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Duo J, Stenken JA. In vitro and in vivo affinity microdialysis sampling of cytokines using heparin-immobilized microspheres. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:783-93. [PMID: 21052646 PMCID: PMC3864007 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparin-immobilized microspheres were included in microdialysis sampling perfusion fluids under both in vitro and in vivo conditions to improve the recovery of different cytokines, acidic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (or CCL2), and regulation upon activation normal T cell express sequence (or CCL5). Different strategies to dissociate captured CCL2 and CCL5 from the immobilized heparin were attempted, and both cytokines could be quantitatively eluted from the beads using a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 25% (v/v) acetonitrile which did not interfere with the subsequent detection of cytokine using an ELISA assay. Using these heparin-immobilized microspheres, a two to fivefold increase of microdialysis relative recovery (RR) was achieved for the four cytokines from a quiescent solution. Enhanced microdialysis RR of CCL2 using the heparin-immobilized microspheres from microdialysis probes implanted into the peritoneal cavity of a rat was performed to test the in vivo application. This work suggests that the heparin-immobilized microspheres provide an alternative affinity agent to the previously used antibody-immobilized microspheres for enhanced microdialysis sampling of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Duo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Julie A. Stenken
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA,
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2
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Duo J, Stenken JA. Heparin-immobilized microspheres for the capture of cytokines. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:773-82. [PMID: 20827464 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of heparin-immobilized microspheres which were used to bind acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL2), and regulation upon activation normal T cell express sequence (RANTES/CCL5) is described. These beads were used as trapping agents in microdialysis sampling experiments in a separate study. Both free heparin and a synthesized heparin-albumin conjugate were immobilized onto microspheres and compared for their effectiveness. The heparin-albumin conjugate microspheres exhibited significant nonspecific adsorption which appeared to be due to the albumin content. The prepared heparin-immobilized microspheres were stable for 3 months at 4 °C. A bead-based flow cytometric assay was developed to study the binding capacity and specificity of the heparin-immobilized microspheres to cytokines. These heparin-immobilized microspheres exhibited broad dynamic ranges for binding to the four cytokines (aFGF, 1.0-1,000 ng/mL; VEGF, 0.5-1,000 ng/mL; CCL2, 1.95-1,000 ng/mL; CCL5, 1.95-500 ng/mL). Fast binding kinetics of the cytokines to the heparin-immobilized beads suggests that these beads may be useful as affinity agents in microfluidic flow systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Duo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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3
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Malkowski A, Sobolewski K, Jaworski S, Bankowski E. FGF binding by extracellular matrix components of Wharton's jelly. Acta Biochim Pol 2007; 54:357-63. [PMID: 17565391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier paper has reported that Wharton's jelly is a reservoir of several peptide growth factors, including acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF, respectively). Both can be extracted by buffered salts solutions in the form of high molecular mass complexes, probably with a component(s) of the extracellular matrix. Both aFGF and bFGF from such extracts hardly penetrate 10% polyacrylamide gels during electrophoresis. Pre-treatment of Wharton's jelly with hyaluronidase slightly increased the extractability of aFGF, but did not affect the extractability of bFGF. In contrast, the pre-treatment of tissue homogenate with bacterial collagenase (2000 U/ml, 37 degrees C, 18 h) increased the extractability of bFGF. The presence of beta-mercaptoethanol in the extracting solutions increased the extractability of both FGFs, but did not release FGFs in their free form, despite reducing the molecular mass of the FGF-containing complexes. We conclude that both aFGF and bFGF are bound through disulphide bonds to a protein component of Wharton's jelly. We propose that ground substance composed mainly of collagen fibrils and hyaluronate molecules, which surrounds the cells of Wharton's jelly, prevents the access of the extracting solution to aFGF and bFGF. Although hyaluronate and collagen do not bind aFGF or bFGF directly, they may constitute a barrier which prevents the dispersion of FGFs in Wharton's jelly. Thus, the high concentration of FGFs around the cells of Wharton's jelly may facilitate the interaction of these factors with membrane receptors, thereby resulting in stimulation of cell division and differentiation, as well as of the synthesis of extracellular matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Malkowski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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4
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Fantoni A, Bill RM, Gustafsson L, Hedfalk K. Improved yields of full-length functional human FGF1 can be achieved using the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 52:31-9. [PMID: 17134911 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have produced human fibroblast growth factor 1 (hFGF1) in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris in order to obtain the large amounts of active protein required for subsequent functional and structural characterization. Four constructs were made to examine both intracellular and secreted expression, with variations in the location of the His6 tag at either end of the peptide. hFGF1 could be produced from all four constructs in shake flasks, but production was optimized by growing only the highest-yielding of these strains, which produced hFGF1 intracellularly, under tightly controlled conditions in a 3 L fermentor. One hundred and eight milligrams of pure protein was achieved per liter culture (corresponding to 0.68 mg of protein per gram of wet cells), the function of which was verified using NIH 3T3 cell cultures. This is a 30-fold improvement over previously reported yields of full-length hFGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Fantoni
- Magnetic Resonance Center (Centro di Risonanze Magnetiche), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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5
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Wu X, Su Z, Li X, Zheng Q, Huang Y, Yuan H. High-level expression and purification of a nonmitogenic form of human acidic fibroblast growth factor in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 42:7-11. [PMID: 15882952 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To decrease the potential side effects of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) caused by its broad-spectrum mitogenic activity, a nonmitogenic form of aFGF (nhaFGF), which retained the cardio- and neuroprotective characters of the wild-type aFGF, was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The expression level of nhaFGF was up to 25% of the total cellular protein. The expressed nhaFGF was purified by ionic exchange and heparin affinity chromatography from the supernatant of bacteria lysate. The mitogenic activity of the purified nhaFGF was decreased dramatically comparable to that of the wild-type aFGF (haFGF) detected by methylthiazoletetrazolium method. The purified recombinant nhaFGF was sufficiently prepared and sufficient for the following pharmacological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wu
- Biopharmaceutical Research and Development Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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6
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Abstract
An alternative core packing group, involving a set of five positions, has been introduced into human acidic FGF-1. This alternative group was designed so as to constrain the primary structure within the core region to the same threefold symmetry present in the tertiary structure of the protein fold (the beta-trefoil superfold). The alternative core is essentially indistinguishable from the WT core with regard to structure, stability, and folding kinetics. The results show that the beta-trefoil superfold is compatible with a threefold symmetric constraint on the core region, as might be the case if the superfold arose as a result of gene duplication/fusion events. Furthermore, this new core arrangement can form the basis of a structural "building block" that can greatly simplify the de novo design of beta-trefoil proteins by using symmetric structural complementarity. Remaining asymmetry within the core appears to be related to asymmetry in the tertiary structure associated with receptor and heparin binding functionality of the growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Brych
- Kasha Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biophysics and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4380, USA
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7
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Wu X, Kamei K, Sato H, Sato SI, Takano R, Ichida M, Mori H, Hara S. High-level expression of human acidic fibroblast growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) using recombinant baculovirus. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 21:192-200. [PMID: 11162406 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2000.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus, which is infectious to both Spodoptera frugiperda and Bombyx mori, was prepared in our previous study. Two recombinant hybrid baculoviruses, carrying cDNAs of human acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors, respectively, were successfully constructed in this study, for the large-scale production of human aFGF and bFGF using silkworm as host. These recombinant viruses were used to inoculate silkworm larvae. After the infection, the recombinant proteins were not found in the hemolymph. Such nonsecretion from cells has also been observed in the established insect cell lines, Sf21 and Tn-5. Tissue distribution analysis indicated that the expressed products were mainly located in fat body and the production of the recombinant aFGF and bFGF was maximal at around 80 h postinfection. Therefore, silkworm larvae infected with recombinant viruses were dissected and fat bodies were collected for the purification of recombinant aFGF and bFGF. The expression levels in both cases were estimated to be as high as approximately 600-700 microg per larva. Furthermore, the recombinant proteins were characterized and their biological activities were evaluated by in vitro bioassay using cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wu
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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8
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Wood DW, Derbyshire V, Wu W, Chartrain M, Belfort M, Belfort G. Optimized single-step affinity purification with a self-cleaving intein applied to human acidic fibroblast growth factor. Biotechnol Prog 2000; 16:1055-63. [PMID: 11101334 DOI: 10.1021/bp0000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the number of recovery steps during downstream processing and to overcome the limitations of present fusion-based affinity separations, a controllable self-splicing protein element in the form of a mini-intein was used to optimize the recovery of proteins for both batch and flow purification strategies. The ability to recover purified proteins was demonstrated using a tripartite fusion consisting of a maltose binding domain, a truncated intein as a controllable linker molecule, and a protein of interest. To characterize expression level, solubility, cleavage rates, pH and temperature controllability, and protein activity, recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) was used as a model protein. A simple mass transport model, based on cleavage reaction-limited mass transfer and constant dispersion, was successfully used to predict product concentration and peak shape in relation to critical process parameters (with no fitting parameters). Insight into the nature of the cleavage reaction and its regulation was obtained via temperature- and pH-dependent kinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Wood
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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9
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Li X, Tu C, Peng H, Yuan S, Wu F. [High-level expression of human acidic fibroblast growth factor in E. coli and its purification]. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 1999; 30:249-52. [PMID: 12212273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
A reconstructed human acidic fibroblast growth factor (haFGF) cDNA was cloned into the expression vector pkk223-3, and the expression in Escherichia coli. JM109 was induced by IPTG induction; the expression level of the recombinant haFGF was about 80 mg/L. The expressed haFGF was purified to identity by heparin affinity chromatography and the recovery rate of haFGF was 65%. The specific activity of the purified haFGF was ED50 4.6 ng/ml. The characters of recombinant haFGF was identical to that of natural one.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Chengdu Perfection Biotechnology Inc., Chengdu 610041
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10
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Camiña JP, Casabiell XA, Pérez FR, Lage M, Casanueva FF. Isolation of a bioactive Ca(2+)-mobilizing complex lipid from bovine vitreous body. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 244:696-700. [PMID: 9535727 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitreous body extracts show a potent Ca(2+)-mobilizing activity on fibroblast cells. This Ca2+ signal is complex, and due to the presence of two different bioactive substances. The first one was identified as acid FGF. The second one was shown to be a low molecular weight substance identified as a complex lipid by a combination of chromatographic and biochemical data. This finding raises the possibility that non-classical substances with growth factor-like activity might play a role in the regulation of proliferative processes in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Camiña
- Department of Medicine, Compostela University School of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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11
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VanderNoot VA, Hileman RE, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Affinity capillary electrophoresis employing immobilized glycosaminoglycan to resolve heparin-binding peptides. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:437-41. [PMID: 9551798 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new capillary electrophoresis technique has been developed for the affinity resolution of synthetic heparin-binding peptides using an immobilized glycosaminoglycan. Heparin and heparan sulfate were immobilized onto fused silica capillaries using biotin-neutravidin conjugation. These capillaries exhibited markedly reduced electroosmotic flow and were able to distinguish peptides based on the heparin binding domain of acidic fibroblast growth factor (residues 125-144, GLKKNGSCKRGPRTHYGQKA) that differed only in the stereochemistry of the proline amino acid residue. The peptide based on the native sequence was retarded compared to the peptide having unnatural stereochemistry, consistent with its stronger interaction for immobilized glycosaminoglycan. Improved resolution is also obtained for additional arginine and lysine containing heparin-binding peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A VanderNoot
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Bioprocessing, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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12
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Mason RJ, McCormick-Shannon K, Rubin JS, Nakamura T, Leslie CC. Hepatocyte growth factor is a mitogen for alveolar type II cells in rat lavage fluid. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:L46-53. [PMID: 8760131 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1996.271.1.l46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation of type II cells is required for maintenance of the alveolar epithelium and for restoration after lung injury. Although various known growth factors have been reported to stimulate type II cell proliferation in vitro, there is very little knowledge on which growth factors are present in the lung in vivo. We have previously reported that rat lavage fluid contains a mitogen(s) for type II cells, and this study was de signed to identify the growth factor(s) in this biological fluid for type II cells. The mitogenic activity was purified by sequential chromatography on blue Sepharose and heparin Sepharose. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and acidic fibroblast growth factor by Western analysis. The amount of HGF recovered by lavage was approximately 6 ng/rat. By a use of neutralizing antibodies for different growth factors, HGF was found to be responsible for most of the stimulatory activity for rat type II cells in the partially purified lavage fluid. In addition to HGF, rat lavage fluid also contained potent mitogenic activity for fibroblasts. Finally, we have demonstrated that much of the mitogenic activity in salt extracts of human lung is HGF. We conclude that HGF is found in rat lavage fluid and is possibly an important mitogen for adult type II cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Mason
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver 80206, USA
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13
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el Yazidi I, Boilly-Marer Y. Production of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor by the hormone-independent breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Anticancer Res 1995; 15:783-90. [PMID: 7544091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Normal, as well as the majority of malignant, mammary epithelial cells will proliferate upon stimulation by FGFs. However estrogen-independent MDA-MB-231 cells (which are able to grow in vitro in serum-free medium) are not significantly stimulated by exogenous FGFs even though they possess high and low affinity receptors for these growth factors. Biological assays, measuring CCL39 fibroblast proliferation or PC12 pheochromocytoma cell neurite outgrowth, demonstrated the presence of FGF activity in MDA-MB-231 cell extracts and also in the culture medium conditioned by these cells. This biological activity decreased in the presence of neutralizing anti-FGF antibodies. Using immunohistochemical methods FGF1 and FGF2 immunoreactivity was detected in MDA-MB-231 cells. After purification by heparin-Sepharose chromatography and Western blot analysis, M(r) 18000 molecules showed the same physicochemical characteristics as FGFI and FGF2. These results demonstrate the production and release of FGF related molecules by MDA-MB-231 cells and suggest an autocrine stimulation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I el Yazidi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
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14
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Volkin DB, Verticelli AM, Bruner MW, Marfia KE, Tsai PK, Sardana MK, Middaugh CR. Deamidation of polyanion-stabilized acidic fibroblast growth factor. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84:7-11. [PMID: 7536241 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600840104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The deamidation of polyanion-stabilized acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF; FGF-1) can be induced by prolonged storage under accelerated conditions of elevated pH and temperature. A urea-isoelectric focusing (urea-IEF) method has been developed to monitor aFGF deamidation in the presence of highly negatively charged polyanions which are required to maintain the conformational stability of the protein. The kinetics of aFGF deamidation have been established by a combination of urea-IEF and an enzymatic ammonia assay. Native, non-deamidated aFGF (complexed with heparin) has a half-life of 16 weeks at pH 7, 30 degrees C, and 4 weeks at pH 8, 40 degrees C. The mitogenic activity and biophysical properties of deamidated aFGF were compared to the non-deamidated protein. These initial deamidation events have no significant effect on the protein's overall conformation, thermal stability, interaction with heparin, or bioactivity. At longer times, however, limited aggregation of the protein was observed after prolonged storage under some conditions. N-terminal protein sequencing of the protein's first 21 amino acid residues have identified one of the deamidation sites in a flexible, peptide-like region of the protein (Asn8-Tyr9).
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486
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15
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Brogi E, Winkles JA, Underwood R, Clinton SK, Alberts GF, Libby P. Distinct patterns of expression of fibroblast growth factors and their receptors in human atheroma and nonatherosclerotic arteries. Association of acidic FGF with plaque microvessels and macrophages. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:2408-18. [PMID: 7693761 PMCID: PMC288424 DOI: 10.1172/jci116847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Because fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) modulate important functions of endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC), we studied FGF expression in human vascular cells and control or atherosclerotic arteries. All cells and arteries contained acidic (a) FGF and basic (b) FGF mRNA. Northern analysis detected aFGF mRNA only in one of five control arteries but in all five atheroma tested, while levels of bFGF mRNA did not differ among control (n = 3) vs. plaque specimens (n = 6). Immunolocalization revealed abundant bFGF protein in control vessels (n = 10), but little in plaques (n = 14). In contrast, atheroma (n = 14), but not control arteries (n = 10), consistently exhibited immunoreactive aFGF, notably in neovascularized and macrophage-rich regions of plaque. Because macrophages colocalized with aFGF, we tested human monocytoid THP-1 cells and demonstrated accumulation of aFGF mRNA during PMA-induced differentiation. We also examined the expression of mRNA encoding FGF receptors (FGFRs). All cells and arteries contained FGFR-1 mRNA. Only SMC and control vessels had FGFR-2 mRNA, while EC and some arteries contained FGFR-4 mRNA. The relative lack of bFGF in plaques vs. normal arteries suggests that this growth factor may not contribute to cell proliferation in advanced atherosclerosis. However, aFGF produced by plaque macrophages may stimulate the growth of microvessels during human atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brogi
- Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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16
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Schlaudraff K, Schumacher B, von Specht BU, Seitelberger R, Schlosser V, Fasol R. Growth of "new" coronary vascular structures by angiogenetic growth factors. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1993; 7:637-43; discussion 643-4. [PMID: 7510506 DOI: 10.1016/1010-7940(93)90258-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of the human angiogenetic heparin-binding growth factor I (HBGF-I) to initiate site-directed growth of new blood vessels from the aorta into the myocardium was studied. First, manipulated Escherichia coli bacteria, which had received the human mRNA-transcript for HBGF I into their genetic material, were cultivated. The growth factor derived was purified using heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The separation and characterization of biologically active alpha- and beta-chains was carried out using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of dialyzed and lyophilized samples from the heparin-Sepharose column. One microgram HBGF I (alpha-ECGF) was bound to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sponges, precoated with collagen type I, and implanted between the aorta and the myocardium of the left ventricle in experimental rats. Twelve growth factor implants in the experimental group were compared to six controls receiving uncoated PTFE sponges for 9 weeks. Digitized computed angiography showed new blood vessels between the aorta and the myocardium in 11 of the 12 experimental animals, and retrograde coronary perfusion by these "new" vascular structures could be seen. Histology showed no specific structures in the control group (without HBGF I). In the experimental group (with HBGF I) individual vessels with highly differentiated endothelial and smooth muscle cell layers were evident. Our experiments proved the feasibility of induced, site-directed angiogenesis. It is possible to initiate in vivo growth of new "coronary" vascular structures between the aorta and the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schlaudraff
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Volkin DB, Tsai PK, Dabora JM, Gress JO, Burke CJ, Linhardt RJ, Middaugh CR. Physical stabilization of acidic fibroblast growth factor by polyanions. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993; 300:30-41. [PMID: 7678726 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1993.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is markedly stabilized by heparin. Partially due to the heterogeneity of heparin preparations, the nature of the aFGF polyanion binding site is still ill-defined. We have, therefore, investigated a wide variety of well-defined polyanions in terms of their ability to stabilize human recombinant aFGF (15-154) against thermal denaturation. The specificity of the interaction between aFGF and polyanions is shown to be remarkably weak with a surprising number of polyanions (including small phosphorylated and sulfated compounds as well as highly charged biopolymers) able to induce physical stability. Temperature-dependent fluorescence and circular dichroism measurements show that many of these polyanionic compounds stabilize aFGF to the same extent as heparin. The ability of these agents to protect the three free thiol groups of aFGF from copper-catalyzed oxidation was also explored and significant protection was observed. The extent and electrostatic requirements of the protein's polyanion binding site were probed by the use of a series of well-defined heparin fragments and differentially phosphorylated inositol compounds. A tetrasaccharide fragment of heparin is the smallest unit of heparin capable of stabilizing aFGF against thermal denaturation. Increasing phosphorylation of inositol compounds (up to six phosphate groups per molecule) enhances the thermal stability of aFGF. These results are discussed in the context of a model of human aFGF based on the X-ray crystal structure of the bovine protein and previous studies by others of the heparin binding site of both acidic and basic FGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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18
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Abstract
We describe the preparation of vectors for T7 polymerase-driven, high-level expression of rat acidic (aFGF) or basic (bFGF) fibroblast growth factors in Escherichia coli. Following isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside induction of T7 polymerase, rat aFGF or bFGF represented a major portion of the proteins synthesized by vector-transformed E. coli. Passage of cell extracts through an Amicon YM-100 membrane provided ultrafiltrates containing either aFGF or bFGF as the principal component. A single heparin-Sepharose chromatography of the ultrafiltrates yielded essentially homogenous, biologically active, recombinant rat aFGF or bFGF. By silanizing vessels and using buffers containing 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid, we could store homogenous aFGF or bFGF preparations without significant loss during repeated freezing and thawing. Previous methods for purifying aFGF or bFGF utilized salt fractionation followed by sequential ion exchange and heparin-Sepharose chromatography. These purified aFGF or bFGF preparations routinely were stored in buffered carrier protein to minimize mitogen loss resulting from adsorption to glass or plastic surfaces. In contrast, the methods that we detail are rapid, require minimal manipulation of preparations, and permit storage of carrier-free, homogenous preparations without loss resulting from surface adsorption. The protocols can be used for preparation of homogenous aFGF or bFGF of other species and may be readily applied to the isolation and characterization of FGF-like mitogens present in cultured cell extracts, conditioned medium, or tissue preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Ke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7836
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19
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Zhan X, Hu X, Friedman S, Maciag T. Analysis of endogenous and exogenous nuclear translocation of fibroblast growth factor-1 in NIH 3T3 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 188:982-91. [PMID: 1280137 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91328-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear localization of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) have been reported by many laboratories. We demonstrate here that FGF-1, the precursor for acidic FGF contains a putative nuclear translocation sequence (NTS) NYKKPKL, which is able to direct the expression of the bacterial beta galactosidase (beta gal) gene to the nucleus of transfected NIH 3T3 cells. However, this NTS is unable to target either FGF-1 itself or a FGF-1-beta gal fusion protein into the nucleus, suggesting that FGF-1 may contain an additional sequence which prevents endogenously expressed FGF-1 from being translocated into the nucleus. Indeed, when FGF-1 was fused to the NTS derived from the yeast histone 2B gene, the chimeric construct also failed to be transported into the nucleus either by itself or as a beta gal fusion protein. Interestingly, when 125I-FGF-1 was used to stimulate quiescent NIH 3T3 cells, a significant amount of internalized 125I-FGF-1 (approximately 10%) was found within the nucleus and the nuclear localization of FGF-1 through the exogenous pathway could be significantly reduced by suramin, an inhibitor of the interaction of FGF-1 with its receptor. These data suggest that while FGF-1 contains a NTS, nuclear translocation requires an exogenous and not an endogenous pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855
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20
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Suzuki M, Itoh T, Suzuki T, Koga N, Kato K, Saito T, Mitsui Y. Identification of the hepatocyte mitogen in bovine spleen as heparin-binding growth factors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 186:1192-200. [PMID: 1380796 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Growth promoting activity for rat hepatocytes in bovine spleen was identified as three heparin-binding growth factors. All the features tested, such as heparin affinity, molecular mass, cross reactivity with antibody, and partial amino acid sequence, indicated that one of the three factors was identical to FGF-1 (fibroblast growth factor-1, acidic FGF), another one was related to FGF-2 (fibroblast growth factor-2, basic FGF), whereas it was more potent for hepatocytes than the FGF-2 purified from bovine brain. The third one was eluted from heparin-Sepharose column at 0.75M NaCl, of which activity was not abolished by anti-FGF-1 or FGF-2 antibodies. In addition, the mitogenic effect of this factor was synergistic with that of HGF (hepatocyte growth factor), a known potent hepatocyte mitogen, suggesting that it is a novel growth factor for hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suzuki
- Cell Science and Technology Division, Fermentation Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
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21
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Ortega S, García JL, Zazo M, Varela J, Muñoz-Willery I, Cuevas P, Giménez-Gallego G. Single-step purification on DEAE-sephacel of recombinant polypeptides produced in Escherichia coli. Biotechnology (N Y) 1992; 10:795-8. [PMID: 1377476 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0792-795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method for the purification of recombinant proteins based upon the selective interaction of the choline-binding domain of the pneumococcal murein hydrolase and tertiary amines. Proteins of interest, fused to the binding domain by a peptide linker, containing the cleaving sequence recognized by blood coagulation factor Xa, can either be assayed for biological activities in vitro and in vivo or have the binding moiety removed to yield a totally unmodified form, suitable for clinical and functional studies. The method can also be applied to the production of low molecular mass peptides. The principle of the technique is illustrated with acidic fibroblast growth factor and with a neuropeptide-like fragment of ten amino acids contained within its sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ortega
- Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas (C.S.I.C.), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Abstract
An extract from the brain of the opossum Monodelphis domestica was fractionated by heparin affinity chromatography. A major peak of mitogenic activity (heparin binding growth factor 2, HBGF-2) eluted from heparin-Sepharose between 1.7 and 2.0 M NaCl. Antisera specific for bovine bFGF detected four polypeptides of 17.5-23 kDa in opossum brain HBGF-2 preparations. Opossum brain heparin binding growth factor 1 (HBGF-1), a minor peak of activity, eluted from heparin-Sepharose at 1.1 NaCl and contained a 16.2 kDa protein that cross-reacted with antiserum against bovine aFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Sabourin
- Center for Basic and Applied Medical Research, Lovelace Medical Foundation, Albuquerque, NM 87108
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23
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Zazo M, Lozano RM, Ortega S, Varela J, Díaz-Orejas R, Ramírez JM, Giménez-Gallego G. High-level synthesis in Escherichia coli of shortened and full-length human acidic fibroblast growth factor and purification in a form stable in aqueous solutions. Gene 1992; 113:231-8. [PMID: 1374047 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90400-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient expression for human acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) has been assembled to direct the synthesis of both shortened and native full-length aFGF. The full-length aFGF-154 form of the protein had not been produced before in Escherichia coli by genetic engineering, and is obtained with its initiator methionine removed. The high production of the aFGF allows one to circumvent the use of reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) during the purification procedure. Here, it is shown that RPC, routinely used to obtain pure preparations of recombinant aFGF, modifies its chemical and physical properties in an unfavorable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zazo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, C.S.I.C., Madrid, Spain
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24
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Siegall CB, Epstein S, Speir E, Hla T, Forough R, Maciag T, Fitzgerald DJ, Pastan I. Cytotoxic activity of chimeric proteins composed of acidic fibroblast growth factor and Pseudomonas exotoxin on a variety of cell types. FASEB J 1991; 5:2843-9. [PMID: 1717336 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.5.13.1717336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric proteins composed of acidic fibroblast growth factor (acidic FGF) and several forms of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) that cannot bind to the PE receptor have been produced in Escherichia coli by expressing chimeric genes in which DNA encoding acidic FGF is fused to various mutant forms of PE. These acidic FGF-PE fusion proteins were found to be cytotoxic to a variety of tumor cell lines including hepatocellular (PLC/PRF/5 and HEPG2), prostatic (LNCaP), colon (HT29), and breast (MCF-7) carcinomas at concentrations of 1-70 ng/ml. The cytotoxic effects of acidic FGF-PE were FGF-receptor specific as demonstrated by competition with excess acidic FGF and by showing that acidic FGF-PE bound to the FGF receptor with the same affinity as acidic FGF. Furthermore, the cell-killing activity of acidic FGF-PE was toxin-mediated, as an acidic FGF-PE mutant, which does not possess ADP-ribosylation activity, failed to kill cells. These findings demonstrate that acidic FGF-PE is a potent cytotoxic molecule that can be targeted to FGF receptor-bearing cells. Because acidic FGF is a potent angiogenic molecule, cytotoxic acidic FGF-PE chimeras may have utility as anti-angiogenic agents. These molecules could be helpful in determining the functional role of FGF receptors in cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Siegall
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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25
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Nagasaki T, Lieberman MA. Liver contains heparin-binding growth factors as the major growth factor for cultured fibroblasts. Hepatology 1991; 13:6-14. [PMID: 1703123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The presence of heparin-binding growth factors in liver was investigated by measuring the DNA synthesis stimulatory activity of liver extracts using quiescent fibroblasts as target cells. It was found that cytosolic fractions of mouse, rat and human liver, as well as isolated rat hepatocytes, contain a large amount of growth stimulatory activity. Most liver cytosolic activity is due to heparin-binding growth factors, because greater than 90% of the activity bound to a heparin affinity column in the presence of 0.8 mol/L NaCl, and was quantitatively eluted with 2 mol/L NaCl. Purification of these factors from both mouse and rat liver indicated the presence of both heparin-binding growth factor-1 and 2 in liver extracts. The level of the heparin-binding growth factors, as estimated from the biological activity, is approximately 1 microgram/gm mouse liver and 0.1 microgram/gm rat and human liver. Heparin-binding growth factor-1-like factors were 10 times as abundant as heparin-binding growth factor-2-like factors. These data indicate that the cytosolic fractions of mouse, rat and human liver contain heparin-binding growth factors as the primary growth factor for fibroblasts, and heparin binding growth factor-1-like molecules account for most of the cytosolic activity in both mouse and rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagasaki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267-0524
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26
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Ke YQ, Fernig DG, Smith JA, Wilkinson MC, Anandappa SY, Rudland PS, Barraclough R. High-level production of human acidic fibroblast growth factor in E. coli cells: inhibition of DNA synthesis in rat mammary fibroblasts at high concentrations of growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 171:963-71. [PMID: 1699532 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)90778-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor has been produced in E. coli cells at a level of at least 50 mg/l culture. The recombinant and natural acidic fibroblast growth factors are almost identical to one another when tested on rat mammary fibroblasts for their ability to stimulate DNA synthesis, to bind to the high-affinity surface receptors of the cells and to inhibit DNA synthesis when present in the culture medium at high concentrations. The recombinant acidic fibroblast growth factor binds to two cell-surface polypeptides of molecular masses 160 kDa and 140 kDa, which are the same size as the receptors for basic fibroblast growth factor, and it binds preferentially to the smaller polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Ke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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27
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Linemeyer DL, Menke JG, Kelly LJ, DiSalvo J, Soderman D, Schaeffer MT, Ortega S, Gimenez-Gallego G, Thomas KA. Disulfide bonds are neither required, present, nor compatible with full activity of human recombinant acidic fibroblast growth factor. Growth Factors 1990; 3:287-98. [PMID: 1701652 DOI: 10.3109/08977199009003671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is a potent broad-spectrum mitogen that contains three Cys residues within its monomeric structure. We have found that site-directed mutants in which any one of these Cys residues is converted to serine remain highly active, although variably dependent on heparin, so none of the three possible intramolecular disulfide bonds that can be formed are required for mitogenic activity. Furthermore, a dispensable disulfide bond that might stabilize the active conformation is not present since all three Cys residues are accessible to chemical modification in recombinant as well as brain-derived aFGFs. Finally, formation of a disulfide bond between the two Cys residues conserved among all seven known members of the FGF family results in a virtually inactive product that can subsequently be reactivated by reduction. Thus, despite the extracellular function of aFGF, its Cys residues do not form intramolecular disulfide bonds in the active conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Linemeyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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28
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Eloumami H, Bladier D, Caruelle D, Courty J, Joubert R, Caron M. Soluble heparin-binding lectins from human brain: purification, specificity and relationship to an heparin-binding growth factor. Int J Biochem 1990; 22:539-44. [PMID: 1693345 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(90)90270-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. An heparin-binding lectin activity was detected in soluble extracts of human brain. Three polypeptide chains were purified by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. Their Mrs estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 13,000, 14,500 and 16,000. 2. Several glycosaminoglycans were potent inhibitors of their hemagglutination activity. 3. From the pool of purified lectins three peaks were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. They were indistinguishable by activity criteria (hemagglutination, stimulation of endothelial cell growth), and immunological relationship was found between one of them and acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eloumami
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Technologie des Protéines, Université Paris-Nord, Bobigny, France
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