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Poonam, Chaudhary S. Interactions between AT1R and GRKs: the determinants for activation of signaling pathways involved in blood pressure regulation. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:46. [PMID: 38158508 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08995-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The success of Angiotensin II receptor blockers, specifically Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists as antihypertensive drug emphasizes the involvement of AT1R in Essential hypertension. The structural insights and mutational studies of Ang II-AT1R have brought about the vision to design Ang II analogs that selectively activate the pathways with beneficial and cardioprotective effects such as cell survival and hinder the deleterious effects such as hypertrophy and cell death. AT1R belongs to G-protein coupled receptors and is regulated by G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) that either uncouples Gq protein for receptor desensitization or phosphorylate C-terminus to recruit β-arrestin for internalization of the receptor. The interaction of GRKs with ligand activated AT1R induces conformational changes and signal either Gq dependent or Gq independent pathways. These interactions might explain the complex regulatory mechanisms and offer promising ideas for hypertension therapeutics. This article reviews the functional role of AT1R, organization of GRK genes and regulation of AT1R by GRKs that play significant role in desensitization and internalization of the receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam
- Department cum National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research (NCHGSR), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Shashi Chaudhary
- Department cum National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research (NCHGSR), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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2
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Cimino JX, Zhou M, Waxmonsky J, Mailman RB, Yang Y. Characterization of behavioral changes in T-maze alternation from dopamine D 1 agonists with different receptor coupling mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2187-2199. [PMID: 37578525 PMCID: PMC10693963 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine D1 receptor agonists have been shown to improve working memory, but often have a non-monotonic (inverted-U) dose-response curve. One hypothesis is that this may reflect dose-dependent differential engagement of D1 signaling pathways, a mechanism termed functional selectivity or signaling bias. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, we compared two D1 ligands with different signaling biases in a rodent T-maze alternation task. Both tested ligands (2-methyldihydrexidine and CY208243) have high intrinsic activity at cAMP signaling, but the former also has markedly higher intrinsic activity at D1-mediated recruitment of β-arrestin. The spatial working memory was assessed via the alternation behavior in the T-maze where the alternate choice rate quantified the quality of the memory and the duration prior to making a choice represented the decision latency. RESULTS Both D1 drugs changed the alternate rate and the choice latency in a dose-dependent manner, albeit with important differences. 2-Methyldihydrexidine was somewhat less potent but caused a more homogeneous improvement than CY208243 in spatial working memory. The maximum changes in the alternate rate and the choice latency tended to occur at different doses for both drugs. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that D1 signaling bias in these two pathways (cAMP vs β-arrestin) has complex effects on cognitive processes as assessed by T-maze alternation. Understanding these mechanisms should allow the identification or discovery of D1 agonists that can provide superior cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack X Cimino
- Neuroscience Program, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - James Waxmonsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Richard B Mailman
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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3
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Bawazir M, Amponnawarat A, Hui Y, Oskeritzian CA, Ali H. Inhibition of MRGPRX2 but not FcεRI or MrgprB2-mediated mast cell degranulation by a small molecule inverse receptor agonist. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1033794. [PMID: 36275683 PMCID: PMC9582160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) expressed on mast cells (MCs) contributes to hypersensitivity reactions to cationic US-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs such as the neuromuscular blocking agent, rocuronium. In addition, activation of MRGPRX2 by the neuropeptide substance P (SP) and the pro-adrenomedullin peptide (PAMP-12) is associated with a variety of cutaneous conditions such as neurogenic inflammation, pain, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, and itch. Thus, small molecules aimed at blocking MRGPRX2 constitute potential options for modulating IgE-independent MC-mediated disorders. Two inverse MRGPRX2 agonists, named C9 and C9-6, have recently been identified, which inhibit basal G protein activation and agonist-induced calcium mobilization in transfected HEK293 cells. Substance P serves as a balanced agonist for MRGPRX2 whereby it activates both G protein-mediated degranulation and β-arrestin-mediated receptor internalization. The purpose of this study was to determine if C9 blocks MRGPRX2's G protein and β-arrestin-mediated signaling and to determine its specificity. We found that C9, but not its inactive analog C7, inhibited degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells stably expressing MRGPRX2 in response to SP, PAMP-12 and rocuronium with an IC50 value of ~300 nM. C9 also inhibited degranulation as measured by cell surface expression of CD63, CD107a and β-hexosaminidase release in LAD2 cells and human skin-derived MCs in response to SP but not the anaphylatoxin, C3a or FcϵRI-aggregation. Furthermore, C9 inhibited β-arrestin recruitment and MRGPRX2 internalization in response to SP and PAMP-12. We found that a G protein-coupling defective missense MRGPRX2 variant (V282M) displays constitutive activity for β-arrestin recruitment, and that this response was significantly inhibited by C9. Rocuronium, SP and PAMP-12 caused degranulation in mouse peritoneal MCs and these responses were abolished in the absence of MrgprB2 or cells treated with pertussis toxin but C9 had no effect. These findings suggest that C9 could provide an important framework for developing novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of IgE-independent MC-mediated drug hypersensitivity and cutaneous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram Bawazir
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aetas Amponnawarat
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Family and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yvonne Hui
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Carole A. Oskeritzian
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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De Pascali F, Ippolito M, Wolfe E, Komolov KE, Hopfinger N, Lemenze D, Kim N, Armen RS, An SS, Scott CP, Benovic JL. β 2 -Adrenoceptor agonist profiling reveals biased signalling phenotypes for the β 2 -adrenoceptor with possible implications for the treatment of asthma. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4692-4708. [PMID: 35732075 PMCID: PMC9474705 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE β-Adrenoceptor agonists relieve airflow obstruction by activating β2 -adrenoceptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed on human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. The currently available β-adrenoceptor agonists are balanced agonists, however, and signal through both the stimulatory G protein (Gs )- and β-arrestin-mediated pathways. While Gs signalling is beneficial and promotes HASM relaxation, β-arrestin activation is associated with reduced Gs efficacy. In this context, biased ligands that selectively promote β2 -adrenoceptor coupling to Gs signalling represent a promising strategy to treat asthma. Here, we examined several β-adrenoceptor agonists to identify Gs -biased ligands devoid of β-arrestin-mediated effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Gs -biased ligands for the β2 -adrenoceptor were identified by high-throughput screening and then evaluated for Gs interaction, Gi interaction, cAMP production, β-arrestin interaction, GPCR kinase (GRK) phosphorylation of the receptor, receptor trafficking, ERK activation, and functional desensitization of the β2 -adrenoceptor. KEY RESULTS We identified ractopamine, dobutamine, and higenamine as Gs -biased agonists that activate the Gs /cAMP pathway upon β2 -adrenoceptor stimulation while showing minimal Gi or β-arrestin interaction. Furthermore, these compounds did not induce any receptor trafficking and had reduced GRK5-mediated phosphorylation of the β2 -adrenoceptor. Finally, we observed minimal physiological desensitization of the β2 -adrenoceptor in primary HASM cells upon treatment with biased agonists. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our work demonstrates that Gs -biased signalling through the β2 -adrenoceptor may prove to be an effective strategy to promote HASM relaxation in the treatment of asthma. Such biased compounds may also be useful in identifying the molecular mechanisms that determine biased signalling and in design of safer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Pascali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Michael Ippolito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Emily Wolfe
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey and Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Konstantin E. Komolov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nathan Hopfinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas Lemenze
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey and Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nicholas Kim
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey and Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Roger S. Armen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven S. An
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey and Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Charles P. Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Pinkerton AB, Peddibhotla S, Yamamoto F, Slosky LM, Bai Y, Maloney P, Hershberger P, Hedrick MP, Falter B, Ardecky RJ, Smith LH, Chung TDY, Jackson MR, Caron MG, Barak LS. Discovery of β-Arrestin Biased, Orally Bioavailable, and CNS Penetrant Neurotensin Receptor 1 (NTR1) Allosteric Modulators. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8357-8363. [PMID: 31390201 PMCID: PMC7003992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTR1) is a G protein coupled receptor that is widely expressed throughout the central nervous system where it acts as a neuromodulator. Neurotensin receptors have been implicated in a wide variety of CNS disorders, but despite extensive efforts to develop small molecule ligands there are few reports of such compounds. Herein we describe the optimization of a quinazoline based lead to give 18 (SBI-553), a potent and brain penetrant NTR1 allosteric modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B. Pinkerton
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Satyamaheshwar Peddibhotla
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Fusayo Yamamoto
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lauren M. Slosky
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yushi Bai
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Patrick Maloney
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Paul Hershberger
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael P. Hedrick
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bekhi Falter
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Robert J. Ardecky
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Layton H. Smith
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Thomas D. Y. Chung
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael R. Jackson
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Marc G. Caron
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Lawrence S. Barak
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Buckinx A, Van Den Herrewegen Y, Pierre A, Cottone E, Ben Haj Salah K, Fehrentz JA, Kooijman R, De Bundel D, Smolders I. Differential Effects of a Full and Biased Ghrelin Receptor Agonist in a Mouse Kindling Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102480. [PMID: 31137460 PMCID: PMC6567032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ghrelin system has received substantial recognition as a potential target for novel anti-seizure drugs. Ghrelin receptor (ghrelin-R) signaling is complex, involving Gαq/11, Gαi/o, Gα12/13, and β-arrestin pathways. In this study, we aimed to deepen our understanding regarding signaling pathways downstream the ghrelin-R responsible for mediating anticonvulsive effects in a kindling model. Mice were administered the proconvulsive dopamine 1 receptor-agonist, SKF81297, to gradually induce a kindled state. Prior to every SKF81297 injection, mice were treated with a ghrelin-R full agonist (JMV-1843), a Gαq and Gα12 biased ligand unable to recruit β-arrestin (YIL781), a ghrelin-R antagonist (JMV-2959), or saline. Mice treated with JMV-1843 had fewer and less severe seizures compared to saline-treated controls, while mice treated with YIL781 experienced longer and more severe seizures. JMV-2959 treatment did not lead to differences in seizure severity and number. Altogether, these results indicate that the Gαq or Gα12 signaling pathways are not responsible for mediating JMV-1843′s anticonvulsive effects and suggest a possible involvement of β-arrestin signaling in the anticonvulsive effects mediated by ghrelin-R modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Buckinx
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yana Van Den Herrewegen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anouk Pierre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Eleonora Cottone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Khoubaib Ben Haj Salah
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR524, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR524, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Ron Kooijman
- Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
The nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) peptide receptor (NOP) is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in the regulation of several physiological functions and pathological conditions. Thus, researchers from academia and industry are pursuing NOP to discover and study novel pharmacological entities. In a multidisciplinary effort of pharmacologists, medicinal chemists, and molecular and structural biologists the mechanisms of NOP activation and inhibition have been, at least partially, disentangled. Here, we review the in vitro methodologies employed, which have contributed to our understanding of this target. We hope this chapter guides the reader through the mostly established assay platforms to investigate NOP pharmacology, and gives some hints taking advantage from what has already illuminated the function of other GPCRs. We analyzed the pharmacological results obtained with a large panel of NOP ligands investigated in several assays including receptor binding, stimulation of GTPγS binding, decrease of cAMP levels, calcium flux stimulation via chimeric G proteins, NOP/G protein and NOP/β-arrestin interaction, label-free assays such as dynamic mass redistribution, and bioassays such as the electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Malfacini
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Girolamo Caló
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Hager MV, Johnson LM, Wootten D, Sexton PM, Gellman SH. β-Arrestin-Biased Agonists of the GLP-1 Receptor from β-Amino Acid Residue Incorporation into GLP-1 Analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14970-14979. [PMID: 27813409 PMCID: PMC5207657 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) causes recruitment of multiple intracellular proteins, each of which can activate distinct signaling pathways. This complexity has engendered interest in agonists that preferentially stimulate subsets among the natural signaling pathways ("biased agonists"). We have examined analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) containing β-amino acid residues in place of native α residues at selected sites and found that some analogues differ from GLP-1 in terms of their relative abilities to promote G protein activation (as monitored via cAMP production) versus β-arrestin recruitment (as monitored via BRET assays). The α → β replacements generally cause modest declines in stimulation of cAMP production and β-arrestin recruitment, but for some replacement sets cAMP production is more strongly affected than is β-arrestin recruitment. The central portion of GLP-1 appears to be critical for achieving bias toward β-arrestin recruitment. These results suggest that backbone modification via α → β residue replacement may be a versatile source of agonists with biased GLP-1R activation profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies V Hager
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706 United States
| | - Lisa M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706 United States
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706 United States
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