Metabolism of ATP during anoxia in guinea pig seminal vesicle mucosa

The content of adenine nucleotides in guinea pig seminal vesicles was determined enzymatically. Inosine monophosphate (IMP) was isolated from other tissue nucleotides by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on cellulose PEI plates, eluted, and quantitated spectrophotometrically. The intracellular concentration of IMP increased 10-fold over control values (aerobic tissue) concomitantly with the strong ATP drain caused by anoxia. This contrasts markedly with other tissues in which ATP depletion is usually associated with an increase in AMP. Tissue inorganic phosphate also accumulated in an amount corresponding to the apparent ATP depletion. Uric acid did not accumulate. Our data suggest the possibility of a special role for IMP in metabolic control in this tissue.

Soluble proteins of guinea pig seminal vesicle lumen: purification and partial characterization

Luminal contents of guinea pig seminal vesicle were extracted with 0.154 M NaCl and the soluble protein fraction was studied by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography; anionic, cationic, and SDS-polyarcylamide disc gel electrophoresis; isoelectric focusing; molecular weight determinations by SDS-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis; analysis for neutral carbohydrate; sucrose density-gradient centrifugation for determination of sedimentation coefficients; and amino acid analyses. Four protein fractions (referred to as proteins 1, 2, 3, and 4 in order to elution) were obtained by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Proteins 1, 2, and 4 gave single major bands in multiple disc gel electrophoretic systems. Protein 3 gave one major band and one minor component believed to be a fragment of a primary vesicular protein. Protein 1 is very basic and probably represents the clotting protein of guinea pig semen. The three nonclotting proteins could not be detected in serum and are probably intrinsic to seminal vesicle epithelium. All four proteins were found in animals weighing 700 g or more; only two of the three nonclotting proteins were found in more than half of the younger animals. This makes it even more likely that one or more of the nonclotting proteinc could serve as a useful gene marker in studies of androgen mechanisms.

Sertoli cells, proximal convoluted tubules in the kidney, and neurons in the brain contain cyclic protein-2

We analyze by immunocytochemistry the in vivo distribution in rat Sertoli cells of Cyclic Protein-2 (CP-2), which is maximally synthesized and secreted in vitro at stages VI and VII of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. This analysis demonstrates that CP-2 staining is strongest in Sertoli cells in stage VI and VII tubules. Additionally, we demonstrate that the staining for CP-2 within a stage VII tubule differs from the staining of another Sertoli cell secretory product, androgen-binding protein. CP-2 is not detected by immunocytochemistry in any other tissues of the reproductive tract, though immunoblot analysis demonstrates the presence of CP-2 in rete testis and epididymal fluids. CP-2 was immunocytochemically detected in only three other organs: the kidney, the brain (with greatest concentration in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei), and the posterior pituitary. The presence of CP-2 in the kidney was confirmed by metabolic radiolabeling, immunoprecipitation, and peptide analysis. The presence of CP-2 in the brain was confirmed by immunoblot analysis of radioinert protein immunoprecipitated from the anterior hypothalamus.

Localization of metallothionein in the genital organs of the male rat

We studied the immunohistological localization of metallothionein (MT), a low molecular weight metal binding protein, in male rat genital organs (testis, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle, coagulating gland, and prostate) by use of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. MT concentrations in testis, seminal vesicle, and prostate ranged from 15-30 micrograms/g tissue. In testis, seminiferous tubules with mature spermatozoa exhibited weak MT staining, whereas the tubules containing differentiating spermatogenic cells but not containing spermatozoa showed strong MT staining. No MT immunostaining was observed in Leydig cells. In growing rat testes, the pattern of MT immunostaining was found to change with development: MT was found in supporting cells only on Day 7, spermatogonia adjacent to basement membrane on Day 14, and spermatocytes localized in the central part of the tubules on Day 21. Strong MT immunostaining in the basal cells was a common feature in other genital tissues, except the ductus efferentes. In prostate, the strongest MT staining was found in the lateral lobe, and MT was localized in apocrine secretions in the dorsal lobe. The present results suggest a close association of MT with cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as possible involvement of MT in supply or storage of zinc ions.

Diverse secretory patterns of clusterin by epididymis and prostate/seminal vesicles undergoing cell regression after orchiectomy

Nucleotide sequence analysis of the complimentary DNAs (cDNA) and N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis have shown that clusterin is equivalent to sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2), testosterone-repressed prostate protein-2 (TRPP-2), and androgen-repressed protein (ARP) in the rat, as well as serum/seminal plasma protein, SP-40,40, in the human. In view of its widespread presence in various species, a specific RIA was established to quantify the tissue distribution of this protein. Rat clusterin is present in almost all organ tissues examined, including testis, epididymis, serum, liver, prostate, seminal vesicles, and uterus. Displacement curves generated using cytosols prepared from these organs were parallel to those obtained using purified rat clusterin and crude Sertoli cell-enriched culture medium. Immunoreactive clusterin was also visualized in these organ extracts by immunoblots. Studies on the tissue distribution of immunoreactive clusterin using RIA revealed that the concentration of clusterin in the epididymis of adult rats was 6- and 10-fold higher than that in the serum and testis, respectively and is 50- to 100-fold higher in the liver, spleen, kidney, brain, ventral prostate, seminal vesicles, and uterus. A study of the distribution of clusterin in various compartments of the epididymis indicated its concentration in the caput epididymis was almost 3-fold higher than that in the corpus and cauda epididymis. After orchiectomy, the concentrations of clusterin in the ventral prostate and seminal vesicles increased as much as 100- and 10-fold and peaked at day 4 after surgery, respectively; daily injection of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) beginning at day 3 after orchiectomy reduced the concentrations of clusterin and restored them to a normal level. A different pattern was noted in the epididymis after orchiectomy; the concentration of clusterin in the caput epididymis decreased with time; however, daily injection of DHT beginning at day 3 increased the caput epididymal clusterin concentration and restored it to a normal level. The concentration of clusterin was not altered in the corpus or cauda epididymis after castration and/or DHT administration. Also, the serum and liver clusterin levels did not change with time after orchiectomy. These observations suggest that clusterin will be a valuable marker to monitor the diverse effects of androgen withdrawal in the male reproductive tract. We conclude that clusterin may be a multifunctional protein in view of its broad tissue distribution and association with numerous physiological and pathological conditions.

Purification and structure of caltrin-like proteins from seminal vesicle of the guinea pig

Two different small proteins that cross-react with the antiserum against bovine caltrin (calcium transport inhibitor) have been purified from the seminal vesicle contents of the guinea pig. The primary structure and some molecular characteristics of the pure proteins are reported. The two proteins interact with concanavalin A indicating the presence of carbohydrates in their molecules. Chemical deglycosylation with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, after reduction and carboxymethylation, results in complete loss of affinity for the lectin. Removal of sugar components from the structure destroys the ability of caltrin-like proteins to react with antibodies to bovine caltrin. The protein moving faster on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is designated guinea pig caltrin I, the other is II. They contain 45 and 55 amino acids, and the molecular weights of the peptide portions are 5082 and 6255, respectively. Although they have entirely different amino acid sequences, they share some common features: recognition by rabbit antibodies to bovine caltrin, the predominance of basic residues and the presence of 3 cysteine residues in fraction I and 8 in fraction II. The proteins have pI values of 9.5 and 10.2, respectively, which are consistent with the amino acid composition. The two pure fractions are approximately equally effective, on a weight basis, as inhibitors of 45Ca2+ uptake by guinea pig spermatozoa. The data presented reinforce the hypothesis that caltrin-like proteins are responsible for the previously reported (Coronel, C.E., San Agustin, J., and Lardy, H.A. (1988) Biol. Reprod. 38, 713-722), calcium-transport inhibitor activity detected in reproductive tract fluid from adult male guinea pigs.

Autoradiographic localization of [3H]oestradiol in epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate of the fetal guinea-pig

The selective uptake and localization of radioactivity in the fetal male reproductive organs (epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate) of the guinea-pig (50-60 days of gestation) after in-vivo and in-situ subcutaneous injection of [3H]oestradiol was investigated by autoradiography. In 50-day-old fetuses, the different areas of the epididymis showed selective retention of radioactivity in the nuclei of peritubular and stromal cells surrounding the epididymal duct; no retention was observed in the epididymal epithelium. A similar distribution of silver grains was observed in the 60-day-old fetus. Seminal vesicles and prostate sections from both 50- and 60-day-old fetuses showed concentration and retention of radioactivity only in stromal cells, whereas the epithelium did not exhibit silver grains. In all the tissues studied, the nuclear labelling was abolished after injection of [3H]oestradiol plus a 100-fold excess of non-labelled oestradiol. As the mesenchyme surrounding the epithelia of the epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate were labelled selectively with [3H]oestradiol, it is suggested that during fetal life of the guinea-pig the mesenchymal stroma of these fetal male reproductive organs may be considered as a target tissue for oestrogen.

Effects of epidermal growth factor and androgen influences on accessory sex glands in prepubertal Swiss-Webster mice

The effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on androgen stimulation of accessory sex gland growth and biochemistry were determined for prepubertal male Swiss-Webster mice. For the seminal vesicle and anterior prostate, 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha DHT) treatment significantly increased the quantitative levels of organ wet weight, DNA content, polyamine content, and stereologically determined epithelium and lumen volumes above the control group. EGF treatment alone slightly enhanced the levels of most measured parameters from control values. However, when a combined EGF&5 alpha DHT treatment was compared with 5 alpha DHT treatment alone, the 5 alpha DHT treatment effects on epithelial and lumen volumes and polyamine content were antagonized by the action of EGF.

Uptake of trimethoprim and metronidazole in the seminal vesicle: experimental study

A rat model for determining drug levels in the seminal vesicle was developed. In separate studies, trimethoprim and metronidazole were injected intravenously into rats and assays of seminal vesicle, plasma, and prostate performed. Drug levels were detected early in both the seminal vesicle and prostate. This appears to be the first study to report drug levels in the seminal vesicle. Metronidazole levels in the seminal vesicle were very low and short lived.

Species- and organ-specificity of secretory proteins derived from human prostate and seminal vesicles

Polyclonal antibodies against semenogelin (SG) isolated from human seminal vesicle secretion and acid phosphatase (PAP), beta-microseminoprotein (beta-MSP), and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) derived from human prostatic fluid, as well as a monoclonal antibody against beta-MSP were used for immunocytochemical detection of the respective antigens in different organs from different species. SG immunoreactivity was detected in the epithelium of the pubertal and adult human and in monkey seminal vesicle, ampulla of the vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct. PAP, beta-MSP, and PSA immunoreactivities were detected in the pubertal and adult human prostate and the cranial and caudal monkey prostate. With the exception of a weak PSA immunoreactivity in the proximal portions of the ejaculatory duct, none of the latter antisera reacted with seminal vesicle, ampullary, and ejaculatory duct epithelium. Among the non-primate species studied (dog, bull, rat, guinea pig) only the canine prostatic epithelium displayed a definite immunoreactivity with the PAP antibody and a moderate reaction with the PSA antibody. No immunoreaction was seen in bull and rat seminal vesicle and canine ampulla of the vas deferens with the SG antibody. The same was true for the (ventral) prostate of rat, bull, and dog for beta-MSP. The epithelium of the rat dorsal prostate showed a slight cross-reactivity with the monoclonal antibody against beta-MSP and one polyclonal antibody against PSA. The findings indicate a rather strict species-dependent expression of human seminal proteins which show some similarities in primates, but only marginal relationship to species with different physiology of seminal fluid.

Estrogen and progestin receptors in the reproductive tract of male and female primates

With the aid of monoclonal antibodies specific to the estrogen and progestin receptors, we have examined the cellular localization of these proteins in the reproductive tract of male and female macaques. Two striking findings have resulted from our work with these new reagents. First, these receptors are detectable only in cell nuclei, regardless of hormonal treatment, and second, they are often detectable in stromal, but not epithelial cells when the epithelial cells undergo various estrogen or progestin-dependent events. The latter observation has led us to conclude that stromal cell-epithelial cell interactions may play previously unappreciated roles in the hormonal control of the primate reproductive tract. The lines of evidence that have drawn us to this conclusion will be reviewed.

Effects of daylength on androgen metabolism and pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in male golden hamsters

In an effort to understand the potential neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying photoperiodic control of fertility in seasonally breeding species, we monitored the intracellular processing and nuclear uptake of [1 alpha, 2 alpha-3H]testosterone (3H-T) within the brain-pituitary complex as well as the patterns of episodic luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in male golden hamsters exposed to long day (14 h light:10 h dark) and short day (10 h light:14 h dark) photoperiods. Target tissue specific patterns of nuclear 3H-androgens and estrogens were observed in castrated, T-replaced hamsters exposed to long and short days for 7 weeks or longer. Significantly, 3H-T metabolism or receptor-mediated nuclear uptake in the hamsters in short days was not influenced in any manner that would explain their increased responsiveness to androgen feedback suppression of LH release. Comparable patterns of episodic LH secretion were observed in acutely catheterized hamsters castrated for 7 weeks prior to exposure to 8 weeks of long or short days. Similar patterns were also observed in animals maintained in long days and castrated 1 or 2 weeks prior to blood collection. However, such a pattern was not seen in acutely castrated hamsters maintained in the short-day photoperiod. The data suggest that steroid-independent mechanisms play an important role in suppressing gonadotropin release in short days in this species. However, such mechanisms appear to be most effective when the animals are or have recently been exposed to circulating androgens.

Vasopressin receptors in human seminal vesicles: identification, pharmacologic characterization, and comparison with the vasopressin receptors present in the human kidney

Because of the presence of a high density of vasopressin receptors in the epithelial cells of porcine seminal vesicles similar to the V2 vasopressin receptors of renal tubules, human seminal vesicles and kidney were investigated using quantitative binding and adenylate cyclase studies. Tissues were obtained at surgery from 17 patients with urologic diseases. A homogeneous class of vasopressin binding sites have been found in both seminal vesicles and renal medulla. However, the vasopressin receptors present in these tissues are different in terms of ligand specificity and adenylate cyclase activation. In seminal vesicles, the V1 vasopressin antagonist d(CH2)5 TyrMeAVP is 36-fold, more potent than the V2 agonist dVDAVP in displacing [3H]AVP binding, while in the medullopapillary portion of kidney dVDAVP is 24-fold, more selective than d(CH2)5 TyrMeAVP for the arginine vasopressin binding site. Furthermore, arginine vasopressin induces a dose-dependent increase in adenylate cyclase activity in renal membranes, while it was ineffective in seminal vesicle membranes. These results indicate that a very high affinity (0.2 nM), low capacity (14 fmoles/mg protein) class of vasopressin receptors is present in human seminal vesicles, having pharmacologic characteristics similar to the V1 subtype of vasopressin receptors. The presence of a high affinity (1.6 nM), high capacity (350 fmoles/mg protein) V2 subtype of vasopressin receptors in human renal membranes is also confirmed. The density of the vasopressin receptors present in human seminal vesicles is inversely correlated with patient age, consistent with a physiologic role for vasopressin in the regulation of accessory sex gland activity.

Cytophotometric investigations on atypical epithelial cells of the human seminal vesicle

Normal seminal vesicles were studied histologically in 80, and by Feulgen's cytophotometric method in 10 autopsied cases (males, 44-82 years of age). In every case large, hyperchromatic nuclei were found. By cytophotometry euploid polyploid atypia was also shown in every case, which is characteristic of benign hormonal dysplasia.

Localization of lactoferrin in the male reproductive tract

The immunohistochemical localization of lactoferrin in the normal human prostate, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, epididymis and testis was studied using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method at the light and electron microscopical level. Lactoferrin immunoreactivity was localized in the glandular epithelial cells and granulocytes in the prostate and seminal vesicle. In the prostate, lactoferrin showed an uneven distribution; some of the glands contained exclusively positive cells and others were completely lactoferrin negative, while the rest contained scattered positive cells. The seminal vesicles were divided into three segments, and their lactoferrin content varied significantly although it was always epithelial. The ductus deferens, epididymis and testis contained no lactoferrin. In conclusion, lactoferrin was found in the prostate and seminal vesicles, but not in the testis.

Age-related changes in the concentration of cytosolic androgen receptors in the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicle of maturing male mice

In this study, changes in the number of androgen binding sites that occur in cytosols of epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicle of mice from 10 to 90 days of age are described. Specific saturable binding of [3H]R-1881 by cytosols of the three organs at all time points studied and age-related differences in the number of binding sites measured were observed. Cytosolic androgen receptor levels in all three organs studied were found to decrease with increasing age, regardless of whether the binding was expressed relative to weight of tissue, cytosolic protein or cellular DNA. The most pronounced change in androgen receptor levels (from 442 to 50 fmol/mg protein) was observed in the epididymis between 10 and 30 days of age. In these three organs there was no significant correlation between androgen (testosterone + dihydrotestosterone) levels and the concentration of androgen binding sites.

Effects of prolactin and androgens on seminal vesicular lipids of castrated mature bonnet monkeys Macaca radiata

Effects of prolactin (PRL), bromocriptine (Br), testosterone propionate (TP), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the combination of these androgens with PRL/Br on the total lipid, total cholesterol, total glyceride glycerols, total phospholipid and their fractions in seminal vesicles of castrated mature monkeys were studied. Glyceride glycerols formed the major portion (50%) of total lipids in normal monkeys. Cholesterol and phospholipids were of equal share (25%). Esterified cholesterol formed major share (75%) of total cholesterol. Diacyl glycerol was the major (60%) glyceride glycerol and phosphatidyl choline and ethanolamine were the major phospholipid classes. Except triacyl glycerol castration markedly decreased all the lipid classes. PRL restored normal free and esterified cholesterol and phosphatidyl inositol but Br invariably decreased all the lipid classes. TP/DHT treatment stimulated the free and esterified cholesterol more than the control; it restored the normal glyceride glycerols. Phosphatidyl inositol, choline and ethanolamine were stimulated by androgens and other phospholipid classes were brought to normal. Addition of PRL + TP/DHT markedly increased esterified cholesterol, phosphatidyl inositol, choline, ethanolamine and phosphatidic acid. In all these aspects, Br counteracted the effects of androgens and PRL.

Electron microscopic immunolocalization of seminal vesicle-specific antigen in human seminal vesicle

Seminal vesicle-specific antigen (SVSA) has been shown to be a polymorphic antigen represented by multiple immunoreactive peptides when fresh human semen is probed with monoclonal antibody (MHS-5) on Western blots. Semen samples collected directly into sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) demonstrate major immunoreactive peptide bands at 69-71 kDa and 58 kDa as well as a series of peptides of lower molecular mass. As semen liquefies, the higher molecular mass forms of SVSA are transformed into lower molecular mass bands, with 10-13 kDa immunoreactive peptides predominating after 8 h of liquefaction (McGee and Herr, Biol. Reprod. 37:431-439, 1987). In the present study, the 10-13 kDa form of SVSA was purified by preparative electrophoresis from SDS gels and a polyclonal antibody was generated in guinea pigs. Human seminal vesicle was fixed by immersion in combinations of glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde and embedded in Araldite or LR Gold. Both the guinea pig polyclonal antibody and the murine monoclonal antibody MHS-5 were employed to localize SVSA in human seminal vesicle by immunoelectron microscopy using Protein-A gold complexes. Gold particles were quantified in various subcellular compartments by a Videoplan computer. With either antibody probe, SVSA was found predominantly in the central electron-dense cores of secretory granules, with no staining evident over the electron lucent halo surrounding the granule core. With preimmune serum, the mean number of gold particles overlying secretory granules was 3/microns2; with polyclonal anti-SVSA, the mean number of particles observed over secretory granules was 182/microns2. This study represents, to our knowledge, the first fine-structural localization of a specific secretory protein to the electron-dense cores of secretory granules in principal cells of the human seminal vesicle.

Photoperiodic adjustments in hypothalamic amines, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and beta-endorphin in the white-footed mouse

This study was undertaken to examine short photoperiod (SD; 8 h of light, 16 h of darkness)-induced alterations in reproductive endocrine and neuroendocrine parameters in the male white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus. Exposure to SD for 8 weeks caused dramatic reductions in testis and seminal vesicle weights, decreased circulating LH and testosterone levels, and lowered the content of LH in the pituitary gland relative to those in mice under long photoperiod (LD; 16 h of light, 8 h of darkness). These changes were associated with significant increases in content of radioimmunoassayable GnRH in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and anterior hypothalamus at two time points in the light/dark cycle: 2100 h (dark phase) and 0900 h (light phase), respectively. Exposure to SD also caused an increase in radioimmunoassayable beta-endorphin in the MBH and preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA) at 2100 h, but not at 0900 h. Mice exposed to SD also had a significantly higher metabolism of serotonin in the MBH at 0900 and 2100 h compared to mice under LD. The concentration of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus was unaffected by exposure to SD. However, the metabolism of dopamine (DA) in the POA at 0900 h was significantly increased relative to that in mice maintained under LD at this time. This increase in DA metabolism was associated with enhanced immunocytochemical staining for tyrosine hydroxylase in nerve fibers of the POA. Conversely, staining for tyrosine hydroxylase in tuberoinfundibular DA cell bodies of the arcuate nucleus was less intense under SD exposure. From these data it is concluded that exposure to SD caused regional and time-dependent alterations in the activities of hypothalamic amines (serotonin and DA) and neuropeptides (beta-endorphin and GnRH). These changes may be part of the neuroendocrine mechanism for SD-induced seasonal adaptations.

Paternal age and its effects on reproduction in C57BL/6NNia mice

The reproductive capabilities of 6- and 24-month-old C57BL/6NNia male mice were compared after being paired for one month with a 4-month-old proven-fertile female. All of the younger males mated, with 96% yielding a litter; only 42% of aged males mated, with 65% siring young. There were no statistical differences in the litter sizes, nor any congenital defects noted in offspring from either age group. There was no evidence of aneuploidy in 10-day-old embryos sired from males of either age group. Aged males that failed to mate had lower body weight, a lower hematocrit, hypertrophied adrenal glands and seminal vesicles, decreased fructose levels in seminal vesicle fluid, atrophied testes with fewer sperm that were less motile, lower testosterone levels, and a greater percentage of degenerating epithelium lining seminiferous tubules. The latter group of aged mice, while appearing and acting as vigorous as aged mice that had mated, may have been experiencing disease processes associated with aging which subsequently impaired reproduction.

An acrosin inhibitor from boar seminal vesicle fluid immunologically related to the trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz)

A new acrosin inhibitor was isolated to apparent homogeneity from the fluid of boar seminal vesicles. The inhibitor is immunologically related to the polyvalent trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor from bovine lung known as aprotinin. A crude preparation of the acrosin inhibitor was prepared by immunoaffinity chromatography on anti-aprotinin antibodies bound to Sepharose 4B column. The inhibitor was further purified by affinity chromatography on trypsin immobilized on a Sepharose 4B column, by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25, and by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on a C18 column. The relative molecular mass (Mr) of the inhibitor is about 7,000 as estimated from dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its amino-acid composition was determined, the sequence of the first 8 amino-acid residues from the N-terminus is Thr-Arg-Asp-Phe-Pro-Pro-Asp-Gly-...

Photoperiodic influence on the morphology and the androgen receptor level of the ventral prostate gland and seminal vesicles of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus)

The influence of long (light:darkness LD 16:8) and short (LD 8:16) photoperiods on the morphology of the ventral prostate gland and the seminal vesicles of the Djungarian hamster was investigated. At LD 8:16, the wet weight of the glands was reduced to 15-20% of the values found in animals living in LD 16:8 conditions, the protein content was reduced to 3-4%. The glands showed distinct signs of atrophy and inactivity under short-day conditions. The androgen receptor levels were determined in both accessory sex glands. The receptor levels were comparable in both glands; the absolute values related to the whole glands remained about constant in animals living in long and short photoperiods despite a reduction of the androgen levels in short photoperiods.

Tissue type plasminogen activator as a marker for functional zones, within the human prostate gland

The cellular distribution of tissue plasminogen activator in the prostate central zone, prostate peripheral zone, and seminal vesicle was studied by using immunohistochemistry. Samples of these three regions were taken from 20 radical prostatectomy specimens. Sixteen of 18 central zone samples showed positive staining of 20-90% of the epithelial cells. All 15 peripheral zone samples were negative, and only three of 14 seminal vesicles showed positive staining, which was present in less than 5% of cells. The distribution of tissue plasminogen activator within the prostate was the same as that previously reported for pepsinogen II. This suggests that the central zone of the prostate may be the selective site of origin for proteolytic enzymes in seminal fluid.

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of steroids and steroid glucuronides in the seminal vesicle fluid of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis was carried out to identify steroids and steroid glucuronides in the seminal vesicle fluid of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, collected in the Hula nature reserve (Israel) during the breeding season. Full mass spectra of 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha, 17 alpha-diol-20-one and cholesterol were obtained. After treatment with beta-glucuronidase the following steroid glucuronides were determined by full mass spectra of the corresponding free steroids: etiocholanolone, 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol-11-one, 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha, 17 alpha-diol-20-one, and cholesterol. Furthermore, after selected ion monitoring the following steroids and steroid glucuronides could be detected by the presence of at least two characteristic ions at the expected retention time: 5 beta-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol, 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol, etiocholanolone, 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol-11-one, testosterone, 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol-glucuronide, and testosterone-glucuronide. These results agree with the hypothesis that steroid glucuronides, synthesized by the seminal vesicles, are excreted with the seminal vesicle fluid into the external environment, where they might function as sex pheromones.

Cysteine proteinase inhibitors in human and rat male sex glands

The testis and prostate of men had two types of cysteine proteinase inhibitors of different isoelectric point (pI = 4.5 and 6.3) and molecular masses (90,000 and 12,000). The seminal vesicle contained not only these two inhibitors but also a basic inhibitor with a pI = 9.5 and Mr 11,000. In rats, the inhibitors in the testis and prostate consisted of two types with pI values of 4.3 and 4.8 and Mr 90,000 for both. In addition to these two inhibitors, the seminal vesicle contained large amounts of two basic inhibitors with pI values of 7.5 and 8.3 and Mr of 11,000 for both. We suggest that the basic cysteine proteinase inhibitor found in semen might be excreted from or be modified in the seminal vesicle.

Comparison of seminal vesicle secretory proteins of rodents using antibody and nucleotide probes

The copulatory vaginal plug is a conspicuous feature of rodent reproduction. The five major seminal vesicle secretory proteins of Rattus norvegicus (proteins I-V), which form the copulatory plug, constitute a closely related androgen-regulated family that appears to share a common evolutionary origin. The relationships between these rat proteins and the major seminal vesicle proteins of other rodents were explored using antibodies specific for the individual rat proteins. Immunoblotting of proteins separated by SDS-PAGE showed that the vesicular proteins of R. rattus are identical to those of R. norvegicus except for an additional protein related to protein III. No differences were seen in inbred and outbred strains of R. norvegicus. Of the major proteins of Mus musculus, one showed strong homology with rat protein II and three others were weakly homologous to proteins I, IV (or S) and V (or F); none showed homology to rat protein III. The only homology between the vesicular proteins of Mesocricetus auratus (Syrian hamster) and Meriones ungulatus (Mongolian gerbil) was with rat protein II while those of Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) showed no homology at all with the rat proteins. In addition, cDNA probes for rat genes IV and V both detected weak homologues in seminal vesicle RNA from mice but not guinea pigs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A protein family immunorelated to a sperm-binding protein and its regulation in human semen

In human seminal plasma a family of proteins that is immunologically related to the RSV-IV protein secreted under androgen control from the epithelium of the rat seminal vesicles was detected by a radioimmunoassay. Evidence for the origin of these antigens from human seminal vesicle is presented. Quantitative measurements of this family of proteins were performed in men with low levels of serum testosterone (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) and in individuals having serum testosterone in the normal range of values but carrying sex chromosome aberrations (Klinefelter's syndrome). In the first case we have found a marked decrease in the total amount of the RSV-IV-related proteins. An increase of about 40% in the total amount of these antigens was obtained in these subjects by gonadotropin treatment. A decreased amount of these proteins was also detected in the subjects affected by Klinefelter's syndrome. The possibility that some factor(s) under genetic control is involved, in addition to testosterone, in the regulation of this family of proteins is discussed.

Immunohistochemistry of secretory proteins in the bull seminal vesicle

Antibodies against several proteins isolated from bovine seminal fluid (ribonucleases, bull seminal proteinase inhibitor BUSI II, seminal antimicrobial protein SAP) were used to identify the secretion sites of the respective proteins within the genital tract of the bull. Consistent positive immunoreactions were achieved with most of the antisera in the seminal vesicle epithelium, while only weak or dispersed immunoreactions were found in the epididymis, ductus deferens or the prostate. Comparison of serial sections of bull seminal vesicle stained with different antisera gave incongruous distribution patterns of positively reacting cells. This was interpreted as a sign of either a differential secretion cycle for different proteins in these cells or, more likely, a fixation or processing artifact. There was no clear cut evidence for secretion of seminal antimicrobial protein by seminal vesicle epithelium, but rather a resorption of intraluminally concentrated SAP. The secretion site of this important protein remains obscure, unless cRNA probes for in situ hybridisation studies are available.

Identification and biological activity of a novel natural prostaglandin, 5,6-dihydro-prostaglandin E3

A novel natural E-prostaglandin was detected by HPLC among the endogenous prostaglandins extracted from ram seminal vesicles. The corresponding precursor - all-cis-eicosa-8, 11, 14, 17-tetraenoic acid was isolated from bovine liver lipids and the preparative biosynthesis with the microsomal fraction of ram seminal vesicles was performed. The isolated product was purified by HPLC and identified by GC-MS as 5,6-dihydro-PGE3. The results of in vitro tests demonstrate that 5,6-dihydro-PGE3 is 14 times less active uterine stimulant than PGE1, at the same time retaining 75% of the anti-aggregatory potency of PGE1. Thus, 5,6-dihydro-PGE3 meets the requirements of a selective antithrombotic agent more than PGE1.

Differential distribution of pepsinogen II between the zones of the human prostate and the seminal vesicle

Pepsinogen II (PG II) is a gastric proenzyme which has previously been found in both human seminal fluid and the prostate gland. However, no regional distribution of PG II has been noted within the prostate nor has it been found in the seminal vesicle. Bouins-fixed sections of central zone, peripheral zone and seminal vesicle, taken from 10 prostates removed at radical prostatectomy or cystectomy, were exposed to antibody against PG II and stained using the A-B-C immunoperoxidase technique. Formalin-fixed tissue from autopsy prostates of four men in the third decade, and six cases with BPH nodules, were also examined for PG II activity. In nine of 10 seminal vesicles, and seven of 10 central zone samples, more than 50 per cent of the cells stained positive for PG II. By contrast, in nine of 10 peripheral zone samples staining was present in five per cent or less of the epithelial cells. Similarly, PG II activity in the four autopsy prostates occurred almost entirely within the central zone and ended abruptly at the boundary between the peripheral and central zones. BPH nodules contained no PG II activity. These findings provide the first evidence that the central and peripheral zones may serve different biological functions. Embryologically it is currently thought that the prostate is of endodermal origin and the seminal vesicle of mesodermal origin. The presence of large amounts of PG II in both the seminal vesicle and central zone lends support to the hypothesis of a common mesodermal origin for these two structures.

High and testosterone-dependent glucose 6-phosphatase activity in epithelium of mouse seminal vesicle

For study of the mechanism of seminal fructogenesis, glucose 6-phosphatase activity was examined cytochemically (a method modified from that of Wachstein and Meisel) and biochemically (the method of Leskes et al.) in seminal vesicles from normal, castrated, and castrated and testosterone-treated mice. The reaction product for the activity was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope of all cell types composing the seminal vesicle. In normal seminal vesicle, the reaction product was apparently more abundant in columnar and basal cells than in other cell types. Ten, 20, and 30 days after castration, the abundant amount of reaction product in columnar and basal cells decreased to the level in other cell types. In animals treated with testosterone after castration, however, the reaction product in columnar and basal cells remained abundant. If fructose 6-phosphate was added to the reaction medium in place of glucose 6-phosphate, the amount and pattern of deposition of the reaction product did not change. Changes in biochemical activity in castrated or castrated and testosterone-treated animals paralleled the cytochemical results. The results show that the high activity in columnar and basal cells is under the control of testosterone, and the role of this enzyme is probably to release fructose into the seminal fluid.

Histological distribution of MTV antigen in mice detected by immuno-peroxidase staining

Histological localization of mammary tumor virus (MTV) antigen was investigated using a variety of organs high (DD/Tbr, SHN, SLN, GR) and low (BALB/c) mammary cancer mice strains and immuno-peroxidase staining with MTV antigen. Except for BALB/c strain mice, the mammary gland and mammary tumors were generally positive. Accessory male genital organs including the prostate, seminal vesicle, and coagulating gland also demonstrated a positive reaction, but the testis and female genital organs including uterus and ovaries did not. MTV antigen was also revealed in the serous acini of the salivary gland in both sexes. The site of positive reaction in the accessory male sex organs and salivary gland was located in the apical portion of the secretory epithelial cells and their secretory substance. Localization and intensity of antigenic expression of MTV detected histologically were comparable to results obtained by immunodiffusion test and radioimmunoassay. These evidences support the idea that MTV is transmitted horizontally via seminal fluid or saliva.

Immunoelectron microscopic evidence for different compartments in the secretory vacuoles of the rat seminal vesicles

Immunoelectron microscopy of the rat seminal vesicle was performed using specific antibodies to secretory proteins. Proteins were precipitated from rat seminal vesicle secretion and were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Among the great number of bands the two most prominent bands were selected and designated SVS II and IV. Their apparent molecular weights were 48 kDa and 16.5 kDa respectively. The bands were excised from the gels and used for antibody production in rabbits. The respective antisera were used for immunohistochemical studies both at the light and electron microscopic levels in the rat seminal vesicle and the different prostatic lobes in infantile, adult and castrated animals. A positive immunoreaction was observed in seminal vesicle and lateral prostatic epithelium of the intact adult rat, while it was lacking in prepubertal and castrated animals. The subcellular distribution of both proteins was clearly different: SVS II was exclusively confined to the electron dense core of the secretory vacuoles, while SVS IV was detected only in the clear halo surrounding the central granule. It is suggested that the spatial arrangement of both proteins in the seminal vesicle secretion vacuole reflects a particular functional significance of each of these proteins. These proteins may serve as a tool in the study of regulation of androgen-dependent protein synthesis.

Androgen and estrogen effect on guinea pig seminal vesicle muscle: a combined stereological and biochemical study

A combined electron microscopic stereological and biochemical study of the smooth muscle cells of guinea pig seminal vesicles was performed in intact, castrated, castrated and dihydrotestosterone- or estradiol-treated adult animals. Castration led to cell atrophy as determined stereologically by a decreased single cell volume and biochemically by no change in DNA content coupled with an increase in the DNA concentration. Treatment of castrates with dihydrotestosterone restored both the stereological and biochemical parameters of the cell size to slightly supranormal levels. The estrogen-induced increase in muscle weight and DNA content appeared to be due only to hyperplasia of muscle cells and not to a proliferation of fibroblasts or to infiltration by inflammatory cells. In all treatment groups, including the estrogen-treated castrates, more than 95% of the cells in the tissue were smooth muscle cells, and there was no evidence that polyploidy contributed to changes in DNA levels. In addition, in the estrogen-treated muscles, DNA concentration remained high, and the stereologically determined cell size remained low. Therefore, both morphological and biochemical evidence indicate that androgen induces hypertrophy, whereas estrogen induces hyperplasia of muscle cells. The correction of stereological and biochemical data validates the application of stereological cell size determination for smooth muscle cells in organs that hardly can be separated into stromal and epithelial components; eg, the prostate.

Comparative electrophoretic study between rabbit and human seminal fluid

Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of rabbit seminal fluid give, after amidoschwartz staining, 19 protein bands, all migration towards the anode. Nine of them are present in at least 80% of the samples. With the acid of specific detection techniques, it was possible to demonstrate th presence of zinc in four bands, acid phosphatase activity in two and glycoprotein in three of the bands. Serum compounds seem to be present in small quantities. Study of fluids squeezed out from prostate, paraprostate, seminal vesicle and epididymal tail show few specific bands in these secretions: four in the case of prostate, three for paraprostate and one for seminal vesicle. Comparisons between human and rabbit seminal fluid electrophoresis show no relationship between these two types of secretion.

Zinc in the seminal vesicle and cranial and caudal prostate of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): testicular regulation and subcellular distribution

Zinc concentration and its subcellular distribution in the seminal vesicle and cranial and caudal prostate of adult rhesus monkey was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Its concentration (microgram/mg protein) was maximum in the caudal lobe of prostate (5.7 micrograms) followed by cranial prostate (2.8 micrograms) and seminal vesicle (1.26 microgram). Analysis of subcellular fractions revealed that zinc concentration was highest in the microsomal fraction constituting about 50% of total zinc in the two lobes of prostate (cranial: 5 micrograms; caudal: 17 micrograms/mg protein). A significant reduction occurred in their zinc content following castration. The possible role of zinc in the accessory sex glands is discussed.

An increase in putative voltage dependent calcium channel number following reserpine treatment

Rats were treated with reserpine (0.2 mg/kg) on days 1, 3, and 5. On day 6, binding parameters for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors (3H-prazosin) and putative voltage dependent calcium channels, VDCC (3H-nitrendipine), were determined. There was an increase in both the number (2.1 fold) and affinity (1.8 fold) of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors following reserpine treatment. In addition, there was a 2.7 fold increase in the number of VDCCs, but no change in VDCC binding affinity, following reserpine treatment. These data are consistant with the development of smooth muscle supersensitivity following reserpine treatment in a variety of tissues, and suggest that VDCC number may be modulated by the cell in response to tonic levels of catecholamines. Changes in the number of VDCCs may be an important regulatory mechanism for cell function in physiologic and pathologic states.

Pituitary luteinizing hormone level in the male house musk shrew, Suncus murinus L., following castration and testosterone treatment

The effect of castration and replacement therapy with testosterone propionate (TP) on the pituitary LH concentration and contents in the house musk shrew was investigated by using an in vitro bioassay for LH, the Rat Interstitial Cell Testosterone assay. The concentration and contents of LH increased slightly 10 days after castration, but decreased progressively thereafter to about a half of the pre-operation level by 90 days after the operation. The replacement with TP (100 micrograms/day) for 7 days significantly depressed LH contents when it was begun 10 days after castration, while the same treatment started immediately after or 30 days after the operation did not significantly affect the pituitary LH level. The feedback mechanism between the gonad and the pituitary may be slightly different in the shrew from that in other mammals. TP replacement, started immediately after castration, completely inhibited the decrease in the weight of male accessory sex organs in castrated shrews. In castrated animals when more than 10 days had elapsed after the operation, however, the decreased weight of the organs could not be fully restored by the TP replacement for 7 days.

Pregnancy proteins in seminal plasma, seminal vesicles, preovulatory follicular fluid, and ovary

A number of proteins previously thought to be specific for the placenta or pregnancy have been identified in the fluids bathing both the oocyte and the sperm. In many cases their concentrations in follicular fluid and seminal plasma greatly exceeded those in the serum of nonpregnant women or men, and sometimes they even exceeded the levels in pregnancy sera. We report here the occurrence of PP5, PP12, PP14 and PAPP-A in follicular fluid and seminal plasma. In follicular fluid, the levels of PP5, PP12, and PAPP-A correlate with the estrogen concentration of the same fluid, and the PP12 and PAPP-A levels also bear a positive correlation to the progesterone concentration. The levels of PP12 and PAPP-A increase as the follicle grows, as do the levels of many steroid hormones. Therefore, the apparent correlations observed may be merely coincidental. However, circumstantial evidence from other reproductive organs indicates that the synthesis of PP12 and PAPP-A is stimulated by progesterone. Results of immunohistochemical staining show that PP12 and PAPP-A are localized in the luteinized granulosa cells and the corpus luteum. Previous studies indicate that PP5 and PAPP-A inhibit the action of proteolytic enzymes plasmin and elastase, which are believed to be involved in the mechanisms of ovulation. The study of the significance of these various placental proteins for human reproduction is only at its beginning. Clearly, elucidation of their function is the key to a more fundamental understanding of their role in the events governing ovulation and implantation.

The cDNA cloning of a 55-kilodalton protein from guinea pig seminal vesicle. Evidence that the protein is the precursor of a 25-kilodalton basic secretory protein

Guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium synthesizes and secretes large amounts of four secretory proteins including a basic protein designated SVP-1. The latter migrates as a protein of 25 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When total cellular RNA from seminal vesicle epithelium was translated in vitro by a rabbit reticulocyte system, SVP-1 was not identifiable as a product. In contrast, a major product of the reticulocyte system was a 55-kDa protein which paradoxically could not be identified as one of the four known secretory proteins or as an abundant tissue protein. We isolated a cDNA clone which corresponded to the mRNA which coded for the 55-kDa protein. The mRNA was 1800 bases and of very high abundance; only the transcripts corresponding to the major secretory proteins SVP-3 and SVP-4 were as conspicuous. From these observations, we decided to test whether the 55-kDa protein was related to SVP-1. The 55-kDa protein was found to share properties of SVP-1, including an alkaline pI and selection by antibody against SVP-1. After proteolytic digestion of the 55-kDa protein, one fragment co-migrated with authentic SVP-1. Furthermore, detectable fragments of the 55-kDa protein smaller than SVP-1 all co-migrated with fragments generated from the proteolytic digestion of SVP-1. Finally, we show that the 55-kDa protein could be processed in vitro by seminal vesicle lumenal extracts to yield a 30-kDa protein and a protein the size of native SVP-1. The best explanation of our results is that the 55-kDa protein represents the primary translation product and precursor of SVP-1. Our proteolytic mapping and in vitro processing studies are consistent with the idea that the 55-kDa protein is a tandem repeat of two SVP-1 molecules. We used the cDNA clone to study the expression of the corresponding gene in different states of androgen depletion and repletion.

Neuropeptide Y in the human male genital tract

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was found in high concentrations in the male genital tract. NPY levels were highest in the seminal vesicles, prostate, corpus cavernosum and vas deferens, where large numbers of immunoreactive nerve fibres were detected. Considerable quantities were also found in the epididymis and spongiosum. Lower concentrations were found in the glans penis, testis and foreskin. The presence of a large number of nerves containing NPY suggest that this active neuropeptide may play a role in control of genital function.

Immunological identification of seminalplasmin in tissue extracts of sex glands of bull

Using immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies raised against highly purified, homogeneous seminalplasmin, an antimicrobial protein of bovine seminal plasma, it has been shown that bovine ampullae, gland vesicularis and corpus prostate, but not testes and epididymis, contain seminalplasmin. The content as estimated by radioimmunoassay employing 125I-seminalplasmin was: ampullae, 267 +/- 13; gland vesicularis, 275 +/- 14; and corpus prostate, 445 +/- 22 micrograms per g wet weight of the tissue. Seminalplasmin, as characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography and in vivo inhibition of RNA synthesis in E. coli, was isolated from gland vesicularis. The seminalplasmin content of bovine seminal plasma was shown to be 1%. A chymotryptic peptide of seminalplasmin comprising residues 1-13 from the amino terminus was found to compete with 125I-seminalplasmin for binding to anti-seminalplasmin IgG.

Identification of epidermal growth factor-like activity in human male reproductive tissues and fluids

Epidermal growth factor-like activity (EGF-LA) has been detected in human seminal plasma in concentrations of 5-150 ngeq/ml (36.4 +/- 2.1, mean +/- SEM), using a heterologous RRA with murine EGF. The samples were obtained from normal, subfertile and azoospermic men, aged 21-50 yr. No correlation was found between EGF concentration and age of donor, sperm count, sperm motility, or period of sexual abstinence before sample collection. High performance liquid chromatography of the seminal plasma resulted in a main peak of EGF-LA which eluted at 29% acetonitrile, compared to 33% for murine EGF. Microsomal membranes were prepared from several tissues from the human male reproductive tract and were tested for their ability to bind radioiodinated murine EGF. Specific EGF binding activity was detectable in testicular membrane preparations but was not detectable in membranes prepared from human prostate, seminal vesicle, epididymis, or spermatozoa. Endogenous EGF-LA was detectable in human testis, seminal vesicle, prostate, and epididymis.

Somatostatin-14 and -28 in the male rat reproductive system

Somatostatin-14 (SRIF-14) has been shown to occur throughout the male rat reproductive system by SRIF radioimmunoassay, Sephadex G-50 exclusion chromatography, and parallel line analysis. SRIF-28 was found only in the epididymis. The highest concentrations of total SRIF-like immunoreactivity (SLI), representing the combined concentrations of SRIF-14 and SRIF-28, were measured in the prostates of 1 1/2- and 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The levels of SLI in prostates from 9-month-old males were about 10% that of the younger animals. Dilution curves for extracts of all reproductive tissues were parallel with synthetic SRIF-14.

Neuroendocrine changes in male hamsters following photostimulation

Transfer of gonadally regressed male golden hamsters from a short (5 L:19 D) to a stimulatory (14 L:10 D) photoperiod elicits, within 24 hr, significant changes in hypothalamic dopamine, serotonin, and possibly norepinephrine metabolism. Hypothalamic LHRH content was significantly elevated in short-photoperiod animals, but within 24 hr of transfer to a 14:10 photoperiod, LHRH declined to levels not different from those in hamsters maintained continuously in a long photoperiod. Plasma FSH levels were also significantly elevated within 24 hr of transfer, but increases in plasma LH were somewhat slower. Chronic treatment with the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, alpha-methyl tyrosine (alpha MPT), which inhibits catecholamine synthesis, blocked the effect of a stimulatory photoperiod on plasma FSH levels, while treatment of 5:19 hamsters with the catecholamine precursor, L-dopa, mimicked the effects of photostimulation on plasma FSH levels. Testicular weights were not affected by alpha MPT or L-dopa treatment for 1 week. From these data, it appears that endocrine events associated with photoperiod-induced testicular recrudescence are under the control of hypothalamic neurotransmitters.

Zinc content in the epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles of juvenile rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): effect of androgen and estrogen

The zinc content in the three segments of the epididymis (caput, corpus, and cauda), vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate of juvenile monkeys was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Zinc content (micrograms/gm wet weight) was found to be maximum (328) in the vas deferens; in the other organs it measured in the following order: caput 191, corpus 238, cauda 193, prostate 133 and seminal vesicles 85. In order to investigate the endocrine control of the zinc in these organs, two groups of animals were treated with testosterone propionate (2 mg) or estradiol dipropionate (10 micrograms) once daily for 30 days. In response to androgen, a rise in both concentration and content of zinc was evident only in the prostate. The results further suggested that the prostatic zinc may be under dual hormonal control, but in the epididymis and vas deferens it may be under the influence of estrogen. It is concluded that the hormonal effects on zinc content and growth stimulation in accessory sex organs are quite separate and may be under different hormonal control.