis of other already existing tools for assessing QOL. Translated into Russian and testing methodology was conducted by the Institute of clinical and pharmacological studies (St. Petersburg). Any surgical intervention, in particular the removal of part of the colon can lead to a restriction of all aspects (physical, mental and social) of a normal human life. The goal of treatment of any disease should be considered as improving the quality of life of the patient on a background of positive clinical dynamics, assessing the quality of life indicators, which depend on many external and internal factors. AIM to study the quality of life of patients after hemicolectomy, depending on the type of colon resection and the level of endotoxemia. RESULTS Analysis of quality of life of patients after undergoing surgery--hemicolectomy carried out using questionnaire SF-36 indicates a decline in general condition and mental health in patients after left-sided hemicolectomy. The study showed a close pathogenetic relationship between endotoxemia and decreased quality of life of patients after hemicolectomy.
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Krabbe KS, Reichenberg A, Yirmiya R, Smed A, Pedersen BK, Bruunsgaard H. Low-dose endotoxemia and human neuropsychological functions. Brain Behav Immun 2005; 19:453-60. [PMID: 15963684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data demonstrate an association between systemic low-grade inflammation defined as 2- to 3-fold increases in circulating inflammatory mediators and age-related decline in cognitive function. However, it is not known whether small elevations of circulating cytokine levels cause direct effects on human neuropsychological functions. We investigated changes in emotional, cognitive, and inflammatory parameters in an experimental in vivo model of low-grade inflammation. In a double-blind crossover study, 12 healthy young males completed neuropsychological tests before as well as 1.5, 6, and 24 h after an intravenous injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (0.2 ng/kg) or saline in two experimental sessions. Endotoxin administration had no effect on body temperature, cortisol levels, blood pressure or heart rate, but circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 increased 2- and 7-fold, respectively, reaching peak values at 3 h, whereas soluble TNF-receptors and IL-1 receptor antagonist peaked at 4.5 h. The neutrophil count increased and the lymphocyte count declined. In this model, low-dose endotoxemia did not affect cognitive performance significantly but declarative memory performance was inversely correlated with cytokine increases. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate a negative association between circulating IL-6 and memory functions during very low-dose endotoxemia independently of physical stress symptoms, and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Suárez Krabbe
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sánchez-Alavez M, Gombart LM, Huitrón-Reséndiz S, Carr JR, Wills DN, Berg G, Campbell IL, Gauvin DV, Henriksen SJ, Criado JR. Physiological and behavioral effects of methamphetamine in a mouse model of endotoxemia: a preliminary study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 77:365-70. [PMID: 14751466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2003.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of methamphetamine (METH) on core body temperature (Tb) and motor activity (MA) with or without exposure to a peripheral immune challenge. Mice were exposed to an escalating METH treatment and then to a METH treatment known to cause neurotoxicity (binge METH treatment). This was followed by a challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Three days later, METH and saline-treated control groups were challenged with an acute test dose of METH (METH test). Animals exposed to the escalating METH treatment exhibited a significant increase in Tb only after the initial exposure to METH (Day 1) and following the METH test (Day 7). The hyperthermic effect produced by the METH test (Day 7) was reduced in mice previously exposed to combined exposure to binge METH and LPS treatments. The escalating METH treatment produced MA sensitization to the METH test. Animals treated with the binge METH, LPS injection or both treatments combined prevented MA sensitization to the METH test. These findings suggest that induction of peripheral endotoxemia in animals with a history of METH reduced the hyperthermic response to a subsequent challenge with METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sánchez-Alavez
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, CVN-13, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sadchikov DV, Salov IA, Kotov SN. [Psychoemotional status of patients with endogenous intoxication in peritonitis]. Anesteziol Reanimatol 2003:45-7. [PMID: 14524020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
While holding a complex neuropsychological testing of 60 patients with disseminated peritonitis, we encountered a problem of a secondary reactive somatopsychosis due to metabolic encephalopathy. It is noteworthy, that the severity of psychoemotional disorders expectedly progressed depending on a degree of endogenous intoxication. Such circumstance must be duly considered in composing and implementing an intensive care scheme for the discussed patients' category.
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