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Ehrlich AT, Semache M, Couvineau P, Wojcik S, Kobayashi H, Thelen M, Gross F, Hogue M, Le Gouill C, Darcq E, Bouvier M, Kieffer BL. Ackr3-Venus knock-in mouse lights up brain vasculature. Mol Brain 2021; 14:151. [PMID: 34583741 PMCID: PMC8477500 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor 3, ACKR3, is a G protein-coupled receptor, which does not couple to G proteins but recruits βarrestins. At present, ACKR3 is considered a target for cancer and cardiovascular disorders, but less is known about the potential of ACKR3 as a target for brain disease. Further, mouse lines have been created to identify cells expressing the receptor, but there is no tool to visualize and study the receptor itself under physiological conditions. Here, we engineered a knock-in (KI) mouse expressing a functional ACKR3-Venus fusion protein to directly detect the receptor, particularly in the adult brain. In HEK-293 cells, native and fused receptors showed similar membrane expression, ligand induced trafficking and signaling profiles, indicating that the Venus fusion does not alter receptor signaling. We also found that ACKR3-Venus enables direct real-time monitoring of receptor trafficking using resonance energy transfer. In ACKR3-Venus knock-in mice, we found normal ACKR3 mRNA levels in the brain, suggesting intact gene transcription. We fully mapped receptor expression across 14 peripheral organs and 112 brain areas and found that ACKR3 is primarily localized to the vasculature in these tissues. In the periphery, receptor distribution aligns with previous reports. In the brain there is notable ACKR3 expression in endothelial vascular cells, hippocampal GABAergic interneurons and neuroblast neighboring cells. In conclusion, we have generated Ackr3-Venus knock-in mice with a traceable ACKR3 receptor, which will be a useful tool to the research community for interrogations about ACKR3 biology and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza T Ehrlich
- Douglas Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
- University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Meriem Semache
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Domain Therapeutics North America, Montréal, Québec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Pierre Couvineau
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Stefan Wojcik
- Douglas Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Florence Gross
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Domain Therapeutics North America, Montréal, Québec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Mireille Hogue
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Christian Le Gouill
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Douglas Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
- INSERM U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Mecca CM, Chao D, Yu G, Feng Y, Segel I, Zhang Z, Rodriguez-Garcia DM, Pawela CP, Hillard CJ, Hogan QH, Pan B. Dynamic Change of Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Controls the Development of Depression After Neuropathic Pain. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7492-7508. [PMID: 34244365 PMCID: PMC8412994 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3135-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many patients with chronic pain conditions suffer from depression. The mechanisms underlying pain-induced depression are still unclear. There are critical links of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) synaptic function to depression, with signaling through the endocannabinoid (eCB) system as an important contributor. We hypothesized that afferent noxious inputs after injury compromise activity-dependent eCB signaling in the mPFC, resulting in depression. Depression-like behaviors were tested in male and female rats with traumatic neuropathy [spared nerve injury (SNI)], and neuronal activity in the mPFC was monitored using the immediate early gene c-fos and in vivo electrophysiological recordings. mPFC eCB Concentrations were determined using mass spectrometry, and behavioral and electrophysiological experiments were used to evaluate the role of alterations in eCB signaling in depression after pain. SNI-induced pain induced the development of depression phenotypes in both male and female rats. Pyramidal neurons in mPFC showed increased excitability followed by reduced excitability in the onset and prolonged phases of pain, respectively. Concentrations of the eCBs, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the mPFC, were elevated initially after SNI, and our results indicate that this resulted in a loss of CB1R function on GABAergic interneurons in the mPFC. These data suggest that excessive release of 2-AG as a result of noxious stimuli triggers use-dependent loss of function of eCB signaling leading to excessive GABA release in the mPFC, with the final result being behavioral depression.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pain has both somatosensory and affective components, so the complexity of mechanisms underlying chronic pain is best represented by a biopsychosocial model that includes widespread CNS dysfunction. Many patients with chronic pain conditions develop depression. The mechanism by which pain causes depression is unclear. Although manipulation of the eCB signaling system as an avenue for providing analgesia per se has not shown much promise in previous studies. An important limitation of past research has been inadequate consideration of the dynamic nature of the connection between pain and depression as they develop. Here, we show that activity-dependent synthesis of eCBs during the initial onset of persistent pain is the critical link leading to depression when pain is persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Mecca
- Departments of Anesthesiology
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher P Pawela
- Departments of Anesthesiology
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Quinn H Hogan
- Departments of Anesthesiology
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Bin Pan
- Departments of Anesthesiology
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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Morales C, Morici JF, Miranda M, Gallo FT, Bekinschtein P, Weisstaub NV. Neurophotonics Approaches for the Study of Pattern Separation. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:26. [PMID: 32587504 PMCID: PMC7298152 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful memory involves not only remembering over time but also keeping memories distinct. Computational models suggest that pattern separation appears as a highly efficient process to discriminate between overlapping memories. Furthermore, lesion studies have shown that the dentate gyrus (DG) participates in pattern separation. However, these manipulations did not allow identifying the neuronal mechanism underlying pattern separation. The development of different neurophotonics techniques, together with other genetic tools, has been useful for the study of the microcircuit involved in this process. It has been shown that less-overlapped information would generate distinct neuronal representations within the granule cells (GCs). However, because glutamatergic or GABAergic cells in the DG are not functionally or structurally homogeneous, identifying the specific role of the different subpopulations remains elusive. Then, understanding pattern separation requires the ability to manipulate a temporal and spatially specific subset of cells in the DG and ideally to analyze DG cells activity in individuals performing a pattern separation dependent behavioral task. Thus, neurophotonics and calcium imaging techniques in conjunction with activity-dependent promoters and high-resolution microscopy appear as important tools for this endeavor. In this work, we review how different neurophotonics techniques have been implemented in the elucidation of a neuronal network that supports pattern separation alone or in combination with traditional techniques. We discuss the limitation of these techniques and how other neurophotonic techniques could be used to complement the advances presented up to this date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Morales
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Facundo Morici
- Instituto de Neurociencias Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCYT), Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO), Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Miranda
- Instituto de Neurociencias Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCYT), Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO), Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Tomás Gallo
- Instituto de Neurociencias Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCYT), Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO), Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro Bekinschtein
- Instituto de Neurociencias Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCYT), Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO), Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noelia V. Weisstaub
- Instituto de Neurociencias Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCYT), Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO), Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hanson E, Swanson J, Arenkiel BR. GABAergic Input From the Basal Forebrain Promotes the Survival of Adult-Born Neurons in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:17. [PMID: 32390805 PMCID: PMC7190813 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique feature of the olfactory system is the continuous generation and integration of new neurons throughout adulthood. Adult-born neuron survival and integration is dependent on activity and sensory experience, which is largely mediated by early synaptic inputs that adult-born neurons receive upon entering the olfactory bulb (OB). As in early postnatal development, the first synaptic inputs onto adult-born neurons are GABAergic. However, the specific sources of early synaptic GABA and the influence of specific inputs on adult-born neuron development are poorly understood. Here, we use retrograde and anterograde viral tracing to reveal robust GABAergic projections from the basal forebrain horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (HDB) to the granule cell layer (GCL) and glomerular layer (GL) of the mouse OB. Whole-cell electrophysiological recordings indicate that these projections target interneurons in the GCL and GL, including adult-born granule cells (abGCs). Recordings from birth-dated abGCs reveal a developmental time course in which HDB GABAergic input onto abGCs emerges as the neurons first enter the OB, and strengthens throughout the critical period of abGC development. Finally, we show that removing GABAergic signaling from HDB neurons results in decreased abGC survival. Together these data show that GABAergic projections from the HDB synapse onto immature abGCs in the OB to promote their survival through the critical period, thus representing a source of long-range input modulating plasticity in the adult OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hanson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jessica Swanson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Krause BM, Murphy CA, Uhlrich DJ, Banks MI. PV+ Cells Enhance Temporal Population Codes but not Stimulus-Related Timing in Auditory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:627-647. [PMID: 29300837 PMCID: PMC6319178 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatio-temporal cortical activity patterns relative to both peripheral input and local network activity carry information about stimulus identity and context. GABAergic interneurons are reported to regulate spiking at millisecond precision in response to sensory stimulation and during gamma oscillations; their role in regulating spike timing during induced network bursts is unclear. We investigated this issue in murine auditory thalamo-cortical (TC) brain slices, in which TC afferents induced network bursts similar to previous reports in vivo. Spike timing relative to TC afferent stimulation during bursts was poor in pyramidal cells and SOM+ interneurons. It was more precise in PV+ interneurons, consistent with their reported contribution to spiking precision in pyramidal cells. Optogenetic suppression of PV+ cells unexpectedly improved afferent-locked spike timing in pyramidal cells. In contrast, our evidence suggests that PV+ cells do regulate the spatio-temporal spike pattern of pyramidal cells during network bursts, whose organization is suited to ensemble coding of stimulus information. Simulations showed that suppressing PV+ cells reduces the capacity of pyramidal cell networks to produce discriminable spike patterns. By dissociating temporal precision with respect to a stimulus versus internal cortical activity, we identified a novel role for GABAergic cells in regulating information processing in cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Krause
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Caitlin A Murphy
- Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel J Uhlrich
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew I Banks
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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6
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Woltjer RL, Reese LC, Richardson BE, Tran H, Green S, Pham T, Chalupsky M, Gabriel I, Light T, Sanford L, Jeong SY, Hamada J, Schwanemann LK, Rogers C, Gregory A, Hogarth P, Hayflick SJ. Pallidal neuronal apolipoprotein E in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration recapitulates ischemic injury to the globus pallidus. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 116:289-97. [PMID: 26547561 PMCID: PMC4688119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a progressive movement disorder that is due to mutations in PANK2. Pathologically, it is a member of a class of diseases known as neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) and features increased tissue iron and ubiquitinated proteinaceous aggregates in the globus pallidus. We have previously determined that these aggregates represent condensed residue derived from degenerated pallidal neurons. However, the protein content, other than ubiquitin, of these aggregates remains unknown. In the present study, we performed biochemical and immunohistochemical studies to characterize these aggregates and found them to be enriched in apolipoprotein E that is poorly soluble in detergent solutions. However, we did not determine a significant association between APOE genotype and the clinical phenotype of disease in our database of 81 cases. Rather, we frequently identified similar ubiquitin- and apolipoprotein E-enriched lesions in these neurons in non-PKAN patients in the penumbrae of remote infarcts that involve the globus pallidus, and occasionally in other brain sites that contain large γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. Our findings, taken together, suggest that tissue or cellular hypoxic/ischemic injury within the globus pallidus may underlie the pathogenesis of PKAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - Lindsay C Reese
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Brian E Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Huong Tran
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Sarah Green
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Thao Pham
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Megan Chalupsky
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Isabella Gabriel
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Tyler Light
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Lynn Sanford
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Suh Young Jeong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Jeffrey Hamada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Leila K Schwanemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Caleb Rogers
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Allison Gregory
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Penelope Hogarth
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Susan J Hayflick
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
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Konop CJ, Knickelbine JJ, Sygulla MS, Wruck CD, Vestling MM, Stretton AOW. Mass Spectrometry of Single GABAergic Somatic Motorneurons Identifies a Novel Inhibitory Peptide, As-NLP-22, in the Nematode Ascaris suum. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2015; 26:2009-2023. [PMID: 26174364 PMCID: PMC4654748 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuromodulators have become an increasingly important component of functional circuits, dramatically changing the properties of both neurons and synapses to affect behavior. To explore the role of neuropeptides in Ascaris suum behavior, we devised an improved method for cleanly dissecting single motorneuronal cell bodies from the many other cell processes and hypodermal tissue in the ventral nerve cord. We determined their peptide content using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The reduced complexity of the peptide mixture greatly aided the detection of peptides; peptide levels were sufficient to permit sequencing by tandem MS from single cells. Inhibitory motorneurons, known to be GABAergic, contain a novel neuropeptide, As-NLP-22 (SLASGRWGLRPamide). From this sequence and information from the A. suum expressed sequence tag (EST) database, we cloned the transcript (As-nlp-22) and synthesized a riboprobe for in situ hybridization, which labeled the inhibitory motorneurons; this validates the integrity of the dissection method, showing that the peptides detected originate from the cells themselves and not from adhering processes from other cells (e.g., synaptic terminals). Synthetic As-NLP-22 has potent inhibitory activity on acetylcholine-induced muscle contraction as well as on basal muscle tone. Both of these effects are dose-dependent: the inhibitory effect on ACh contraction has an IC50 of 8.3 × 10(-9) M. When injected into whole worms, As-NLP-22 produces a dose-dependent inhibition of locomotory movements and, at higher levels, complete paralysis. These experiments demonstrate the utility of MALDI TOF/TOF MS in identifying novel neuromodulators at the single-cell level. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Konop
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer J Knickelbine
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Parasitology and Vector Biology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Molly S Sygulla
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Colin D Wruck
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Martha M Vestling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Antony O W Stretton
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Parasitology and Vector Biology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Guimarães-Souza EM, Calaza KC. Selective activation of group III metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes produces different patterns of γ-aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity and glutamate release in the retina. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2349-61. [PMID: 22987212 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E M Guimarães-Souza
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Neuroscience Program and Departament of Neurobiology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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