Energy requirement for primiparous Holstein × Gyr crossbred dairy cows

Our objective was to estimate the requirements of metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for the maintenance (NEm) of lactating and dry cows, the efficiency of ME utilization for milk production (kl) and tissue gain (kg), and the use of body energy mobilization for milk production (kt) throughout the lactation of primiparous crossbred Holstein × Gyr cows, using open-circuit respiration chambers. Twenty-nine primiparous Holstein × Gyr crossbred cows with an initial BW averaging 563 ± 40.1 kg and 2.5 ± 0.09 years old were used throughout lactation and dry periods. The cows were kept non-pregnant throughout the study to eliminate possible confounding factors. Apparent digestibility assays, followed by calorimeter measurements, were performed 6 times throughout the lactation period. In the dry-off period, the cows were also evaluated but fed with restricted intake (DMI = 1.1% BW/d) to achieve heat production close to maintenance. After 21 d of diet adaptation, an apparent digestibility assay followed by calorimeter measurements was performed. Parameter estimates for lactation period were obtained by mixed models including lactation stage as repeated measures. For restricted feeding at dry-off and fasting period assays, the requirements were estimated by exponential regression. For whole lactation, the values of MEm and NEm were 0.588 and 0.395 MJ/BW0.75, respectively. The efficiencies klkgkt were 0.672, 0.771, and 0.814, respectively. However, MEm and NEm were higher in early and mid-lactation than late, while kl was higher in early than other lactation stages. Dry and non-pregnant cows had MEm of 0.434 MJ/BW0.75 and NEm of 0.351 MJ/BW0.75 for maintenance level, and MEm of 0.396 MJ/BW0.75 and NEm of 0.345 MJ/BW0.75 for fasting metabolism level and efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance was 0.80. Our findings confirmed that F1 crossbred Holstein × Gyr dairy cows have differences in energy requirement and efficiency throughout the lactation stages, suggesting the use of different values in each stage. The estimated values of energy requirement for maintenance and efficiencies for primiparous lactating crossbred Holstein × Gyr were similar to those reported in the literature in specific studies and requirements systems.

Protective role of Portuguese natural mineral waters on skin aging: in vitro evaluation of anti-senescence and anti-oxidant properties

Natural mineral waters (NMWs) emerge from the earth as springs and their beneficial therapeutic effect has been empirically recognized in different countries. Portugal has diverse NMW resources that are sought for the relief of different afflictions including dermatological complications. However, there is a lack of scientific validation supporting this empiric knowledge. In this study, we aimed to screen the in vitro bioactivity of Portuguese NMWs with different chemical profiles, namely sulfurous/bicarbonate/sodic (SBS), bicarbonate/magnesium, sulfated/calcic, sulfurous/chlorinated/sodic, sulfurous/bicarbonate/fluoridated/sodic, and chlorinated/sodic, focusing on aging-related skin alterations. Mouse skin fibroblasts and macrophages were exposed to culture medium prepared in different NMWs. Cellular viability was evaluated by MTT assay and etoposide-induced senescence was analyzed through the beta-galactosidase staining kit. Wound healing was investigated by the scratch assay, and phototoxicity/photoprotection after UVA irradiation was evaluated using a neutral red solution. ROS production was quantified using the 2'7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate dye, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was analyzed by a commercial kit after lipopolysaccharide exposure. NMWs within the SBS profile demonstrated anti-senescence activity in skin fibroblasts, along with a variable effect on cellular viability. Among the tested NMWs, two decreased cellular senescence and preserved cell viability and were therefore selected for subsequent studies, together with a SBS NMW with therapeutic indications for dermatologic diseases. Overall, the selected NMW promoted wound healing in skin fibroblasts and activated SOD in macrophages, thus suggesting an anti-oxidant effect. None of the NMWs prevented phototoxicity after UV irradiation. Our results shed a light on the anti-aging potential of Portuguese NMW, supporting their putative application in cosmetic or medical products.

Production performance, nutrient use efficiency, and predicted enteric methane emissions in dairy cows under confinement or grazing management system

There has been an intense debate regarding the economic, social, and environmental sustainability of confinement versus grazing dairy systems. Our goal was to conduct a meta-analysis to compare dry matter intake, milk yield and composition, nutrient use efficiency (i.e., feed efficiency, milk N efficiency), and predicted enteric CH₄ emissions using studies that simultaneously evaluated confinement and grazing. We were able to include in the meta-analysis 8 peer-reviewed articles that met the following selection criteria: (1) publication between 1991 and 2021 in English language, (2) report either SEM or SD, (3) inclusion of at least 1 confinement [total mixed ration or fresh cut herbage fed indoors (i.e., zero-grazing)] and 1 grazing treatment in the same study, and (4) use of markers (internal or external) to estimate herbage dry matter intake. Two unpublished experiments were added to the data set resulting in a total of 10 studies for comparing confinement and grazing. The magnitude of the effect (i.e., effect size) was evaluated using weighted raw mean differences between grazing and confinement systems for a random effect model. Enteric CH₄ production was predicted as follows: CH₄ (g/d) = 33.2 (13.54) + 13.6 (0.33) × dry matter intake + 2.43 (0.245) × neutral detergent fiber. Dry matter intake (–9.5%), milk yield (–9.3%), milk fat yield (–5.8%), milk protein yield (–10%), and energy-corrected milk (–12%) all decreased in grazing versus confined dairy cows. In contrast, concentration of milk fat and feed efficiency (energy-corrected milk/dry matter intake) were not affected by management system. Whereas milk protein concentration increased, milk nitrogen (N) efficiency (milk N/N intake) tended to decrease in grazing compared with confinement. Predicted enteric CH₄ production was 6.1% lower in grazing than confined dairy cows. However, CH₄ yield (g/kg of dry matter intake) and CH₄ intensity (g/kg of energy-corrected milk) did not change between confinement and grazing. In conclusion, while production performance decreased in grazing dairy cows, nutrient use efficiency and predicted enteric CH₄ emissions were relatively similar in both management systems. Results of our meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of studies that met our inclusion criteria leading to a limited number of treatment mean comparisons.

High-performance bilayer composites for the replacement of osteochondral defects

Two novel bilayer constructs for the repair of osteochondral defects were developed from nanofibers and ceramic particles embedded into PVA matrices, exhibiting multiple promising properties similar to those of corresponding natural tissues.

Continuous aqueous phase reforming of a synthetic brewery wastewater with Pt/C and PtRe/C catalysts for biohydrogen production

This work investigates H₂ production through aqueous phase reforming (APR) of synthetic brewery wastewater in a continuous fixed bed reactor with Pt and PtRe (3 wt %) catalysts supported on activated carbon. The influence of weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) and superficial Ar gas flow velocity (V_Ar) was assessed for the sake of optimisation, while reaction temperature and pressure were maintained at 225 °C and 28 bar, respectively. H₂ production was found to be higher using the PtRe catalyst at the lowest WHSV (0.03 h^-1) and highest V_Ar (0.8 cm s^-1). The comparison of the maximum H₂ production obtained in this work (27.9 μmol min^-1) with other treatment processes shows the potential of the application of APR process for H₂ production from brewery wastewater. Despite the different reaction conditions tested, the catalysts showed deactivation with time on stream, which was related to the formation of solid deposits on the surface of the catalysts. Therefore, future research should be related to the development of more stable catalysts, strategies that avoid deactivation by coking and regeneration processes.

Vicilin from Anadenanthera colubrina Seeds: An alternative tool to combat Callosobruchus maculatus

Vicilins are seed proteins, and they constitute 70-80% of the total protein in leguminous seeds; with amolecular mass between 150 and 190 kDa, they are composed of subunits without disulfide bridges, with high affinity for chitin-binding. They are also associated with seed defense against insect pests. The chitin-binding vicilin from Anadenanthera colubrina seeds was purified by ammonium sulfate, followed by affinity chromatography on a chitin column, molecular exclusion on Superdex 75 Tricorn in FPLC system and Phenomenex C8 chromatography in HPLC system. The A. colubrina vicilin, named AcV, is a tetrameric glycoprotein composed of 1.55% carbohydrates and molecular weight determined by SDS-PAGE, consisting of 70, 73, 43 and 41 kDa. The AcV homogeneity was confirmed in native PAGE, where it was observed to be a unique band with slow mobility in this gel, with approximately 230 kDa. AcV added to the Callosobruchus maculatus diet in the bioassays resulted in a strong effect on adult emergence (ED50 of 0.096%), and in larvae caused a marked reduction in mass (WD50 of 0.32%) and lethality (LD50 of 0.33%) (w:w). The digestibility of AcV was evaluated in vitro with the digestive enzymes of larvae of C. maculatus of fourth instar, showing major fragments of 10 and 30 kDa. AcV showed reactivity against the anti-EvV antibody from Erythrina velutina vicilin. The deleterious effects of AcV are likely to be associated with the chitin-binding fragments generated by proteolysis in the bruchid gut, similarly to that found for vicilins from other leguminous plant species, Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Vigna unguiculata. AcV might be a candidate protein for a possible bioinsecticidal control of the bruchid weevil, C. maculatus.

The applicability of fingernail lead and cadmium levels as subchronic exposure biomarkers for preschool children

Preschool children are exposed daily to metals in their homes and at daycare centers (DCC). Metal exposure and health effects are associated even at low levels, and children comprise a group of public health concern. Nail metals have been studied for exposure biomonitoring and compared to other biological media. The aim of this study was to explore the applicability of preschool fingernail lead and cadmium as subchronic exposure biomarkers. Nail lead and cadmium levels (NLL and NCL) of 602 preschool children (age: 1-4 years) who attended 21 DCC in São Paulo, Brazil, in 2013 were analyzed. Results were compared against blood lead and cadmium levels (BLL and BCL) found in a previous study. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses were performed for both samples. DCC and metal contaminated sites (MCS) were georeferencing. Logistic regression tests were applied to verify associations between nail metal levels and risk factors (sex, age, maternal education, secondary smoking, DCC geographic district, vehicle flow density, relative altitude and distance between DCC and nearest MCS) (p < 0.05). BLL was stratified by exposure level (low: <5 μg.dL^-1; high: >13.9 μg.dL^-1; medium: ≥5 μg.dL^-1 and ≤13.9 μg.dL^-1) and also tested the associations in order to verify if nail lead levels are affected by exposure intensity defined by blood metals concentrations. Radius distance and relative altitude of DCC to nearest MCS were associated with high NLL and NCL. Abnormal appearance of nails was associated with high NLL and low NCL. Lead and cadmium exposure magnitude had no significant impact on NLL. NLL should only be used for initial screening, and when financial resources are scarce, especially in areas located near contaminated sites. Preschool children were co-exposed to both lead and cadmium, reinforcing the need for broader studies evaluating exposure to environmental pollutants for more than one chemical element.

Anti-inflammatory potential of Portuguese thermal waters

In light of Medical Hydrology, thermal waters (TW) are all-natural mineral waters that emerge inside a thermal resort and have therapeutic applications. Their beneficial effect has been empirically recognized for centuries, being indicated for symptom alleviation and/or treatment of several diseases, almost all associated with inflammation. Indeed, an anti-inflammatory effect has been attributed to many different Portuguese TW but there is no scientific validation supporting this empiric knowledge. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of 14 TW pertaining to thermal centers located in the Central Region of Portugal, and grouped according to their ionic profile. Mouse macrophage cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist, were exposed to culture medium prepared in TW. Metabolism, nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression levels and the scavenging capacity of TW, were investigated in vitro. 11 out of 14 TW reduced NO production and/or iNOS expression, and/or scavenging activity, in macrophages exposed to LPS. The sulphated/calcic TW did not show any effect on at least one of the inflammatory parameters evaluated. Two sulphurous/bicarbonate/sodic TW and the sulphurous/chlorinated/sodic TW promoted an increase in NO production and/or iNOS expression. Our results validate, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory properties of Portuguese TW, supporting their therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases and promoting their putative application in cosmetic products and medical devices.

Aqueous phase reforming coupled to catalytic wet air oxidation for the removal and valorisation of phenolic compounds in wastewater

Aqueous phase reforming (APR) coupled to catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) has been investigated as an approach to remove phenolic compounds from wastewater, converting them into valuable gases. Partial oxidation of phenol was achieved in the first CWAO stage trying to minimize mineralization so to allow a high yield to valuable gases in the second APR stage. APR runs were carried out with different mixtures of compounds corresponding to phenol oxidation pathway (phenol, quinones, long and short chain acids) and representing different degrees of oxidation in CWAO stage. A range of TOC and COD removal (74-90%) was observed in APR stage for the single compounds, with higher removal for long chain acids. Likewise, long chain acids provided with the highest conversion to gases. APR of mixtures rich in acids gave the highest yield to CH₄ (11.0 mmol CH₄/g TOC_initial). H₂ production was low in all cases, due to competing direct conversion of long and short chain acids into CH₄. TOC and COD removal from wastewater was similar in APR-CWAO and APR, however the conversion to gases and the yield to CH₄ were markedly higher for APR-CWAO, thus overcoming the difficulties previously observed in the direct APR of phenol.

Evolution of the use of antioxidants in anti-ageing cosmetics

OBJECTIVE

Skin health and beauty are a cornerstone of general well-being in humans. Anti-ageing cosmetics are used to provide a healthy and youthful appearance. Among the different cosmetic actives, antioxidants are incorporated in anti-ageing products due to their beneficial effects in preventing and minimizing the signs of skin ageing. This work aims to understand how anti-ageing formulations changed in the past 7 years regarding pure antioxidants composition.

METHODS

Data were collected from anti-ageing formulations commercialized in main stores and pharmacies in the Portuguese market. The study started on 2011 and was updated with products launched or whose composition has been renewed on 2013, 2015 or 2018.

RESULTS

Ascorbic acid and tocopherol and their derivatives were consistently the most used antioxidants in anti-ageing formulations; followed by niacinamide and retinyl palmitate. Seven ascorbic acid derivatives are currently used in anti-ageing formulations while only three tocopherol derivatives were identified in this study. Several combinations of antioxidants were routinely found, mainly tocopherol (or tocopherol derivatives) with other antioxidants and tocopherol with tocopherol derivatives. We have not identified emerging antioxidants with great impact in anti-ageing formulations even though niacinamide and retinyl palmitate exhibited over 10% more usage in 2018.

CONCLUSION

This insight is relevant to the cosmetic industry providing a better understanding of the scientific-based formulation of modern cosmetics and supports the need for innovative antioxidants in anti-ageing cosmetics.

Dried whole cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) nuts as an alternative energy feedstuff for beef cattle grazing tropical pasture

Context Cupuassu is frequently cultivated in Brazil as well as in the warm lowlands of other tropical American countries. Cupuassu nut contains high levels of theobromine and ether extra ct, which could negatively affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients, when included in livestock diets. Aims The present study was undertaken to evaluate how replacing maize with cupuassu nut affects feed intake, efficiency of microbial synthesis and nitrogen (N) balance in Nellore bulls at pasture. Methods Five Nellore bulls with an initial bodyweight of 336.7 ± 12.8 kg (mean ± s.d.) were kept in individual paddocks of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. Concentrate supplements containing equal amounts of N and different concentrations of dried whole cupuassu nut (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% replacement of maize) were fed to bulls in a 5 × 5 latin square design, with each animal allocated to each diet for a period of 20 days, including a 14-day period of adaptation. Key results Intake of all dietary components and total digestible nutrients, except ether extract, theobromine and neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein, decreased linearly with the addition of cupuassu. Theobromine intake varied from 13.86 (25% cupuassu nut) to 36.67 (100% cupuassu nut) mg/kg bodyweight. The inclusion of cupuassu in the supplement led to a linear decrease in ruminal ammonia-N concentration, N balance, and efficiency of microbial synthesis. Conclusion Replacing maize with dried whole cupuassu nut in concentrate supplements reduces the intake of DM from both supplement and pasture, the efficiency of microbial synthesis, and the N balance in grazing beef cattle. Implications The replacement of maize by dried whole nut of cupuassu in concentrate supplements for grazing cattle is not recommended because it reduces supplement intake and nitrogen retention, and it is likely to decrease liveweight gain.

Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and recombinant bacterial expansins synergistically improve hydrolysis and in vitro digestibility of bermudagrass haylage

Four experiments were conducted to examine the effects of a recombinant bacterial expansin-like protein (BsEXLX1) from Bacillus subtilis and a commercial exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (EFE) preparation for ruminants on hydrolysis of pure substrates (cellulose and xylan) and in vitro digestibility of bermudagrass haylage (BMH). Recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 strain was used to express BsEXLX1; the protein was purified using an affinity column. In experiment 1, carboxymethylcellulose, Whatman #1 filter paper (General Electric, Boston, MA) and oat-spelt xylan substrates were subjected to 4 treatments (1) sodium citrate buffer (control), (2) BsEXLX1 (162 µg/g of substrate), (3) EFE (2.3 mg/g of substrate), and (4) EFE + BsELX1 in 3 independent runs. Samples were incubated at optimal conditions for both additives (pH 5 and 50°C) or at ruminal (pH 6 and 39°C) or ambient (pH 6 and 25°C) conditions for 24 h and sugar release was measured. In experiment 2, digestibility in vitro of BMH was examined after treatment with the following: (1) control (buffer only), (2) BsEXLX1 (162 µg/g of dry matter), (3) EFE (2.2 mg/g of dry matter), and (4) EFE + BsEXLX1 in 3 independent runs at 39°C for 24 h. Experiment 3 examined effects of EFE and BsEXLX1 on simulated preingestive hydrolysis and profile of released sugars from BMH after samples were suspended in deionized water with sodium azide at 25°C for 24 h in 2 independent runs. In experiment 4, the sequence of the BsEXLX1 purified protein was compared with 447 ruminal bacterial genomes to identify similar proteins from the rumen. In experiment 1, compared with EFE alone, EFE and BsEXLX1 synergistically increased sugar release from carboxymethylcellulose and Whatman #1 filter paper under all simulated conditions; however, hydrolysis of xylan was not improved. In experiment 2, compared with EFE alone, treatment with EFE and BsEXLX1 increased neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber digestibility of bermudagrass haylage (by 5.5 and 15%, respectively) and total volatile fatty acid concentrations, and decreased acetate-propionate ratio. In experiment 3, compared with EFE alone. The EFE and BsEXLX1 synergistically reduced concentrations of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber and increased release of sugars by 9.3%, particularly cellobiose (72.5%). In experiment 4, a similar sequence to that of BsEXLX1 was identified in Bacillus licheniformis, and similar hypothetical protein sequences were identified in Ruminococcus flavefaciens strains along with different protein structures in E. xylanophilum and Lachnospiraceae. This study showed that an expansin-like protein synergistically increased the hydrolysis of pure cellulose substrates and the hydrolysis and digestibility in vitro of BMH.

An approach to validate groundwater contamination risk in rural mountainous catchments: the role of lateral groundwater flows

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Existing risk validation models are based on the “spot matching” concept whereby validation is static and linked to the resemblance among spatial distribution of risky areas and regions with abnormally high nitrate concentrations;

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The current model is based on the “cross-profiling” concept whereby validation is dynamic and linked to the resemblance among nitrate profiles measured along catchment flow lines and modeled counterparts obtained for specific groundwater travel times.

Computer models dedicated to the validation of groundwater contamination risk in the rural environment, namely the risk of contamination by nitrate leachates from agriculture fertilizers, are frequently based on direct comparison of risky areas (e.g., cropland, pastures used for livestock production) and spatial distributions of contaminant (nitrate) plumes. These methods are fated to fail where lateral flows dominate in the landscape (mountainous catchments) displacing the nitrate plumes downhill and from the risky spots. In these cases, there is no connection between the spatial location of risky areas and nitrate plumes, unless the two locations can be linked by a contaminant transport model. The main purpose of this paper is therefore to introduce a method whereby spatio-temporal links can be demonstrated between risky areas (contaminant sources), actual nitrate plumes (contaminant sinks) and modeled nitrate distributions at specific groundwater travel times, thereby validating the risk assessment. The method assembles a couple of well known algorithms, namely the DRASTIC model [1,2] and the Processing Modflow software (https://www.simcore.com), but their combination as risk validation method is original and proved efficient in its initial application, the companion paper of Pacheco et al. [3].

Effect of adding clay with or without a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on the health and performance of lactating dairy cows challenged with dietary aflatoxin B1

The study was conducted to examine the effect of supplementing bentonite clay with or without a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP; 19 g of NutriTek + 16 g of MetaShield, both from Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) on the performance and health of dairy cows challenged with aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁). Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows (64 ± 11 d in milk) were stratified by parity and milk production and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment sequences. The experiment had a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design with 6 replicate squares, four 33-d periods, and a 5-d washout interval between periods. Cows were fed a total mixed ration containing 36.1% corn silage, 8.3% alfalfa hay, and 55.6% concentrate (dry matter basis). Treatments were (1) control (no additives), (2) toxin (T; 1,725 µg of AFB₁/head per day), (3) T + clay (CL; 200 g/head per day; top-dressed), and (4) CL+SCFP (CL+SCFP; 35 g/head per day; top-dressed). Cows were adapted to diets from d 1 to 25 (predosing period) and then orally dosed with AFB₁ from d 26 to 30 (dosing period), and AFB₁ was withdrawn from d 31 to 33 (withdrawal period). Milk samples were collected twice daily from d 21 to 33, and plasma was sampled on d 25 and 30 before the morning feeding. Transfer of ingested AFB₁ into milk aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) was greater in T than in CL or CL+SCFP (1.65 vs. 1.01 and 0.94%, respectively) from d 26 to 30. The CL and CL+SCFP treatments reduced milk AFM₁ concentration compared with T (0.45 and 0.40 vs. 0.75 µg/kg, respectively), and, unlike T, both CL and CL+SCFP lowered AFM₁ concentrations below the US Food and Drug Administration action level (0.5 µg/kg). Milk yield tended to be greater during the dosing period in cows fed CL+SCFP compared with T (39.7 vs. 37.7 kg/d). Compared with that for T, plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase concentration, indicative of aflatoxicosis and liver damage, was reduced by CL (85.9 vs. 95.2 U/L) and numerically reduced by CL+SCFP (87.9 vs. 95.2 U/L). Dietary CL and CL+SCFP reduced transfer of dietary AFB₁ to milk and milk AFM₁ concentration. Only CL prevented the increase in glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase concentration, and only CL+SCFP prevented the decrease in milk yield caused by AFB₁ ingestion.

Effects of wobble board training on single-leg landing neuromechanics

Balance training programs have been shown to reduce ankle sprain injuries in sports, but little is known about the transfer from this training modality to motor coordination and ankle joint biomechanics in sport-specific movements. This study aimed to investigate the effects of wobble board training on motor coordination and ankle mechanics during early single-leg landing from a lateral jump. Twenty-two healthy men were randomly assigned to either a control or a training group, who engaged in 4 weeks of wobble board training. Full-body kinematics, ground reaction force, and surface electromyography (EMG) from 12 lower limb muscles were recorded during landing. Ankle joint work in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse plane was calculated from 0 to 100 ms after landing. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) was applied on the concatenated EMG Pre- and Post-intervention. Wobble board training increased the ankle joint eccentric work 1.2 times in the frontal (P < .01) and 4.4 times in the transverse plane (P < .01) for trained participants. Wobble board training modified the modular organization of muscle recruitment in the early landing phase by separating the activation of plantar flexors and mediolateral ankle stabilizers. Furthermore, the activation of secondary muscles across motor modules was reduced after training, refocusing the activation on the main muscles involved in the mechanical main subfunctions for each module. These results suggest that wobble board training may modify motor coordination when landing from a lateral jump, focusing on the recruitment of specific muscles/muscle groups that optimize ankle joint stability during early ground contact in single-leg landing.

Lethal Fascioliasis in Capybaras ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in Brazil

The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Fasciolidae) causes fascioliasis, which affects mostly domestic ruminants and humans worldwide. This parasite has an Old World origin and was introduced into the New World by European colonizers. Capybara ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is the largest living rodent species, with adults weighing over 60 kg. We report a fascioliasis outbreak caused by F. hepatica that reduced a capybara group from 21 to 2 animals within a 9-mo period. Animal infection and associated lesions were confirmed by postmortem examinations that revealed extensive liver damage associated with the presence of large number of adult and immature forms of F. hepatica. Both macroscopic and microscopic alterations in the liver were compatible with acute fascioliasis, which is characterized by a large parasite burden in the liver. Taxonomic identification of flukes collected from capybara livers were confirmed by molecular methods, which generated a mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase I (NDI) gene partial sequence that was 100% identical to a F. hepatica NDI sequence from the United Kingdom. This is the first report of deleterious effects caused by F. hepatica in capybaras, highlighting the potential harm caused by this exotic parasite in the capybara.

137 Kinetics of In Vitro Embryonic Development According to the Follicular Population in Bos Indicus

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the follicular population from cull Nelore (Bos indicus) on the kinetics of in vitro embryonic development. At random stages of the oestrous cycle (Day –5), a total of 28 cull Nelore cows were synchronized with an intravaginal progesterone device associated with oestradiol benzoate (2.0 mg IM). At the same moment, a dose of prostaglandin F2α (2.0 mg im) was also administered to promote luteolysis and absence of corpus luteum (CL) at the time of ovum pick-up (OPU). Five days later (Day 0), all cows underwent an OPU session and the recovered oocytes were submitted to in vitro embryo production (IVEP). The same procedures were repeated 2 times at 30-day intervals (Day 25 and Day 55). Semen from a single batch of a previously tested bull was used for all IVEP. Blastocyst production and hatching were verified on Days 7, 8, and 9 of the IVEP. Data were analysed by the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.3® (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Data of the 3 OPU sessions were grouped and the cows were classified into 3 categories according to the follicular population: Low (19.7 ± 0.9 follicles, n = 27), Medium (33.5 ± 0.8 follicles, n = 29), and High (58.7 ± 3.2 follicles, n = 28). The Low category had a lower rate of viable oocytes [(number of viable oocytes/total number of oocytes) × 100; 62.0 v. 69.5%; P = 0.02] and cleavage rate [(number of cleaved/total number of oocytes) × 100; 55.9 v. 66.8%; P = 0.001] than the High category. The blastocyst formation rate [number of blastocysts/total number of oocytes) × 100] on Day 7 and Day 8 was lower for Low and Medium compared with the High category (Day 7: 26.1b v. 29.0b v. 35.1a %; P = 0.001; and Day 8: 29.2b v. 30.2b v. 34.7a %; P = 0.05). No differences were found in blastocysts rate on Day 9 among Low, Medium, and High categories (14.1 v. 15.9 v. 16.2%; P = 0.61). However, Low category had a lower percentage of hatched blastocysts [(number of hatched blastocysts/number of blastocysts) × 100] on Day 7 compared with High category (2.9 v. 12.0%; P = 0.01). These results reported that cull Nelore with High follicular population showed higher rates of embryo production and hatched blastocysts compared with cows with Low follicular population. We concluded that the kinetics of in vitro embryonic development was compromised in cull Nelore (Bos indicus) with low follicular population submitted to OPU-IVEP. This research was supported by Fapesp 2012/50533–2 (GIFT).

Identification and assessment of COPD exacerbations

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) exacerbations play a central role in the disease natural history of the disease, affecting its overall severity, decreasing pulmonary function, worsening underlying co-morbidities, impairing quality of life (QoL) and leading to severe morbidity and mortality. Therefore, identification and correct assessment of COPD exacerbations is paramount, given it will strongly influence therapy success. For the identification of exacerbations, several questionnaires exist, with varying degrees of complexity. However, most questionnaires remain of limited clinical utility, and symptom scales seem to be more useful in clinical practice. In the assessment of exacerbations, the type and degree of severity should be ascertained in order to define the management setting and optimize treatment options. Still, a consensual and universal classification system to assess the severity and type of an exacerbation is lacking, and there are no established criteria for less severely ill patients not requiring hospital assessment. This might lead to under-reporting of minor to moderate exacerbations, which has an impact on patients' health status. There is a clear unmet need to develop clinically useful questionnaires and a comprehensive system to evaluate the severity of exacerbations that can be used in all settings, from primary health care to general hospitals.

Production, milk and plasma fatty acid profile, and nutrient utilization in Jersey cows fed flaxseed oil and corn grain with different particle size

We aimed to compare the effects of ground (GC) or cracked corn (CC), with or without flaxseed oil (FSO), on milk yield, milk and plasma fatty acid (FA) profile, and nutrient digestibility in Jersey cows fed diets formulated to contain similar starch concentrations. Twelve multiparous organic-certified Jersey cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 455 ± 41.9 kg of body weight and 152 ± 34 d in milk and 4 primiparous organic-certified Jersey cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 356 ± 2.41 kg of body weight and 174 ± 30 d in milk in the beginning of the experiment were used. Cows were randomly assigned to treatment sequences in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period lasted 24 d with 18 d for diet adaptation and 6 d for data and sample collection. Treatments were fed as total mixed rations consisting of (dry matter basis): (1) 0% FSO + 27.1% GC, (2) 0% FSO + 28.3% CC, (3) 3% FSO + 27.1% GC, and (4) 3% FSO + 28.3% CC. All cows were offered 55% of the total diet dry matter as mixed grass-legume baleage and treatments averaged 20% starch. Significant FSO × corn grain particle size interactions were observed for some variables including milk concentration of lactose and proportions of cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3 in milk and plasma. The proportion of cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3 in milk and plasma decreased slightly when comparing GC versus CC in 0% FSO cows, but a larger reduction was observed in 3% FSO cows. Dry matter intake did not differ and averaged 16.1 kg/d across diets. Feeding 3% FSO increased yields of milk and milk fat and lactose and feed and milk N efficiencies, but decreased fat, true protein, and MUN concentrations and apparent total-tract digestibility of fiber. The Σ branched-chain, Σ<16C, Σ16C, and Σn-6 FA decreased, whereas Σ18C, Σcis-18:1, and Σtrans-18:1 FA increased in 3% versus 0% FSO cows. No effect of corn particle size was observed for production and milk components. However, the apparent total-tract digestibility of starch was greater in GC than CC cows. Compared with CC, GC increased Σ branched-chain, Σ<16C, Σ16C, Σn-6 FA, and decreased Σ18C and Σ cis-18:1 FA in milk fat. Overall, results of this study are more directly applicable to dairy cows fed low starch, mixed grass-legume baleage-based diets.

ADME studies and preliminary safety pharmacology of LDT5, a lead compound for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

This study aimed to estimate the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties and safety of LDT5, a lead compound for oral treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia that has previously been characterized as a multi-target antagonist of α_1A-, α_1D-adrenoceptors and 5-HT_1A receptors. The preclinical characterization of this compound comprised the evaluation of its in vitro properties, including plasma, microsomal and hepatocytes stability, cytochrome P450 metabolism and inhibition, plasma protein binding, and permeability using MDCK-MDR1 cells. De-risking and preliminary safety pharmacology assays were performed through screening of 44 off-target receptors and in vivo tests in mice (rota-rod and single dose toxicity). LDT5 is stable in rat and human plasma, human liver microsomes and hepatocytes, but unstable in rat liver microsomes and hepatocytes (half-life of 11 min). LDT5 is highly permeable across the MDCK-MDR1 monolayer (P_app ∼32×10^-6 cm/s), indicating good intestinal absorption and putative brain penetration. LDT5 is not extensively protein-bound and is a substrate of human CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 but not of CYP3A4 (half-life >60 min), and did not significantly influence the activities of any of the human cytochrome P450 isoforms screened. LDT5 was considered safe albeit new studies are necessary to rule out putative central adverse effects through D₂, 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_2B receptors, after chronic use. This work highlights the drug-likeness properties of LDT5 and supports its further preclinical development.

Restoration over time and sustainability of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi

The success of recovery programs on degraded areas is dependent on the genetic material to be used, which should present heterozygosity and genetic diversity in native and recovered populations. This study was carried out to evaluate the model efficiency to enable the recovery of a degraded area of the Lower São Francisco, Sergipe, Brazil. The target species for this study was Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. Three populations were analyzed, the recovered area, seed-tree source population, and native tree population border established to the recovered area. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used for diversity analysis. Genetic structure was estimated to evaluate the level of genetic variability existent in each population. There was no correlation between the spatial distribution and the genetic distances for all trees of the recovered area. The heterozygosity present in the recovered population was higher than the native tree population. The seed-tree source population presents genetic bottlenecks. Three clusters were suggested (ΔK = 3) with non-genetic structure. High intra-population genetic variability and inter-population differentiation are present. However, gene flow may also introduce potentially adaptive alleles in the populations of the recovered area, and the native population is necessary to ensure the sustainability and maintenance of the populations by allelic exchange.

Urinary metabolomic profiling of asthmatics can be related to clinical characteristics

Metabolomics has been increasingly explored to achieve an improved understanding of asthma. In the current observational and exploratory study, the first to have examined the relationship between oxidative stress extension, eosinophilic inflammation, and disease severity in asthmatic patients, metabolomics (using target aliphatic aldehydes and alkanes) was carried out using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with a high-resolution time-of-flight analyzer (GC×GC-ToFMS). We were able to demonstrate that metabolomics can give valuable insights into asthma mechanisms once lipidic peroxidation assessed by urinary metabolomics is related to the clinical characteristics of nonobese asthmatics, such as disease severity, lung function, and eosinophilic inflammation. Nevertheless, considering our sample size, the obtained results require further validation using a much larger sample cohort.

COPD control: Can a consensus be found?

There are currently no reliable instruments for assessing the onset and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or predicting its prognosis. Currently, a comprehensive assessment of COPD including several objective and subjective parameters is recommended. However, the lack of biomarkers precludes a correct assessment of COPD severity, which consequently hampers adequate therapeutic approaches and COPD control. In the absence of a definition of "well-controlled disease", a consensus regarding COPD control will be difficult to reach. However, COPD patient assessment should be multidimensional, and anchored in five points: control of symptoms, decline of pulmonary function, levels of physical activity, exacerbations, and Quality of Life. Several non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures are currently available to achieve disease control. Smoking cessation, vaccination, exercise training programs and pulmonary rehabilitation are recognized as important non-pharmacological measures but bronchodilators are the pivotal therapy in the control of COPD. This paper discusses several objective and subjective parameters that may bridge the gap between disease assessment and disease control. The authors conclude that, at present, it is not possible to reach a consensus regarding COPD control, essentially due to the lack of objective instruments to measure it. Some recommendations are set forth, but true COPD control awaits further objective assessments.

Aqueous extract of Chrysobalanus icaco leaves, in lower doses, prevent fat gain in obese high-fat fed mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Due to the rise in obesity, the necessity for resources and treatments that could reduce the morbidity and mortality associated to this pandemia has emerged. The development of new anti-obesity drugs through herbal sources has been increasing in the past decades which are being used not only as medicine but also as food supplements. Previous studies with the aqueous extract of Chrysobalanus icaco L (AECI) have demonstrated activity on lowering blood glucose levels and body weight.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Investigate C. icaco effects in overall adiposity and glycemic homeostasis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to standard chow (SC) or high-fat diet (HFD) and treated with AECI in 0.35mg/mL or 0.7mg/mL concentrations ad libitum. Food intake, feed efficiency, metabolic efficiency, body, fat pads and gastrocnemius weight, adiposity index, serum lipids, fecal lipid excretion, locomotor activity in the open field test and insulin and glucose tolerance tests were analyzed and compared. The major components of the extract were demonstrated through HPLC and its antioxidant activity analyzed through DPPH and lipid peroxidation.

RESULTS

The AECI in the 0.35mg/mL concentration did not affect food intake or body weight. However, it promoted lower adipose tissue gain, TG levels, and fecal lipid excretion, increased locomotor activity and lean mass weight, and normalized insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Moreover, AECI showed the presence of myricetin 3-O-glucuronide, rutin, quercitrin and myricitrin and demonstrated high-antioxidant activity.

CONCLUSIONS

AECI in lower concentrations can prevent fat storage or enhance fat utilization through the increase of locomotor activity. Also, this reinforces its ability to maintain glucose homeostasis through the normalization of insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance despite the high-fat diet intake. These activities could be associated to the extract's polyphenol content.

Assessment of bioavailability and potential toxicity of Cu, Zn and Pb, a case study in Jurujuba Sound, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Potential toxicity of sedimentary Cu, Zn and Pb were evaluated based on their fractionation at the inner part of Jurujuba, a small sound at the eastern margin of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. Biogeochemical composition revealed an environment extremely enriched with anthropic organic matter and characterized as a detrital heterotrophic system. The fractionation analysis showed that Pb exhibited more affinity with the residual fraction followed by the amorphous Fe/Mn fraction. Cu and Zn were more expressive in the amorphous Fe/Mn fraction followed by the organic one and crystalline Fe/Mn fraction, respectively. According to Igeo index, sediments proved to be highly polluted by Zn and Cu and moderated polluted by Pb. Despite the actual contamination of Jurujuba sediments, the mobility of these elements seems to be limited since the most excessive concentrations were found in the less available fractions, depending on extreme physico-chemical variations to be released.

Variability and inbreeding in semiexotic maize populations

Three semiexotic populations (CRE-01, CRE-02, CRE-03) obtained by incorporation of exotic germplasm (lines from CIMMYT, Colombia; selected for resistance to corn stunt complex) were evaluated in two cycles of recurrent selection with half-sib families. In cycle-I, samples comprising 50, 70, and 50 half-sib families were evaluated at Jataí (GO) and traits analyzed were ear yield, plant height, and ear height. For yield (t/ha), populations means were 5.86, 6.19, and 5.31, representing approximately 73% of hybrid check. Sets of parameters estimates representing the three populations were: [237, 485, and 608] for the additive genetic variance (σ(2)A: g/plant); [0.393, 0.584, 0.658] for the coefficient of heritability (h(2)m: progeny mean basis), and [0.464, 0.684, and 0.801] for the index of variation (θ). In cycle-II, materials analyzed included 60 non-inbred (half-sib) and 60 inbred (S1) families from each population, evaluated at Anhembi (SP) with two replications; traits analyzed included ear yield plus ear weight and grains weight of four ears, two plant traits (plant height and ear height), two ear traits (length and diameter), two tassel traits (branch number and length), and resistance to corn stunt complex. Means of half-sib families for ear yield (t/ha) were [10.614, 10.419, 10.842], representing 83 to 86% of the hybrid check. The same pattern of variation was observed for ear weight and grain weight of four ears. Means of S1 families were [6.465, 5.527, 5.925] and the inbreeding depression in percent of the non-inbred families were [39.1, 46.9, 45.3]. Estimates for other traits are also shown.

288 INFLUENCE OF MELATONIN ON IN VITRO MATURATION OF BOVINE OOCYTES

The present study evaluated the effects of melatonin (MEL) during IVM of bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC). The COC were cultured in droplets (25–30/100 µL) under mineral oil at 38.5°C and 5% CO2 in air. Medium (TCM199 + 0.1% polyvinyl alcohol, 0.25 mM sodium pyruvate, and 25 µg mL–1 of gentamycin) was supplemented with FSH (0.5 µg mL–1), MEL (10–9 and 10–6 M), or no hormones (control). In experiment 1, oocytes were assessed for nuclear maturation rates (6, 12, 18, and 24 h of IVM). In experiment 2, relative abundance of antioxidant enzymes copper, zinc superoxide dismutases (CuZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutases (MnSOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was evaluated in oocytes and cumulus cells (0 and 24 h) by real time PCR. The immature group was the reference and endogenous controls were actin β and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In experiment 3, nuclear fragmentation in cumulus was assessed by TUNEL and flow cytometry (24 h). In experiment 4, embryo development after in vitro fertilization and culture was analysed (cleavage rates D2, blastocysts Day 8, and hatching Day 10). The control group was matured in complete IVM medium (10% FCS, 0.5 µg mL–1 of FSH, 50 µg mL–1 of LH, and 1 µg mL–1 of oestradiol). The MEL and FSH groups were the same. Data (3–4 replicates) were analysed by Chi-square (experiment 1; GraphPad Prism) or ANOVA and Tukey test (SAS, 1995) and 5% significance. At 6 h of IVM, all oocytes were at germinal vesicle stage. At 12 h, hormone groups had similar metaphase I rates (71–81%, P > 0.05) and were superior to control (54%, P < 0.05). At 18 h, metaphase II (MII) rates were similar (57–74%, P > 0.05). After 24 h, MEL (10–9 and 10–6 M) was similar to control (51, 67, and 69% MII, respectively, P > 0.05) and FSH had the highest MII rates (90%, P > 0.05). The 10–6 M MEL was similar to FSH (P > 0.05). Antioxidant enzymes were unaffected in oocytes (P > 0.05%). The CuZnSOD transcripts increased in cumulus after IVM with 10–6 M MEL compared to immature cells (3.5 and 1.0, respectively, P < 0.05). Control, FSH, and 10–9 M MEL did not differ (2.1–2.5, P > 0.05) or increased relative to immature cells (P < 0.05), but were inferior to 10–6 M MEL (P < 0.05). The MnSOD relative abundance was similar for immature, control, and 10–9 M MEL (1.0–3.0, P > 0.05). The 10–6 M MEL increased MnSOD relative to immature cells (3.0 and 1.0, respectively, P < 0.05), but was similar to control and 10–9 M MEL (P > 0.05). The FSH showed the highest levels (9.1, P < 0.05); GPx4 transcripts were not affected (P > 0.05). Nuclear fragmentation in cumulus was not influenced (33.4–41.5/10 000 cells; P > 0.05). Embryo development rates were similar for all groups (cleavage: 82–87%, blastocysts: 49–54, hatching: 91–96%, P > 0.05). In conclusion, MEL during IVM stimulates meiosis resumption at rates similar to FSH and embryo development similar to FSH and complete IVM medium. The MEL increased CuZnSOD expression in cumulus, but no parallel effect was observed on nuclear fragmentation.

Fast changes in direction during human locomotion are executed by impulsive activation of motor modules

This study investigated the modular control of complex locomotor tasks that require fast changes in direction, i.e., cutting manoeuvres. It was hypothesized that such tasks are accomplished by an impulsive (burst-like) activation of a few motor modules, as observed during walking and running. It was further hypothesized that the performance in cutting manoeuvres would be associated to the relative timing of the activation impulses. Twenty-two healthy men performed 90° side-step cutting manoeuvres while electromyography (EMG) activity from 16 muscles of the supporting limb and trunk, kinematics, and ground reaction forces were recorded. Motor modules and their respective temporal activations were extracted from the EMG signals by non-negative matrix factorization. The kinematic analysis provided the velocity of the centre of mass and the external work absorbed during the load acceptance (negative work, external work during absorption (W-Abs)) and propulsion phases (positive work, external work during propulsion (W-Prp)) of the cutting manoeuvres. Five motor modules explained the EMG activity of all muscles and were driven in an impulsive way, with timing related to the initial contact (M2), load acceptance (M3), and propulsion (M4). The variability in timing between impulses across subjects was greater for cutting manoeuvres than for running. The timing difference between M2 and M3 in the cutting manoeuvres was significantly associated to W-Abs (r(2)=0.45) whereas the timing between M3 and M4 was associated to W-Prp (r(2)=0.43). These results suggest that complex locomotor tasks can be achieved by impulsive activation of muscle groups, and that performance is associated to the specific timing of the activation impulses.

Heart transplantation in 107 cases of Chagas' disease

INTRODUCTION

Chagas' disease is endemic in South America.

OBJECTIVE

This research reviewed the experience with cardiac transplantation in Chagas' disease, emphasizing reactivation, immunosuppression, and mortality.

METHODS

Over 25 years from March 1985 to March 2010, 107/409 (26.2%) patients with Chagas' disease underwent heart transplantation, patients including 74 (71.1%) men and 72 (67.2%), in functional class IV with 33 (30.8%) on vasopressors and 17 (10.7%) on mechanical circulatory support.

RESULTS

The diagnosis of disease reactivation was performed by identifying the parasite in the myocardium (n = 23; 71.8%) in the subcutaneous tissue (n = 8; 25.0%), in blood (n = 11; 34.3%), or in central nervous tissue (n = 1; 3.1%). Hospital mortality was 17.7% (n = 19) due to infection (n = 6; 31.5%), graft dysfunction (n = 6; 31.5%), rejection (n = 4; 21.1%), or sudden death (n = 2; 10.5%). Late mortality was 27 (25.2%) cases, which were distributed as: rejection (n = 6; 22.2%), infection (n = 6; 22.2%), (n = lymphoma 4; 14.8%), sarcoma (n = 2; 7.4%), for constrictive pericarditis (n = 2; 7.4%) reactivation of Chagas' disease in the central nervous system (n = 1; 7.1%).

CONCLUSIONS

Transplantation in Chagas' disease has peculiar problems that differ from other etiologies due to the possibility of disease reactivation and the increased possibility of emergence of cancers. However, transplantation is the only treatment able to modify the natural progression of the disease in its terminal phase. Early diagnosis and rapid introduction of benzonidazole reverses the histological patterns. Immunosuppression, especially steroids, predisposes to the development of cancer and disease reactivation.

Bonding self-adhesive resin cements to glass fibre posts: to silanate or not silanate?

AIM

To evaluate the bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements (SARCs) to glass fibre posts with or without a silane coupling agent.

METHODOLOGY

The SARCs tested were: Maxcem Elite (MXE; Kerr), RelyX Unicem clicker (UNI; 3M ESPE), seT capsule (SET; SDI), and SmartCem 2 (SC2; Dentsply Caulk). The conventional cement RelyX ARC (ARC; 3M ESPE) was evaluated as a reference. Rectangular-shaped flat posts were obtained (Angelus). After silanizing or not the posts, resin cement cylinders were built on the post surfaces. The cylinders were tested in shear after 24 h. Bond strength data were submitted to two-way anova and Student-Newman-Keuls' test (5%). Failure modes were classified under magnification as adhesive failure, mixed failure involving the cement or mixed failure involving the post.

RESULTS

For ARC, MXE and SET, the silanated groups had higher bond strengths. For SC2 the silane had no influence, while for UNI silanization decreased the bond strength. The conventional ARC had the lowest bond strength when the posts were not silanated; UNI showed the highest values. When the posts were silanated, SET had the highest values, followed by MXE, ARC and SC2; UNI had the lowest values. A predominance of adhesive failures was detected for all groups, with higher number of mixed failures when the posts were silanated.

CONCLUSION

As the silane impaired or generally had no effect on the bond strength of SARCs to the glass fibre posts, and also as the bond strength of all SARCs was higher than the conventional cement when the posts were not silanated, it seems that silanization of glass fibre posts is not necessary when SARCs are used.

Molecular characterization of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from groundnut ringspot virus (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae)

Groundnut ringspot virus is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Tospovirus and is the prevalent member of this genus in Brazil. This work presents the nucleotide sequence of the L RNA, with a single open reading frame of 2873 amino acids in the complementary strand corresponding to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L protein), as well as the characterization of conserved domains of the L protein by in silico analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of different L protein domains confirmed that GRSV is a member of the American clade, and comparison with a N-protein indicates that phylogeny based on L protein sequences may be more reliable than that based on the N protein.

Coactivation of the shoulder and arm muscles during closed kinetic chain exercises on an unstable surface

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study was to compare the electromyography index of muscle coactivation of the following muscle pairs: posterior deltoid and pectoralis major (PD/PM); triceps brachii and biceps brachii (TB/BB); and serratus anterior and upper trapezius (SA/UT) during three different closed kinetic chain exercises (wall-press, bench-press and push-up) on an unstable surface at the maximal load.

METHODS

A total of 20 healthy sedentary men participated in the study. Integral linear values were obtained from three sustained contractions of six seconds each for the three proposed exercises. Mean coactivation index values were compared using the mixed-effects linear model, with a five percent significance level.

RESULTS

Electromyography indexes of muscle coactivation showed significant differences for the PD/PM and TB/BB muscle pairs. No differences were found between exercises for the SA/UT muscle pair.

CONCLUSION

Our results seem to differ from those of previous studies, which reported that the similarity in exercises performed is responsible for the comparable muscle activation levels.

Two Kunitz-type inhibitors with activity against trypsin and papain from Pithecellobium dumosum seeds: purification, characterization, and activity towards pest insect digestive enzyme

Two trypsin inhibitors (called PdKI-3.1 and PdKI-3.2) were purified from the seeds of the Pithecellobium dumosum tree. Inhibitors were obtained by TCA precipitation, affinity chromatography on Trypsin-Sepharose and reversed-phase-HPLC. SDS-PAGE analysis with or without reducing agent showed that they are a single polypeptide chain, and MALDI-TOF analysis determined molecular masses of 19696.96 and 19696.36 Da, respectively. The N-terminal sequence of both inhibitors showed strong identity to the Kunitz family trypsin inhibitors. They were stable over a wide pH (2-9) and temperature (37 to 100 degrees C) range. These inhibitors reduced over 84% of trypsin activity with inhibition constant (Ki) of 4.20 x 10(-8) and 2.88 x 10(-8) M, and also moderately inhibited papain activity, a cysteine proteinase. PdKI-3.1 and PdKI-3.2 mainly inhibited digestive enzymes from Plodia interpunctella, Zabrotes subfasciatus and Ceratitis capitata guts. Results show that both inhibitors are members of the Kunitz-inhibitor family and that they affect the digestive enzyme larvae of diverse orders, indicating a potential insect antifeedant.

Identification of a Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor from Pithecellobium dumosum seeds with insecticidal properties and double activity

A trypsin inhibitor, PdKI, was purified from Pithecellobium dumosum seeds by TCA precipitation, trypsin-sepharose chromatography, and reversed-phase-HPLC. PdKI was purified 217.6-fold and recovered 4.7%. SDS-PAGE showed that PdKI is a single polypeptide chain of 18.9 kDa and 19.7 kDa by MALDI-TOF. The inhibition on trypsin was stable in the pH range 2-10 and at a temperature of 50 degrees C. The Ki values were 3.56 x 10(-8)and 7.61 x 10(-7) M with competitive and noncompetitive inhibition mechanisms for trypsin and papain, respectively. The N-terminal sequence identified with members of Kunitz-type inhibitors from the Mimosoideae and Caesalpinoideae subfamilies. PdKI was effective against digestive proteinase from Zabrotes subfasciatus, Ceratitis capitata, Plodia interpunctella, Alabama argillaceae, and Callosobruchus maculatus, with 69, 66, 44, 38, and 29% inhibition, respectively. Results support that PdKI is a member of the Kunitz inhibitor family and its insecticidal properties indicate a potent insect antifeedant.

Frequency of dystrophic muscle abnormalities in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia: analysis of 86 patients

BACKGROUND

There are few reports describing the coexistence of dystrophic features with those typical of mitochondrial myopathies in muscle biopsy. A recent study suggested that dystrophic features are frequent in patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) with a high mutation load, but the actual frequency of these abnormalities in CPEO remains undetermined.

OBJECTIVE

To review the occurrence of dystrophic abnormalities in a large series of patients with CPEO to assess the frequency of such abnormalities and to verify whether they are correlated with specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations.

METHODS

Retrospective survey of case series (86 patients with CPEO).

RESULTS

Only three cases with dystrophic abnormalities were found: two with a large scale mtDNA deletion and one with the A3251G mutation. All three patients showed predominantly proximal muscular weakness resembling limb girdle muscular dystrophy.

CONCLUSIONS

Dystrophic abnormalities are rare in CPEO and are not correlated with a specific molecular defect.

Pyrene–p-tert-butylcalixarenes inclusion complexes formation: a surface photochemistry study

Diffuse reflectance and luminescence techniques were used to study the photophysics and photochemistry of pyrene within p-tert-butylcalix[n]arenes with n = 4, 6, and 8, and to study their ability to form inclusion complexes in heterogeneous media. Evidences for inclusion complex formation were found for the three hosts under study. Ground state diffuse reflectance results have shown the formation of ground state dimers of pyrene inside the cavity of calix[6]arene and calix[8]arene, with this feature much more evident for calix[6]arene. For calix[4]arene, only a monomer fits inside the cavity and the presence of pyrene microcrystals outside the cavity was detected. A luminescence lifetime distribution analysis was performed, revealing the presence of prompt emissions from the pyrene microcrystals outside the cavity in the case of calix[4]arene and from the constrained dimers inside the cavities of calix[6]arene and calix[8]arene. Transient absorption results have shown the presence of pyrene radical cation and also of trapped electrons for the three hosts under study. The formation of the phenoxyl radical of the calixarene following the laser pulsed excitation of pyrene at 355 nm is increased for calix[6]arene and calix[8]arene. This feature is particularly relevant for calix[6]arene, suggesting a very favourable situation for the hydrogen atom abstraction to occur. The analysis of the degradation products revealed the presence of hydroxypyrene as a major photodegradation product for the three hosts. Dihydro-hydroxypyrene was also formed in the case of calix[6]arene and calix[8]arene. The formation of the calixarene's phenoxyl radical and subsequent hydrogen abstraction is consistent with the formation of dihydro-dihydroxypyrene.