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Sharma A, Bhardwaj R, Kumar V, Thukral AK. GC-MS studies reveal stimulated pesticide detoxification by brassinolide application in Brassica juncea L. plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:14518-25. [PMID: 27068909 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMI) is a commonly used pesticide against aphids and accumulates in plant parts, maximum in leaves. Present study was conducted to check the efficiency of seed pre-soaking with 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) for reduction of this pesticide in the leaves of Brassica juncea L. plants raised from 24-EBL pre-soaked seeds and grown in soils supplemented with IMI. Leaves were analyzed for IMI residues using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione (GSH) content were determined by spectrophotometry. Soil containing 350 mg IMI/kilogram soil resulted in 88.66 μg/g fresh weight (FW) of IMI residue in the leaves, which was maximum decrease to 35.31 μg/g FW (60.17 %), when seeds were pre-soaked in 100 nM 24-EBL. In this treatment (350 mg IMI/kilogram soil + 100 nM 24-EBL), GSH content, GR, POD, and GST activities were increased by 42.30, 34.5, 20.5, and 13.4 %, respectively, as compared to plants grown in soils amended with 350 mg IMI/kilogram soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anket Sharma
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Thukral
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
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Qiao J, Hu J, Li YP, Ren GX, Xiang Y, Zang YM, Liu Y, Liu CS. [Effect of exogenous brassinolide on morphological characters and contents of seven chemical constituents of Glycyrrhiza uralensis]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2016; 41:197-204. [PMID: 28861963 DOI: 10.4268/cjcmm20160208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The transplants of the two-year-old Glycyrrhiza uralensis were subjected to four concentration of brassinolide (BR 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 1.0 mg•L⁻¹) in July. The morphological characters ( plant height, stem diameter, nodes number, internode length and root length , root thick, root fresh weight and root dry weight ) were measured and seven kinds of chemical constituents (glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin apioside) were determined by HPLC with the aim of increasing sinter output and improving quality of G. uralensis. Then the long-term dynamic changes of these morphological characters and chemical compositions' content were analyzed. The results showed that morphological characters of plant height, stem diameter, root length , root thick, root fresh weight and root dry weight increased remarkably with the 0.7 mg•L⁻¹ BR stimulating 2 months later,the increase rates were: 15.09%,6.15%,16.52%,8.46%,21.90%,29.41%, respectively. The content of glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, liquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin apioside were increased 20.16%,45.31%,53.56%,27.66%,23.54%,8.46% with the 0.7 mg•L⁻¹ BR stimulating 2 months later. The best effects were achieved in 2 months after brassinolide stimulating. The conclusions prove that morphological characters and the main chemical constituents accumulation of G. uralensis could be effected by exogenous BR stimulation in certain case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qiao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jun Hu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yan-Peng Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Guang-Xi Ren
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yi-Mei Zang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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Abstract
Recent studies have shown that low concentrations of brassinolide induce a rapid generation of nitric oxide in mesophyll cells of maize leaves, which can be easily detected by fluorimetric methods. In this work we describe a series of natural and synthetic brassinosteroids that are able to trigger in vitro NO production in tomato cells that exhibits dose-response behavior. We propose that this effect can be used to develop a new rapid and very sensitive bioassay for brassinosteroid activity that offers several advantages when compared to the current methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa E Tossi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC1245 (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Sofía L Acebedo
- UMYMFOR - Departamento de Química Orgánica y CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Raúl O Cassia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC1245 (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC1245 (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Lydia R Galagovsky
- UMYMFOR - Departamento de Química Orgánica y CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Javier A Ramírez
- UMYMFOR - Departamento de Química Orgánica y CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.
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He X, Fang J, Li J, Qu B, Ren Y, Ma W, Zhao X, Li B, Wang D, Li Z, Tong Y. A genotypic difference in primary root length is associated with the inhibitory role of transforming growth factor-beta receptor-interacting protein-1 on root meristem size in wheat. Plant J 2014; 77:931-43. [PMID: 24467344 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Previously we identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) qTaLRO-B1 for primary root length (PRL) in wheat. Here we compare proteomics in the roots of the qTaLRO-B1 QTL isolines 178A, with short PRL and small meristem size, and 178B, with long PRL and large meristem size. A total of 16 differentially expressed proteins were identified: one, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta receptor-interacting protein-1 (TaTRIP1), was enriched in 178A, while various peroxidases (PODs) were more abundantly expressed in 178B. The 178A roots showed higher TaTRIP1 expression and lower levels of the unphosphorylated form of the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling component BZR1, lower expression of POD genes and reduced POD activity and accumulation of the superoxide anion O2(-) in the root elongation zone compared with the 178B roots. Low levels of 24-epibrassinolide increased POD gene expression and root meristem size, and rescued the short PRL phenotype of 178A. TaTRIP1 directly interacted with the BR receptor TaBRI1 of wheat. Moreover, overexpressing TaTRIP1 in Arabidopsis reduced the abundance of unphosphorylated BZR1 protein, altered the expression of BR-responsive genes, inhibited POD activity and accumulation of the O2(-) in the root tip and inhibited root meristem size. Our data suggested that TaTRIP1 is involved in BR signaling and inhibited root meristem size, possibly by reducing POD activity and accumulation of O2(-) in the root tip. We further demonstrated a negative correlation between the level of TaTRIP1 mRNA and PRL of landraces and modern wheat varieties, providing a valuable insight for better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the genotypic differences in root morphology of wheat in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue He
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Stirk WA, Bálint P, Tarkowská D, Novák O, Strnad M, Ördög V, van Staden J. Hormone profiles in microalgae: gibberellins and brassinosteroids. Plant Physiol Biochem 2013; 70:348-53. [PMID: 23811778 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous gibberellins and brassinosteroids were quantified in 24 axenic microalgae strains from the Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Ulvophyceae and Charophyceae microalgae strains after 4 days in culture. This is the first report of endogenous gibberellins being successfully detected in microalgae. Between 18 and 20 gibberellins were quantified in all strains with concentrations ranging from 342.7 pg mg(-1) DW in Raphidocelis subcapitata MACC 317-4746.1 pg mg(-)(1) DW in Scotiellopsis terrestris MACC 44. Slower growing strains (S. terrestris MACC 44, Gyoerffyana humicola MACC 334, Nautococcus mamillatus MACC 716 and Chlorococcum ellipsoideum MACC 712) exhibited the highest gibberellin contents while lowest levels of gibberellins were found in faster growing strains (R. subcapitata MACC 317 and Coelastrum excentrica MACC 504). In all strains, the active gibberellin detected in the highest concentration was GA6, the predominant intermediates were GA15 and GA53 and the main biosynthetic end products were GA13 and GA51. Gibberellin profiles were similar in all strains except for the presence/absence of GA12 and GA12ald. To date this is the second report of endogenous brassinosteroids in microalgae. Brassinosteroids were detected in all 24 strains with concentrations ranging from 117.3 pg mg(-)(1) DW in R. subcapitata MACC 317-977.8 pg mg(-)(1) DW in Klebsormidium flaccidum MACC 692. Two brassinosteroids, brassinolide and castasterone were determined in all the strains. Generally, brassinolide occurred in higher concentrations than castasterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Stirk
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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Xin P, Yan J, Fan J, Chu J, Yan C. An improved simplified high-sensitivity quantification method for determining brassinosteroids in different tissues of rice and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2013; 162:2056-66. [PMID: 23800992 PMCID: PMC3729782 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.221952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of brassinosteroids is essential and extremely important to study the molecular mechanisms of their physiological roles in plant growth and development. Herein, we present a simple, material and cost-saving high-performance method for determining endogenous brassinosteroids (BRs) in model plants. This new method enables simultaneous enrichment of a wide range of bioactive BRs such as brassinolide, castasterone, teasterone, and typhasterol with ion exchange solid-phase extraction and high-sensitivity quantitation of these BRs based on isotope dilution combined with internal standard approach. For routine analysis, the consumption of plant materials was reduced to one-twentieth of previously reported and the overall process could be completed within 1 day compared with previous 3 to 4 days. The strategy was validated by profiling BRs in different ecotypes and mutants of rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and the BR distributions in different model plants tissues were determined with the new method. The method allows plant physiologists to monitor the dynamics and distributions of BRs with 1 gram fresh weight of model plant tissues, which will speed up the process for the molecular mechanism research of BRs with these model plants in future work.
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Abstract
In contrast to climacteric fruits, where ethylene is known to be pivotal, the regulation of ripening in non-climacteric fruits is not well understood. In the non-climacteric strawberry (Fragaria anannassa), auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) are thought to be important, but the roles of other hormones suggested to be involved in fruit development and ripening are not clear. Here changes in the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ABA, GA1, and castasterone from anthesis to fully ripened fruit are reported. The levels of IAA and GA1 rise early in fruit development before dropping to low levels prior to colour accumulation. Castasterone levels are highest at anthesis and drop to very low levels well before ripening commences, suggesting that brassinosteroids do not play an important role in ripening in strawberry. ABA levels are low at anthesis and gradually rise through development and ripening. The synthetic auxin, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), can delay ripening, but the application of GA3, the gibberellin biosythesis inhibitor paclobutrazol, and ABA had no significant effect. IAA and ABA levels are higher in the developing achenes than in the receptacle tissue and may be important for receptacle enlargement and ripening, and seed maturation, respectively. Contrary to a recent report, the biologically active GA4 was not detected. The pattern of changes in the levels of the hormones are different from those reported in another well studied non-climateric fruit, grape, suggesting that a single consistent pattern of hormone changes does not occur in this group of fruit during ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.M. Symons
- School of Plant Science, University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Y.-J. Chua
- School of Plant Science, University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - J.J. Ross
- School of Plant Science, University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - L.J. Quittenden
- School of Plant Science, University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - N.W. Davies
- School of Plant Science, University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - J.B. Reid
- School of Plant Science, University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Sakamoto T, Kawabe A, Tokida-Segawa A, Shimizu BI, Takatsuto S, Shimada Y, Fujioka S, Mizutani M. Rice CYP734As function as multisubstrate and multifunctional enzymes in brassinosteroid catabolism. Plant J 2011; 67:1-12. [PMID: 21418356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Catabolism of brassinosteroids regulates the endogenous level of bioactive brassinosteroids. In Arabidopsis thaliana, bioactive brassinosteroids such as castasterone (CS) and brassinolide (BL) are inactivated mainly by two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, CYP734A1/BAS1 and CYP72C1/SOB7/CHI2/SHK1; CYP734A1/BAS1 inactivates CS and BL by means of C-26 hydroxylation. Here, we characterized CYP734A orthologs from Oryza sativa (rice). Overexpression of rice CYP734As in transgenic rice gave typical brassinosteroid-deficient phenotypes. These transformants were deficient in both the bioactive CS and its precursors downstream of the C-22 hydroxylation step. Consistent with this result, recombinant rice CYP734As utilized a range of C-22 hydroxylated brassinosteroid intermediates as substrates. In addition, rice CYP734As can catalyze hydroxylation and the second and third oxidations to produce aldehyde and carboxylate groups at C-26 in vitro. These results indicate that rice CYP734As are multifunctional, multisubstrate enzymes that control the endogenous bioactive brassinosteroid content both by direct inactivation of CS and by the suppression of CS biosynthesis by decreasing the levels of brassinosteroid precursors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Baculoviridae/genetics
- Baculoviridae/metabolism
- Brassinosteroids/analysis
- Brassinosteroids/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cholestanols/analysis
- Cholestanols/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Hydroxylation
- Mutation
- Oryza/enzymology
- Oryza/genetics
- Oryza/metabolism
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Phenotype
- Phylogeny
- Plants, Genetically Modified/enzymology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Spodoptera/virology
- Steroids, Heterocyclic/analysis
- Steroids, Heterocyclic/metabolism
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Sakamoto
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
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Bajguz A. Suppression of Chlorella vulgaris growth by cadmium, lead, and copper stress and its restoration by endogenous brassinolide. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2011; 60:406-16. [PMID: 20523975 PMCID: PMC3047691 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids play a significant role in the amelioration of various abiotic and biotic stresses. In order to elaborate their roles in plants subjected to heavy metals stress, Chlorella vulgaris cultures treated with 10(-8) M brassinolide (BL) were exposed to 10(-6)-10(-4) M heavy metals (cadmium, lead and copper) application. Under heavy metals stress, the growth and chemical composition (chlorophyll, monosaccharides, and protein content) have been decreased during the first 48 h of cultivation. The inhibitory effect of heavy metals on C. vulgaris cultures was arranged in the following order: copper > lead > cadmium. C. vulgaris cultures treated with BL in the absence or presence of heavy metals showed no differences in the endogenous level of BL. On the other hand, treatment with heavy metals results in BL level very similar to that of control cell cultures. These results suggest that the activation of brassinosteroids biosynthesis, via an increase of endogenous BL, is not essential for the growth and development of C. vulgaris cells in response to heavy metals stress. Simultaneously, BL enhanced the content of indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin, and abscisic acid in cultures treated with heavy metals. Levels per cell of chlorophylls, protein, and monosaccharides are all increased by BL treatment when compared to nontreated control cells. Application of BL to C. vulgaris cultures reduced the accumulation of heavy metals stress on growth, prevented chlorophyll, monosaccharides, and protein loss, and increased phytochelatins content. The arrested growth of C. vulgaris cells treated with heavy metals was restored by the coapplication of BL. It suggested that BL overcame the inhibitory effect of heavy metals. From these results, it can be concluded that BL plays the positive role in the alleviation of heavy metals stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Swierkowa 20 B, 15-950 Bialystok, Poland.
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Khripach VA, Sviridov OV, Priadko AG, Litvinovskaia RP, Drach SV, Matveentsev VD, Novik TV, Mikhaĭlopulo KI, Zhabinskiĭ VN, Zavadskaia MI, Aver'kova MA, Drachenova OA, Chashchina NM. Enzyme immunoassay of (24R)-brassinosteroids. Russ J Bioorg Chem 2007; 33:371-8. [PMID: 17682395 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162007030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids are a new group of phytohormones that are widely distributed in plants and play an important role in the processes of plant growth and development. Physiological concentrations of brassinosteroids in plants are extremely low, and their analysis in organs and tissues is very difficult. This study is devoted to the chemical aspects of elaboration and to bioanalytical parameters of an immunoenzymatic system for quantitative determination of the phytohormones 24-epicastasterone and 24-epibrassinolide.
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Svatos A, Antonchick A, Schneider B. Determination of brassinosteroids in the sub-femtomolar range using dansyl-3-aminophenylboronate derivatization and electrospray mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2004; 18:816-21. [PMID: 15052565 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A selective and sensitive electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry based method for detection of brassinosteroids (BS) in plant samples was developed. The limit of detection (LOD) was dramatically reduced over existing analytical methods using a microbore (1.00 mm) C18 column and chemical derivatization of free BS to dansyl-3-aminophenylboronates. The LOD in the selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode for derivatized BS was 125 attomole (signal-to-noise ratio 3). The practical utility of the method is documented in Arabidopsis thaliana plant transformation of castasterone to brassinolide using a deuterium-labeled precursor. The method could be very useful for the detection of native BS in plant tissue and biosynthetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Svatos
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
Extracts of seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype 24) were analysed for the presence of free and conjugated brassinosteroids. 24-epi-Brassinolide (ca 220 ng kg-1) and castasterone (ca 360 ng kg-1) could be isolated and unambiguously identified as native brassinosteroids by GC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schmidt
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/S., Germany
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Kapul'skiĭ AE, Simonov VI, Shishkina AA, Pivnitskiĭ KK. [Molecular and crystallographic structure of D-11-aza-19-nortestosterone]. Bioorg Khim 1988; 14:392-6. [PMID: 3382441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Crystal and molecular structure of D-11-aza-19-nortestosterone monohydrate C17H25NO2.H2O (a 8,288(2), b 12,433(2), c 7,570(2) A, beta 90,25(1) degrees; space group P2(1), R 8.3%) has been determined by X-ray analysis. Its comparison with the molecular structure of D-19-nortestosterone showed that the decrease in the hormonal activity upon 11-aza-substitution may be due to difference in chemical properties of imino and methylene groups.
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Abstract
A series of aza-steroids was synthesized containing chromophoric groups, such as a, beta-unsaturated ketones and doubly unsaturated conjugated and monoconjugated heteroannular dienones with the heteroatom in the D ring at the 20 and 17a positions. The effect of an appositely placed electronegative center in these molecules upon their ultraviolet absorptions was studied. In order to obtain a basis for the observed spectral changes, the corresponding carbocyclic compounds were also synthesized. The maximum absorptions of the aza-steroids were hypsochromically shifted relative to the carbocyclic compounds in all cases (n=8). The displacement caused by the electronegative center on absorption maximum of the chromophores is, however, highly dependent on its location within the molecules.
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Singh H, Paul D, Malhotra RK, Bhardwaj TR. Steroids and related studies. XXXII. Thin-layer chromatography of some lactam, tetrazole, basic and quaternary azasteroids. J Chromatogr A 1975; 114:270-3. [PMID: 1184707 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)85277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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