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Panagopoulos I, Gorunova L, Lobmaier I, Heim S. Fusion of the Genes for Interferon Regulatory Factor 2 Binding Protein 2 ( IRF2BP2) and Caudal Type Homeobox 1 ( CDX1) in a Chondrogenic Tumor. In Vivo 2023; 37:2459-2463. [PMID: 37905608 PMCID: PMC10621452 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Chondrogenic tumors are benign, intermediate or malignant neoplasms showing cartilaginous differentiation. In 2012, we reported a mesenchymal chondrosarcoma carrying a t(1;5)(q42;q32) leading to an IRF2BP2::CDX1 fusion gene. Here, we report a second chondrogenic tumor carrying an IRF2BP2::CDX1 chimera. CASE REPORT Radiological examination of a 41 years old woman showed an osteolytic lesion in the os pubis with a large soft tissue component. Examination of a core needle biopsy led to the diagnosis chondromyxoid fibroma, and the patient was treated with curettage. Microscopic examination of the specimen showed a tumor tissue in which a pink-bluish background matrix was studded with small spindled to stellate cells without atypia, fitting well the chondromyxoid fibroma diagnosis. Focally, a more cartilage-like appearance was observed with cells lying in lacunae and areas with calcification. G-banding analysis of short-term cultured tumor cells yielded the karyotype 46,XX,der(1)inv(1)(p33~34q42) add(1)(p32)?ins(1;?)(q42;?),del(5)(q31),der(5)t(1;5)(q42;q35)[12]/46,XX[3]. RT-PCR together with Sanger sequencing showed the presence of two IRF2BP2::CDX1 chimeric transcripts in which exon 1 of the IRF2BP2 reference sequence NM_182972.3 or NM_001077397.1 was fused to exon 2 of CDX1. Both chimeras were predicted to code for proteins containing the zinc finger domain of IRF2BP2 and homeobox domain of CDX1. CONCLUSION IRF2BP2::CDX1 chimera is recurrent in chondrogenic tumors. The data are still too sparse to conclude whether it is a hallmark of benign or malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Panagopoulos
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Ludmila Gorunova
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Lobmaier
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Heim
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Crossman AH, Ignatz EH, Hall JR, Kumar S, Fast MD, Eslamloo K, Rise ML. Basal and immune-responsive transcript expression of two Atlantic salmon interferon regulatory factor 2 (irf2) paralogues. Dev Comp Immunol 2023; 143:104689. [PMID: 36934886 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is one of the most economically important aquaculture species globally. However, disease has become a prevalent threat to this industry. A thorough understanding of the genes and molecular pathways involved in the immune responses of Atlantic salmon is imperative for selective breeding of disease-resistant broodstock, as well as developing new diets and vaccines to mitigate the impact of disease. Members of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors play roles in the induction of interferons and other cytokines involved in host immune responses to intracellular and parasitic pathogens. IRF family members also play diverse roles in other biological processes, such as stress response, reproduction and development. The current study focused on one member of the IRF family: interferon regulatory factor 2 (irf2). As previously shown, due to the genome duplication that occurred ∼80 million years ago in the salmonid lineage, there are two irf2 paralogues in the Atlantic salmon genome. In silico analyses at the cDNA and deduced amino acid levels were conducted followed by phylogenetic tree construction with IRF2 amino acid sequences from various ray-finned fishes, cartilaginous fish and tetrapods. qPCR was then used to analyze paralogue-specific irf2 constitutive expression across 17 adult tissues, as well as responses to the viral mimic pIC (i.e., synthetic double-stranded RNA analog) in cultured macrophage-like cells (in vitro) and to infection with the Gram-negative bacterium Moritella viscosa in skin samples (in vivo). The qPCR studies showed sex- and paralogue-specific differences in expression across tissues. For example, expression of both paralogues was higher in ovary than in testes; expression (considering both sexes together) was highest for irf2-1 in gonad and for irf2-2 in hindgut. Both irf2 paralogues were responsive to pIC stimulation, but varied in their induction level, with irf2-1 having an overall stronger response than irf2-2. Only one paralogue, irf2-2, was significantly responsive to M. viscosa infection. Differences in irf2-1 and irf2-2 transcript expression levels constitutively across tissues, and in response to pIC and M. viscosa, may suggest neo- or subfunctionalization of the duplicated genes. This novel information expands current knowledge and provides insight into how genome duplication events may impact host regulation of important immune markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra H Crossman
- Memorial University, Department of Ocean Sciences, 0 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Eric H Ignatz
- Memorial University, Department of Ocean Sciences, 0 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Jennifer R Hall
- Memorial University, Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Ocean Sciences Centre, 0 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Memorial University, Department of Ocean Sciences, 0 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Mark D Fast
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE, CIA 4P3, Canada.
| | - Khalil Eslamloo
- Memorial University, Department of Ocean Sciences, 0 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Memorial University, Department of Ocean Sciences, 0 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Lukhele S, Rabbo DA, Guo M, Shen J, Elsaesser HJ, Quevedo R, Carew M, Gadalla R, Snell LM, Mahesh L, Ciudad MT, Snow BE, You-Ten A, Haight J, Wakeham A, Ohashi PS, Mak TW, Cui W, McGaha TL, Brooks DG. The transcription factor IRF2 drives interferon-mediated CD8 + T cell exhaustion to restrict anti-tumor immunity. Immunity 2022; 55:2369-2385.e10. [PMID: 36370712 PMCID: PMC9809269 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type I and II interferons (IFNs) stimulate pro-inflammatory programs that are critical for immune activation, but also induce immune-suppressive feedback circuits that impede control of cancer growth. Here, we sought to determine how these opposing programs are differentially induced. We demonstrated that the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) was expressed by many immune cells in the tumor in response to sustained IFN signaling. CD8+ T cell-specific deletion of IRF2 prevented acquisition of the T cell exhaustion program within the tumor and instead enabled sustained effector functions that promoted long-term tumor control and increased responsiveness to immune checkpoint and adoptive cell therapies. The long-term tumor control by IRF2-deficient CD8+ T cells required continuous integration of both IFN-I and IFN-II signals. Thus, IRF2 is a foundational feedback molecule that redirects IFN signals to suppress T cell responses and represents a potential target to enhance cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabelo Lukhele
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada.
| | - Diala Abd Rabbo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Mengdi Guo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Jian Shen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Heidi J Elsaesser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Rene Quevedo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Madeleine Carew
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Ramy Gadalla
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Laura M Snell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lawanya Mahesh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - M Teresa Ciudad
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Bryan E Snow
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Annick You-Ten
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Jillian Haight
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Andrew Wakeham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada.
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Nowak JK, Adams AT, Kalla R, Lindstrøm JC, Vatn S, Bergemalm D, Keita ÅV, Gomollón F, Jahnsen J, Vatn MH, Ricanek P, Ostrowski J, Walkowiak J, Halfvarson J, Satsangi J. Characterisation of the Circulating Transcriptomic Landscape in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Provides Evidence for Dysregulation of Multiple Transcription Factors Including NFE2, SPI1, CEBPB, and IRF2. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:1255-1268. [PMID: 35212366 PMCID: PMC9426667 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the pathobiological and translational importance of whole-blood transcriptomic analysis in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. METHODS We analysed whole-blood expression profiles from paired-end sequencing in a discovery cohort of 590 Europeans recruited across six countries in the IBD Character initiative (newly diagnosed patients with Crohn's disease [CD; n = 156], ulcerative colitis [UC; n = 167], and controls [n = 267]), exploring differential expression [DESeq2], co-expression networks [WGCNA], and transcription factor involvement [EPEE, ChEA, DoRothEA]. Findings were validated by analysis of an independent replication cohort [99 CD, 100 UC, 95 controls]. In the discovery cohort, we also defined baseline expression correlates of future treatment escalation using cross-validated elastic-net and random forest modelling, along with a pragmatic ratio detection procedure. RESULTS Disease-specific transcriptomes were defined in IBD [8697 transcripts], CD [7152], and UC [8521], with the most highly significant changes in single genes, including CD177 (log2-fold change [LFC] = 4.63, p = 4.05 × 10-118), MCEMP1 [LFC = 2.45, p = 7.37 × 10-109], and S100A12 [LFC = 2.31, p = 2.15 × 10-93]. Significantly over-represented pathways included IL-1 [p = 1.58 × 10-11], IL-4, and IL-13 [p = 8.96 × 10-9]. Highly concordant results were obtained using multiple regulatory activity inference tools applied to the discovery and replication cohorts. These analyses demonstrated central roles in IBD for the transcription factors NFE2, SPI1 [PU.1], CEBPB, and IRF2, all regulators of cytokine signalling, based on a consistent signal across cohorts and transcription factor ranking methods. A number of simple transcriptome-based models were associated with the need for treatment escalation, including the binary CLEC5A/CDH2 expression ratio in UC (hazard ratio = 23.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.3-102.0). CONCLUSIONS Transcriptomic analysis has allowed for a detailed characterisation of IBD pathobiology, with important potential translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan K Nowak
- Corresponding authors: Dr Jan K. Nowak, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | | | - Rahul Kalla
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonas C Lindstrøm
- Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simen Vatn
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Daniel Bergemalm
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Jørgen Jahnsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Morten H Vatn
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- EpiGen Institute, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petr Ricanek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Jack Satsangi
- Jack Satsangi, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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Chang K, Han K, Qiu W, Hu Z, Chen X, Chen X, Xie X, Wang S, Hu C, Mao H. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) interferon regulatory factor 8 down-regulates interferon1 expression via interaction with interferon regulatory factor 2 in vitro. Mol Immunol 2021; 137:202-211. [PMID: 34280770 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), also known as interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP), is a negative regulatory factor of interferon (IFN) and plays an important role in cell differentiation and innate immunity in mammals. In recent years, some irf8 homologous genes have been cloned and confirmed to take part in innate immune response in fish, but the mechanism still remains unclear. In this paper, a grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) irf8 gene (Ciirf8) was cloned and characterized. The deduced protein (CiIRF8) possesses a highly conserved N-terminal DNA binding domain but a less well-conserved C-terminal IRF association domain (IAD). Ciirf8 was widely expressed in all tested tissues of grass carp and up-regulated following poly(I:C) stimulation. Ciirf8 expression was also up-regulated in CIK cells upon treatment with poly(I:C). To explore the molecular mechanism of how fish IRF8 regulates ifn1 expression, the similarities and differences of grass carp IRF8 and IRF2 were compared and contrasted. Subcellular localization analysis showed that CiIRF8 is located both in the cytoplasm and nucleus; however, CiIRF2 is only located in the nucleus. The nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation of CiIRF8 was observed in CIK cells under stimulation with poly(I:C). The interaction of CiIRF8 and CiIRF2 was further confirmed by a co-immunoprecipitation assay in the nucleus. Dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that the promoter activity of Ciifn1 was significantly inhibited by co-transfection with CiIRF2 and CiIRF8. The transcription inhibition of Ciifn1 was alleviated by competitive binding of CiIRF2 and CiIRF8 to CiIRF1. In conclusion, CiIRF8 down-regulates Ciifn1 expression via interaction with CiIRF2 in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Chang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Kun Han
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Weihua Qiu
- Teaching Material Research Office of Jiangxi Provincial Education Department, China
| | - Zhizhen Hu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiaofen Xie
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shanghong Wang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Huiling Mao
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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Ye G, Wang P, Xie Z, Li J, Zheng G, Liu W, Cao Q, Li M, Cen S, Li Z, Yu W, Wu Y, Shen H. IRF2-mediated upregulation of lncRNA HHAS1 facilitates the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by acting as a competing endogenous RNA. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e429. [PMID: 34185419 PMCID: PMC8214856 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the major source of osteoblasts. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are abundantly expressed RNAs that lack protein-coding potential and play an extensive regulatory role in cellular biological activities. However, the regulatory network of lncRNAs in MSC osteogenesis needs further investigation. METHODS QRT-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry assays were used to determine the levels of relevant genes. The osteogenic differentiation capability was evaluated by using Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining, alkaline phosphatase activity assays, hematoxylin & eosin staining or micro-CT. RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and RNAscope were used to detect HHAS1 expression in cells and bone tissue. A microarray assay was performed to identify differentially expressed microRNAs. RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down were used to explore the interactions between related proteins and nucleic acids. RESULTS The level of lncRNA HHAS1 increased during bone marrow-derived MSC (BMSC) osteogenesis and was positively related to the levels of osteogenic genes and ARS intensity. HHAS1 was located in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus and was expressed in human bone tissue. HHAS1 facilitated BMSC osteogenic differentiation by downregulating miR-204-5p expression and enhancing the level of RUNX family transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). In addition, interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) was increased during BMSC osteogenic differentiation and interacted with the promoter of HHAS1, which resulted in the transcriptional activation of HHAS1. Furthermore, IRF2 and HHAS1 helped improve bone defect repair in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a novel lncRNA, HHAS1, that facilitates BMSC osteogenic differentiation and proposed a role for the IRF2/HHAS1/miR-204-5p/RUNX2 axis in BMSC osteogenesis regulation. These findings help elucidate the regulatory network of BMSC osteogenesis and provide potential targets for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwen Ye
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenP.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenP.R. China
| | - Zhongyu Xie
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenP.R. China
| | - Jinteng Li
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenP.R. China
| | - Guan Zheng
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenP.R. China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenP.R. China
| | - Qian Cao
- Center for BiotherapyThe Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenP.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of OrthopedicsSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouP.R. China
| | - Shuizhong Cen
- Department of OrthopedicsSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouP.R. China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- Department of OrthopedicsSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouP.R. China
| | - Wenhui Yu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenP.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Center for BiotherapyThe Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenP.R. China
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenP.R. China
- Center for BiotherapyThe Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenP.R. China
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Minamide K, Sato T, Nakanishi Y, Ohno H, Kato T, Asano J, Ohteki T. IRF2 maintains the stemness of colonic stem cells by limiting physiological stress from interferon. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14639. [PMID: 32901054 PMCID: PMC7479133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological stresses that diminish tissue stem-cell characteristics remain largely unknown. We previously reported that type I interferon (IFN), which is essential for host antiviral responses, is a physiological stressor for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and small intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and that interferon regulatory factor-2 (IRF2), which attenuates IFN signaling, maintains their stemness. Here, using a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model, we explore the role of IRF2 in maintaining colonic epithelial stem cells (CoSCs). In mice with a conditional Irf2 deletion in the intestinal epithelium (hereafter Irf2ΔIEC mice), both the number and the organoid-forming potential of CoSCs were markedly reduced. Consistent with this finding, the ability of Irf2ΔIEC mice to regenerate colon epithelium after inducing colitis was severely impaired, independently of microbial dysbiosis. Mechanistically, CoSCs differentiated prematurely into transit-amplifying (TA) cells in Irf2ΔIEC mice, which might explain their low CoSC counts. A similar phenotype was induced in wild-type mice by repeated injections of low doses of poly(I:C), which induces type I IFN. Collectively, we demonstrated that chronic IFN signaling physiologically stresses CoSCs. This study provides new insight into the development of colitis and molecular mechanisms that maintain functional CoSCs throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Minamide
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Taku Sato
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakanishi
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kato
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jumpei Asano
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohteki
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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Kok F, Rosenblatt M, Teusel M, Nizharadze T, Gonçalves Magalhães V, Dächert C, Maiwald T, Vlasov A, Wäsch M, Tyufekchieva S, Hoffmann K, Damm G, Seehofer D, Boettler T, Binder M, Timmer J, Schilling M, Klingmüller U. Disentangling molecular mechanisms regulating sensitization of interferon alpha signal transduction. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e8955. [PMID: 32696599 PMCID: PMC7373899 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20198955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tightly interlinked feedback regulators control the dynamics of intracellular responses elicited by the activation of signal transduction pathways. Interferon alpha (IFNα) orchestrates antiviral responses in hepatocytes, yet mechanisms that define pathway sensitization in response to prestimulation with different IFNα doses remained unresolved. We establish, based on quantitative measurements obtained for the hepatoma cell line Huh7.5, an ordinary differential equation model for IFNα signal transduction that comprises the feedback regulators STAT1, STAT2, IRF9, USP18, SOCS1, SOCS3, and IRF2. The model-based analysis shows that, mediated by the signaling proteins STAT2 and IRF9, prestimulation with a low IFNα dose hypersensitizes the pathway. In contrast, prestimulation with a high dose of IFNα leads to a dose-dependent desensitization, mediated by the negative regulators USP18 and SOCS1 that act at the receptor. The analysis of basal protein abundance in primary human hepatocytes reveals high heterogeneity in patient-specific amounts of STAT1, STAT2, IRF9, and USP18. The mathematical modeling approach shows that the basal amount of USP18 determines patient-specific pathway desensitization, while the abundance of STAT2 predicts the patient-specific IFNα signal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Kok
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Marcus Rosenblatt
- Institute of PhysicsUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- FDM ‐ Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and ModelingUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Melissa Teusel
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Tamar Nizharadze
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Vladimir Gonçalves Magalhães
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”Division Virus‐Associated CarcinogenesisGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Christopher Dächert
- Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”Division Virus‐Associated CarcinogenesisGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Tim Maiwald
- Institute of PhysicsUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Artyom Vlasov
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Marvin Wäsch
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Silvana Tyufekchieva
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation SurgeryRuprecht Karls University HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation SurgeryRuprecht Karls University HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral TransplantationUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral TransplantationUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine IIUniversity Hospital Freiburg—Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”Division Virus‐Associated CarcinogenesisGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Institute of PhysicsUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- FDM ‐ Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and ModelingUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA)University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Marcel Schilling
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
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9
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Zhu KC, Liu BS, Zhang N, Guo HY, Guo L, Jiang SG, Zhang DC. Interferon regulatory factor 2 plays a positive role in interferon gamma expression in golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 96:107-113. [PMID: 31805410 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In fish, interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) is a regulator of the type I IFN-dependent immune response, thereby playing a crucial role in innate immunity. However, the specific mechanism by which IRF2 regulates type II IFN in fish remains unclear. In the present study, first, to analyse the potential role of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) IRF2 (ToIRF2) in the immune response, the mRNA level of ToIRF2 was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) after parasite infection. ToIRF2 was upregulated at early time points in both local infection sites (skin and gill) and system immune tissues (liver, spleen, and head-kidney) after stimulation with Cryptocaryon irritans. Second, to investigate the modulation effect of ToIRF2 on type II IFN (interferon gamma, IFNγ) expression, a promoter analysis was performed using progressive deletion mutations of ToIFNγ. The expression level of IFNγ-5 was highest among the five truncated mutants in response to ToIRF2, indicating that the core promoter region was located from -189 bp to +120 bp, which included the IRF2 binding sites. Mutation analyses showed that the activity of the ToIFNγ promoter dramatically decreased after the targeted mutation of the M1, M2 or M3 binding sites. Additionally, electrophoretic mobile shift assay (EMSA) confirmed that IRF2 interacted with the M1 binding site in the ToIFNγ promoter region to dominate ToIFNγ expression. Finally, overexpressing ToIRF2 in vitro notably increased ToIFNγ and the transcription of several type II IFN/IRF-based signalling pathway genes. These results suggested that ToIRF2 might be involved in the host defence against C. irritans infection and contribute to a better understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms by which ToIRF2 regulates type II IFN in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Bao-Suo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Hua-Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shi-Gui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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10
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Zhu KC, Guo HY, Zhang N, Guo L, Liu BS, Jiang SG, Zhang DC. Functional characterization of interferon regulatory factor 2 and its role in the transcription of interferon a3 in golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 93:90-98. [PMID: 31326586 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Similar to mammals, fish possess interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 2 (IRF2)-dependent type I IFN responses. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanism through which IRF2 regulates type I IFNa3 remains largely unknown. In the present study, we first identified two genes from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus), IRF2 (ToIRF2) and IFNa3 (ToIFNa3), in the IFN/IRF-based signalling pathway. The open reading frame (ORF) sequence of ToIRF2 encoded 335 amino acids possessing four typical characteristic domains, including a conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD), an interferon association domain 2 (IAD2), a transcriptional activation domain (TAD), and a transcriptional repression domain (TRD). Furthermore, transcripts of ToIRF2 were significantly upregulated after stimulation by polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)], lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagellin in immune-related tissues (blood, liver, and head-kidney). Moreover, to investigate whether ToIRF2 was a regulator of ToIFNa3, promoter analysis was performed. The results showed that the region from -896 bp to -200 bp is defined as the core promoter using progressive deletion mutations of IFNa3. Additionally, ToIRF2 overexpression led to a clear time-dependent enhancement of ToIFNa3 promoter expression in HEK293T cells. Mutation analyses indicated that the activity of the ToIFNa3 promoter significantly decreased after targeted mutation of M4/5 binding sites. Electrophoretic mobile shift assays (EMSAs) verified that IRF2 interacted with the binding site of the ToIFNa3 promoter region to regulate ToIFNa3 transcription. Last, the promoter activity of ToIFNa3-2 was more responsive to treatment with poly (I:C) than LPS and flagellin. Furthermore, overexpression of ToIRF2 in vitro obviously increased the expression of several IFN/IRF-based signalling pathway genes after poly (I:C) abduction. In conclusion, the present study provides the first evidence of the positive regulation of ToIFNa3 transcription by ToIRF2 and contributes to a better understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms of ToIRF2 in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Hua-Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Bao-Suo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shi-Gui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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11
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Benaoudia S, Martin A, Puig Gamez M, Gay G, Lagrange B, Cornut M, Krasnykov K, Claude J, Bourgeois CF, Hughes S, Gillet B, Allatif O, Corbin A, Ricci R, Henry T. A genome-wide screen identifies IRF2 as a key regulator of caspase-4 in human cells. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e48235. [PMID: 31353801 PMCID: PMC6727027 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-4, the cytosolic LPS sensor, and gasdermin D, its downstream effector, constitute the non-canonical inflammasome, which drives inflammatory responses during Gram-negative bacterial infections. It remains unclear whether other proteins regulate cytosolic LPS sensing, particularly in human cells. Here, we conduct a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen in a human monocyte cell line to identify genes controlling cytosolic LPS-mediated pyroptosis. We find that the transcription factor, IRF2, is required for pyroptosis following cytosolic LPS delivery and functions by directly regulating caspase-4 levels in human monocytes and iPSC-derived monocytes. CASP4, GSDMD, and IRF2 are the only genes identified with high significance in this screen highlighting the simplicity of the non-canonical inflammasome. Upon IFN-γ priming, IRF1 induction compensates IRF2 deficiency, leading to robust caspase-4 expression. Deficiency in IRF2 results in dampened inflammasome responses upon infection with Gram-negative bacteria. This study emphasizes the central role of IRF family members as specific regulators of the non-canonical inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Benaoudia
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de LyonUniv LyonLyonFrance
| | - Amandine Martin
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de LyonUniv LyonLyonFrance
| | - Marta Puig Gamez
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964Université de StrasbourgIllkirchFrance
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie MoléculaireNouvel Hôpital CivilStrasbourgFrance
- Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- INGESTEM National iPSC InfrastructureVillejuifFrance
| | - Gabrielle Gay
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de LyonUniv LyonLyonFrance
| | - Brice Lagrange
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de LyonUniv LyonLyonFrance
| | - Maxence Cornut
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de LyonUniv LyonLyonFrance
| | - Kyrylo Krasnykov
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de LyonUniv LyonLyonFrance
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Claude
- LBMC, Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la celluleUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1INSERM U1210, CNRS, UMR5239École Normale Supérieure de LyonUniv LyonLyonFrance
| | - Cyril F Bourgeois
- LBMC, Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la celluleUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1INSERM U1210, CNRS, UMR5239École Normale Supérieure de LyonUniv LyonLyonFrance
| | - Sandrine Hughes
- Sequencing PlatformInstitut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL)Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5242École Normale Supérieure de LyonUniv LyonLyonFrance
| | - Benjamin Gillet
- Sequencing PlatformInstitut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL)Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5242École Normale Supérieure de LyonUniv LyonLyonFrance
| | - Omran Allatif
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de LyonUniv LyonLyonFrance
- BIBS, Bioinformatic and Biostatic ServicesCIRILyonFrance
| | - Antoine Corbin
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de LyonUniv LyonLyonFrance
- BIBS, Bioinformatic and Biostatic ServicesCIRILyonFrance
| | - Romeo Ricci
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964Université de StrasbourgIllkirchFrance
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie MoléculaireNouvel Hôpital CivilStrasbourgFrance
- Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- INGESTEM National iPSC InfrastructureVillejuifFrance
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de LyonUniv LyonLyonFrance
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12
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Liao W, Overman MJ, Boutin AT, Shang X, Zhao D, Dey P, Li J, Wang G, Lan Z, Li J, Tang M, Jiang S, Ma X, Chen P, Katkhuda R, Korphaisarn K, Chakravarti D, Chang A, Spring DJ, Chang Q, Zhang J, Maru DM, Maeda DY, Zebala JA, Kopetz S, Wang YA, DePinho RA. KRAS-IRF2 Axis Drives Immune Suppression and Immune Therapy Resistance in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:559-572.e7. [PMID: 30905761 PMCID: PMC6467776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The biological functions and mechanisms of oncogenic KRASG12D (KRAS∗) in resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy are not fully understood. We demonstrate that KRAS∗ represses the expression of interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2), which in turn directly represses CXCL3 expression. KRAS∗-mediated repression of IRF2 results in high expression of CXCL3, which binds to CXCR2 on myeloid-derived suppressor cells and promotes their migration to the tumor microenvironment. Anti-PD-1 resistance of KRAS∗-expressing tumors can be overcome by enforced IRF2 expression or by inhibition of CXCR2. Colorectal cancer (CRC) showing higher IRF2 expression exhibited increased responsiveness to anti-PD-1 therapy. The KRAS∗-IRF2-CXCL3-CXCR2 axis provides a framework for patient selection and combination therapies to enhance the effectiveness of ICB therapy in CRC.
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MESH Headings
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein/genetics
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-2/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-2/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Middle Aged
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/drug effects
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/immunology
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/metabolism
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Escape
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Liao
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Michael J Overman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Adam T Boutin
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Prasenjit Dey
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiexi Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guocan Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhengdao Lan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xingdi Ma
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Riham Katkhuda
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Krittiya Korphaisarn
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Deepavali Chakravarti
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew Chang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Denise J Spring
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dipen M Maru
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Y Alan Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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13
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Zhang L, Deng X, Shi X, Dong X. Silencing H19 regulated proliferation, invasion, and autophagy in the placenta by targeting miR-18a-5p. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9006-9015. [PMID: 30536700 PMCID: PMC6587755 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a serious pregnancy complication associated with increased perinatal mortality and morbidity. It may lead to neurodevelopmental impairment and adulthood onset disorders. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were found to be associated with the pathogenesis of FGR. Here we report that the lncRNAH19 is significantly decreased in placentae from pregnancies with FGR. Downregulation of H19 leads to reduced proliferation and invasion of extravillous trophoblast cells. This is identified with reduced trophoblast invasion, which has been discovered in FGR. Autophagy is exaggerated in FGR. Downregulation of H19 promotes autophagy via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK/mTOR pathways of extravillous trophoblast cells in FGR. We also found that the expression level of microRNAs miR-18a-5p was negatively correlated with that of H19. H19 can act as an endogenous sponge by directly binding to miR-18a-5p, which targets IRF2. The expression of miR-18a-5p was upregulated, but IRF2 expression was downregulated after the H19 knockdown. In conclusion, our study revealed that H19 downexpressed could inhibit proliferation and invasion, and promote autophagy by targeting miR-18a-5pin HTR8 and JEG3 cells. We propose that aberrant regulation of H19/miR-18a-5p-mediated regulatory pathway may contribute to the molecular mechanism of FGR. We indicated that H19 may be a potential predictive, diagnostic, and therapeutic modality for FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xinru Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xian Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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Huang XD, Dai JG, Lin KT, Liu M, Ruan HT, Zhang H, Liu WG, He MX, Zhao M. Regulation of IL-17 by lncRNA of IRF-2 in the pearl oyster. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 81:108-112. [PMID: 30017925 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), once thought to be nonfunctional, have recently been shown to participate in the multilevel regulation of transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic modifications and to play important roles in various biological processes, including immune responses. However, the expression and roles of lncRNAs in invertebrates, especially nonmodel organisms, remain poorly understood. In this study, by comparing a transcriptome to the PfIRF-2 genomic structure, we identified lncIRF-2 in the PfIRF-2 genomic intron. The results of the RNA interference (RNAi) and the nucleus grafting experiments indicated that PfIRF-2 might have a negative regulatory effect on lncIRF-2, and PfIRF-2 and lncIRF-2 may have a positive regulatory effect on PfIL-17. Additionally, lncIRF-2, PfIRF-2 and PfIL-17 were involved in responses to the nucleus graft. These results will enhance the knowledge of lncIRF-2, IRF-2, and IL-17 functions in both pearl oysters and other invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-De Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Jia-Ge Dai
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ke-Tao Lin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mei Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui-Ting Ruan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Wen-Guang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Mao-Xian He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Mi Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
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Huang B, Meng J, Yang M, Xu F, Li X, Li L, Zhang G. Characterization of the IRF2 proteins isolated from the deep-sea mussel Bathymodiolus platifrons and the shallow-water mussel Modiolus modiolus. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 71:82-87. [PMID: 28111230 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are transcription factors that play important roles in immune defense, stress response, hematopoietic differentiation, and cell apoptosis. IRFs of invertebrate organisms and their functions remain largely unexplored. In the present study, for the first time new IRFs (BpIRF2 and MmIRF2) were identified in the deep-sea mussel Bathymodiolus platifrons and the shallow-water mussel Modiolus modiolus. The open reading frame of BpIRF2 and MmIRF2 encoded putative proteins of 354 and 348 amino acids, respectively. Comparison and phylogenetic analysis revealed that both IRF2 proteins were new identified invertebrate IRF molecular. As transcriptional factors, both BpIRF2 and MmIRF2 could activate the interferon-stimulated response element-containing promoter and BpIRF2 could interact with itself. Moreover, both BpIRF2 and MmIRF2 were localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Collectively, these results demonstrated that IRF2 proteins might be crucial in the innate immunity of deep-sea and shallow-water mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Huang K, Qi G, Sun Z, Liu X, Xu X, Wang H, Wu Z, Wan Y, Hu C. Ctenopharyngodon idella IRF2 and ATF4 down-regulate the transcriptional level of PRKRA. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 64:155-164. [PMID: 28263879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PRKRA (interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activator A) is a protective protein which regulates the adaptation of cells to ER stress and virus-stimulated signaling pathways by activating PKR. In the present study, a grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) PRKRA full-length cDNA (named CiPRKRA, KT891991) was cloned and identified. The full-length cDNA is comprised of a 5' UTR (36 bp), a 3' UTR (350 bp) and the longest ORF (882 bp) encoding a polypeptide of 293 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of CiPRKRA contains three typical dsRNA binding motifs (dsRBM). Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed a closer evolutionary relationship of CiPRKRA with other fish PRKRA, especially with Danio rerio PRKRA. qRT-PCR showed that CiPRKRA was significantly up-regulated after stimulation with tunicamycin (Tm) and Poly I:C in C. idella kidney (CIK) cells. To further study its transcriptional regulation, the partial promoter sequence of CiPRKRA (1463 bp) containing one ISRE and one CARE was cloned by Tail-PCR. Subsequently, grass carp IRF2 (CiIRF2) and ATF4 (CiATF4) were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and purified by affinity chromatography with the Ni-NTA His-Bind Resin. In vitro, both CiIRF2 and CiATF4 bound to CiPRKRA promoter with high affinity by gel mobility shift assays, revealing that IRF2 and ATF4 might be potential transcriptional regulatory factors for CiPRKRA. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were applied to further investigate the transcriptional regulation of CiPRKRA in vivo. Recombinant plasmid of pGL3-PRKRAPro was constructed and transiently co-transfected into CIK cells with pcDNA3.1-CiIRF2 and pcDNA3.1-CiATF4, respectively. The results showed that both CiIRF2 and CiATF4 significantly decreased the luciferase activity of pGL3-PRKRAPro, suggesting that they play a negative role in CiPRKRA transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Huang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Guoqin Qi
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiancheng Liu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Haizhou Wang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yiqi Wan
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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Zhan FB, Liu H, Lai RF, Jakovlić I, Wang WM. Expression and functional characterization of interferon regulatory factors (irf2, irf7 and irf9) in the blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 67:239-248. [PMID: 27677680 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (irfs) are a family of genes that encode transcription factors with important roles in regulating the expression of Type I interferons (IFNs) and other genes associated with related pathways. irfs have multitudinous functions in growth, development and regulation of oncogenesis. In this study, three irf family members (irf2, irf7, irf9) were identified and characterized in Megalobrama amblycephala at the mRNA and amino acid levels. M. amblycephala irfs share a high sequence homology with other vertebrate irfs. Constitutive expression levels of the three genes were detected (using qPCR) in all studied tissues: low to medium in kidney, gills, heart and muscle, and high in liver, spleen, intestine and blood. qPCR was also used to analyze the dynamic expression patterns of irfs in different embryonic development stages: irf2 is not activated during the embryonic development, whereas irf9 appears to play important roles around hatching and during the larval development. Transcripts of all three studied irfs were upregulated after stimulation by Aeromonas hydrophila bacterium in liver, spleen, head kidney and trunk kidney, whereas downregulation was observed in intestine and gills. The results show that these three irfs are likely to be important factors in the blunt snout bream immune system. They also provide a foundation for studying the origin and evolution of the innate immune system in the blunt snout bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Bin Zhan
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education / Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education / Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rui-Fang Lai
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education / Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ivan Jakovlić
- Bio-Transduction Lab, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Wei-Min Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education / Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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18
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Gu M, Lin G, Lai Q, Zhong B, Liu Y, Mi Y, Chen H, Wang B, Fan L, Hu C. Ctenopharyngodon idella IRF2 plays an antagonistic role to IRF1 in transcriptional regulation of IFN and ISG genes. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 49:103-112. [PMID: 25463511 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs) make up a family of transcription factors involved in transcriptional regulation of type I IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) in cells. In the present study, an IRF2 gene (termed CiIRF2, JX628585) was cloned and characterized from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The full-length cDNA of CiIRF2 is 1809 bp in length, with the largest open reading frame (ORF) of 981 bp encoding a putative protein of 326 amino acids. CiIRF2 contains a conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD) in N-terminal and a non-conserved C-terminal region. Protein sequence analysis revealed that CiIRF2 shares significant homology to the known IRF2 counterparts. Phylogenetic reconstruction confirmed its closer evolutionary relationship with other fish counterparts, especially with zebra fish IRF2. CiIRF2 was ubiquitously expressed at low level in all tested grass carp tissues and significantly up-regulated except in brain following poly I:C 6-12 h post stimulation. In order to understand fish innate immune and resistance to virus diseases, recombinant CiIRF2 with His-tag was over-expressed in BL21 Escherichia coli, and the expressed protein was purified by affinity chromatography with Ni-NTA His-Bind Resin. Promoter sequences of grass carp type I IFN gene (CiIFN) and two ISG genes (CiPKR and CiPKZ) were amplified and cloned. In vitro, gel mobility shift assays were employed to analyze the interaction of CiIRF2 protein with promoters of CiIFN, CiPKR and CiPKZ respectively. The results showed that CiIRF2 bound to these promoters with high affinity by means of its DBD. Afterwards, recombinant plasmids of pGL3-CiIFN, pGL3-CiPKR and pGL3-CiPKZ were constructed and transiently co-transfected with pcDNA3.1-CiIRF2 or pcDNA3.1-CiIRF1 respectively into C. idella kidney (CIK) cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that CiIRF2 down-regulates the transcription activity of CiIFN, CiPKR and CiPKZ genes in CIK cells. To further understand the function of fish IRF2, expression plasmids (pcDNA3.1-IRF2 and pcDNA3.1-IRF1) were transiently co-transfected with pGL3-IFN or pGL3-CiPKZ into CIK cells, respectively. The results revealed that CiIRF2 plays an antagonistic role to CiIRF1 in transcriptional regulation of IFN and ISG genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Gu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qinan Lai
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yichuan Mi
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Huarong Chen
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Binhua Wang
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Lihua Fan
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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Kawasaki A, Furukawa H, Nishida N, Warabi E, Kondo Y, Ito S, Matsumoto I, Kusaoi M, Amano H, Suda A, Nagaoka S, Setoguchi K, Nagai T, Hirohata S, Shimada K, Sugii S, Okamoto A, Chiba N, Suematsu E, Ohno S, Katayama M, Okamoto A, Kono H, Tokunaga K, Takasaki Y, Hashimoto H, Sumida T, Tohma S, Tsuchiya N. Association of functional polymorphisms in interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control association study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109764. [PMID: 25285625 PMCID: PMC4186848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) negatively regulates type I interferon (IFN) responses, while it plays a role in induction of Th1 differentiation. Previous linkage and association studies in European-American populations suggested genetic role of IRF2 in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, this observation has not yet been confirmed. No studies have been reported in the Asian populations. Here we investigated whether IRF2 polymorphisms contribute to susceptibility to SLE in a Japanese population. Association study of 46 IRF2 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected association of an intronic SNP, rs13146124, with SLE. When the association was analyzed in 834 Japanese patients with SLE and 817 healthy controls, rs13146124 T was significantly increased in SLE compared with healthy controls (dominant model, P = 5.4×10−4, Bonferroni-corrected P [Pc] = 0.026, odds ratio [OR] 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–1.85). To find causal SNPs, resequencing was performed by next-generation sequencing. Twelve polymorphisms in linkage disequilibrium with rs13146124 (r2: 0.30–1.00) were identified, among which significant association was observed for rs66801661 (allele model, P = 7.7×10−4, Pc = 0.037, OR 1.53, 95%CI 1.19–1.96) and rs62339994 (dominant model, P = 9.0×10−4, Pc = 0.043, OR 1.46, 95%CI 1.17–1.82). The haplotype carrying both of the risk alleles (rs66801661A–rs62339994A) was significantly increased in SLE (P = 9.9×10−4), while the haplotype constituted by both of the non-risk alleles (rs66801661G–rs62339994G) was decreased (P = 0.0020). A reporter assay was carried out to examine the effect of the IRF2 haplotypes on the transcriptional activity, and association of the IRF2 risk haplotype with higher transcriptional activity was detected in Jurkat T cells under IFNγ stimulation (Tukey's test, P = 1.2×10−4). In conclusion, our observations supported the association of IRF2 with susceptibility to SLE, and the risk haplotype was suggested to be associated with transcriptional activation of IRF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kawasaki
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furukawa
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nao Nishida
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Warabi
- Environmental Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuya Kondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Department of Rheumatology, Niigata Rheumatic Center, Shibata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Isao Matsumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makio Kusaoi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Amano
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Suda
- Department of Rheumatology, Yokohama Minami Kyosai Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shouhei Nagaoka
- Department of Rheumatology, Yokohama Minami Kyosai Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keigo Setoguchi
- Allergy and Immunological Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Nagai
- Department of Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shunsei Hirohata
- Department of Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kota Shimada
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Sugii
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Okamoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Himeji Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Chiba
- Department of Rheumatology, Morioka Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Eiichi Suematsu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Clinical Research Institute, Kyushu Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohno
- Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masao Katayama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akiko Okamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Kono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Takasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeto Tohma
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Tsuchiya
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Wang G, Li X, Li J. Association between SNPs in interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2) gene and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in freshwater mussel Hyriopsis cumingii. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013; 34:1366-1371. [PMID: 23454006 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2) is a multi-functional transcription factor in the IRF family exhibiting both transcriptional activating and repressing activities. In this study, an IRF-2 gene (HcIRF-2) from Hyriopsis cumingii was identified and characterized. The cDNA sequence consisted of 2688 bp, encoding a 329 amino acid-protein. The amino acid sequence had a highly conserved N-terminal DBD structure, containing characteristic repeats of six tryptophan residues. The 5'-flanking region contained several transcription regulation elements such as AP1, CdxA, HSF, NIT2 and HNF-3b. Nine SNPs were obtained through direct sequencing of HcIRF-2 from resistant and susceptible stock. Only +2365T/C SNP was significantly associated with resistance/susceptibility of H. cumingii to Aeromonas hydrophila both in genotype (P = 0.021) and allele (P = 0.006) analysis. The SNPs +2248T/C and +2365T/C were in high linkage disequilibrium, and haplotype analysis revealed that haplotype TT frequency in the resistant group was significantly higher than in the susceptible group. The mortality in +2248CC genotype individuals was significantly higher than in CT and TT genotype individuals. These results indicated that haplotype TT and genotype +2248CT and +2248GT individuals were resistant to A. hydrophila, which could make them potential markers in selective breeding of H. cumingii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
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Huang XD, Liu WG, Wang Q, Zhao M, Wu SZ, Guan YY, Shi Y, He MX. Molecular characterization of interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2) homolog in pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013; 34:1279-1286. [PMID: 23422814 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) control many facets of the innate and adaptive immune responses, regulate the development of the immune system itself and involve in reproduction and morphogenesis. In the present study, the IRF-2 homology gene, PfIRF-2 from pearl oyster Pinctada fucata was cloned and its genomic structure and promoter were analyzed. PfIRF-2 encodes a putative protein of 350 amino acids, and contains a highly conserved N-terminal DNA-binding domain and a variable C-terminal regulatory domain. Comparison and phylogenetic analysis revealed that PfIRF-2 shared a relatively higher identity with other mollusk but relatively lower identity with vertebrate IRF-2, and was clustered with IRF-1 subfamily composed of IRF-2 and IRF-1. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed that PfIRF-2 involved in the immune response to LPS and poly(I:C) stimulation. Immunofluorescence assay showed that the expressed PfIRF-2 was translocated into the nucleus and dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated that PfIRF-2 could involved and activate interferon signaling or NF-κB signal pathway in HEK293 cells. The study of PfIRF-2 may help better understand the innate immune in mollusk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-De Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
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22
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Li X, Hawkins GA, Ampleford EJ, Moore WC, Li H, Hastie AT, Howard TD, Boushey HA, Busse WW, Calhoun WJ, Castro M, Erzurum SC, Israel E, Lemanske RF, Szefler SJ, Wasserman SI, Wenzel SE, Peters SP, Meyers DA, Bleecker ER. Genome-wide association study identifies TH1 pathway genes associated with lung function in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:313-20.e15. [PMID: 23541324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies in general populations of European descent have identified 28 loci for lung function. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify novel lung function loci specifically for asthma and to confirm lung function loci identified in general populations. METHODS Genome-wide association studies of lung function (percent predicted FEV1 [ppFEV1], percent predicted forced vital capacity, and FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio) were performed in 4 white populations of European descent (n = 1544), followed by meta-analyses. RESULTS Seven of 28 previously identified lung function loci (HHIP, FAM13A, THSD4, GSTCD, NOTCH4-AGER, RARB, and ZNF323) identified in general populations were confirmed at single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) levels (P < .05). Four of 32 loci (IL12A, IL12RB1, STAT4, and IRF2) associated with ppFEV1 (P < 10(-4)) belong to the TH1 or IL-12 cytokine family pathway. By using a linear additive model, these 4 TH1 pathway SNPs cumulatively explained 2.9% to 7.8% of the variance in ppFEV1 values in 4 populations (P = 3 × 10(-11)). Genetic scores of these 4 SNPs were associated with ppFEV1 values (P = 2 × 10(-7)) and the American Thoracic Society severe asthma classification (P = .005) in the Severe Asthma Research Program population. TH2 pathway genes (IL13, TSLP, IL33, and IL1RL1) conferring asthma susceptibility were not associated with lung function. CONCLUSION Genes involved in airway structure/remodeling are associated with lung function in both general populations and asthmatic subjects. TH1 pathway genes involved in anti-virus/bacterial infection and inflammation modify lung function in asthmatic subjects. Genes associated with lung function that might affect asthma severity are distinct from those genes associated with asthma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingnan Li
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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23
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Younossi ZM, Birerdinc A, Estep M, Stepanova M, Afendy A, Baranova A. The impact of IL28B genotype on the gene expression profile of patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin. J Transl Med 2012; 10:25. [PMID: 22313623 PMCID: PMC3296607 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies of CH-C patients have demonstrated a strong association between IL28B CC genotype and sustained virologic response (SVR) after PEG-IFN/RBV treatment. We aimed to assess whether IL28B alleles rs12979860 genotype influences gene expression in response to PEG-IFN/RBV in CH-C patients. METHODS Clinical data and gene expression data were available for 56 patients treated with PEG-IFN/RBV. Whole blood was used to determine IL28B genotypes. Differential expression of 153 human genes was assessed for each treatment time point (Days: 0, 1, 7, 28, 56) and was correlated with IL28B genotype (IL28B C/C or non-C/C) over the course of the PEG-IFN/RBV treatment. Genes with statistically significant changes in their expression at each time point were used as an input for pathway analysis using KEGG Pathway Painter (KPP). Pathways were ranked based on number of gene involved separately per each study cohort. RESULTS The most striking difference between the response patterns of patients with IL28B C/C and T* genotypes during treatment, across all pathways, is a sustained pattern of treatment-induced gene expression in patients carrying IL28B C/C. In the case of IL28B T* genotype, pre-activation of genes, the lack of sustained pattern of gene expression or a combination of both were observed. This observation could potentially provide an explanation for the lower rate of SVR observed in these patients. Additionally, when the lists of IL28B genotype-specific genes which were differentially expressed in patients without SVR were compared at their baseline, IRF2 and SOCS1 genes were down-regulated regardless of patients' IL28B genotype. Furthermore, our data suggest that CH-C patients who do not have the SOCS1 gene silenced have a better chance of achieving SVR. Our observations suggest that the action of SOCS1 is independent of IL28B genotype. CONCLUSIONS IL28B CC genotype patients with CH-C show a sustained treatment-induced gene expression profile which is not seen in non-CC genotype patients. Silencing of SOCS1 is a negative and independent predictor of SVR. These data may provide some mechanistic explanation for higher rate of SVR in IL28B CC patients who are treated with PEG-IFN/RBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobair M Younossi
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
- Center for the Study of Genomics in Liver Diseases, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases and Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Aybike Birerdinc
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
- Center for the Study of Genomics in Liver Diseases, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Mike Estep
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases and Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Maria Stepanova
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
- Center for the Study of Genomics in Liver Diseases, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases and Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Arian Afendy
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases and Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Ancha Baranova
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
- Center for the Study of Genomics in Liver Diseases, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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24
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Xiaoni G, Zhuo C, Xuzhen W, Dengqiang W, Xinwen C. Molecular cloning and characterization of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), IRF-2 and IRF-5 in the chondrostean paddlefish Polyodon spathula and their phylogenetic importance in the Osteichthyes. Dev Comp Immunol 2012; 36:74-84. [PMID: 21703300 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) with its 10 members is a very important gene family related to innate immunity. Currently, most fish IRFs reported are from bony fish (teleosts). Cloning and sequencing of IRFs from chondrosteans, the so-called "ancient fish" including sturgeon, paddlefish, bichir and gar, are absent from the literature. In this study, three IRF genes PsIRF-1, PsIRF-2 and PsIRF-5, were cloned and characterized from the paddlefish (Polyodon spathula). PsIRF-1 includes an open reading frame (ORF) of 972 bp that encodes a putative protein of 324 amino acids; PsIRF-2 includes an ORF of 1023 bp encoding 341 amino acids and PsIRF-5 includes an ORF of 1491 bp that encodes 497 amino acids. The PsIRF-5 gene structure is similar to those in mammals but differs from those in teleosts in the first and second exons. Phylogenetic studies of the putative amino acid sequences of PsIRF-1, PsIRF-2 and PsIRF-5 based on the neighbor-joining and Bayesian inference method for Osteichthyes found widely accepted inter-relationships among actinopterygians and tetrapods. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of PsIRF-1, PsIRF-2 and PsIRF-5 in different paddlefish tissues shows higher levels of expression in gill, spleen and head kidney. Poly (I: C) (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid) stimulation in vivo up-regulated PsIRF-1 and PsIRF-2 expression, while PsIRF-5 gene expression did not respond to the challenge of Poly (I: C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Xiaoni
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
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25
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Younossi ZM, Baranova A, Afendy A, Collantes R, Stepanova M, Manyam G, Bakshi A, Sigua CL, Chan JP, Iverson AA, Santini CD, Chang SYP. Early gene expression profiles of patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with pegylated interferon-alfa and ribavirin. Hepatology 2009; 49:763-74. [PMID: 19140155 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Responsiveness to hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy depends on viral and host factors. Our aim was to assess sustained virologic response (SVR)-associated early gene expression in patients with HCV receiving pegylated interferon-alpha2a (PEG-IFN-alpha2a) or PEG-IFN-alpha2b and ribavirin with the duration based on genotypes. Blood samples were collected into PAXgene tubes prior to treatment as well as 1, 7, 28, and 56 days after treatment. From the peripheral blood cells, total RNA was extracted, quantified, and used for one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to profile 154 messenger RNAs. Expression levels of messenger RNAs were normalized with six "housekeeping" genes and a reference RNA. Multiple regression and stepwise selection were performed to assess differences in gene expression at different time points, and predictive performance was evaluated for each model. A total of 68 patients were enrolled in the study and treated with combination therapy. The results of gene expression showed that SVR could be predicted by the gene expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (STAT-6) and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 in the pretreatment samples. After 24 hours, SVR was predicted by the expression of interferon-dependent genes, and this dependence continued to be prominent throughout the treatment. CONCLUSION Early gene expression during anti-HCV therapy may elucidate important molecular pathways that may be influencing the probability of achieving virologic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobair M Younossi
- Center for Liver Diseases at Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA.
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26
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Choo A, Palladinetti P, Holmes T, Basu S, Shen S, Lock RB, O'Brien TA, Symonds G, Dolnikov A. siRNA targeting the IRF2 transcription factor inhibits leukaemic cell growth. Int J Oncol 2008; 33:175-183. [PMID: 18575764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 1 and its functional antagonist IRF2 were originally discovered as transcription factors that regulate the interferon-beta gene. Control of cell growth has led to the definition of IRF1 as a tumour suppressor gene and IRF2 as an oncogene. Clinically, approximately 70% of cases of acute myeloid leukaemia demonstrate dysregulated expression of IRF1 and/or IRF2. Our previous studies have shown that human leukaemic TF-1 cells exhibit abnormally high expression of both IRF1 and IRF2, the latter acting to abrogate IRF1 tumour suppression, making these cells ideal for analysis of down-regulation of IRF2 expression. A novel G418 screening protocol was developed and used for identifying effective siRNA that targets IRF2 (siIRF2). Using optimized siIRF2 in leukaemic TF-1 cells, IRF2 was down-regulated by approximately 70% at both mRNA and protein levels. Phenotypically, this resulted in growth inhibition associated with G2/M arrest as well as induction of polyploidy, differentiation and apoptosis. In contrast to these results, siIRF2 targeting did not affect normal haematopoietic stem/progenitor cell growth. These results indicate the potential utility of IRF2 inhibition as a therapeutic approach to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailyn Choo
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, Australia
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27
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Abstract
IFN-gamma is an antitumor cytokine that inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis after engagement with the IFN-gamma receptors (IFNGR) expressed on target cells, whereas IFN regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2) is able to block the effects of IFN-gamma by repressing transcription of IFN-gamma-induced genes. Thus far, few studies have explored the influences of IFN-gamma on human esophageal cancer cells. In the present study, therefore, we investigated in detail the functions of IFN-gamma in esophageal cancer cells. The results in clinical samples of human esophageal cancers showed that the level of IFN-gamma was increased in tumor tissues and positively correlated with tumor progression and IRF-2 expression, whereas the level of IFNGR1 was decreased and negatively correlated with tumor progression and IRF-2 expression. Consistently, in vitro experiments showed that low concentration of IFN-gamma induced the expression of IRF-2 with potential promotion of cell growth, and moreover, IRF-2 was able to suppress IFNGR1 transcription in human esophageal cancer cells by binding a specific motif in IFNGR1 promoter, which lowered the sensitivity of esophageal cancer cells to IFN-gamma. Taken together, our results disclosed a new IRF-2-mediated inhibitory mechanism for IFN-gamma-induced pathway in esophageal cancer cells: IFN-gamma induced IRF-2 up-regulation, then up-regulated IRF-2 decreased endogenous IFNGR1 level, and finally, the loss of IFNGR1 turned to enhance the resistance of esophageal cancer cells to IFN-gamma. Accordingly, the results implied that IRF-2 might act as a mediator for the functions of IFN-gamma and IFNGR1 in human esophageal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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28
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Arakura F, Hida S, Ichikawa E, Yajima C, Nakajima S, Saida T, Taki S. Genetic control directed toward spontaneous IFN-alpha/IFN-beta responses and downstream IFN-gamma expression influences the pathogenesis of a murine psoriasis-like skin disease. J Immunol 2007; 179:3249-57. [PMID: 17709541 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease, onset and severity of which are controlled by multiple genetic factors; aberrant expression of and responses to several cytokines including IFN-alpha/IFN-beta and IFN-gamma are associated with this "type 1" disease. However, it remains unclear whether genetic regulation influences these cytokine-related abnormalities. Mice deficient for IFN regulatory factor-2 (IRF-2) on the C57BL/6 background (IRF-2(-/-)BN mice) exhibited accelerated IFN-alpha/IFN-beta responses leading to a psoriasis-like skin inflammation. In this study, we found that this skin phenotype disappeared in IRF-2(-/-) mice with the BALB/c or BALB/c x C57BL/6 F(1) backgrounds. Genome-wide scan revealed two major quantitative trait loci controlled the skin disease severity. Interestingly, these loci were different from that for the defect in CD4(+) dendritic cells, another IFN-alpha/IFN-beta-dependent phenotype of the mice. Notably, IFN-gamma expression as well as spontaneous IFN-alpha/IFN-beta responses were up-regulated several fold spontaneously in the skin in IRF-2(-/-)BN mice but not in IRF-2(-/-) mice with "resistant" backgrounds. The absence of such IFN-gamma up-regulation in IRF-2(-/-)BN mice lacking the IFN-alpha/IFN-beta receptor or beta(2)-microglobulin indicated that accelerated IFN-alpha/IFN-beta signals augmented IFN-gamma expression by CD8(+) T cells in the skin. IFN-gamma indeed played pathogenic roles as skin inflammation was delayed and was much more infrequent when IRF-2(-/-)BN mice lacked the IFN-gamma receptor. Our current study thus revealed a novel genetic mechanism that kept the skin immune system under control and prevented skin inflammation through regulating the magnitude of IFN-alpha/IFN-beta responses and downstream IFN-gamma production, independently of CD4(+) dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuko Arakura
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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29
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Abstract
Translational control represents an important mode of regulation of gene expression under stress conditions. We have studied the translation of interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) mRNA, a negative regulator of transcription of interferon-stimulated genes and demonstrated the presence of internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element in the 5′UTR of IRF2 RNA. Various control experiments ruled out the contribution of leaky scanning, cryptic promoter activity or RNA splicing in the internal initiation of IRF2 RNA. It seems IRF2-IRES function is not sensitive to eIF4G cleavage, since its activity was only marginally affected in presence of Coxsackievirus 2A protease. Interferon α treatment did not affect the IRF2-IRES activity or the protein level significantly. Also, in cells treated with tunicamycin [an agent causing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress], the IRF2-IRES activity and the protein levels were unaffected, although the cap-dependent translation was severely impaired. Analysis of the cellular protein binding with the IRF2-IRES suggests certain cellular factors, which might influence its function under stress conditions. Interestingly, partial knockdown of PTB protein significantly inhibited the IRF2-IRES function. Taken together, it appears that IRF2 gene expression during stress condition is controlled by the IRES element, which in turn influences the cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saumitra Das
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +91 80 293 2886+91 80 360 2697
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Joyce MM, Burghardt JR, Burghardt RC, Hooper RN, Jaeger LA, Spencer TE, Bazer FW, Johnson GA. Pig conceptuses increase uterine interferon-regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), but restrict expression to stroma through estrogen-induced IRF2 in luminal epithelium. Biol Reprod 2007; 77:292-302. [PMID: 17475929 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.060939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig conceptuses secrete estrogen for pregnancy recognition, and they secrete interferons (IFNs) gamma and delta during the peri-implantation period. The uterine effects of pig IFNs are not known, although ruminant conceptuses secrete IFN tau for pregnancy recognition, and this increases the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the endometrium. In sheep, the transcriptional repressor interferon-regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) is expressed in the endometrial luminal epithelium (LE) and appears to restrict IFN tau induction of most ISGs, including IRF1, to the stroma and glands. Interestingly, MX1, which is an ISG in sheep, is also expressed in the endometrial stroma of pregnant pigs. The objective of the present study was to determine if estrogen and/or conceptus secretory proteins (CSPs) that contain IFNs regulate IRF1 and IRF2 in pig endometria. The endometrial levels of IRF1 and IRF2 were low throughout the estrus cycle. After Day 12 of pregnancy, the levels of the classical ISGs, which include IRF1, STAT2, MIC, and B2M, increased in the overall endometrium, with expression of IRF1 and STAT2 being specifically localized to the stroma. IRF2 increased in the LE after Day 12. To determine the effects of estrogen, pigs were treated with 17 beta-estradiol benzoate (E2). To determine the CSP effects, pigs were treated with E2 and implanted with mini-osmotic pumps that delivered control serum proteins (CX) to one ligated uterine horn and CSP to the other horn. Estrogen increased the level of IRF2 in the endometrial LE. The administration of E2 and infusion of CSP increased the level of IRF1 in the stroma. These results suggest that conceptus estrogen induces IRF2 in the LE and limits the induction of IRF1 by conceptus IFNs to the stroma. The cell-specific expression of IRF1 and IRF2 in the pig endometrium highlights the complex and overlapping events that are associated with gene expression during the peri-implantation period, when pregnancy recognition signaling and uterine remodeling for implantation and placentation are necessary for successful pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Joyce
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
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31
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Wang Y, Liu DP, Chen PP, Koeffler HP, Tong XJ, Xie D. Involvement of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-1 and IRF-2 in the formation and progression of human esophageal cancers. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2535-43. [PMID: 17363571 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-1 and IRF-2 are generally regarded as a tumor suppressor and an oncoprotein, respectively. However, little is known about their expression and function in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC). In our present work, IRF-1 expression was decreased and IRF-2 expression was increased in ESCCs compared with matched normal esophageal tissues. Moreover, statistical data indicated that IRF-2 expression was tightly correlated with progression of ESCCs. As expected, overexpression of either IRF-1 or IRF-2 in an ESCC cell line resulted in either suppression or enhancement of cell growth, respectively. Also, proliferation- and apoptosis-related molecules (p21(WAF1/CIP1), cyclin-D1, Bcl-2, and histone H4) were regulated by IRF-1 and IRF-2. Additionally, high levels of IRF-2 blocked the function of IRF-1 by preventing the latter from translocating into the nucleus; in contrast, knock down of IRF-2 by small interfering RNA permitted nuclear localization and activity of IRF-1. In vivo assay using nude mice indicated that the tumorigenicity of ESCC cells was enhanced with IRF-2 overexpression but dramatically attenuated after forced expression of IRF-1. In conclusion, IRF-1 and IRF-2 are able to regulate tumorigenicity of ESCC cells as antioncoprotein and oncoprotein, respectively. Relative amounts of IRF-1 to IRF-2 are functionally very important for the development and progression of ESCCs, and reduction of the ratio of IRF-1/IRF-2 may lead to the enhancement of tumorigenicity of ESCC cells. Therefore, levels of IRF-1 and IRF-2 are useful indicators in diagnosis and prognosis for ESCCs, and these molecules are potential drug targets for ESCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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32
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Nhu QM, Cuesta N, Vogel SN. Transcriptional regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in murine macrophages: role of interferon regulatory factors 1 (IRF-1) and 2 (IRF-2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:285-95. [PMID: 17059692 PMCID: PMC5930016 DOI: 10.1179/096805106x118834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Activation of TLRs is most closely associated with induction of pro-inflammatory gene expression; however, expression of many other genes, including the TLR genes themselves, has also been shown to be modulated following TLR engagement. A large family of nuclear transcription factors, the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), have been implicated in TLR signaling leading to pro-inflammatory gene expression. Given that IRF-1 and IRF-2 counter-regulate the transcriptional activity of many genes, we hypothesized that IRF-1 and IRF-2 might also regulate TLR gene expression following LPS stimulation of murine macrophages. mRNA derived from medium- or LPS-treated primary peritoneal macrophages was analyzed for TLR gene expression using quantitative real-time PCR. In wild-type macrophages, LPS up-regulated expression of TLRs 1-3 and 6-9 steady-state mRNA, while TLR4 mRNA was modestly down-regulated. IRF-2(-/-) macrophages responded to LPS with dysregulated expression of TLR3, TLR4, and TLR5 mRNA, whereas IRF-1 deficiency dampened LPS-induced mRNA expression for TLR3, TLR6, and TLR9. Functional studies revealed aberrant TLR3 signaling in IRF-2(-/-) macrophages. Collectively, these findings reveal an additional level of complexity associated with TLR transcriptional regulation and suggest that the trans-acting factors, IRF-1 and IRF-2, contribute to the innate immune response to infections by regulating TLR gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan M Nhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore (UMB), School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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33
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Abstract
The Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes multiple proteins that disrupt host antiviral responses, including four viral proteins that have homology to the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors. At least three of the KSHV vIRFs (vIRFs 1-3) alter responses to cellular IRFs and to interferons (IFNs), whereas functional changes resulting from the fourth vIRF (vIRF-4) have not been reported. The vIRFs also affect other important regulatory proteins in the cell, including responses to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and the tumor suppressor protein p53. This review examines the expression of the vIRFs during the life cycle of KSHV and the functional consequences of their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Offermann
- Winship Cancer Institute, 1365-B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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34
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is the most common form of leukaemia in adults. Although of the order of 75-85% of patients will achieve complete remission after induction chemotherapy, long-term survival is still relatively low. Despite the progress in the rational design of drugs in disorders such as chronic myeloid leukaemia, AML lacks a single specific pathogenomic event to act as a drug target. Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) is a member of a family of related proteins that act as transcriptional activators or repressors. IRF1 and its functional antagonist IRF2 originally discovered as transcription factors regulating the interferon-beta (IFN-beta) gene, are involved in the regulation of normal haematopoiesis and leukaemogenesis. IRF1 appears to act as a tumour suppressor gene and IRF2 as an oncogene. IRF1 acts to repress IRF2 function through the repression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21WAF1 critical for cell growth control. It appears that the tumour suppression function of IRF1 is abolished by IRF2. This review focuses on the interaction between IRF1 and IRF2 in myeloid development and leukaemogenesis, particularly in relation to the Ras signalling pathway. IRF2 may be a viable and specific therapeutic target in human leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailyn Choo
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, Sydney, Australia
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35
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Masumi A, Fukazawa H, Shimazu T, Yoshida M, Ozato K, Komuro K, Yamaguchi K. Nucleolin is involved in interferon regulatory factor-2-dependent transcriptional activation. Oncogene 2006; 25:5113-24. [PMID: 16582966 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that interferon regulatory factor-2 (IRF-2) is acetylated in a cell growth-dependent manner, which enables it to contribute to the transcription of cell growth-regulated promoters. To clarify the function of acetylation of IRF-2, we investigated the proteins that associate with acetylated IRF-2. In 293T cells, the transfection of p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) enhanced the acetylation of IRF-2. In cells transfected with both IRF-2 and PCAF, IRF-2 associated with endogenous nucleolin, while in contrast, minimal association was observed when IRF-2 was transfected with a PCAF histone acetyl transferase (HAT) deletion mutant. In a pull-down experiment using stable transfectants, acetylation-defective mutant IRF-2 (IRF-2K75R) recruited nucleolin to a much lesser extent than wild-type IRF-2, suggesting that nucleolin preferentially associates with acetylated IRF-2. Nucleolin in the presence of PCAF enhanced IRF-2-dependent H4 promoter activity in NIH3T3 cells. Nucleolin knock-down using siRNA reduced the IRF-2/PCAF-mediated promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that PCAF transfection increased nucleolin binding to IRF-2 bound to the H4 promoter. We conclude that nucleolin is recruited to acetylated IRF-2, thereby contributing to gene regulation crucial for the control of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Masumi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
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36
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Sun B, Chang M, Chen D, Nie P. Gene structure and transcription of IRF-2 in the mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi with the finding of alternative transcripts and microsatellite in the coding region. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:774-84. [PMID: 16871414 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The gene of interferon regulatory factor-2 (IRF-2) has been cloned from the mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi). The IRF-2 gene has 6,418 nucleotides (nt) and contains eight exons and seven introns, encoding two mRNAs. The two IRF-2 mRNAs each contained an open reading frame of 873 nt, which both translate into the same 291 amino acids but differed in their 5' untranslated region: one mRNA was transcribed initially from the exon 1 bypassing exon 2, while the other was transcribed from the exon 2. The microsatellites (CA repeats) could be found in the carboxyl terminal region of mandarin fish IRF-2, which result in the truncated form molecules. The microsatellites' polymorphism was investigated, and eight alleles were found in 16 individuals. The microsatellites were also examined in IRF-2 of several freshwater perciform fishes. The transcription of the IRF-2 in different tissues with or without poly inosine-cytidine stimulation was analyzed by real-time PCR, and the constitutive transcription of both molecules could be detected in all the tissues examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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37
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Willermain F, Dulku S, Gonzalez NS, Blero D, Driessens G, De Graef C, Caspers L, Bruyns C. 15-Deoxy-12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibits interferon gamma induced MHC class II but not class I expression on ARPE cells through a PPAR gamma independent mechanism. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2006; 80:136-43. [PMID: 16939878 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells constitute the external part of the blood-retinal-barrier and play a pivotal role in the regulation of retinal immunity. In the present work, we investigated the effects of 15-deoxy-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15 PGJ2), an endogenous ligand of PPARgamma, on the IFNgamma-induced expression of MHC class II on RPE cells. Indeed, pathological expression of MHC class II molecules at the surface of RPE cells is a common feature of many blinding conditions. We demonstrated that 15 PGJ2 inhibited the IFNgamma-mediated induction of MHC class II on RPE cells without affecting the level of MHC class I and CD54 expression. The other PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone or troglitazone had no similar effects. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of 15 PGJ2 was not abrogated by co-incubation with PPARgamma antagonists and did not involve the modulation of STAT-1, AKT or ERK1/2 phosphorylation, nor CIITA, IRF1 or IRF2 transcription. In conclusion, 15 PGJ2 inhibits strongly and specifically the IFNgamma-induced MHC class II expression on RPE cells by a PPARgamma independent mechanism. Given the differential role of MHC classes I and II in the development of autoimmune uveitis and the potential toxicity of 15 PGJ2, our data's suggest that the development of novel small molecules targeting similar PPARgamma independent pathways would be useful for the future management of uveitis.
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Fuld S, Cunningham C, Klucher K, Davison AJ, Blackbourn DJ. Inhibition of interferon signaling by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus full-length viral interferon regulatory factor 2 protein. J Virol 2006; 80:3092-7. [PMID: 16501120 PMCID: PMC1395420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.6.3092-3097.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 12/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) signal transduction involves interferon regulatory factors (IRF). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes four IRF homologues: viral IRF 1 (vIRF-1) to vIRF-4. Previous functional studies revealed that the first exon of vIRF-2 inhibited alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) signaling. We now show that full-length vIRF-2 protein, translated from two spliced exons, inhibited both IFN-alpha- and IFN-lambda-driven transactivation of a reporter promoter containing the interferon stimulated response element (ISRE). Transactivation of the ISRE promoter by IRF-1 was negatively regulated by vIRF-2 protein as well. Transactivation of a full-length IFN-beta reporter promoter by either IRF-3 or IRF-1, but not IRF-7, was also inhibited by vIRF-2 protein. Thus, vIRF-2 protein is an interferon induction antagonist that acts pleiotropically, presumably facilitating KSHV infection and dissemination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Fuld
- Lab22 Limited, Unit 184, The Science Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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39
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Landis ED, Palti Y, Dekoning J, Drew R, Phillips RB, Hansen JD. Identification and regulatory analysis of rainbow trout tapasin and tapasin-related genes. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:56-69. [PMID: 16447046 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tapasin (TAPBP) is a key member of MHC class Ia antigen-loading complexes, bridging the class Ia molecule to the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP). As part of an ongoing study of MHC genomics in rainbow trout, we have identified two rainbow trout TAPBP genes (Onmy-TAPBP.a and .b) and a similar but distinct TAPBP-related gene (Onmy-TAPBP-R) that had previously only been described in mammals. Physical and genetic mapping indicate that Onmy-TAPBP.a is on chromosome 18 in the MHC class Ia region and that Onmy-TAPBP.b resides on chromosome 14 in the MHC class Ib region. There are also at least two copies of TAPBP-R, Onmy-TAPBP-R.a and Onmy-TAPBP-R.b, located on chromosomes 2 and 3, respectively. Due to the central role of TAPBP expression during acute viral infection, we have characterized the transcriptional profile and regulatory regions for both Onmy-TAPBP and Onmy-TAPBP-R. Transcription of both genes increased during acute infection with infectious hematapoeitic necrosis virus (IHNV) in a fashion indicative of interferon-mediated regulation. Promoter-reporter assays in STE-137 cells demonstrate that the trout TAPBP and TAPBP-R promoters respond to interferon regulatory factors, Onmy-IRF1 and Onmy-IRF2. Overall, TAPBP is expressed at higher levels than TAPBP-R in naïve tissues and TAPBP transcription is more responsive to viral infection and IRF1 and 2 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Landis
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Guo Z, Garg S, Hill KM, Jayashankar L, Mooney MR, Hoelscher M, Katz JM, Boss JM, Sambhara S. A distal regulatory region is required for constitutive and IFN-beta-induced expression of murine TLR9 gene. J Immunol 2006; 175:7407-18. [PMID: 16301648 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.11.7407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
TLR9 is critical for the recognition of unmethylated CpG DNA in innate immunity. Accumulating evidence suggests distinct patterns of TLR9 expression in various types of cells. However, the molecular mechanism of TLR9 expression has received little attention. In the present study, we demonstrate that transcription of murine TLR9 is induced by IFN-beta in peritoneal macrophages and a murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. TLR9 is regulated through two cis-acting regions, a distal regulatory region (DRR) and a proximal promoter region (PPR), which are separated by approximately 2.3 kbp of DNA. Two IFN-stimulated response element/IFN regulatory factor-element (ISRE/IRF-E) sites, ISRE/IRF-E1 and ISRE/IRF-E2, at the DRR and one AP-1 site at the PPR are required for constitutive expression of TLR9, while only the ISRE/IRF-E1 motif is essential for IFN-beta induction. In vivo genomic footprint assays revealed constitutive factor occupancy at the DRR and the PPR and an IFN-beta-induced occupancy only at the DRR. IRF-2 constitutively binds to the two ISRE/IRF-E sites at the DRR, while IRF-1 and STAT1 are induced to bind to the two ISRE/IRF-E sites and the ISRE/IRF-E1, respectively, only after IFN-beta treatment. AP-1 subunits, c-Jun and c-Fos, were responsible for the constitutive occupancy at the proximal region. Induction of TLR9 by IFN-beta was absent in STAT1-/- macrophages, while the level of TLR9 induction was decreased in IRF-1-/- cells. This study illustrates the crucial roles for AP-1, IRF-1, IRF-2, and STAT1 in the regulation of murine TLR9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Guo
- Influenza Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettssial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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De Ambrosis A, Casciano I, Croce M, Pagnan G, Radic L, Banelli B, Di Vinci A, Allemanni G, Tonini GP, Ponzoni M, Romani M, Ferrini S. An interferon-sensitive response element is involved in constitutive caspase-8 gene expression in neuroblastoma cells. Int J Cancer 2006; 120:39-47. [PMID: 17036321 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified a 1.2 Kb DNA element (P-1161/+16), 5' to caspase-8 exon-1, that acts as promoter in caspase-8-positive, but not in caspase-8-negative neuroblastoma (NB) cells. The P-1161/+16 DNA element regulates both constitutive and interferon IFN-gamma-inducible caspase-8 expression. Two GAS (IFN-activated sequence, STAT-1 binding site) and two ISRE (interferon sensitive response element, IRF binding site) were present in P-1161/+16. Deletion studies indicated that elements essential for promoter activity in NB cells were present in a 167 bp region 5' flanking exon-1 (P-151/+16), which contains an ISRE at position -32. The transcription initiation site was mapped by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) at position -20 from caspase-8 cDNA reference sequence. Disruption of the ISRE-32 indicated that it is required for both constitutive and IFN-gamma-inducible caspase-8 expression. IRF-1 and IRF-2 transcription factors bind to the (-151/+16) DNA fragment in vitro. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that IRF-1 and IRF-2 bind to the DNA region at the 5' of caspase-8 gene in NB cells, which show constitutive expression but not in caspase-8 negative cells. In these last cells, up-regulation of caspase-8 by IFN-gamma was associated to induction of IRF-1 and IRF-2 binding to caspase-8 promoter and increased histone acetylation. Moreover, RNA interference experiments also supported the involvement of IRF-1 and IRF-2 in constitutive caspase-8 expression in NB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro De Ambrosis
- Laboratory of Immunological Therapy, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro (IST-Genova) Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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