1
|
Wang Y, Song M, Fu X. A biomimetic orthogonal flow sensor based on an asymmetric optical fiber sensory structure for marine sensing. Bioinspir Biomim 2024; 19:036002. [PMID: 38306671 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
With increasing attention on the world's oceans, a significant amount of research has been focused on the sensing of marine-related parameters in recent years. In this paper, a bioinspired flow sensor with corrosion resistance, anti-interference capability, a portable design structure, easy integration, and directional sensing ability is presented to realize flow speed sensing in open water. The sensor is realized by a flexible artificial cupula that seals one side of an optical fiber acting as an artificial kinocilium. Below the artificial kinocilium, an encapsulated s-tapered optical fiber mimics the fish neuromast sensory mechanism and is supported by a 3D-printed structure that acts as the artificial supporting cell. To characterize the sensor, the optical transmission spectra of the sensory fiber under a set of water flow velocities and four orthogonal directions were monitored. The sensor's peak intensity responses were found to demonstrate flow sensing ability for velocity and direction, proving that this biomimetic portable sensing structure is a promising candidate for flow sensing in marine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwang Song
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianping Fu
- Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin W, Wang Z, Xu Y, Hu Z, Zhao W, Zhu Z, Sun Z, Wang G, Peng Z. Self-Adaptive Perception of Object's Deformability with Multiple Deformation Attributes Utilizing Biomimetic Mechanoreceptors. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2305032. [PMID: 37724482 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The perception of object's deformability in unstructured interactions relies on both kinesthetic and cutaneous cues to adapt the uncertainties of an object. However, the existing tactile sensors cannot provide adequate cutaneous cues to self-adaptively estimate the material softness, especially in non-standard contact scenarios where the interacting object deviates from the assumption of an elastic half-infinite body. This paper proposes an innovative design of a tactile sensor that integrates the capabilities of two slow-adapting mechanoreceptors within a soft medium, allowing self-decoupled sensing of local pressure and strain at specific locations within the contact interface. By leveraging these localized cutaneous cues, the sensor can accurately and self-adaptively measure the material softness of an object, accommodating variations in thicknesses and applied forces. Furthermore, when combined with a kinesthetic cue from the robot, the sensor can enhance tactile expression by the synergy of two relevant deformation attributes, including material softness and compliance. It is demonstrated that the biomimetic fusion of tactile information can fully comprehend the deformability of an object, hence facilitating robotic decision-making and dexterous manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waner Lin
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ziya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, 518129, P. R. China
| | - Yingtian Xu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Zhixian Hu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhenglong Sun
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Guoxing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Desiderio S, Schwaller F, Tartour K, Padmanabhan K, Lewin GR, Carroll P, Marmigere F. Touch receptor end-organ innervation and function require sensory neuron expression of the transcription factor Meis2. eLife 2024; 12:RP89287. [PMID: 38386003 PMCID: PMC10942617 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Touch sensation is primarily encoded by mechanoreceptors, called low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs), with their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia. Because of their great diversity in terms of molecular signature, terminal endings morphology, and electrophysiological properties, mirroring the complexity of tactile experience, LTMRs are a model of choice to study the molecular cues differentially controlling neuronal diversification. While the transcriptional codes that define different LTMR subtypes have been extensively studied, the molecular players that participate in their late maturation and in particular in the striking diversity of their end-organ morphological specialization are largely unknown. Here we identified the TALE homeodomain transcription factor Meis2 as a key regulator of LTMRs target-field innervation in mice. Meis2 is specifically expressed in cutaneous LTMRs, and its expression depends on target-derived signals. While LTMRs lacking Meis2 survived and are normally specified, their end-organ innervations, electrophysiological properties, and transcriptome are differentially and markedly affected, resulting in impaired sensory-evoked behavioral responses. These data establish Meis2 as a major transcriptional regulator controlling the orderly formation of sensory neurons innervating peripheral end organs required for light touch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Desiderio
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM U 1298MontpellierFrance
| | - Frederick Schwaller
- Department of Neuroscience, Max‐Delbrück Centre for Molecular MedicineBerlin‐BuchGermany
| | | | | | - Gary R Lewin
- Department of Neuroscience, Max‐Delbrück Centre for Molecular MedicineBerlin‐BuchGermany
| | - Patrick Carroll
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM U 1298MontpellierFrance
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
García-Mesa Y, Cuendias P, Alonso-Guervós M, García-Piqueras J, Martín-Biedma B, Cobo T, García-Suárez O, Vega JA. Immunohistochemical detection of PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 in human digital Meissner´s corpuscles. Ann Anat 2024; 252:152200. [PMID: 38109982 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cutaneous end organ complexes or cutaneous sensory corpuscles are specialized sensory organs associated to low-threshold mechanoreceptors. Mechano-gated proteins forming a part of ion channels have been detected in both the axon and terminal glial cells of Meissner corpuscles, a specific cutaneous end organ complex in the human glabrous skin. The main candidates to mechanotransduction in Meissner corpuscles are members of the Piezo family of cationic ion channels. PIEZO2 has been detected in the axon of these sensory structures whereas no data exists about the occurrence and cell localization of PIEZO1. METHODS Skin samples (n = 18) from the palmar aspect of the distal phalanx of the first and second fingers were analysed (8 female and 10 males; age range 26 to 61 26-61 years). Double immunofluorescence for PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 together with axonal or terminal glial cell markers was captured by laser confocal microscopy, and the percentage of PIEZOs positive Meissner corpuscles was evaluated. RESULTS MCs from human fingers showed variable morphology and degree of lobulation. Regarding the basic immunohistochemical profile, in all cases the axons were immunoreactive for neurofilament proteins, neuron specific enolase and synaptophysin, while the lamellar cells displayed strong S100P immunoreactivity. PIEZO1 was detected co-localizing with axonal markers, but never with terminal glial cell markers, in the 56% of Meissner corpuscles; weak but specific immunofluorescence was additionally detected in the epidermis, especially in basal keratinocytes. Similarly, PIEZO2 immunoreactivity was found restricted to the axon in the 85% of Meissner corpuscles. PIEZO2 positive Merkel cells were also regularly found. CONCLUSIONS PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 are expressed exclusively in the axon of a subpopulation of human digital Meissner corpuscles, thus suggesting that not only PIEZO2, but also PIEZO1 may be involved in the mechanotransduction from low-threshold mechanoreceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda García-Mesa
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Patricia Cuendias
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Marta Alonso-Guervós
- Unidad de Microscopía Fotónica y Análisis de Imágenes, Servicios Científico-Técnicos, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Jorge García-Piqueras
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Benjamín Martín-Biedma
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Teresa Cobo
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Asturiano de Odontología, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.
| | - José A Vega
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martínez-Gago A, García-Mesa Y, Cuendias P, Martín-Cruces J, Abellán JF, García-Suárez O, Vega JA. Sensory innervation of the human shoulder joints in healthy and in chronic pain shoulder syndromes. Ann Anat 2024; 252:152206. [PMID: 38154784 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Afferent innervation of shoulder joints plays a fundamental role in nociception and mechanoception and its alteration result in shoulder´s disease that course with pain and functional disability. METHODS Joints shoulder from healthy subjects (n = 20) and with chronic pain shoulder syndromes (n = 17) were analyzed using immunohistochemistry for S100 protein to identify nerve structures (nerve fibers and sensory corpuscles), coupled with a quantification of the sensory formations. Sensory nerve formations were quantified in 13 distinct areas in healthy joint shoulder and in the available equivalent areas in the pathological joints. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess differences between healthy shoulder and pathological shoulder joint (p< 0.05). RESULTS All analyzed structures, i.e., glenohumeral capsule, acromioclavicular capsule, the extraarticular structures (subcoracoid region and subacromio-subdeltoid bursa) and intraarticular structures (biceps brachii tendon and labrum articulare) are variably innervated except the extrinsic coracoacromial ligament, which was aneural. The afferent innervation of healthy human shoulder joints consists of free nerve endings, simple lamellar corpuscles and Ruffini's corpuscles. Occasionally, Golgi-Mazzoni's and Pacinian corpuscles were found. However, the relative density of each one varied among joints and/or the different zones within the same joint. As a rule, the upper half and anterior half of healthy glenohumeral capsules have a higher innervation compared to the lower and posterior respectably. On the other hand, in joints from subjects suffering chronic shoulder pain, a reduced innervation was found, involving more the corpuscles than free nerve endings. CONCLUSIONS Our findings report a global innervation map of the human shoulder joints, especially the glenohumeral one, and this knowledge might be of interest for arthroscopic surgeons allowing to develop more selective and unhurt treatments, controlling the pain, and avoiding the loss of afferent innervation after surgical procedures. To the light of our results the postero-inferior glenohumeral capsular region seems to be the more adequate to be a surgical portal (surgical access area) to prevent nerve lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Martínez-Gago
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Vital Álvarez-Buylla, Mieres, Spain
| | - Yolanda García-Mesa
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Patricia Cuendias
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Martín-Cruces
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan F Abellán
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain; Cátedra de Traumatología del Deporte, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - José A Vega
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Proprioceptors are non-nociceptive low-threshold mechanoreceptors. However, recent studies have shown that proprioceptors are acid-sensitive and express a variety of proton-sensing ion channels and receptors. Accordingly, although proprioceptors are commonly known as mechanosensing neurons that monitor muscle contraction status and body position, they may have a role in the development of pain associated with tissue acidosis. In clinical practice, proprioception training is beneficial for pain relief. Here we summarize the current evidence to sketch a different role of proprioceptors in 'non-nociceptive pain' with a focus on their acid-sensing properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Han Lee
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Neuroscience Program of Academia SinicaAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Taiwan Mouse Clinic, Biomedical Translational Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yamada A, Yamada A, Ling J, Furue H, Gu JG. Effects of inflammation on the properties of Nav1.8-ChR2-positive and Nav1.8-ChR2-negative afferent mechanoreceptors in the hindpaw glabrous skin of mice. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069241240452. [PMID: 38438192 PMCID: PMC10960352 DOI: 10.1177/17448069241240452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We recently used Nav1.8-ChR2 mice in which Nav1.8-expressing afferents were optogenetically tagged to classify mechanosensitive afferents into Nav1.8-ChR2-positive and Nav1.8-ChR2-negative mechanoreceptors. We found that the former were mainly high threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMRs), while the latter were low threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs). In the present study, we further investigated whether the properties of these mechanoreceptors were altered following tissue inflammation. Nav1.8-ChR2 mice received a subcutaneous injection of saline or Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) in the hindpaws. Using the hind paw glabrous skin-tibial nerve preparation and the pressure-clamped single-fiber recordings, we found that CFA-induced hind paw inflammation lowered the mechanical threshold of many Nav1.8-ChR2-positive Aβ-fiber mechanoreceptors but heightened the mechanical threshold of many Nav1.8-ChR2-negative Aβ-fiber mechanoreceptors. Spontaneous action potential impulses were not observed in Nav1.8-ChR2-positive Aβ-fiber mechanoreceptors but occurred in Nav1.8-ChR2-negative Aβ-fiber mechanoreceptors with a lower mechanical threshold in the saline goup, and a higher mechanical threshold in the CFA group. No significant change was observed in the mechanical sensitivity of Nav1.8-ChR2-positive and Nav1.8-ChR2-negative Aδ-fiber mechanoreceptors and Nav1.8-ChR2-positive C-fiber mechanoreceptors following hind paw inflammation. Collectively, inflammation significantly altered the functional properties of both Nav1.8-ChR2-positive and Nav1.8-ChR2-negative Aβ-fiber mechanoreceptors, which may contribute to mechanical allodynia during inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ayaka Yamada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer Ling
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hidemasa Furue
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Jianguo G Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boada MD, Gutierrez S, Eisenach JC. Effects of systemic oxytocin administration on ultraviolet B-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity and tactile hyposensitivity in mice. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069241226553. [PMID: 38172079 PMCID: PMC10846038 DOI: 10.1177/17448069241226553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces cutaneous inflammation, leading to thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity. Here, we examine the mechanical properties and profile of tactile and nociceptive peripheral afferents functionally disrupted by this injury and the role of oxytocin (OXT) as a modulator of this disruption. We recorded intracellularly from L4 afferents innervating the irradiated area (5.1 J/cm2) in 4-6 old week male mice (C57BL/6J) after administering OXT intraperitoneally, 6 mg/Kg. The distribution of recorded neurons was shifted by UVB radiation to a pattern observed after acute and chronic injuries and reduced mechanical thresholds of A and C- high threshold mechanoreceptors while reducing tactile sensitivity. UVB radiation did not change somatic membrane electrical properties or fiber conduction velocity. OXT systemic administration rapidly reversed these peripheral changes toward normal in both low and high-threshold mechanoreceptors and shifted recorded neuron distribution toward normal. OXT and V1aR receptors were present on the terminals of myelinated and unmyelinated afferents innervating the skin. We conclude that UVB radiation, similar to local tissue surgical injury, cancer metastasis, and peripheral nerve injury, alters the distribution of low and high threshold mechanoreceptors afferents and sensitizes nociceptors while desensitizing tactile units. Acute systemic OXT administration partially returns all of those effects to normal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Danilo Boada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Silvia Gutierrez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James C Eisenach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Blumer R, Carrero‐Rojas G, Calvo PM, Streicher J, de la Cruz RR, Pastor AM. Proprioceptors in extraocular muscles. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:17-26. [PMID: 36869596 PMCID: PMC10988737 DOI: 10.1113/ep090765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Proprioception is the sense that lets us perceive the location, movement and action of the body parts. The proprioceptive apparatus includes specialized sense organs (proprioceptors) which are embedded in the skeletal muscles. The eyeballs are moved by six pairs of eye muscles and binocular vision depends on fine-tuned coordination of the optical axes of both eyes. Although experimental studies indicate that the brain has access to eye position information, both classical proprioceptors (muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organ) are absent in the extraocular muscles of most mammalian species. This paradox of monitoring extraocular muscle activity in the absence of typical proprioceptors seemed to be resolved when a particular nerve specialization (the palisade ending) was detected in the extraocular muscles of mammals. In fact, for decades there was consensus that palisade endings were sensory structures that provide eye position information. The sensory function was called into question when recent studies revealed the molecular phenotype and the origin of palisade endings. Today we are faced with the fact that palisade endings exhibit sensory as well as motor features. This review aims to evaluate the literature on extraocular muscle proprioceptors and palisade endings and to reconsider current knowledge of their structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Blumer
- Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Anatomy, Medical Image ClusterMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Génova Carrero‐Rojas
- Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Anatomy, Medical Image ClusterMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Paula M. Calvo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Johannes Streicher
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Division of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyKarl Landsteiner University of Health ScienceKrems an der DonauAustria
| | - Rosa R. de la Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Angel M. Pastor
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leon‐Mercado L, Tinajero A, Gautron L. Evidence of extraganglionic vagal mechanoreceptors in the mouse vagus nerve. J Anat 2023; 243:936-950. [PMID: 37403978 PMCID: PMC10641042 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vagal afferent neuronal somas are in the nodose and jugular ganglia. In this study, we identified extraganglionic neurons in whole-mount preparations of the vagus nerves from Phox2b-Cre-ZsGreen transgenic mice. These neurons are typically arranged in small clusters and monolayers along the cervical vagus nerve. Although infrequent, these neurons were sometimes observed along the thoracic and esophageal vagus. We performed RNAscope in situ hybridization and confirmed that the extraganglionic neurons detected in this transgenic mouse strain expressed vagal afferent markers (i.e., Phox2b and Slc17a6) as well as markers that identify them as potential gastrointestinal mechanoreceptors (i.e., Tmc3 and Glp1r). We also identified extraganglionic neurons in the vagus nerves of wild-type mice that were injected intraperitoneally with Fluoro-Gold, thereby ruling out possible anatomical discrepancies specific for transgenic mice. In wild-type mice, extraganglionic cells were positive for peripherin, confirming their neuronal nature. Taken together, our findings revealed a previously undiscovered population of extraganglionic neurons associated with the vagus nerve. Going forward, it is important to consider the possible existence of extraganglionic mechanoreceptors that transmit signals from the abdominal viscera in future studies related to vagal structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Leon‐Mercado
- Department of Internal MedicineCenter for Hypothalamic Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Arely Tinajero
- Department of Internal MedicineCenter for Hypothalamic Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Department of Internal MedicineCenter for Hypothalamic Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Otsuka M, Sugita S, Shimizu D, Aoyama M, Matsuda M. Radial polarity in the first cranial neuromast of selected teleost fishes. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21654. [PMID: 37856275 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The neuromast is a sensory structure of the lateral line system in aquatic vertebrates, which consists of hair cells and supporting cells. Hair cells are mechanosensory cells, generally arranged with bidirectional polarity. Here, we describe a neuromast with hair cells arranged radially instead of bidirectionally in the first cranial neuromast of four teleost species: red seabream (Pagrus major), spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus), brown sole (Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini), and marbled sole (Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae). In these four species, this polarity was identified only in the first cranial neuromast, where it appeared at the rostral edge of the otic vesicle before hatching. We investigated the initial appearance and fate of this unique neuromast using scanning electron microscopy. We also assessed characteristics of radial neuromast pertaining to morphogenesis, development, and innervation using a vital fluorescent marker and immunohistochemistry in V. variegatus. The kinocilium initially appears at the center of each hair cell, then moves to its outer perimeter to form radial polarity by around 7 days postfertilization. However, hair cells arranged radially disappear about 15 days after hatching. This is followed by the appearance of bidirectionally arranged hair cells, indicating that polarity replacement from radial to bidirectional has occurred. In P. herzensteini, both afferent and efferent synapses between the nerve fibers and hair cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy, suggesting that radial neuromast is functional. Our discovery suggests that neuromasts with radial polarity could enable larval fish to assimilate multiaxial stimuli during this life stage, potentially assisting them in detecting small water vibrations or water pressure changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Otsuka
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shoei Sugita
- Department of Agrobiology and Bioresources, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Masato Aoyama
- Department of Agrobiology and Bioresources, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masaru Matsuda
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kayabekir M, Tuncer M. Effect of teeth clenching on handgrip force in adult men: role of periodontal mechanoreceptors. Acta Neurol Belg 2023; 123:1945-1956. [PMID: 37351827 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Voluntary teeth clenching is shown to increase the strength of muscle reflexes contributing to the improvement of postural stability. However, the interaction between the handgrip strength and teeth clenching is not yet understood. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the change in handgrip force in response to voluntary teeth clenching, and its relation to the peripheral receptors that play a central role in the control of mastication. METHODS Thirty-six healthy men were divided into two groups: aged 50-59 years, no dental prosthesis, and 53-62 years with total dental prosthesis. Each individual was given handgrip and teeth clenching instructions for five experiments: only handgrip, teeth clenching followed by handgrip without teeth clenching, teeth clenching followed by handgrip with teeth clenching, and the repetition of the last two instructions while wearing mouth guards. RESULTS Our findings showed that maximum handgrip force decreased and the resistance to fatigue increased in complete edentulous individuals using appropriate prostheses. Also, the significantly lower maximum handgrip force and higher resistance to fatigue values of the participants with dental prosthesis using a mouth guard while teeth clenching, revealed the central roles of periodontal mechanoreceptors. CONCLUSION Decreases in masticatory sensory information processes influence handgrip force values which is the most important indicator of motor function. The lack of periodontal mechanoreceptors associated with dental prosthesis usage may lead to a loss in muscle strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kayabekir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Meltem Tuncer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martín-Cruces J, Martín-Biedma B, García-Mesa Y, Cuendias P, Gaite JJ, García-Suárez O, Cobo JL, Vega JA. Exploring somatosensory innervation of the human lip: A focus on the vermilion. Ann Anat 2023; 250:152159. [PMID: 37741584 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lips are a vital component of the face and are densely innervated to perform various functions. The lip edges are covered with mucocutaneous tissue called vermilion which is particularly receptive to touch and temperature. The aim of this study was to investigate the somatosensory innervation of human lips, focusing on sensory corpuscles and the presence of mechano-gated (ASIC2, PIEZO2, and TRPV4) and thermosensing (TRPV1, TRPM2, and RPM8) ion channels within them. METHODS Twelve intact lips (6 upper and 6 lower) were obtained from non-embalmed frozen cadavers (five females and seven males) with an age range of 60-80 years. The specimens were divided into three zones (medial, lateral, and median). The morphotypes of sensory corpuscles and their immunohistochemical profile was analysed. The occurrence of ion channels involved in mechanosensation and temperature detection was examined using various antibodies. Sensory corpuscle density was quantified in vermilion sections, and statistical analyses were conducted to assess differences between the upper and lower lips, as well as between females and males (p < 0.05). RESULTS Different morphotypes of sensory corpuscles were identified: Ruffini-like associated with hair follicles, Meissner and glomerular corpuscles in the vermilion, and less classifiable sensory corpuscles within the mucosa. The density of sensory corpuscles in the vermilion was higher in the upper lip than in the lower lip; glomerular corpuscles predominated in the medial and median segments, whereas Meissner corpuscles were more abundant in the lateral segment. No sex-related differences were observed in the density or distribution of the two main corpuscular morphotypes. In contrast, the axons of both the glomeruli and Meissner corpuscles regularly displayed ASIC2 and PIEZO2 immunoreactivity, whereas immunoreactivity for TRPV1, TRPV4, TRPM2, and TRPV8 was absent. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the sensory corpuscles of the vermilion are a mixture of those typical of glabrous skin mucocutaneous tissues. The presence of PIEZO2 and ASIC2 in their axons suggests that these sensory corpuscles function as mechanosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Martín-Cruces
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular - Grupo SINPOs, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Benjamín Martín-Biedma
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yolanda García-Mesa
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular - Grupo SINPOs, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Patricia Cuendias
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular - Grupo SINPOs, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan J Gaite
- Unidad Dental, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular - Grupo SINPOs, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan L Cobo
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular - Grupo SINPOs, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Servico de Cirugía Maxillofacial, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José A Vega
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular - Grupo SINPOs, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Facutad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Barry AM, Zhao N, Yang X, Bennett DL, Baskozos G. Deep RNA-seq of male and female murine sensory neuron subtypes after nerve injury. Pain 2023; 164:2196-2215. [PMID: 37318015 PMCID: PMC10502896 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons have been well described for their role in driving both acute and chronic pain. Although nerve injury is known to cause transcriptional dysregulation, how this differs across neuronal subtypes and the impact of sex is unclear. Here, we study the deep transcriptional profiles of multiple murine DRG populations in early and late pain states while considering sex. We have exploited currently available transgenics to label numerous subpopulations for fluorescent-activated cell sorting and subsequent transcriptomic analysis. Using bulk tissue samples, we are able to circumvent the issues of low transcript coverage and drop-outs seen with single-cell data sets. This increases our power to detect novel and even subtle changes in gene expression within neuronal subtypes and discuss sexual dimorphism at the neuronal subtype level. We have curated this resource into an accessible database for other researchers ( https://livedataoxford.shinyapps.io/drg-directory/ ). We see both stereotyped and unique subtype signatures in injured states after nerve injury at both an early and late timepoint. Although all populations contribute to a general injury signature, subtype enrichment changes can also be seen. Within populations, there is not a strong intersection of sex and injury, but previously unknown sex differences in naïve states-particularly in Aβ-RA + Aδ-low threshold mechanoreceptors-still contribute to differences in injured neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Barry
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Na Zhao
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xun Yang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Baskozos
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cheng YR, Chi CH, Lee CH, Lin SH, Min MY, Chen CC. Probing the Effect of Acidosis on Tether-Mode Mechanotransduction of Proprioceptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12783. [PMID: 37628964 PMCID: PMC10454156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprioceptors are low-threshold mechanoreceptors involved in perceiving body position and strain bearing. However, the physiological response of proprioceptors to fatigue- and muscle-acidosis-related disturbances remains unknown. Here, we employed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to probe the effect of mild acidosis on the mechanosensitivity of the proprioceptive neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in mice. We cultured neurite-bearing parvalbumin-positive (Pv+) DRG neurons on a laminin-coated elastic substrate and examined mechanically activated currents induced through substrate deformation-driven neurite stretch (SDNS). The SDNS-induced inward currents (ISDNS) were indentation depth-dependent and significantly inhibited by mild acidification (pH 7.2~6.8). The acid-inhibiting effect occurred in neurons with an ISDNS sensitive to APETx2 (an ASIC3-selective antagonist) inhibition, but not in those with an ISNDS resistant to APETx2. Detailed subgroup analyses revealed ISDNS was expressed in 59% (25/42) of Parvalbumin-positive (Pv+) DRG neurons, 90% of which were inhibited by APETx2. In contrast, an acid (pH 6.8)-induced current (IAcid) was expressed in 76% (32/42) of Pv+ DRG neurons, 59% (21/32) of which were inhibited by APETx2. Together, ASIC3-containing channels are highly heterogenous and differentially contribute to the ISNDS and IAcid among Pv+ proprioceptors. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of ASIC3-containing ion channels in the physiological response of proprioceptors to acidic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ren Cheng
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10090, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yuan Min
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10090, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nieto-Rostro M, Patel R, Dickenson AH, Dolphin AC. Nerve injury increases native Ca V 2.2 trafficking in dorsal root ganglion mechanoreceptors. Pain 2023; 164:1264-1279. [PMID: 36524581 PMCID: PMC10184561 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Neuronal N-type (Ca V 2.2) voltage-gated calcium channels are essential for neurotransmission from primary afferent terminals in the dorsal horn. In this study, we have used a knockin mouse containing Ca V 2.2 with an inserted extracellular hemagglutinin tag (Ca V 2.2_HA), to visualise the pattern of expression of endogenous Ca V 2.2 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and their primary afferents in the dorsal horn. We examined the effect of partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) and found an increase in Ca V 2.2_HA only in large and medium dorsal root ganglion neurons and also in deep dorsal horn synaptic terminals. Furthermore, there is a parallel increase in coexpression with GFRα1, present in a population of low threshold mechanoreceptors, both in large DRG neurons and in their terminals. The increased expression of Ca V 2.2_HA in these DRG neurons and their terminals is dependent on the presence of the auxiliary subunit α 2 δ-1, which is required for channel trafficking to the cell surface and to synaptic terminals, and it likely contributes to enhanced synaptic transmission at these synapses following PSNL. By contrast, the increase in GFRα1 is not altered in α 2 δ-1-knockout mice. We also found that following PSNL, there is patchy loss of glomerular synapses immunoreactive for Ca V 2.2_HA and CGRP or IB4, restricted to the superficial layers of the dorsal horn. This reduction is not dependent on α 2 δ-1 and likely reflects partial deafferentation of C-nociceptor presynaptic terminals. Therefore, in this pain model, we can distinguish 2 different events affecting specific DRG terminals, with opposite consequences for Ca V 2.2_HA expression and function in the dorsal horn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Nieto-Rostro
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony H. Dickenson
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annette C. Dolphin
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hovland PKD, Tochihuitl JA, Birmingham JT. A Feeding-Related Mechanoreceptor Identified in the Crab Cancer borealis Shares Similarities and Differences with Homologs in Other Crustaceans. Biol Bull 2023; 244:128-137. [PMID: 37725698 DOI: 10.1086/726773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSensory feedback plays an essential role in shaping rhythmic animal movements. In the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system, which is responsible for grinding and filtering food particles in the animal's foregut, a number of mechanoreceptors whose activity affects motor output have been characterized. The hepatopancreas duct receptor neurons, which are located in the pyloric region of the foregut that is responsible for filtering, are among the less well understood groups of stomatogastric mechanoreceptors. Although they were first described decades ago in a number of decapod species, many questions remain about their role in shaping the movements produced by the stomatogastric nervous system. Here we provide the first anatomical and physiological evidence that there are also hepatopancreas duct receptors in the crab Cancer borealis, and we demonstrate that hepatopancreas duct receptor spiking produced by mechanical stimulation modifies the properties of an ongoing pyloric motor program.
Collapse
|
18
|
de Lima LL, Ariel de Lima D, Freire THB, Almeida FAA, Leite JAD, Cavalcante MLC. Analysis of Mechanoreceptors and Free Nerve Endings of the Transverse Carpal Ligament. Hand (N Y) 2023; 18:62S-70S. [PMID: 35034484 PMCID: PMC9896282 DOI: 10.1177/15589447211066974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: The treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) by sectioning the transverse carpal ligament (TCL) is not exempt from complications. Some nerve branches may be damaged by the incision. The aim of this study is to identify and map the TCL nerve endings, serving as a guide for sectioning this structure in a zone with less nerve ending density. Methods: Ten TCLs were obtained from fresh frozen cadavers. The TCLs were measured, divided into 3 equal bands (radial, central, and ulnar), and submitted to cryostat sectioning. The sections were subjected to immunofluorescence with the protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and confocal microscopy analysis. Results: All the specimens contained type I and type IV mechanoreceptors. Neural elements occupied 0.695 ± 0.056% of the ligament area. The density of the neural elements was greater in the radial, followed by the ulnar and central bands, with 0.730 ± 0.083%, 0.686 ± 0.009%, and 0.669 ± 0.031%, respectively. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that the region with the least potential for neural element injury during TCL release is the central third near the transition with the ulnar third. When performed distally to proximally with a slight inclination from the radial to the ulnar, this release compromises the lowest nerve element density. Topographically, the proximal limit of the release is the distal wrist crease, while the distal limit is the intersection of Kaplan cardinal line and the axis of the third webspace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lana L. de Lima
- Universidade Federal Rural do
Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Ceará,
Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Škorjanc A, Kreft M, Benda J. Stimulator compensation and generation of Gaussian noise stimuli with defined amplitude spectra for studying input–output relations of sensory systems. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 209:361-372. [PMID: 36527489 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gaussian noise is an important stimulus for the study of biological systems, especially sensory and neural systems. Since these systems are inherently nonlinear, the properties of the noise strongly influence the outcome of the analysis. Therefore, it is crucial to use a well-defined and controlled noise stimulus. In this paper, we first use the example of an insect filiform sensillum, a simple mechanoreceptor with a single sensory cell, to show that changes in the amplitude and spectral properties of the noise stimulus indeed affect the linear transfer function of the sensillum. We then explain step-by-step how to use the inverse fast Fourier transform to generate a Gaussian noise that has an arbitrary user-defined amplitude spectrum, including a band-limited white noise with a perfectly sharp cutoff edge. Finally, we demonstrate how such a perfect band-limited Gaussian white noise stimulus can also be generated with a non-perfect stimulator using a simple procedure that compensates for the filtering properties of the stimulator. With this approach, one can generate well-defined Gaussian noise stimuli that can be adapted to any application. For example, one can generate visual, sound, or vibrational stimuli for experimental research in visual physiology, auditory physiology, and biotremology, as well as inputs for testing various models in theoretical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Škorjanc
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marko Kreft
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Benda
- Institute for Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls Universität, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bataille A, Le Gall C, Misery L, Talagas M. Merkel Cells Are Multimodal Sensory Cells: A Review of Study Methods. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233827. [PMID: 36497085 PMCID: PMC9737130 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cells (MCs) are rare multimodal epidermal sensory cells. Due to their interactions with slowly adapting type 1 (SA1) Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptor (Aβ-LTMRs) afferents neurons to form Merkel complexes, they are considered to be part of the main tactile terminal organ involved in the light touch sensation. This function has been explored over time by ex vivo, in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. Ex vivo studies have made it possible to characterize the topography, morphology, and cellular environment of these cells. The interactions of MCs with surrounding cells continue to be studied by ex vivo but also in vitro approaches. Indeed, in vitro models have improved the understanding of communication of MCs with other cells present in the skin at the cellular and molecular levels. As for in vivo methods, the sensory role of MC complexes can be demonstrated by observing physiological or pathological behavior after genetic modification in mouse models. In silico models are emerging and aim to elucidate the sensory coding mechanisms of these complexes. The different methods to study MC complexes presented in this review may allow the investigation of their involvement in other physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms, despite the difficulties in exploring these cells, in particular due to their rarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Bataille
- LIEN—Laboratoire Interactions Epithélium Neurones, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Christelle Le Gall
- LIEN—Laboratoire Interactions Epithélium Neurones, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
- Department of Dermatology, Brest University Hospital, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Laurent Misery
- LIEN—Laboratoire Interactions Epithélium Neurones, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
- Department of Dermatology, Brest University Hospital, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Matthieu Talagas
- LIEN—Laboratoire Interactions Epithélium Neurones, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
- Department of Dermatology, Brest University Hospital, F-29200 Brest, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chirila AM, Rankin G, Tseng SY, Emanuel AJ, Chavez-Martinez CL, Zhang D, Harvey CD, Ginty DD. Mechanoreceptor signal convergence and transformation in the dorsal horn flexibly shape a diversity of outputs to the brain. Cell 2022; 185:4541-4559.e23. [PMID: 36334588 PMCID: PMC9691598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The encoding of touch in the spinal cord dorsal horn (DH) and its influence on tactile representations in the brain are poorly understood. Using a range of mechanical stimuli applied to the skin, large-scale in vivo electrophysiological recordings, and genetic manipulations, here we show that neurons in the mouse spinal cord DH receive convergent inputs from both low- and high-threshold mechanoreceptor subtypes and exhibit one of six functionally distinct mechanical response profiles. Genetic disruption of DH feedforward or feedback inhibitory motifs, comprised of interneurons with distinct mechanical response profiles, revealed an extensively interconnected DH network that enables dynamic, flexible tuning of postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) output neurons and dictates how neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex respond to touch. Thus, mechanoreceptor subtype convergence and non-linear transformations at the earliest stage of the somatosensory hierarchy shape how touch of the skin is represented in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anda M Chirila
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Genelle Rankin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shih-Yi Tseng
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan J Emanuel
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carmine L Chavez-Martinez
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher D Harvey
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David D Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Middleton SJ, Perini I, Themistocleous AC, Weir GA, McCann K, Barry AM, Marshall A, Lee M, Mayo LM, Bohic M, Baskozos G, Morrison I, Löken LS, McIntyre S, Nagi SS, Staud R, Sehlstedt I, Johnson RD, Wessberg J, Wood JN, Woods CG, Moqrich A, Olausson H, Bennett DL. Nav1.7 is required for normal C-low threshold mechanoreceptor function in humans and mice. Brain 2022; 145:3637-3653. [PMID: 34957475 PMCID: PMC9586547 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with bi-allelic loss of function mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 present with congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP), whilst low threshold mechanosensation is reportedly normal. Using psychophysics (n = 6 CIP participants and n = 86 healthy controls) and facial electromyography (n = 3 CIP participants and n = 8 healthy controls), we found that these patients also have abnormalities in the encoding of affective touch, which is mediated by the specialized afferents C-low threshold mechanoreceptors (C-LTMRs). In the mouse, we found that C-LTMRs express high levels of Nav1.7. Genetic loss or selective pharmacological inhibition of Nav1.7 in C-LTMRs resulted in a significant reduction in the total sodium current density, an increased mechanical threshold and reduced sensitivity to non-noxious cooling. The behavioural consequence of loss of Nav1.7 in C-LTMRs in mice was an elevation in the von Frey mechanical threshold and less sensitivity to cooling on a thermal gradient. Nav1.7 is therefore not only essential for normal pain perception but also for normal C-LTMR function, cool sensitivity and affective touch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Middleton
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Irene Perini
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas C Themistocleous
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Greg A Weir
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Kirsty McCann
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Allison M Barry
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew Marshall
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, L3 5DA Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Lee
- University Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge NHS Foundation Trust Hospitals, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Leah M Mayo
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Manon Bohic
- Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, Institute de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR 7288, case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Georgios Baskozos
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - India Morrison
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Line S Löken
- Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sarah McIntyre
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Saad S Nagi
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Roland Staud
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Isac Sehlstedt
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard D Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Johan Wessberg
- Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christopher G Woods
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aziz Moqrich
- Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, Institute de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, UMR 7288, case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Håkan Olausson
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David L Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wynands B, Zippenfennig C, Holowka NB, Lieberman DE, Milani TL. Does plantar skin abrasion affect cutaneous mechanosensation? Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15479. [PMID: 36259120 PMCID: PMC9579735 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, plantar cutaneous mechanoreceptors provide critical input signals for postural control during walking and running. Because these receptors are located within the dermis, the mechanical properties of the overlying epidermis likely affect the transmission of external stimuli. Epidermal layers are highly adaptable and can form hard and thick protective calluses, but their effects on plantar sensitivity are currently disputed. Some research has shown no effect of epidermal properties on sensitivity to vibrations, whereas other research suggests that vibration and touch sensitivity diminishes with a thicker and harder epidermis. To address this conflict, we conducted an intervention study where 26 participants underwent a callus abrasion while an age-matched control group (n = 16) received no treatment. Skin hardness and thickness as well as vibration perception thresholds and touch sensitivity thresholds were collected before and after the intervention. The Callus abrasion significantly decreased skin properties. The intervention group exhibited no change in vibration sensitivity but had significantly better touch sensitivity. We argue that touch sensitivity was impeded by calluses because hard skin disperses the monofilament's standardized pressure used to stimulate the mechanoreceptors over a larger area, decreasing indentation depth and therefore stimulus intensity. However, vibration sensitivity was unaffected because the vibrating probe was adjusted to reach specific indentation depths, and thus stimulus intensity was not affected by skin properties. Since objects underfoot necessarily indent plantar skin during weight-bearing, calluses should not affect mechanosensation during standing, walking, or running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bert Wynands
- Department of Human Locomotion, Institute of Human Movement Science and HealthChemnitz University of TechnologyChemnitzGermany
| | - Claudio Zippenfennig
- Department of Human Locomotion, Institute of Human Movement Science and HealthChemnitz University of TechnologyChemnitzGermany
| | - Nicholas B. Holowka
- Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Daniel E. Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Thomas L. Milani
- Department of Human Locomotion, Institute of Human Movement Science and HealthChemnitz University of TechnologyChemnitzGermany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sagara M, Nobuyama L, Takemura K. Nonlinear Tactile Estimation Model Based on Perceptibility of Mechanoreceptors Improves Quantitative Tactile Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:6697. [PMID: 36081155 PMCID: PMC9460129 DOI: 10.3390/s22176697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tactile sensing has attracted significant attention as a tactile quantitative evaluation method because the tactile sensation is an important factor while evaluating consumer products. Although the human tactile perception mechanism has nonlinearity, previous studies have often developed linear regression models. In contrast, this study proposes a nonlinear tactile estimation model that can estimate sensory evaluation scores from physical measurements. We extracted features from the vibration data obtained by a tactile sensor based on the perceptibility of mechanoreceptors. In parallel, a sensory evaluation test was conducted using 10 evaluation words. Then, the relationship between the extracted features and the tactile evaluation results was modeled using linear/nonlinear regressions. The best model was concluded by comparing the mean squared error between the model predictions and the actual values. The results imply that there are multiple evaluation words suitable for adopting nonlinear regression models, and the average error was 43.8% smaller than that of building only linear regression models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Sagara
- Graduate School of Science for Open and Environmental Systems, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Lisako Nobuyama
- Graduate School of Science for Open and Environmental Systems, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Takemura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Scott E, Hauert S. A simple macro-scale artificial lateral line sensor for the detection of shed vortices. Bioinspir Biomim 2022; 17:055005. [PMID: 35896093 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac84b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Underwater robot sensing is challenging due to the complex and noisy nature of the environment. The lateral line system in fish allows them to robustly sense their surroundings, even in turbid and turbulent environments, allowing them to perform tasks such as shoaling or foraging. Taking inspiration from the lateral line system in fish to design robot sensors could help to power underwater robots in inspection, exploration, or environmental monitoring tasks. Previous studies have designed systems that mimic both the design and the configuration of the lateral line and neuromasts, but at high cost or using complex procedures. Here, we present a simple, low cost, bio-inspired sensor, that can detect passing vortices shed from surrounding obstacles or upstream fish or robots. We demonstrate the importance of the design elements used, and show a minimum 20% reduction in residual error over sensors lacking these elements. Results were validated in reality using a prototype of the artificial lateral line sensor. These results mark an important step in providing alternate methods of control in underwater vehicles that are simultaneously inexpensive and simple to manufacture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Scott
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, BS8 1TW, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Hauert
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, BS8 1TW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Saito-Diaz K, Zeltner N. A protocol to differentiate nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, and proprioceptors from human pluripotent stem cells. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101187. [PMID: 35330962 PMCID: PMC8938318 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) show promise for studying diseases affecting cell populations that are not easily available, including sensory neurons (SNs). Here, we present a differentiation protocol in chemically defined conditions to generate peripheral SNs from hPSCs. We describe four main steps: expansion of hPSCs, neural crest cell (NCC) differentiation, NCC dissociation and replating, and sensory neuron (SN) differentiation. This protocol enables generation of a mechanoreceptor-enriched culture or a population containing all three SN subtypes (nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, and proprioceptors). For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Saito-Diaz et al. (2021). Protocol for differentiation of hPSCs into different types of SNs from one culture Step-by-step protocol for in vitro differentiation of NCCs In vitro differentiation into mechanoreceptor-enriched culture Differentiation of three main SN subtypes that mimic in vivo composition
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenyi Saito-Diaz
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Nadja Zeltner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xu X, Cho EJ, Bekker L, Talin AA, Lee E, Pascall AJ, Worsley MA, Zhou J, Cook CC, Kuntz JD, Cho S, Orme CA. A Bioinspired Artificial Injury Response System Based on a Robust Polymer Memristor to Mimic a Sense of Pain, Sign of Injury, and Healing. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2200629. [PMID: 35338600 PMCID: PMC9131612 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronic skin with features that include sensing, processing, and responding to stimuli have transformed human-robot interactions. However, more advanced capabilities, such as human-like self-protection modalities with a sense of pain, sign of injury, and healing, are more challenging. Herein, a novel, flexible, and robust diffusive memristor based on a copolymer of chlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride (FK-800) as an artificial nociceptor (pain sensor) is reported. Devices composed of Ag/FK-800/Pt have outstanding switching endurance >106 cycles, orders of magnitude higher than any other two-terminal polymer/organic memristors in literature (typically 102 -103 cycles). In situ conductive atomic force microscopy is employed to dynamically switch individual filaments, which demonstrates that conductive filaments correlate with polymer grain boundaries and FK-800 has superior morphological stability under repeated switching cycles. It is hypothesized that the high thermal stability and high elasticity of FK-800 contribute to the stability under local Joule heating associated with electrical switching. To mimic biological nociceptors, four signature nociceptive characteristics are demonstrated: threshold triggering, no adaptation, relaxation, and sensitization. Lastly, by integrating a triboelectric generator (artificial mechanoreceptor), memristor (artificial nociceptor), and light emitting diode (artificial bruise), the first bioinspired injury response system capable of sensing pain, showing signs of injury, and healing, is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Xu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory7000 East AvenueLivermoreCA94550USA
| | - En Ju Cho
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory7000 East AvenueLivermoreCA94550USA
| | - Logan Bekker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory7000 East AvenueLivermoreCA94550USA
| | | | - Elaine Lee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory7000 East AvenueLivermoreCA94550USA
| | - Andrew J. Pascall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory7000 East AvenueLivermoreCA94550USA
| | - Marcus A. Worsley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory7000 East AvenueLivermoreCA94550USA
| | - Jenny Zhou
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory7000 East AvenueLivermoreCA94550USA
| | - Caitlyn C. Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory7000 East AvenueLivermoreCA94550USA
| | - Joshua D. Kuntz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory7000 East AvenueLivermoreCA94550USA
| | - Seongkoo Cho
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory7000 East AvenueLivermoreCA94550USA
| | - Christine A. Orme
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory7000 East AvenueLivermoreCA94550USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Han J, Tcho I, Jeon S, Yu J, Kim W, Choi Y. Self-Powered Artificial Mechanoreceptor Based on Triboelectrification for a Neuromorphic Tactile System. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2105076. [PMID: 35032113 PMCID: PMC8948587 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A self-powered artificial mechanoreceptor module is demonstrated with a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as a pressure sensor with sustainable energy harvesting and a biristor as a neuron. By mimicking a biological mechanoreceptor, it simultaneously detects the pressure and encodes spike signals to act as an input neuron of a spiking neural network (SNN). A self-powered neuromorphic tactile system composed of artificial mechanoreceptor modules with an energy harvester can greatly reduce the power consumption compared to the conventional tactile system based on von Neumann computing, as the artificial mechanoreceptor module itself does not demand an external energy source and information is transmitted with spikes in a SNN. In addition, the system can detect low pressures near 3 kPa due to the high output range of the TENG. It therefore can be advantageously applied to robotics, prosthetics, and medical and healthcare devices, which demand low energy consumption and low-pressure detection levels. For practical applications of the neuromorphic tactile system, classification of handwritten digits is demonstrated with a software-based simulation. Furthermore, a fully hardware-based breath-monitoring system is implemented using artificial mechanoreceptor modules capable of detecting wind pressure of exhalation in the case of pulmonary respiration and bending pressure in the case of abdominal breathing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon‐Kyu Han
- School of Electrical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Il‐Woong Tcho
- School of Electrical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Bae Jeon
- Electronics Engineering DepartmentHanbat National University125 Dongseo‐daero, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34158Republic of Korea
| | - Ji‐Man Yu
- School of Electrical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Weon‐Guk Kim
- School of Electrical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Yang‐Kyu Choi
- School of Electrical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gradwell MA, Boyle KA, Browne TJ, Bell AM, Leonardo J, Peralta Reyes FS, Dickie AC, Smith KM, Callister RJ, Dayas CV, Hughes DI, Graham BA. Diversity of inhibitory and excitatory parvalbumin interneuron circuits in the dorsal horn. Pain 2022; 163:e432-e452. [PMID: 34326298 PMCID: PMC8832545 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVINs) in the spinal dorsal horn are found primarily in laminae II inner and III. Inhibitory PVINs play an important role in segregating innocuous tactile input from pain-processing circuits through presynaptic inhibition of myelinated low-threshold mechanoreceptors and postsynaptic inhibition of distinct spinal circuits. By comparison, relatively little is known of the role of excitatory PVINs (ePVINs) in sensory processing. Here, we use neuroanatomical and optogenetic approaches to show that ePVINs comprise a larger proportion of the PVIN population than previously reported and that both ePVIN and inhibitory PVIN populations form synaptic connections among (and between) themselves. We find that these cells contribute to neuronal networks that influence activity within several functionally distinct circuits and that aberrant activity of ePVINs under pathological conditions is well placed to contribute to the development of mechanical hypersensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Gradwell
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Kieran A. Boyle
- Institute of Neuroscience Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tyler J. Browne
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Bell
- Institute of Neuroscience Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jacklyn Leonardo
- Institute of Neuroscience Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda S. Peralta Reyes
- Institute of Neuroscience Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Allen C. Dickie
- Institute of Neuroscience Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly M. Smith
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neurobiology and the Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert J. Callister
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher V. Dayas
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David I. Hughes
- Institute of Neuroscience Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brett A. Graham
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Cells sense mechanical signals within the extracellular matrix, the most familiar being stiffness, but matrix stiffness cannot be simply described by a single value. Randomness in matrix structure causes stiffness at the scale of a cell to vary by more than an order of magnitude. Additionally, the extracellular matrix contains ducts, blood vessels, and, in cancer or fibrosis, regions with abnormally high stiffness. These different features could alter the stiffness sensed by a cell, but it is unclear whether the change in stiffness is large enough to overcome the noise caused by heterogeneity due to the random fibrous structure. Here we used a combination of experiments and modeling to determine the extent to which matrix heterogeneity disrupts the potential for cell sensing of a locally stiff feature in the matrix. Results showed that, at the scale of a single cell, spatial heterogeneity in local stiffness was larger than the increase in stiffness due to a stiff feature. The heterogeneity was reduced only for large length scales compared to the fiber length. Experiments verified this conclusion, showing spheroids of cells, which were large compared to the average fiber length, spreading preferentially toward stiff inclusions. Hence, the propagation of mechanical cues through the matrix depends on length scale, with single cells being able to sense only the stiffness of the nearby fibers and multicellular structures, such as tumors, also sensing the stiffness of distant matrix features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Proestaki
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Brian M Burkel
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emmett E Galles
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Suzanne M Ponik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jacob Notbohm
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Sensory neurogenesis in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) occurs in two waves of differentiation with larger, myelinated proprioceptive and low-threshold mechanoreceptor (LTMR) neurons differentiating before smaller, unmyelinated (C) nociceptive neurons. This temporal difference was established from early birthdating studies based on DRG soma cell size. However, distinctions in birthdates between molecular subtypes of sensory neurons, particularly nociceptors, is unknown. Here, we assess the birthdate of lumbar DRG neurons in mice using a thymidine analog, EdU, to label developing neurons exiting mitosis combined with co-labeling of known sensory neuron markers. We find that different nociceptor subtypes are born on similar timescales, with continuous births between E9.5 to E13.5, and peak births from E10.5 to E11.5. Notably, we find that thinly myelinated Aδ-fiber nociceptors and peptidergic C-fibers are born more broadly between E10.5 and E11.5 than previously thought and that non-peptidergic C-fibers and C-LTMRs are born with a peak birth date of E11.5. Moreover, we find that the percentages of nociceptor subtypes born at a particular timepoint are the same for any given nociceptor cell type marker, indicating that intrinsic or extrinsic influences on cell type diversity are occurring similarly across developmental time. Overall, the patterns of birth still fit within the classical "two wave" description, as touch and proprioceptive fibers are born primarily at E10.5, but suggest that nociceptors have a slightly broader wave of birthdates with different nociceptor subtypes continually differentiating throughout sensory neurogenesis irrespective of myelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Landy
- Dept. of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Megan Goyal
- Dept. of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Helen C Lai
- Dept. of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li F, Wang R, Song C, Zhao M, Ren H, Wang S, Liang K, Li D, Ma X, Zhu B, Wang H, Hao Y. A Skin-Inspired Artificial Mechanoreceptor for Tactile Enhancement and Integration. ACS Nano 2021; 15:16422-16431. [PMID: 34597014 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mechanoreceptors endow humans with the sense of touch by translating the external stimuli into coded spikes, inspiring the rise of artificial mechanoreceptor systems. However, to incorporate slow adaptive receptors-like pressure sensors with artificial neurons remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate an artificial mechanoreceptor by rationally integrating a polypyrrole-based resistive pressure sensor with a volatile NbOx memristor, to mimic the tactile sensation and perception in natural skin, respectively. The artificial mechanoreceptor enables the tactile sensory coding by converting the external mechanical stimuli into strength-modulated electrical spikes. Also, tactile sensation enhancement is achieved by processing the spike frequency characteristics with the pulse coupled neural network. Furthermore, the artificial mechanoreceptor can integrate signals from parallel sensor channels and encode them into unified electrical spikes, resembling the coding of intensity in tactile neural processing. These results provide simple and efficient strategies for constructing future bio-inspired electronic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Li
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Chunyan Song
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Momo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Huihui Ren
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Saisai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Kun Liang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dingwei Li
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Yue Hao
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Maas H, Noort W, Smilde HA, Vincent JA, Nardelli P, Cope TC. Detection of epimuscular myofascial forces by Golgi tendon organs. Exp Brain Res 2021; 240:147-158. [PMID: 34677632 PMCID: PMC8803698 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles embed multiple tendon organs, both at the proximal and distal ends of muscle fibers. One of the functions of such spatial distribution may be to provide locally unique force feedback, which may become more important when stresses are distributed non-uniformly within the muscle. Forces exerted by connections between adjacent muscles (i.e. epimuscular myofascial forces) may cause such local differences in force. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the effects of mechanical interactions between adjacent muscles on sensory encoding by tendon organs. Action potentials from single afferents were recorded intra-axonally in response to ramp-hold release (RHR) stretches of a passive agonistic muscle at different lengths or relative positions of its passive synergist. The tendons of gastrocnemius (GAS), plantaris (PL) and soleus (SO) muscles were cut from the skeleton for attachment to servomotors. Connective tissues among these muscles were kept intact. Lengthening GAS + PL decreased the force threshold of SO tendon organs (p = 0.035). The force threshold of lateral gastrocnemius (LG) tendon organs was not affected by SO length (p = 0.371). Also displacing LG + PL, kept at a constant muscle-tendon unit length, from a proximal to a more distal position resulted in a decrease in force threshold of LG tendon organs (p = 0.007). These results indicate that tendon organ firing is affected by changes in length and/or relative position of adjacent synergistic muscles. We conclude that tendon organs can provide the central nervous system with information about local stresses caused by epimuscular myofascial forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wendy Noort
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hiltsje A Smilde
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Jacob A Vincent
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Paul Nardelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
- School of Biological Sciences and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy C Cope
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
- School of Biological Sciences and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rahiminejad E, Parvizi-Fard A, Iskarous MM, Thakor NV, Amiri M. A Biomimetic Circuit for Electronic Skin With Application in Hand Prosthesis. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:2333-2344. [PMID: 34673491 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3120446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
One major challenge in upper limb prostheses is providing sensory feedback to amputees. Reproducing the spiking patterns of human primary tactile afferents can be considered as the first step for this challenging problem. In this study, a novel biomimetic circuit for SA-I and RA-I afferents is proposed to functionally replicate the spiking response of the biological tactile afferents to indentation stimuli. The circuit has been designed, laid out, and simulated in TSMC 180nm CMOS technology with a 1.8V supply voltage. A pair of SA-I and RA-I afferent circuits consume [Formula: see text] of power. The occupied silicon area is [Formula: see text] for 32 afferents. To provide the inputs for circuit testing, a patch of skin with a grid of mechanoreceptors is simulated and tested by an edge stimulus presented at different orientations. Experimental data are collected using indentation of 3D-printed edges at different orientations on a tactile sensor mounted on a robotic arm. Inspired by innervation patterns observed in biology, the artificial afferents are connected to several neighboring mechanoreceptors with different weights to form complex receptive fields which cover the entire mechanoreceptor grid. Machine learning algorithms are applied offline to classify the edge orientations based on the pattern of neural responses. Our results show that the complex receptive fields arising from the innervation pattern led to smaller circuit area and lower power consumption, while facilitating data encoding from high-resolution sensors. The proposed biomimetic circuit and tactile encoding example demonstrate potential applications in modern tactile sensing modules for developing novel bio-robotic and prosthetic technologies.
Collapse
|
35
|
Di Palma A, Kitajima EW, Lofego AC. The extravagantly modified dorsal setae of Daidalotarsonemus oliveirai and Excelsotarsonemus caravelis (Acari: Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae) females: Ultrastructure and functional implications. Arthropod Struct Dev 2021; 63:101057. [PMID: 34022513 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genera Daidalotarsonemus De Leon and Excelsotarsonemus Ochoa & Naskrecki are mainly characterized, in the females, by the presence of sculpturing on the dorsal shields and by highly modified dorsal setae, greatly enlarged, laminar or sail-shaped. Moreover, both genera are characterized by abundant cerotegument all over the body and on the modified setae (d, e, f) with the presence of fungi, lichens, and bacteria accumulating. The peculiar morphology of the dorsal setae in these two genera has suggested they might have other functions beside the sensory one. Ultrastructural observations using scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques revealed that, albeit extravagantly modified, these dorsal setae should act as mechanoreceptors in agreement with most of the previous observations in mites. The morphological modifications of the setae d, e, and f (pronounced cup shape of setae e and enlarged shaft with concave longitudinal strips of setae d and f) suggest they play, in addition to the tactile function, a storage role and dispersive role for fungal spores collected by the mite while moving in the humid environment. Moreover, the modified setae d, e, and f inserted on elevated sockets are probably movable by the action of dorso-ventral muscles; thus, mites might use their sail-shape to become airborne. In addition, the body dorso-ventral muscles observed inserting close to the elevated seta e sockets suggest the mite might also lift these cup-like setae to spread the fungal particles on the body or over adjacent vegetation as well. Biological and feeding studies are necessary to better understand the role such fungi might play in the mite life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Palma
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Science and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Elliot W Kitajima
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 13418900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Lofego
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ghorbanzadeh B, Naem S, Farshid AA. Microscopic Study of Mechanoreceptors and Chemoreceptors of Anterior and Posterior Ends of Toxocara Canis Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Light Microscope. Arch Razi Inst 2021; 76:311-322. [PMID: 34223730 PMCID: PMC8410181 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2020.342252.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the fine structure of amphids and phasmids, cuticle, muscles, and digestive tracts of Toxocara canis using optical and electron microscopy, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, and other specific stains. A number of 38 adult T.canis worms were obtained from the animal shelter of Urmia, and their small intestines were fixated in acidified formal alcohol and 10% formalin solutions. The anterior and posterior parts of male and female T.canis worms were prepared and cut at a thickness of 4-5 μm according to the conventional method in the histological laboratory. The samples were then stained using H&E and specific periodic acid-Schiff, Masson's trichrome, and Orcein staining. The structure of amphid (anterior), phasmid (posterior), cuticle, muscles, and digestive tracts of male and female worms were studied under light microscopy. Basal, intermediate, cortex, and cuticle surface coating of the parasite were visible. Alae were also observed as the thickenings in the cuticle. The muscle layer structure consists of non-branched cylindrical cells. The intestinal tract is composed of cuticular cogs, the esophagus is of filamentous-muscular structure, and the intestine is made of columnar epithelial tissue with microvilli and glycocalyx. The amphid structure consisted of cuticular protrusions with penetrations of the cephalic framework into their inner layers. Phasmid structure also includes protrusions in the cuticle and invagination of sensory neurons. It was concluded that for the most part, the histological structure of the cuticle can be studied by optical microscopy. The muscle structure in this parasite was very similar to the skeletal muscle in mammals. Furthermore, the epithelial structure of the intestine in this parasite was largely similar to the intestinal epithelium in mammals. Finally, regarding the amphid and phasmid structures, it was observed that they were protrusions covered by cuticles where neural, filamentous, and muscular structures were the core of these protrusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Parasitology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - S Naem
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Parasitology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Parasitology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - A A Farshid
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Parasitology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ferreira RA, Lorenzo MG, Lazzari CR. Triggering the proboscis extension reflex (PER) in Rhodnius prolixus. J Insect Physiol 2021; 132:104249. [PMID: 33940042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The heat emitted by the host body constitutes a short distance orientation cue for most blood-sucking insects, as is the case of the kissing-bug Rhodnius prolixus. We evaluated here how kissing bugs assess the distance to a warm target, in order to reach it by displaying the Proboscis Extension Reflex (PER). We confronted blind-folded insects to a thermal source either at 35° or at 40 °C under both, open- and closed-loop conditions. The results showed that nymphs were able to estimate the distance to a thermal source just using thermal information. Free walking insects displayed PER with a maximum frequency at 5 mm from the object, even without touching it. Yet, our experiments showed that the insects need to walk freely to estimate the distance to the source accurately, i.e. performing the PER at a distance allowing them to reach the target with the tip of the proboscis. The distance at which PER was triggered was independent of the temperature of the thermal source (35° or 40 °C). Moreover, our results also unravelled that mechanical stimuli can be integrated with thermal cues, being capable of affecting the triggering of PER in kissing bugs. This is the first study providing evidence that blood-sucking vector insects use mechanoreception for eliciting their bites. We discuss our findings in the light of present models explaining the ability of kissing bugs to estimate the distance and the temperature of a potential food sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudio R Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - University of Tours, Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Krupa PM, McMurry ST, Minghetti M, Belden JB. Effects of Copper on the Neuromasts of Xenopus Laevis. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2021; 80:769-778. [PMID: 33180147 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish and aquatic amphibians possess neuromasts on the surface of their body that constitute the lateral line, a sensory system used to detect water displacement. Copper is known to inactivate the neuromast organs of this system. Copper-induced neuromast loss in African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis, was examined by exposing Nieuwkoop-Faber stage 54-55 larvae to copper concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 µg/L for 96 h, followed by an examination of neuromast counts, staining intensity, and behavioral responses. Neuromasts were counted using a novel imaging method across four different body regions: the whole body, partial body, head, and tail. Neuromast counts showed a decreasing, but nonsignificant, trend across increasing levels of copper exposure. Intensity of neuromast staining showed a stronger concentration-dependent decrease in all four body regions. The decrease in staining intensity, but not neuromast number, may indicate that although neuromasts are still functioning, they have a decreased number of viable hair cells. Potential loss of responsiveness related to neuromast damage was examined via sensitivity to puffs of air at varying distances. We detected little to no difference in response to the air puff stimulus between control tadpoles and tadpoles exposed to 400 µg/L of copper. Neuromasts of X. laevis may be more resistant to copper than those of North American tadpole species, possibly suggesting greater tolerance of the lateral line to environmental stressors in species that maintain this sensory system throughout their lifespan as compared with species that only have the lateral line during the larval period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige M Krupa
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Scott T McMurry
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Matteo Minghetti
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jason B Belden
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Foote AG, Thibeault SL. Sensory Innervation of the Larynx and the Search for Mucosal Mechanoreceptors. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2021; 64:371-391. [PMID: 33465318 PMCID: PMC8632506 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The larynx is a uniquely situated organ, juxtaposed between the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and endures considerable immunological challenges while providing reflexogenic responses via putative mucosal mechanoreceptor afferents. Laryngeal afferents mediate precise monitoring of sensory events by relay to the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (iSLN). Exposure to a variety of stimuli (e.g., mechanical, chemical, thermal) at the mucosa-airway interface has likely evolved a diverse array of specialized sensory afferents for rapid laryngeal control. Accordingly, mucosal mechanoreceptors in demarcated laryngeal territories have been hypothesized as primary sources of sensory input. The purpose of this article is to provide a tutorial on current evidence for laryngeal afferent receptors in mucosa, the role of mechano-gated ion channels within airway epithelia and mechanisms for mechanoreceptors implicated in laryngeal health and disease. Method An overview was conducted on the distribution and identity of iSLN-mediated afferent receptors in the larynx, with specific focus on mechanoreceptors and their functional roles in airway mucosa. Results/Conclusions Laryngeal somatosensation at the cell and molecular level is still largely unexplored. This tutorial consolidates various animal and human researches, with translational emphasis provided for the importance of mucosal mechanoreceptors to normal and abnormal laryngeal function. Information presented in this tutorial has relevance to both clinical and research arenas. Improved understanding of iSLN innervation and corresponding mechanotransduction events will help shed light upon a variety of pathological reflex responses, including persistent cough, dysphonia, and laryngospasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Foote
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Susan L. Thibeault
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen TC, Cheng DH, Hsu ML, Lei YP. Application of masticatory control in dental treatment for elderly individuals. J Chin Med Assoc 2021; 84:125-128. [PMID: 33306597 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Taiwan transitioned to an aged society in 2018. Appropriate dental treatment is important for elderly individuals. Previously, reconstruction of the dentition was thought to help regain chewing function. However, concerns of the elderly population, such as decline in learning ability and saliva secretion, complicate dental reconstruction. Overlooking the special needs of elderly individuals may lead to impaired chewing function, resulting in nutritional imbalances and increased burden on the digestive tract, causing more health disorders. For the elderly population, treatment must be aimed at restoring as much chewing function as possible with minimal changes. Additionally, regular oral hygiene care, proper design of fixed partial dentures, and implant placement greatly reduce the difficulty in adapting to a new prosthesis. These measures allow us to provide better quality of life for elderly individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chung Chen
- Division of Prosthodontics, Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dong-Hui Cheng
- Division of Prosthodontics, Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Lun Hsu
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Ping Lei
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The order Diptera (true flies) are named for their two wings because their hindwings have evolved into specialized mechanosensory organs called halteres. Flies use halteres to detect body rotations and maintain stability during flight and other behaviours. The most recently diverged dipteran monophyletic subsection, the Calyptratae, is highly successful, accounting for approximately 12% of dipteran diversity, and includes common families like house flies. These flies move their halteres independently from their wings and oscillate their halteres during walking. Here, we demonstrate that this subsection of flies uses their halteres to stabilize their bodies during takeoff, whereas non-Calyptratae flies do not. We find that flies of the Calyptratae are able to take off more rapidly than non-Calyptratae flies without sacrificing stability. Haltere removal decreased both velocity and stability in the takeoffs of Calyptratae, but not other flies. The loss of takeoff velocity following haltere removal in Calyptratae (but not other flies) is a direct result of a decrease in leg extension speed. A closely related non-Calyptratae species (D. melanogaster) also has a rapid takeoff, but takeoff duration and stability are unaffected by haltere removal. Haltere use thus allows for greater speed and stability during fast escapes, but only in the Calyptratae clade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica L. Fox
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xu Z, Wu C, Zhu Y, Ju S, Ma F, Guo T, Li F, Kim TW. Bio-inspired smart electronic-skin based on inorganic perovskite nanoplates for application in photomemories and mechanoreceptors. Nanoscale 2021; 13:253-260. [PMID: 33331373 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06550a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of artificial skin, such as electronic skin, is critical to emerging artificial intelligence systems. Electronic skins reported to date are mechanically flexible, and can detect various stimuli, but lack the ability to regulate themselves and learn information from the outside world. The integration of bio-inspired multifunction in a single electronic platform is critical to the development of e-skin systems. Here, we demonstrate a self-powered, light-stimulated, smart e-skin based on a photosensitive perovskite material. The electronic skin implements the functions of both tactile sensing and photoelectric neural computing. The strategy for developing such a material system and architecture of the electronic skin meets the requirement of multifunctional smart human-machine interfaces and has promising potential for application in future artificial intelligence systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Xu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Germann C, Sutter R, Nanz D. Novel observations of Pacinian corpuscle distribution in the hands and feet based on high-resolution 7-T MRI in healthy volunteers. Skeletal Radiol 2021; 50:1249-1255. [PMID: 33156397 PMCID: PMC8035111 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-020-03667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pacinian corpuscles represent special nerve endings that serve as mechanoreceptors sensitive to vibration and pressure and are crucial for proprioception. This work demonstrates that the complex network of Pacinian corpuscles in hands and feet can be examined with three-dimensional Dual Echo Steady State (DESS) MR imaging at 7 T, while previous dedicated MRI reports were either limited to two-dimensional images or focused on the hands. The high-resolution MR images show the detailed architecture of the complex receptor network and reveal a "chain-like" arrangement of Pacinian corpuscles, a predilection for clustering around metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints, proximal phalanges and fingertips, and specific sensor locations both in the superficial subcutaneous tissue and adjacent to deep soft tissue structures such as tendons and joint capsules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Germann
- Radiology, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Reto Sutter
- Radiology, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Nanz
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SCMI, Swiss Center for Musculoskeletal Imaging, Balgrist Campus AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Al-Manei K, Almotairy N, Al-Manei KK, Kumar A, Grigoriadis A. Oral Fine Motor Control of Teeth Treated with Endodontic Microsurgery: A Single-Blinded Case-control Study. J Endod 2020; 47:226-233. [PMID: 33161000 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontal mechanoreceptors (PMRs) are refined neural receptors present in abundance at the root apex and have a pivotal role in oral fine motor control. This case-control study aimed to evaluate the oral fine motor control of teeth treated with endodontic microsurgery (EMS) in comparison with the control teeth using a standardized behavioral biting task. METHODS Fourteen eligible participants performed 5 trials of an oral fine motor control task that involved holding and splitting half of a peanut positioned on a force transducer with their EMS treated tooth and its contralateral control incisor tooth (28 teeth in total). The outcome variables were the mean food holding force, intra- and intertrial variability of the holding force, food splitting force, splitting duration, and the frequency of the stepwise splitting phase. The data were analyzed with parametric and nonparametric tests. RESULTS The results showed no statistically significant differences in the holding force, inter- and intratrial variability of the holding force, splitting force, or splitting duration between the teeth treated with EMS and the control (P > .05). However, there was a significantly higher frequency of stepwise ramp increase during the splitting phase with EMS treated teeth compared with the control (48% and 37%, respectively; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS EMS treated teeth showed similar force regulation and oral fine motor control as the contralateral control. The findings of this study suggest that EMS treatment does not perturb the sensory information of PMRs and maintains the force regulation and oral fine motor control of the teeth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Al-Manei
- Unit of Endodontics, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden; Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nabeel Almotairy
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholod Khalil Al-Manei
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anastasios Grigoriadis
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Naito S, Kato C, Yabushita T, Ono T. Functional changes in the temporomandibular joint mechanoreceptors associated with experimentally induced condylar resorption in rats. Angle Orthod 2020; 90:831-836. [PMID: 33378516 DOI: 10.2319/020420-80.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the influence of experimentally induced progressive condylar resorption (PCR) on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) mechanoreception. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty 13-week-old male albino Wistar rats were divided equally into control and PCR groups. A compressive force was loaded on the left TMJ of PCR group rats to induce condylar resorption. Single-unit activities of TMJ mechanoreceptors were also induced through passive jaw movement. Recording was performed for the left Gasserian ganglion at 3 days and 1 week after the establishment of PCR group. The effects of PCR on TMJ units were assessed by measuring the firing threshold, maximum instantaneous firing frequency, and average firing frequency. RESULTS Compared with the control group, there were no significant differences in the firing threshold of the PCR group after 3 days. The thresholds were significantly higher 1 week after compressive force loading on the condyle. The maximum instantaneous firing frequencies and the average firing frequencies showed no significant differences after 3 days. However, these were significantly lower 1 week after compressive force loading. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that compressive force loading on the condyle may influence the function of TMJ mechanoreceptors.
Collapse
|
46
|
Mangalam M, Carver NS, Kelty-Stephen DG. Multifractal signatures of perceptual processing on anatomical sleeves of the human body. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200328. [PMID: 32674706 PMCID: PMC7423428 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into haptic perception typically concentrates on mechanoreceptors and their supporting neuronal processes. This focus risks ignoring crucial aspects of active perception. For instance, bodily movements influence the information available to mechanoreceptors, entailing that movement facilitates haptic perception. Effortful manual wielding of an object prompts feedback loops at multiple spatio-temporal scales, rippling outwards from the wielding hand to the feet, maintaining an upright posture and interweaving to produce a nonlinear web of fluctuations throughout the body. Here, we investigated whether and how this bodywide nonlinearity engenders a flow of multifractal fluctuations that could support perception of object properties via dynamic touch. Blindfolded participants manually wielded weighted dowels and reported judgements of heaviness and length. Mechanical fluctuations on the anatomical sleeves (i.e. peripheries of the body), from hand to the upper body, as well as to the postural centre of pressure, showed evidence of multifractality arising from nonlinear temporal correlations across scales. The modelling of impulse-response functions obtained from vector autoregressive analysis revealed that distinct sets of pairwise exchanges of multifractal fluctuations entailed accuracy in heaviness and length judgements. These results suggest that the accuracy of perception via dynamic touch hinges on specific flowing patterns of multifractal fluctuations that people wear on their anatomical sleeves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicole S. Carver
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Vibrations are all around us. We can detect vibrations with sensitive skin mechanoreceptors, but our conscious awareness of the presence of vibrations is often limited. Nevertheless, vibrations play a role in our everyday life. Here, we briefly describe the function of vibration detection and how it can be used for medical applications by way of whole body vibration. Strong vibrations can be harmful, but milder vibrations can be beneficial, although to what extent and how large the clinical relevance is are still controversial. Whole body vibration can be applied via a vibrating platform, used in both animal and human research. Recent findings make clear that the mode of action is twofold: next to the rather well-known exercise (muscle) component, it also has a sensory (skin) component. Notably, the sensory (skin) component stimulating the brain has potential for several purposes including improvements in brain-related disorders. Combining these two components by selecting the optimal settings in whole body vibration has clear potential for medical applications. To realize this, the field needs more standardized and personalized protocols. It should tackle what could be considered the "Big Five" variables of whole body vibration designs: vibration amplitude, vibration frequency, method of application, session duration/frequency, and total intervention duration. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms by translational research can help to determine the optimal settings. Many systematic reviews on whole body vibration end with the conclusion that the findings are promising yet inconclusive. This is mainly because of the large variation in the "Big Five" settings between studies and incomplete reporting of methodological details hindering reproducibility. We are of the opinion that when (part of) these optimal settings are being realized, a much better estimate can be given about the true potential of whole body vibration as a medical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Oroszi
- Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Research Center for Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marieke J.G. van Heuvelen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Csaba Nyakas
- Research Center for Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eddy A. van der Zee
- Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Thorington GU, Hessinger DA. Activated L-Type Calcium Channels Inhibit Chemosensitized Nematocyst Discharge from Sea Anemone Tentacles. Biol Bull 2020; 238:180-192. [PMID: 32597714 DOI: 10.1086/708947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Because in vivo nematocyst discharge requires extracellular Ca2+, Ca2+ channels have been suspected to be involved; but their identity and role have not been revealed. The majority of nematocysts that discharge from sea anemone tentacles are under the control of sensitizing chemoreceptors for N-acetylated sugars (e.g., N-acetylneuraminic acid). Activated chemoreceptors predispose contact-sensitive mechanoreceptors to trigger discharge. We show that activating L-type Ca2+ channels inhibits N-acetylneuraminic acid-sensitized discharge, contrary to a previous suggestion. In addition, inhibiting L-type channels increases sensitivity to N-acetylneuraminic acid. Specifically, we show that the L-type Ca2+ channel activator (-)-Bay K 8644 dose-dependently inhibits N-acetylneuraminic acid-sensitized discharge, as does raising ambient Ca2+ levels. We also show that lowering extracellular Ca2+ levels or adding any of several selective and chemically distinct L-type Ca2+ channel blockers, including dihydropyridines, dose-dependently increases N-acetylneuraminic acid sensitivity and broadens the dynamic range of N-acetylneuraminic acid sensitization. Consistent with these functional findings, Aiptasia pallida expresses an L-type Ca2+ channel α subunit transcript that encodes a conserved dihydropyridine-binding site. Phylogenetic analysis confirms a close relationship of the Aiptasia Ca2+ channel α subunit sequence between anemones, anthozoans, and cnidarians that extends into protostomal and deuterostomal bilaterians. We conclude that L-type Ca2+ channel activity modulates N-acetylneuraminic acid-sensitized nematocyst discharge in a push-pull manner depending on channel activity state. Our findings suggest that L-type channel activation promotes chemosensory desensitization, and we predict that N-acetylneuraminic acid chemoreceptor signaling will activate L-type channels.
Collapse
|
49
|
Bednaršek N, Feely RA, Beck MW, Alin SR, Siedlecki SA, Calosi P, Norton EL, Saenger C, Štrus J, Greeley D, Nezlin NP, Roethler M, Spicer JI. Exoskeleton dissolution with mechanoreceptor damage in larval Dungeness crab related to severity of present-day ocean acidification vertical gradients. Sci Total Environ 2020; 716:136610. [PMID: 31982187 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) along the US West Coast is intensifying faster than observed in the global ocean. This is particularly true in nearshore regions (<200 m) that experience a lower buffering capacity while at the same time providing important habitats for ecologically and economically significant species. While the literature on the effects of OA from laboratory experiments is voluminous, there is little understanding of present-day OA in-situ effects on marine life. Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) is perennially one of the most valuable commercial and recreational fisheries. We focused on establishing OA-related vulnerability of larval crustacean based on mineralogical and elemental carapace to external and internal carapace dissolution by using a combination of different methods ranging from scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, elemental mapping and X-ray diffraction. By integrating carapace features with the chemical observations and biogeochemical model hindcast, we identify the occurrence of external carapace dissolution related to the steepest Ω calcite gradients (∆Ωcal,60) in the water column. Dissolution features are observed across the carapace, pereopods (legs), and around the calcified areas surrounding neuritic canals of mechanoreceptors. The carapace dissolution is the most extensive in the coastal habitats under prolonged (1-month) long exposure, as demonstrated by the use of the model hindcast. Such dissolution has a potential to destabilize mechanoreceptors with important sensory and behavioral functions, a pathway of sensitivity to OA. Carapace dissolution is negatively related to crab larval width, demonstrating a basis for energetic trade-offs. Using a retrospective prediction from a regression models, we estimate an 8.3% increase in external carapace dissolution over the last two decades and identified a set of affected OA-related sublethal pathways to inform future risk assessment studies of Dungeness crabs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bednaršek
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Richard A Feely
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Marcus W Beck
- Tampa Bay Estuary Program, 263 13th Ave S, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Simone R Alin
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | | | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Emily L Norton
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Casey Saenger
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Dana Greeley
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Nikolay P Nezlin
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Miranda Roethler
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - John I Spicer
- University of Plymouth, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sáez S, Pequeño G, Jaramillo R, Vargas-Chacoff L. Mechanosensory system of the lateral line in the subantarctic Patagonian blenny Eleginops maclovinus. J Fish Biol 2019; 95:222-227. [PMID: 30141196 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the cephalic and trunk lateral line systems in Patagonian blenny Eleginops maclovinus juveniles, providing morphological details for pores, canals and neuromasts. Eleginops maclovinus juveniles possess a complete laterodorsal lateral line that extends from the upper apex of the gill opening along the trunk as far as the caudal fin. The lateral line was ramified through pores and canals. The following pores were recorded: four supraorbital pores, with two along the eye border and two on the snout; seven infraorbital pores, with three on the lacrimal bone and four being infraorbital; five postorbital pores, with three along the preopercular border (upper preoperculum branch) and two on the bone curvature (inferior preoperculum branch); and four mandibular pores aligned along the jaw. Furthermore, five narrow-simple and interconnected canals were found (i.e. preopercular, mandibular, supraorbital and infraorbital canals). Histologically, the dorsal lateral line presented thin neuromasts (350 μm) with short hair cells. By contrast, the cranial region presented long, thick neuromasts. Infraorbital and mandibular neuromasts had a major axis length of 260 μm and respective average diameters of 200 and 185 μm. Sensory system variations would be due to a greater concentration of neuromasts in the cranial region, allowing for a greater perception of changes in water pressure. Scarce morphological information is available for the lateral sensory system in Eleginopsidae, particularly compared to Channichthyidae, Bovichthydae, Artedidraconidae and Bathydraconidae. Therefore, the presented results form a fundamental foundation of knowledge for the lateral-line system in juvenile E. maclovinus and provide a basis for future related research in this taxon as well as within the Notothenioidei suborder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Sáez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - German Pequeño
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Roberto Jaramillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| |
Collapse
|