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Galarza-Muñoz G, Soto-Morales SI, Jiao S, Holmgren M, Rosenthal JJC. Molecular determinants for cold adaptation in an Antarctic Na +/K +-ATPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301207120. [PMID: 37782798 PMCID: PMC10576127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301207120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes from ectotherms living in chronically cold environments have evolved structural innovations to overcome the effects of temperature on catalysis. Cold adaptation of soluble enzymes is driven by changes within their primary structure or the aqueous milieu. For membrane-embedded enzymes, like the Na+/K+-ATPase, the situation is different because changes to the lipid bilayer in which they operate may also be relevant. Although much attention has been focused on thermal adaptation within lipid bilayers, relatively little is known about the contribution of structural changes within membrane-bound enzymes themselves. The identification of specific mutations that confer temperature compensation is complicated by the presence of neutral mutations, which can be more numerous. In the present study, we identified specific amino acids in a Na+/K+-ATPase from an Antarctic octopus that underlie cold resistance. Our approach was to generate chimeras between an Antarctic clone and a temperate ortholog and then study their temperature sensitivities in Xenopus oocytes using an electrophysiological approach. We identified 12 positions in the Antarctic Na+/K+-ATPase that, when transferred to the temperate ortholog, were sufficient to confer cold tolerance. Furthermore, although all 12 Antarctic mutations were required for the full phenotype, a single leucine in the third transmembrane segment (M3) imparted most of it. Mutations that confer cold resistance are mostly in transmembrane segments, at positions that face the lipid bilayer. We propose that the interface between a transmembrane enzyme and the lipid bilayer is a critical determinant of temperature sensitivity and, accordingly, has been a prime evolutionary target for thermal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaddiel Galarza-Muñoz
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR00901
| | - Sonia I. Soto-Morales
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR00901
| | - Song Jiao
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Miguel Holmgren
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Joshua J. C. Rosenthal
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR00901
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Um JH, Kim EA, Lee W, Kang N, Han EJ, Oh JY, Park SY, Jeon YJ, Lee SH, Ahn G. Protective Effects of An Enzymatic Hydrolysate from Octopus ocellatus Meat against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Chang Liver Cells and Zebrafish Embryo. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018; 975 Pt 1:603-620. [PMID: 28849485 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Octopus ocellatus, a marine cephalopod distributed in the coast of South Korea, China, Japan and tropical sea, contains high amounts of taurine. In this study, an enzymatic hydrolysate obtained from O. ocellatus meat was evaluated for its antioxidant effects using a human liver cell line and zebrafish embryo model. Enzymatic hydrolysates of the O. ocellatus meat (OOM) were prepared using six different enzymes. Among the enzymatic hydrolysates, Alcalase hydrolysate of OOM (OOMAH) showed the highest scavenging effects against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Moreover, it showed a high oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). OOMAH treatment effectively reduced the hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage. OOMAH reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H2O2-treated hepatocytes without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, OOMAH improved the survival rate and reduced the intracellular ROS levels in H2O2-treated zebrafish embryos. Compositional analysis of amino acids indicated a high content of taurine in OOMAH. Current results suggest that OOMAH possesses antioxidant bioactivities and could provide protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, OOMAH might be used as a potential resource of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyung Um
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Eun-A Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - WonWoo Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Nalae Kang
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Eui Jeong Han
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Oh
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Park
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Division of Food Bioscience and Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hong Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience and Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Ginnae Ahn
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea.
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea.
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Sillero-Ríos J, Sureda A, Capó X, Oliver-Codorniú M, Arechavala-Lopez P. Biomarkers of physiological responses of Octopus vulgaris to different coastal environments in the western Mediterranean Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 128:240-247. [PMID: 29571370 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The increase of pollutants in coastal seawater could produce several harmful biological effects on marine organisms related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing cellular and tissue damages through oxidative stress mechanisms. Common octopuses (Octopus vulgaris) inhabiting coastal areas under high anthropogenic activity of Mallorca (W-Mediterranean Sea) have the ability to control oxidative damage by triggering antioxidant enzyme responses. Analyzing the digestive glands, octopuses from human-altered coastal areas showed higher activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) compared to octopuses from non-influenced coastal waters (i.e. marine reserve area). Higher metallothionein (MT) concentrations and lack of malondialdehyde (MDA) variations also reflect adaptations of O. vulgaris to polluted areas. This is the first study assessing the levels of the oxidative stress biomarkers on O. vulgaris in the Mediterranean Sea, revealing their usefulness to assess diverse environmental pollution effects on this relevant ecological and commercial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sillero-Ríos
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Fish Ecology Group, Department of Ecology of Marine Resources, Mediterranean Institute of Advance Studies (IMEDEA-CSIC/UIB), 07190, Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - A Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - X Capó
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - M Oliver-Codorniú
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Fish Ecology Group, Department of Ecology of Marine Resources, Mediterranean Institute of Advance Studies (IMEDEA-CSIC/UIB), 07190, Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - P Arechavala-Lopez
- Fish Ecology Group, Department of Ecology of Marine Resources, Mediterranean Institute of Advance Studies (IMEDEA-CSIC/UIB), 07190, Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Yang Y, Chen ZW, Hurlburt BK, Li GL, Zhang YX, Fei DX, Shen HW, Cao MJ, Liu GM. Identification of triosephosphate isomerase as a novel allergen in Octopus fangsiao. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:35-46. [PMID: 28208072 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Octopus is an important mollusk in human dietary for its nutritional value, however it also causes allergic reactions in humans. Major allergens from octopus have been identified, while the knowledge of novel allergens remains poor. In the present study, a novel allergen with molecular weight of 28kDa protein was purified from octopus (Octopus fangsiao) and identified as triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) by mass spectrometry. TIM aggregated beyond 45°C, and its IgE-binding activity was affected under extreme pH conditions due to the altered secondary structure. In simulated gastric fluid digestion, TIM can be degraded into small fragments, while retaining over 80% of the IgE-binding activity. The full-length cDNA of O. fangsiao TIM (1140bp) was cloned, which encodes 247 amino acid residues, and the entire recombinant TIM was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, which showed similar immunoreactivity to the native TIM. Different intensity of cross-reactivity among TIM from related species revealed the complexity of its epitopes. Eight linear epitopes of TIM were predicted following bioinformatic analysis. Furthermore, a conformational epitope (A71G74S69D75T73F72V67) was confirmed by the phage display technology. The results revealed the physicochemical and immunological characteristics of TIM, which is significant in the development of hyposensitivity food and allergy diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Barry K Hurlburt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Gui-Ling Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yong-Xia Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Dan-Xia Fei
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Hai-Wang Shen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China.
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Casini A, Vaccaro R, D'Este L, Sakaue Y, Bellier JP, Kimura H, Renda TG. Immunolocalization of choline acetyltransferase of common type in the central brain mass of Octopus vulgaris. Eur J Histochem 2012; 56:e34. [PMID: 23027350 PMCID: PMC3493980 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2012.e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine, the first neurotransmitter to be identified in the vertebrate frog, is widely distributed among the animal kingdom. The presence of a large amount of acetylcholine in the nervous system of cephalopods is well known from several biochemical and physiological studies. However, little is known about the precise distribution of cholinergic structures due to a lack of a suitable histochemical technique for detecting acetylcholine. The most reliable method to visualize the cholinergic neurons is the immunohistochemical localization of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase, the synthetic enzyme of acetylcholine. Following our previous study on the distribution patterns of cholinergic neurons in the Octopus vulgaris visual system, using a novel antibody that recognizes choline acetyltransferase of the common type (cChAT), now we extend our investigation on the octopus central brain mass. When applied on sections of octopus central ganglia, immunoreactivity for cChAT was detected in cell bodies of all central brain mass lobes with the notable exception of the subfrontal and subvertical lobes. Positive varicosed nerves fibers where observed in the neuropil of all central brain mass lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casini
- Laboratory of Immunohistochemistry Tindaro G. Renda Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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Basova IN, Iagodina OV. [Substrate-inhibitory analysis of monoamine oxidase from hepatopancreas of the octopus Bathypolypus arcticus]. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 2012; 48:342-348. [PMID: 23013021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Study of the substrate-inhibitory specificity of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) of hepatopancreas of the octopus Bathypolypus arcticus revealed distinctive peculiarities of catalytic properties of this enzyme. The studied enzyme, on one hand, like the classic MAO of homoiothermal animals, is able to deaminate tyramine, serotonin, benzylamine, tryptamine, beta-phenylethylamine, while, on the other hand, deaminates histamine and does not deaminate putrescine--classic substrates of diamine oxidase (DAO). Results of the substrate-inhibitory analysis with use of chlorgiline and deprenyl are indirect proofs of the existence in the octopus hepatopancreas of one molecular MAO form. Semicarbazide and pyronine G turned out to be weak irreversible inhibitors, four derivatives of acridine--irreversible inhibitors of the intermediate effectiveness with respect to the octopus hepatopancreas MAO; specificity of action of inhibitors at deamination of different substrates was equal.
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DE LISA EMILIA, DE MAIO ANNA, MOROZ LEONIDL, MOCCIA FRANCESCO, MENNELLA MARIAROSARIAFARAONE, DI COSMO ANNA. Characterization of novel cytoplasmic PARP in the brain of Octopus vulgaris. Biol Bull 2012; 222:176-181. [PMID: 22815366 PMCID: PMC4024473 DOI: 10.1086/bblv222n3p176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigation has focused on the participation of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) reaction in the invertebrate central nervous system (CNS) during the process of long-term memory (LTM). In this paper, we characterize, localize, and assign a possible role to a cytoplasmic PARP in the brain of Octopus vulgaris. PARP activity was assayed in optic lobes, supraesophageal mass, and optic nerves. The highest levels of enzyme were found in the cytoplasmic fraction. Hyper-activation of the enzyme was detected in Octopus brain after visual discrimination training. Finally, cytoplasmic PARP was found to inhibit Octopus vulgaris actin polymerization. We propose that the cytoplasmic PARP plays a role in vivo to induce the cytoskeletonal reorganization that occurs during learning-induced neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- EMILIA DE LISA
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Napoli “Federico II”, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - ANNA DE MAIO
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Napoli “Federico II”, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - LEONID L. MOROZ
- Department of Neuroscience and The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd., St. Augustine, Florida 32080
| | - FRANCESCO MOCCIA
- Department of Physiology, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - ANNA DI COSMO
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Napoli “Federico II”, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Shen HW, Cao MJ, Cai QF, Ruan MM, Mao HY, Su WJ, Liu GM. Purification, cloning, and immunological characterization of arginine kinase, a novel allergen of Octopus fangsiao. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:2190-2199. [PMID: 22303807 DOI: 10.1021/jf203779w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Arginine kinase (AK) is an important enzyme participating in energy metabolism in invertebrates, but, to date, there have been no reports that AK from octopus is an allergen. In this study, octopus AK was purified, and its molecular biological, immunological, and physicochemical characterizations were analyzed. The results showed that octopus AK was purified and confirmed by mass spectrometry for the first time, and its molecular mass was 38 kDa. The full-length gene sequence of octopus AK encompassed 1209 bp and was predicted to encode a protein with 348 amino acid residues. The homology of octopus AK and crustacean AK was about 54%, but the similarity between their three-dimensional structures was high. Octopus AK could react with mouse anti-shrimp AK and rabbit anti-crab AK polyclonal antibody singly. Octopus AK could also react with specific IgE of the sera from octopus-allergic patients effectively, whereas crab AK could inhibit the reaction between them. Finally, the IgE-binding activity of octopus AK could be reduced in the processes of thermal or acid-alkali treatment. In summary, AK was identified as a novel allergen in octopus, which had a sensitizing ability similar to that of crustacean AK. This is significant in allergy diagnosis and the treatment of octopus-allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wang Shen
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO) from ink sacs of Octopus ocellatus was purified by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, and characterized in terms of its biochemical and enzymatic properties by using L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) as the specific substrate. It was found that prophenoloxidase from O. ocellatus was isolated as a heterodimeric protein of 153.8 kDa, and two subunits of 75.6 and 73.0 kDa were often detected in preparations after SDS activation. The PO-like activity showed optimal pH of 7.0, optimal temperature of 40 degrees C, and an apparent Km value of 3.1 mM on L-DOPA, and 6.3 mM on catechol, respectively. The PO-like activity was extremely sensitive to 1-phenyl-2-thiourea and sodium sulfite, and very sensitive to ascorbic acid, thiourea, citric acid, and benzoic acid. Together with its specific enzyme activity on catechol and L-DOPA, it can be concluded that the Octopus PO is most probably a typical o-diphenoloxidase. The PO-like activity was also strongly inhibited by Cu(2+), Zn(2+), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC), and the DETC-inhibited PO-like activity could be perfectly restored by Cu(2+). These results indicated that Octopus PO is most probably a copper-containing metalloenzyme. All these results implied that the PO from O. ocellatus has the properties of a catechol-type copper-containing o-diphenoloxidase which functions not only as a catalytic enzyme in melanin production in ink sacs but also as a humoral factor in host defense via melaninization as in other crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjun Fan
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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Abstract
The clams Pseudocardium, Solen, Corbicula and Ensis possess a unique form of arginine kinase (AK) with a molecular mass of 80 kDa and an unusual two-domain structure, a result of gene duplication and subsequent fusion. These AKs also lack two functionally important amino acid residues, Asp(62) and Arg(193), which are strictly conserved in other 40-kDa AKs and are assumed to be key residues for stabilizing the substrate-bound structure. However, these AKs show higher enzyme activity. The cDNA-derived amino acid sequences of 40-kDa AKs from the blood clam Scapharca broughtonii and the oyster Crassostrea gigas were determined. While Asp(62) and Arg(193) are conserved in Scapharca AK, these two key residues are replaced by Asn and Lys, respectively, in Crassostrea AK. The native enzyme from Crassostrea and both of the recombinant enzymes show an enzyme activity similar to that of two-domain clam AKs and at least twofold higher than that of other molluskan AKs. Although the replacement of Asp(62) or Arg(193) by Gly in normal AK causes a considerable decrease in V(max) (6-15% of wild-type enzyme) and a two- to threefold increase in K(m) for arginine, the same replacement in Scapharca AK had no pronounced effect on enzyme activity. Together with the observation that bivalve AKs are phylogenetically distinct from other molluskan AKs, these results suggest that bivalve AKs have undergone a unique molecular evolution; the characteristic stabilizing function of residues 62 and 193 has been lost and, consequently, the enzyme shows higher activity than normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
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Gestal C, Páez de la Cadena M, Pascual S. Malabsorption syndrome observed in the common octopus Octopus vulgaris infected with Aggregata octopiana (Protista: Apicomplexa). Dis Aquat Organ 2002; 51:61-65. [PMID: 12240971 DOI: 10.3354/dao051061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Octopus vulgaris infected with Aggregata octopiana were collected from an open-water culture system in the Ría of Aldán (NW Spain). Digestive tract infection values were determined with the use of a Neubauer chamber by counting the number of A. octopiana sporocysts. After determining enzyme activity values by the colorimetric Api-Zym system Biomerieux, one representative enzyme of glycosidases, peptid hydrolases and phosphoric hydrolases showing high activity was spectrophotometrically analysed. The enzymes were maltase and leucine-aminopeptidase (LAP) involved in the absorption process, and acid phosphatase, a lysosomic enzyme, respectively. Enzymatic activity of maltase and LAP decreased significantly, with increased sporocyst counts. However, acid phosphatase activity increased with severity of infection, indicating the presence of degradative enzymes from phagocytic cells in the infected area. A detrimental effect on gastrointestinal function may result from a decrease or malfunction of absorption enzymes. The results suggest a malabsorption syndrome resulting from parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gestal
- Area de Parasitología, FEPMAR- PB2, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Spain.
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Abstract
The structure of the precursor form of catechol oxidase from sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) has been modeled on the basis of the 3D structural data of mature catechol oxidase [Nat. Struct. Biol. 5 (1998) 1084] and of hemocyanin from giant octopus (Octopus dofleini) [J. Mol. Biol. 278 (1998) 855]. A C-terminal extension peptide is found in the cDNA sequence but not in the purified, mature form of catechol oxidase. Superimposition of the 3D structures of the native hemocyanin and catechol oxidase reveals a close relationship except for an additional C-terminal domain only found in the hemocyanin structure. As sequence alignment shows good homology this domain of the hemocyanin structure was used as a template to model the 3D structure of the C-terminal extension peptide of catechol oxidase. As hemocyanins show no or only weak catecholase activity due to this domain this indicates an inhibitory function of this extension peptide. Beside this possible shielding function for the precursor form, evidence for a function in copper-uptake also increases due to the location of three histidine residues in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Gerdemann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 8, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Liou JY, Huang TM, Chang GG. Inhibition of octopus glutathione transferase by Meisenheimer complex analog, S-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) glutathione. J Protein Chem 2000; 19:615-20. [PMID: 11233176 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007195130725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The tight binding of Meisenheimer intermediate with octopus digestive gland glutathione transferase was analyzed with 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, which forms a trapped Meisenheimer complex with glutathione because there is no leaving group at the ipso carbon. By steady-state enzyme kinetic analysis, an inhibition constant of 1.89 +/- 0.17 microM was found for the transient formed, S-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) glutathione. The above inhibition constant is 407-fold smaller than the Km value for the substrate (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene). Thus, S-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) glutathione is considered to be a transition-state analog. The tight binding of this inhibitor to the enzyme provides an explanation for the involvement of the biological binding effect on the rate enhancement in the glutathione transferase-catalyzed SNAr mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Liou
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Suzuki T, Fukuta H, Nagato H, Umekawa M. Arginine kinase from Nautilus pompilius, a living fossil. Site-directed mutagenesis studies on the role of amino acid residues in the Guanidino specificity region. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:23884-90. [PMID: 10811656 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002926200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine kinases were isolated from the cephalopods Nautilus pompilius, Octopus vulgaris, and Sepioteuthis lessoniana, and the cDNA-derived amino acid sequences have been determined. Although the origin and evolution of cephalopods have long been obscure, this work provides the first molecular evidence for the phylogenetic position of Cephalopoda in molluscan evolution. A crystal structure for Limulus arginine kinase showed that four amino acid residues (Ser(63), Gly(64), Val(65), and Tyr(68)) are hydrogen-bonded with the substrate arginine. We introduced three independent mutations, Ser(63) --> Gly, Ser(63) --> Thr, and Tyr(68) --> Ser, in Nautilus arginine kinase. One of the mutants had a considerably reduced substrate affinity, accompanied by a decreased V(max). In other mutants, the activity was lost almost completely. It is known that substantial conformational changes take place upon substrate binding in arginine kinase. We hypothesize that the hydrogen bond between Asp(62) and Arg(193) stabilizes the closed, substrate-bound state. Site-directed mutagenesis studies strongly support this hypothesis. The mutant (Asp(62) --> Gly or Arg(193) --> Gly), which destabilizes the maintenance of the closed state and/or perhaps disrupts the unique topology of the catalytic pocket, showed only a very weak activity (0.6-1.5% to the wild-type).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
S-Crystallin from octopus lens has a tertiary structure similar to sigma-class glutathione transferase (GST). However, after isolation from the lenses, S-crystallin was found to aggregate more easily than sigma-GST. In vitro experiments showed that the lens S-crystallin can be polymerized and finally denatured at increasing concentration of urea or guanidinium chloride (GdmCl). In the intermediate concentrations of urea or GdmCl, the polymerized form of S-crystallin is aggregated, as manifested by the increase in light scattering and precipitation of the protein. There is a delay time for the initiation of polymerization. Both the delay time and rate of polymerization depend on the protein concentration. The native protein showed a maximum fluorescence emission spectrum at 341 nm. The GdmCl-denatured protein exhibited two fluorescence maxima at 310 nm and 358 nm, respectively, whereas the urea-denatured protein showed a fluorescence peak at 358 nm with a small peak at 310 nm. The fluorescence intensity was quenched. Monomers, dimers, trimers, and polymers of the native protein were observed by negative-stain electron microscopic analysis. The aggregated form, however, showed irregular structure. The aggregate was solubilized in high concentrations of urea or GdmCl. The redissolved denatured protein showed an identical fluorescence spectrum to the protein solution that was directly denatured with high concentrations of urea or GdmCl. The denatured protein was readily refolded to its native state by diluting with buffer solution. The fluorescence spectrum of the renatured protein solution was similar to that of the native form. The phase diagrams for the S-crystallin in urea and GdmCl were constructed. Both salt concentration and pH value of the solution affect the polymerization rate, suggesting the participation of ionic interactions in the polymerization. Comparison of the molecular models of the S-crystallin and sigma-GST suggests that an extra ion-pair between Asp-101 and Arg-14 in S-crystallin contributes to stabilizing the protomer. Furthermore, the molecular surface of S-crystallin has a protruding Lys-208 on one side and a complementary patch of aspartate residues (Asp-90, Asp-94, Asp-101, Asp-102, Asp-179, and Asp-180) on the other side. We propose a molecular model for the S-crystallin polymer in vivo, which involves side-by-side associations of Lys-208 from one protomer and the aspartate patch from another protomer that allows the formation of a polymeric structure spontaneously into a liquid crystal structure in the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Chang
- Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences and Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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16
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Salvato B, Santamaria M, Beltramini M, Alzuet G, Casella L. The enzymatic properties of Octopus vulgaris hemocyanin: o-diphenol oxidase activity. Biochemistry 1998; 37:14065-77. [PMID: 9760242 DOI: 10.1021/bi980879j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hemocyanin and tyrosinase are dinuclear copper proteins capable of reversibly binding dioxygen. Despite the great similarity of structure and properties of their active site, the two proteins perform different biological functions (oxygen transport/storage versus monooxygenase and oxidase activity). In this paper, we show that Octopus vulgaris hemocyanin exhibits a tyrosinase-like activity; namely, it is capable of utilizing dioxygen for the oxidation of o-diphenol to quinone. The reaction is specific for this isomer of diphenol, the meta and para isomers being unreactive, and is strongly controlled by steric factors. Dioxygen represents a cosubstrate of the reaction, and it is involved in the catalytic turnover by binding to the dinuclear copper site of the protein to form, under steady-state conditions, oxy-Hc, which is the active species. The generation of semiquinone radicals, detected by EPR and by their reaction with N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, strongly supports a reaction mechanism in which such radicals represent the reaction products of one-electron oxidation of the substrate, quinone being generated by dismutation of semiquinones. Met-Hc is regenerated by the substrate to the deoxy form. To close the catalytic cycle, the proposed reaction mechanism also involves the participation of two transient protein forms with the total oxidation state of the active site (V and IV) intermediate between that of oxy-Hcy, [CuIIO22-CuII]VI, and deoxy-Hc, [CuICuI]II. A mathematical model has been elaborated to describe the reaction kinetics. The differences in reaction mechanisms between hemocyanin and tyrosinase are discussed in terms of accessibility to exogenous molecules of their active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Salvato
- Department of Biology, CNR Center for the Biochemistry and Physiology of Metalloproteins, University of Padova, Italy
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17
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Abstract
Antiprotease and lysozyme activities were detected in various tissue samples including the haemocytes and haemolymph of Eledone cirrhosa. Injection of live Vibrio anguillarum caused an increase in lysozyme activity in the branchial heart over 48 hours and a decrease in the lysozyme activity of haemocytes over 24 hours. Haemocytes from control PBS injected animals demonstrated increased lysozyme levels 4 hours after injection whereas it decreased after the injection of live bacteria in PBS. The lysozyme activity of the haemolymph was not affected by these procedures. Bacteria injections had no effect on the antiprotease activity of the organ samples but increased the antiprotease activity of the haemocytes compared to controls in the 4 h samples. Haemolymph antiprotease activity decreased at a greater rate following bacteria injection than in control PBS injected animals. Haemocyte numbers/ml increased for both the control and bacteria injected animals with a greater increase demonstrated for the bacteria injected animals in the 4 h sample. Concomittant with the increase in the numbers of circulating haemocytes live V. anguillarum were cleared from the circulation of E. cirrhosa in less than 4 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Malham
- University of Wales at Bangor, School of Biological Sciences, Gwynedd, North Wales, U.K
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18
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Abstract
Octopus glutathione transferase (GST) was enzymically active in aerosol-OT [sodium bis-(2-ethylhexyl)sulphosuccinate]/iso-octane reverse micelles albeit with lowered catalytic constant (kcat). The enzyme reaction rate was found to be dependent on the [H2O]/[surfactant] ratio (omega(o)) of the system with maximum rate observed at omega(o) 13.88, which corresponded to vesicles with a core volume of 64 nm3. According to the physical examinations, a vesicle of this size is barely large enough to accommodate a monomeric enzyme subunit. Dissociation of the enzyme in reverse micelles was confirmed by cross-linking of the associated subunits with glutaraldehyde and separation of the monomers and dimers with electrophoresis in the presence of SDS. The kinetic properties of the enzyme were investigated by steady-state kinetic analysis. Both GSH and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) showed substrate inhibition and the Michaelis constant for CDNB was increased by 36-fold to 11.05 mM in reverse micelles. Results on the initial-velocity and product-inhibition studies indicate that the octopus GST conforms to a steady-state sequential random Bi Bi mechanism. The results from a log kcat versus pH plot suggest that amino acid residues with pKa values of 6.56 0.07 and 8.81 0.17 should be deprotonated to give optimum catalytic function. In contrast, the amino acid residue with a pKa value of 9.69 0.16 in aqueous solution had to be protonated for the reaction to proceed. We propose that the pKa1 (6.56) is that for the enzyme-bound GSH, which has a pKa value lowered by 1.40-1.54 pH units compared with that of free GSH in reverse micelles. The most probable candidate for the observed pKa2 (8.81) is Tyr7 of GST. The pKa of Tyr7 is 0.88 pH unit lower than that in aqueous solution and is about 2 pH units below the normal tyrosine. This tyrosyl residue may act as a base catalyst facilitating the dissociation of enzyme-bound GSH. The possible interaction of GST with plasma membrane in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Tang
- Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences and Biochemistry, National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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19
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Fernández MR, Biosca JA, Norin A, Jörnvall H, Parés X. Class III alcohol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: structural and enzymatic features differ toward the human/mammalian forms in a manner consistent with functional needs in formaldehyde detoxication. FEBS Lett 1995; 370:23-6. [PMID: 7649298 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00788-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase class III (glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was purified and analyzed structurally and enzymatically. The corresponding gene was also analyzed after cloning from a yeast genome library by screening with a probe prepared through PCR amplification. As with class III alcohol dehydrogenase from other sources, the yeast protein was obtained in two active forms, deduced to reflect different adducts/modifications. Protein analysis established N-terminal and C-terminal positions, showing different and specific patterns in protein start positions between the human/mammalian, yeast, and prokaryotic forms. Km values with formaldehyde differ consistently, being about 10-fold higher in the yeast than the human/mammalian enzymes, but compensated for by similar changes in kcat values. This is compatible with the different functional needs, emphasizing low formaldehyde concentration in the animal cells but efficient formaldehyde elimination in the microorganisms. This supports a general role of the enzyme in formaldehyde detoxication rather than in long-chain alcohol turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Talesa V, Grauso M, Giovannini E, Rosi G, Toutant JP. Acetylcholinesterase in tentacles of Octopus vulgaris (Cephalopoda). Histochemical localization and characterization of a specific high salt-soluble and heparin-soluble fraction of globular forms. Neurochem Int 1995; 27:201-11. [PMID: 7580876 DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(95)00006-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Transverse sections of Octopus tentacles were stained for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. An intense staining, that was suppressed by preincubation in 10(-5) M eserine, was detected in a number of neuronal cells, nerve fibres and neuromuscular junctions of intrinsic muscles of the arm. Octopus acetylcholinesterase was found as two molecular forms: an amphiphilic dimeric form (G2) sensitive to phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C and a hydrophilic tetrameric (G4) form. Sequential solubilization revealed that a significant portion of both G2 and G4 forms was recovered only in a high salt-soluble fraction (1 M NaCl, no detergent), Heparin (2 mg/ml) was able to solubilize G2 and G4 forms with the same efficiency than 1 M NaCl. The solubilizing effect of heparin was concentration-dependent and was reduced by protamine (2 mg/ml). This suggests that heparin operates through the dissociation of ionic interactions existing in situ between globular forms of AChE and cellular or extracellular polyanionic components. Interaction of AChE molecular forms with heparin has been reported so far in only a few instances and its physiological meaning is uncertain. G2 and G4 forms, interacting or not with heparin, all belong to a single pharmacological class of AChE. This suggests the existence of a single AChE gene. Amphiphilic and hydrophilic subunits thus likely result either from the processing of a single AChE transcript by alternative splicing (as in vertebrate AChE) or from a post-translation modification of a single catalytic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Talesa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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21
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Tang SS, Lin CC, Chang GG. Isolation and characterization of octopus hepatopancreatic glutathione S-transferase. Comparison of digestive gland enzyme with lens S-crystallin. J Protein Chem 1994; 13:609-18. [PMID: 7702742 DOI: 10.1007/bf01890459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase from Octopus vulgaris hepatopancreas was purified to apparent homogeneity by single glutathione-Sepharose-4B affinity chromatography with overall yield 46% and purification 249-fold. The enzyme was a homodimer with subunit M(r) 24,000, which was smaller than that of the octopus lens S-crystallin (M(r) 27,000) with glutathione-S-transferase-like structure. Both proteins showed substrate specificities similar to alpha/pi-type isozyme of glutathione S-transferase. Under native conditions, both proteins exhibited multiple forms upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing, albeit with distinct mobilities; however, only one kind of N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined for the multiple forms of each protein. The hepatopancreatic GST, with pI value 6.6-7.3, dissociated into two monomers in an acidic or alkaline environment. Two amino acid residues, with pKa values 5.69 +/- 0.14 and 9.03 +/- 0.11 were involved in the subunit interactions of the hepatopancreatic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Tang
- Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences and Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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22
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Tedeschi G, Negri A, Ceciliani F, Ronchi S, Vetere A, D'Aniello G, D'Aniello A. Properties of the flavoenzyme D-aspartate oxidase from Octopus vulgaris. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994; 1207:217-22. [PMID: 7915543 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)00071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The properties of D-aspartate oxidase from Octopus vulgaris (EC 1.4.3.1) have been investigated. The protein is a monomer of M(r) 37,000 containing one mol flavin/mol protein. The enzyme as isolated exists at least in two forms, one containing FAD and the other, which is catalytically inactive, probably containing 6-OH-FAD, as inferred from the absorption spectrum of the enzyme. An additional form of the enzyme, as far as the nature of the coenzyme is concerned, has been detected in the purified enzyme and shown to derive from the form originally containing FAD. The modulation of the coenzyme reactivity exerted by Octopus D-aspartate oxidase, as studied by spectrophotometric techniques, conforms to the one expected for an enzyme belonging to the oxidase class of flavoproteins. Structural investigations show similarities in both the amino-acid composition and the N-terminal amino-acid sequence to bovine D-aspartate oxidase and porcine D-amino-acid oxidase. In summary, the general properties of the enzyme from Octopus vulgaris closely resemble those of the enzyme from beef kidney. Moreover, kinetic analyses suggest that two active-site residues with pKa of 7.1 and 9.1 are critical for catalysis, and that the ionization of such residues has different effects on the catalytic activity depending whether mono- or dicarboxylic D-amino acids are used as substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tedeschi
- Istituto di Fisiologia Veterinaria e Biochimica, Università di Milano, Italy
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23
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Kaiser R, Fernández MR, Parés X, Jörnvall H. Origin of the human alcohol dehydrogenase system: implications from the structure and properties of the octopus protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:11222-6. [PMID: 8248232 PMCID: PMC47954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.23.11222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the multiplicity of alcohol dehydrogenase in vertebrates, a class III type of the enzyme [i.e., a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase; formaldehyde; NAD+ oxidoreductase (glutathione-formylating), EC 1.2.1.1.] is the only form detectable in appreciable yield in octopus. It is enzymatically and structurally highly similar to the human class III enzyme, with limited overall residue differences (26%) and only a few conservative residue exchanges at the substrate and coenzyme pockets, reflecting "constant" characteristics of this class over wide time periods. It is distinct from the ethanol-active "variable" class I type of the enzyme (i.e., classical liver alcohol dehydrogenase; alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1). The residue conservation of class III is also spaced differently from that of class I but is typical of that of proteins in general, emphasizing that class I, with divergence at three functional segments, is the form with deviating properties. In spite of the conservation in class III, surface charges differ considerably. The apparent absence of a class I enzyme in octopus and the constant nature of the class III enzyme support the concept of a duplicative origin of the class I line from the ancient class III form. Still more distant relationships define further enzyme lines that have subunits with other properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry I, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Abstract
Octopus, squid and cuttle-fish organs were examined for alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Only one form was detectable, with properties typical of mammalian class III alcohol dehydrogenase. The corresponding protein was purified from octopus and enzymatically characterized. Ion-exchange and affinity chromatography produced a pure protein in excellent yield (73%) after 1600-fold purification. Enzymatic parameters with several substrates were similar to those for the human class III alcohol dehydrogenase, demonstrating a largely conserved function of the enzyme through wide lines of divergence covering vertebrates, cephalopods and bacteria. The results establish the universal occurrence of class III alcohol dehydrogenase and its strictly conserved functional properties in separate living forms. The absence of other alcohol dehydrogenases in cephalopods is compatible with the emergence of the ethanol-active class I type at a later stage, in lineages leading to vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosario Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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25
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Masserini M, Giuliani A, Venerando B, Fiorilli A, D'Aniello A, Tettamanti G. Alpha-fucosidase-ganglioside interactions. Action of alpha-L-fucosidase from the hepatopancreas of Octopus vulgaris on a fucose-containing ganglioside (Fuc-GM1). Biochem J 1985; 229:595-603. [PMID: 4052012 PMCID: PMC1145101 DOI: 10.1042/bj2290595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
alpha-L-Fucosidase, prepared in highly purified form (Mr 70 000-74 000) from Octopus hepatopancreas, was able to hydrolyse a fucose-containing ganglioside, namely Fuc-GM1 (II3NeuAc,IV2Fuc-GgOse4-Cer). The enzyme showed an irregular kinetic behaviour (v/[S] and v/[E] relationships following sigmoidal curves) when working on micellar Fuc-GM1 (Mr of the micelle 500 000), but obeyed regular hyperbolic kinetics when acting on low-Mr substances. It was observed that, on incubation with micellar Fuc-GM1 under the conditions used for the enzyme assay, Octopus alpha-L-fucosidase produced a ganglioside-enzyme complex that was catalytically inactive. This complex had an Mr exceeding 500 000 and a ganglioside/protein ratio of 4:1 (w/w), which is consistent with a stoichiometric combination of one ganglioside micelle with two enzyme molecules. Inactivation of alpha-L-fucosidase by formation of the corresponding complexes was also obtained with micellar gangliosides GM1 (II3NeuAc-GgOse4-Cer), GD1a (II3NeuAc,IV3NeuAc-GgOse4-Cer) and GT1b [II3(NeuAc)2,IV3-NeuAc-GgOse4-Cer], which are not substrates for the enzyme, indicating that the ganglioside micelles per se act as enzyme inhibitors. However, alpha-L-fucosidase easily forms a Fuc-GM1-alpha-L-fucosidase complex, displaying regular Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Therefore the anomalous behaviour exhibited by alpha-L-fucosidase on micellar Fuc-GM1 is likely due to formation of the complex, which separates the fucosyl linkage from the active site of the complexed enzyme, but makes it available to the enzyme in the free form.
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26
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D'Aniello A, Strazzullo L. Peptidyl-D-amino acid hydrolase from Loligo vulgaris Lam. Purification and characterization. J Biol Chem 1984; 259:4237-43. [PMID: 6444201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
An enzyme, tentatively called peptidyl-D-amino acid hydrolase, has been purified from digestive juice from cecum intestine of Loligo vulgaris. The enzyme hydrolyzes peptides that have a low number of D- or L-amino acids. Proteins, polypeptides, and amino acid derivatives are not hydrolyzed. The enzyme acts as a carboxypeptidase with specificity toward small peptides. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing, and gel filtration showed the enzyme to be homogeneous. The native enzyme has Mr = 140,000 and consists of two subunits of Mr = 106,000 and 36,000, respectively. The enzyme has an isoelectric point at pH 6.1. The extinction coefficient is 336,000 at 278 nm and the absorption spectrum reveals no chromophoric cofactors. The apparent Km values for Gly-D-Ala, Gly-L-Ala, L-Ala-D-Ala, L-Ala-L-Ala, D-Leu-D-Leu, and L-Leu-L-Leu are 5.2, 7.7, 2.5, 2.8, 5.4, and 8.6 mM, respectively. The enzyme also hydrolyzes Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin, and [D-Ala2] X Met-enkephalin. It has a broad pH optimum from 7.2 to 8.8 with a maximum at pH 8.0. The enzyme activity is not inhibited or increased by Co2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Ca2+ at a concentration of 1 mM or by guanidine chloride (50 mM)urea (3 M), and EDTA (50 mM). 50 mM CaCl2, 1 mM CdCl2, and 1 mM Pb(CH3COO)2 inhibited the enzyme activity by 5-10%. Amino acid analysis of the purified enzyme revealed an abundance of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and valine. We hypothesize that the enzyme described here serves to hydrolyze D-amino acid peptides, which are probably present in the nervous system of cephalopods.
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27
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Farina E. Nucleoside phosphorylase activity of Octopus vulgaris hepatopancreas. Ital J Biochem 1983; 32:306-17. [PMID: 6420366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
From a research on partially purified extracts of Octopus vulgaris hepatopancreas a number of properties of the nucleosidase present in such extracts have been defined, such as enzyme affinity towards different purine and pyrimidine ribo- and deoxyribo-nucleosides. The phosphorolytic mechanism of action of the Octopus enzyme system is similar to the mechanism already known for many nucleosidases from animal tissues. The possibility is envisaged of two different nucleosidases being present, one specific for ribonucleosides, with an acid optimum pH, and the other one for deoxyribonucleosides, with an alkaline pH optimum. Adenosine deaminase also appears to be a component of Octopus hepatopancreas.
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28
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Ceccarini C, D'Aniello A, Cacace MG, Atkinson PH. Purification and characterization of a beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Octopus vulgaris. Determination of specificity by using 360-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Eur J Biochem 1983; 132:469-76. [PMID: 6852008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have purified a beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from the hepatopancreas of the octopus which we have called beta I. The enzyme was homogeneous as judged by Sephadex column chromatography, isoelectric focusing, non-denaturing gel electrophoresis at two different pH and with sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The native protein has an apparent molecular weight of 120 000 and we can conclude that it is a tetramer made up of two alpha and two beta subunits with apparent Mr of 27 000 and 34 000, respectively. Using NMR spectroscopy we have examined the specificity of beta I and have established that the enzyme hydrolyses the beta 1,4 linkage of N-acetylglucosamine but at only a specific site of the substrates used, two glycopeptides isolated from ovalbumin. To our knowledge this is the first known exoglycosidase which has both linkage and site specificity.
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29
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D'Aniello A, Hakimi J, Cacace GM, Ceccarini C. The purification and characterization of alpha-L-fucosidase from the hepatopancreas of Octopus vulgaris. J Biochem 1982; 91:1073-80. [PMID: 7076646 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a133756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We have isolated and purified, by affinity chromatography with Agarose-epsilon-amino-caproyl-fucosamine, an alpha-L-fucosidase [alpha-L-fucoside fucohydrolase EC 3.2.1.51] from the hepatopancreas of Octopus vulgaris. In the purified fraction only fucosidase activity could be detected. However, two protein bands, one major (about 95 per cent) and one minor (about 5 per cent), were evident on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing also revealed two activities, pI 8.1 (major) and pI 7.3 (minor). Under denaturing conditions the molecular weight of the major band was estimated to be 52,000 while that of the minor one was 43,000. Only one major activity peak with an apparent molecular weight of 70,000--75,000 was detected by gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme has two optimal pH values, and the relative activities are temperature-dependent; one optimum is at pH 5.5 +/- 0.2 and the other at pH 3.0 +/- 0.2. We found that the enzyme has a maximum activity at about 70 degrees C, but 50 per cent of the enzyme was inactivated at 70 degrees C after 5 min. The purified enzyme, using p-nitrophenyl-L-fucoside as substrate, has a specific activity of 38.9 units/mg of protein, Km of 3.58 x 10(-4) M and Vmax of 65 mumol/min/mg of protein. alpha-L-Fucose acts as a competitive inhibitor, with a K1 of 1.2 x 10(-3) M. alpha-L-Fucosidase released radioactive fucose from cellular glycopeptides, but no detectable free fucose was released fom 5 natural substrates.
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30
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Principato GB, Aisa MC, Biagioni M, Giovannini E. Partial purification and characterization of an alkaline phosphatase in Helix nemoralis and in Octopus vulgaris. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1982; 72:325-8. [PMID: 7116816 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(82)90055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
1. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) present in the liver of Helix nemoralis and of Octopus vulgaris; enzyme was purified by homogenization, ultracentrifugation, n-butanol treatment, acetone fractionation and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. 2. The two enzymes show a similar enzyme-substrate affinity, but differ in several properties (molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility, optimum pH, substrate inhibition); a possible correlation of them with different evolutionary adaptations is suggested. 3. Possible roles of AP in Mollusca are discussed.
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Rava R, Spinosi G, Brunetti A. [Partial purification and characterization of a D-amino acid oxidase from the hepatopancreas of Octopus vulgaris]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1981; 57:111-7. [PMID: 6113836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Partial purification and characterization of a D-aminoacid oxidase from Octopus vulgaris hepatopancreas are described. An about 25-fold purification was achieved. The pH optimum was near to 9; molecular weight, determined by gel-filtration through G 200 Sephadex was approximately 55000; apparent Km was 10(-3)M. The enzyme showed great affinity for D-Ala and D-Val. Recovery of activity, due to pre-incubation with FAD was observed. The enzyme is strongly inhibited by benzoic acid and moderately inhibited by p-aminobenzoic acid.
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Abstract
Citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) in mantle muscle of the octopus, Octopus cyanea, occurs in relatively low specific activity and is largely independent of pH between 7.5 and 9.0. Catalytic activity is regulated by the adenylate energy charge and by at least two Krebs cycle intermediates, α-ketoglutarate and citrate. Of the adenylates, ATP is by far the most potent inhibitor, at near-physiological concentrations (4 mM), causing almost a 20-fold increase in the Michaelis constant for acetyl-CoA. Citrate and α-ketoglutarate, on the other hand, are competitive with respect to oxaloacetate, rather than acetyl-CoA, and bring about large increases in the Michaelis constant for oxaloacetate. The regulatory properties of citrate synthase allow a curtailment of carbon flow into the Krebs cycle during periods of burst muscle work, when mantle anaerobic glycolysis is strongly activated.
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Martin AW, Jones R, Mann T. D(--)Lactic acid formation and D(--)lactate dehydrogenase in octopus spermatozoa. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1976; 193:235-43. [PMID: 6965 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1976.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spermatozoa of
Octopus dofleini martini
produce D (–)lactic acid in the course of their metabolism, and they also possess a highly active D (–)-lactate dehydrogenase. This distinguishes the octopus spermatozoa from mammalian spermatozoa which form L(+)-lactic acid and have a L ( + )-lactate dehydrogenase. The D (–)lactate dehydrogenase has been extracted from the octopus testis. It was shown to be a D (–)lactate: NAD oxidoreductase with electrophoretic behaviour different from the D (–) -lactate dehydrogenases present in either the horseshoe crab muscles or in
Lactobacillus leichmannii
.
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D'Aniello A. [D-aspartate oxidase from octopus liver (Octopus vulgaris Lam.) and from pig liver. Purification and properties. III. Comparative study of the D-aspartate oxidase purified from octopus liver and swine liver]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1976; 52:110-6. [PMID: 7282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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D'Aniello A. [D-aspartate oxidase from octopus liver (Octopus vularis L.) and from pig liver. Purification and properties. I. Purification of D-aspartate oxidase from octopus liver]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1976; 52:97-103. [PMID: 949399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Furia M, Gianfreda L, Scardi V. Cellulase and related enzyme activities in a carnivorous mollusc: Octopus vulgaris Lamarck. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1975; 52:529-32. [PMID: 1205 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(75)90231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Silano V, Furia M, Gianfreda L, Macri A, Palescandolo R, Rab A, Scardi V, Stella E, Valfre F. Inhibition of amylases from different origins by albumins from the wheat kernel. Biochim Biophys Acta 1975; 391:170-8. [PMID: 1138913 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(75)90163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The amylase activity of water extracts from 18 insect species, from 23 marine species and from 17 different species of birds and mammals was determined quantitatively. The inhibition of amylase in these extracts by three albumin fractions from the mature wheat kernel, which had been separated according to their molecular weights (60 000, 24 000 and 12 500 D), was determined as well. The inhibition activity of the three albumin fractions toward amylases extracted from a number of cereal species or from immature and germinating wheat kernel was also tested. The extracts from insects that are destructive of wheat grain and stored wheat products showed much higher amylase activities as compared to the other insect species that do not attack wheat and wheat products. On the basis of the effectiveness with which the three albumin fractions inhibit their activities, the amylase preparations tested were divided into susceptible, partially susceptible and resistent. Susceptible amylases, inhibited by any of the three albumin fractions, were found mainly in insects that attack wheat and in marine species. Partially susceptible amylases, inhibited by only one or two of the three albumin fractions, were present in a few avain and mammalian species including man. Resistent amylases were largely distributed in cereal, avian and mammalian species as well as in insect species that do not usually attack wheat grain or wheat flour products. At no stage of development, wheat alpha-amylase was inhibited by the albumin fractions from the mature kernel. The 12 500 dalton albumin fraction was the most effective in inhibiting insect amylases, but it was inactive toward avian and mammalian amylases. The 24 000 dalton albumin fraction was the most effective in inhibiting amylases from marine avian and mammalian species and inhibited as much as 33 amylases over 66 different amylases tested. It is suggested that protein inhibitors of amylase contributed to natural selection of polyploid wheats by giving some insect resistence to such wheats, even though some insect species were able to overcome this biochemical defense toa large degree by producing higher amylase activities.
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D'Aniello A, Palescandolo R. [D-aspartate oxidase of the kidney of Octopus vulgaris Lam]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1974; 50:1825-31. [PMID: 4462769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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