Modulation of Vascular Human Endothelial and Rat Smooth Muscle Cell Growth by a Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate from Echinoderm

Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan extracted from the sea cucumber Ludwigothurea grisea. This polysaccharide has the same structure as a mammalian chondroitin sulfate but some of the glucuronic acid residues display sulfated fucose branches. Anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate have already been described. In order to further investigate its potential therapeutic use as an antithrombotic agent, we studied its effect on vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and endothelial cell proliferation, migration and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) release. The experiments were performed on SMC from rat thoracic aorta and on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) in culture with or without added fibroblast growth factors (FGF-1 and FGF-2). Our results showed that: (i) fucosylated chondroitin sulfate had a strong inhibitory effect on SMC proliferation (IC50 =10 ± 5 µg/ml) and (ii) no effect on HUVEC proliferation and migration assays, in the absence of exogenous FGF, while heparin had inhibitory effects; (iii) fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (10 µg/ml) enhanced FGF-1 and FGF-2 induced HUVEC proliferation by 45% (145.4 ± 7.2%) and 27% (126.9 ± 4.2%), respectively; (iv) on FGF-induced HUVEC migration, fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (10 µg/ml) had a strong enhancing effect with FGF-1, +122% (222.2 ± 15.8%), three times higher than that of heparin, and a lower enhancing effect with FGF-2, +43% (142.7 ± 4.6%), whereas heparin had no effect; (v) fucosylated chondroitin sulfate stimulated TFPI release, mainly on the free form, +98% (198.2 ± 25.%). In addition, the structural features of the polysaccharide associated with its biological activity were resolved using chemically modified fucosylated chondroitin sulfates. Sulfated fucose branches groups are essential to the potentiating effect of the polysaccharide on HUVEC proliferation and migration. Surprisingly, removal of fucose branches from the fucosylated chondroitin sulfate did not abolish TFPI release. Finally, partial reduction of the glucuronic acid carboxyl groups limited the potentiating effect on HUVEC proliferation and migration but did not affect TFPI release. In conclusion, this fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from invertebrate origin reveals useful properties for an antithrombotic agent: inhibition of SMC proliferation, enhancement of endothelium wound repair and TFPI release. These properties on vascular cells, associated with a low bleeding tendency and an antithrombotic activity, strongly suggest its potential use as a new therapeutic agent in arterial thrombosis and restenosis, with a more favorable effect than heparin.

IP3 receptor function and localization in myotubes: an unexplored Ca2+ signaling pathway in skeletal muscle

We present evidence for an unexplored inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+ signaling pathway in skeletal muscle. RT-PCR methods confirm expression of all three known isotypes of the inositol trisphosphate receptor in cultured rodent muscle. Confocal microscopy of cultured mouse muscle, doubly labeled for inositol receptor type 1 and proteins of known distribution, reveals that the receptors are localized to the I band of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and this staining is continuous with staining of the nuclear envelope region. These results suggest that the receptors are positioned to mediate a slowly propagating Ca2+ wave that follows the fast Ca2+ transient upon K+ depolarization. This slow wave, imaged using fluo-3, resulted in an increase in nucleoplasmic Ca2+ lasting tens of seconds, but not contraction; the slow wave was blocked by both the inositol trisphosphate receptor inhibitor 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and the phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122. To test the hypothesis that these slow Ca2+ signals are involved in signal cascades leading to regulation of gene expression, we assayed for early effects of K+ depolarization on mitogen-activated protein kinases, specifically extracellular-signal related kinases 1 and 2 and the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Within 30-60 seconds following depolarization, phosphorylation of both the kinases and CREB was evident and could be inhibited by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate. These results suggest a signaling system mediated by Ca2+ and inositol trisphosphate that could regulate gene expression in muscle cells.

Inactivation of thrombin by a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from echinoderm

A polysaccharide extracted from the sea cucumber body wall has the same backbone structure as the mammalian chondroitin sulfate, but some of the glucuronic acid residues display sulfated fucose branches. These branches confer high anticoagulant activity to the polysaccharide. Since the sea cucumber chondroitin sulfate has analogy in structure with mammalian glycosaminoglycans and sulfated fucans from brown algae, we compared its anticoagulant action with that of heparin and of a homopolymeric sulfated fucan with approximately the same level of sulfation as the sulfated fucose branches found in the sea cucumber polysaccharide. These various compounds differ not only in their anticoagulant potencies but also in the mechanisms of thrombin inhibition. Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate, like heparin, requires antithrombin or heparin cofactor II for thrombin inhibition. Sulfated fucans from brown algae have an antithrombin effect mediated by antithrombin and heparin cofactor II, plus a direct antithrombin effect more pronounced for some fractions. But even in the case of these two polysaccharides, we observed some differences. In contrast with heparin, total inhibition of thrombin in the presence of antithrombin is not achieved with fucosylated chondroitin sulfate, possibly reflecting a less specific interaction. Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate is able to inhibit thrombin generation after stimulation by both contact-activated and thromboplastin-activated systems. It delayed only the contact-induced thrombin generation, as expected for an anticoagulant without direct thrombin inhibition. Overall, the specific spatial array of the sulfated fucose branches in the fucosylated chondroitin sulfate not only confer high anticoagulant activity to the polysaccharide but also determine differences in the way it inhibits thrombin.

ApoE protects cortical neurones against neurotoxicity induced by the non-fibrillar C-terminal domain of the amyloid-beta peptide

Although the genetic link between the epsilon 4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well established, the apoE isoform-specific activity underlying this correlation remains unclear. We have recently characterized the interaction of the soluble the amyloid-beta peptide (A beta) with model membrane and demonstrated that non-fibrillar A beta peptide, including N-terminal truncated forms of A beta, induced apoptotic cell death in primary rat cortical neurones in vitro. To further investigate the potential interaction between apoE and A beta in the pathogenesis of AD, we have determined the effect of apoE isoforms on the neurotoxicity of non-fibrillar A beta peptides. We demonstrate here that the apoE2 and E3 isoforms protect cortical neurones against apoptotic cell death induced by a non-fibrillar form of the A beta(1-40), A beta(12-42), A beta(29-40) and A beta(29-42) peptides, whereas apoE4 had no effect. This effect involves the formation of stable complexes between apoE and the C-terminal domain (e.g. amino acids 29-40) of A beta(1-40). Interestingly, apoE had no effect on the toxicity induced by aggregated A beta peptides, suggesting a lack of interaction between apoE and amyloid fibrils. Our results provide evidence that interaction with the C-terminal domain of A beta, apoE2 and E3, but not apoE4, inhibits the interactions of the non-fibrillar A beta peptide with the plasma membrane of neurones, A beta peptide aggregation and subsequent neurotoxicity.

A nonfibrillar form of the fusogenic prion protein fragment [118-135] induces apoptotic cell death in rat cortical neurons

Neuronal loss is a salient feature of prion diseases. However, its cause and mechanism, particularly its relationship with the accumulation and precipitation of the pathogenic, protease-resistant isoform PrP(Sc) of the cellular prion protein PrP(C), are still an enigma. Several studies suggest that neuronal loss could occur through a process of programmed cell death, which is consistent with the lack of inflammation in these conditions. By analogy with the pathological events occurring during the development of Alzheimer's disease, controversies still exist regarding the relationship between amyloidogenesis, prion aggregation, and neuronal loss. We recently demonstrated that a prion protein fragment (118-135) displayed membrane-destabilizing properties and was able to induce, in a nonfibrillar form, the fusion of unilamellar liposomes. To unravel the mechanism of prion protein neurotoxicity, we characterize the effects of the human Pr[118-135] peptide on rat cortical neurons. We demonstrate that low concentrations of the Pr[118-135] peptide, in a nonfibrillar form, induce a time- and dose- dependent apoptotic cell death, including caspase activation, DNA condensation, and fragmentation. This toxicity might involve oxidative stress, because antioxidant molecules, such as probucol and propyl gallate, protect neurons against prion peptide toxicity. By contrast, a nonfusogenic variant Pr[118-135, 0 degrees ] peptide, which displays the same amino acid composition but several amino acid permutations, is not toxic to cortical neurons, which emphasizes the critical role of the fusogenic properties of the prion peptide in its neurotoxicity. Taken together, our results suggest that the interaction between the Pr[118-135] peptide and the plasma membrane of neurons might represent an early event in a cascade leading to neurodegeneration.

Modulation of vascular human endothelial and rat smooth muscle cell growth by a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from echinoderm

Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan extracted from the sea cucumber Ludwigothurea grisea. This polysaccharide has the same structure as a mammalian chondroitin sulfate but some of the glucuronic acid residues display sulfated fucose branches. Anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate have already been described. In order to further investigate its potential therapeutic use as an antithrombotic agent, we studied its effect on vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and endothelial cell proliferation, migration and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) release. The experiments were performed on SMC from rat thoracic aorta and on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) in culture with or without added fibroblast growth factors (FGF-1 and FGF-2). Our results showed that: (i) fucosylated chondroitin sulfate had a strong inhibitory effect on SMC proliferation (IC50 =10 +/- 5 microg/ml) and (ii) no effect on HUVEC proliferation and migration assays, in the absence of exogenous FGF, while heparin had inhibitory effects; (iii) fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (10 microg/ml) enhanced FGF-1 and FGF-2 induced HUVEC proliferation by 45% (145.4 +/- 7.2%) and 27% (126.9 +/- 4.2%), respectively; (iv) on FGF-induced HUVEC migration, fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (10 microg/ml) had a strong enhancing effect with FGF-1, +122% (222.2 +/- 15.8%), three times higher than that of heparin, and a lower enhancing effect with FGF-2, +43% (142.7 +/- 4.6%), whereas heparin had no effect; (v) fucosylated chondroitin sulfate stimulated TFPI release, mainly on the free form. +98% (198.2 +/- 25%). In addition, the structural features of the polysaccharide associated with its biological activity were resolved using chemically modified fucosylated chondroitin sulfates. Sulfated fucose branches groups are essential to the potentiating effect of the polysaccharide on HUVEC proliferation and migration. Surprisingly, removal of fucose branches from the fucosylated chondroitin sulfate did not abolish TFPI release. Finally, partial reduction of the glucuronic acid carboxyl groups limited the potentiating effect on HUVEC proliferation and migration but did not affect TFPI release. In conclusion, this fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from invertebrate origin reveals useful properties for an antithrombotic agent: inhibition of SMC proliferation, enhancement of endothelium wound repair and TFPI release. These properties on vascular cells, associated with a low bleeding tendency and an antithrombotic activity, strongly suggest its potential use as a new therapeutic agent in arterial thrombosis and restenosis, with a more favorable effect than heparin.

Molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease

Despite an exponential production of data, Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains an enigma. Unresolved questions persist in the face of the heterogeneity of this neuropathology. Recent progress in understanding mechanisms for AD results from the study of amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism and the involvement of senile plaque-associated proteins. In addition to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, alternative schemes emerge, in which the amyloid peptide is not the primary effector of the disease. Perturbations of vesicular trafficking, the cytoskeletal network, and membrane cholesterol distribution could be central events. Furthermore, since the physiological role of APP, presenilins, and apolipoprotein E in the central nervous system are not completely understood, their involvement in AD etiology remains speculative. New actors have to be found to try to explain sporadic cases and non-elucidated familial cases.

The nonfibrillar amyloid beta-peptide induces apoptotic neuronal cell death: involvement of its C-terminal fusogenic domain

The toxicity of the nonaggregated amyloid beta-peptide (1-40) [A beta(1-40)] on the viability of rat cortical neurons in primary culture was investigated. We demonstrated that low concentrations of A beta peptide, in a nonfibrillar form, induced a time- and dose-dependent apoptotic cell death, including DNA condensation and fragmentation. We compared the neurotoxicity of the A beta(1-40) peptide with those of several A beta-peptide domains, comprising the membrane-destabilizing C-terminal domain of A beta peptide (e.g., amino acids 29-40 and 29-42). These peptides reproduced the effects of the (1-40) peptide, whereas mutant nonfusogenic A beta peptides and the central region of the A beta peptide (e.g., amino acids 13-28) had no effect on cell viability. We further demonstrated that the neurotoxicity of the nonaggregated A beta peptide paralleled a rapid and stable interaction between the A beta peptide and the plasma membrane of neurons, preceding apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. By contrast, the peptide in a fibrillar form induced a rapid and dramatic neuronal death mainly through a necrotic pathway, under our conditions. Taken together, our results suggest that A beta induces neuronal cell death by either apoptosis and necrosis and that an interaction between the nonfibrillar C-terminal domain of the A beta peptide and the plasma membrane of cortical neurons might represent an early event in a cascade leading to neurodegeneration.

Laminin 1 attenuates beta-amyloid peptide Abeta(1-40) neurotoxicity of cultured fetal rat cortical neurons

A growing amount of evidence indicates the involvement of extracellular matrix components, especially laminins, in the development of Alzheimer's disease, although their role remains unclear. In this study, we clearly demonstrate that laminin 1 inhibits beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta)-induced neuronal cell death by preventing the fibril formation and interaction of the Abeta peptide with cell membranes. The presence of laminin at a laminin/Abeta peptide molar ratio of 1:800 significantly inhibits the Abeta-induced apoptotic events, together with inhibition of amyloid fibril formation. The inhibitory effects of laminin 1 were time- and dose-dependent, whereas laminin 2 had less effect on Abeta neurotoxicity. A preincubation of laminin and Abeta was not required to observe the protective effect of laminin, suggesting a direct interaction between laminin 1 and Abeta. Moreover, laminin had no effect on the toxicity of the fibrillar Abeta peptide, suggesting an interaction of laminin with nonfibrillar species of the Abeta peptide, sequestering the peptide in a soluble form. These data extend our understanding of laminin-dependent binding of Abeta and highlight the possible modulation role of laminin regarding Abeta aggregation and neurotoxicity in vivo.

A study of long-term survival, functional outcome and quality of life in patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis

There have been few studies of long-term functional outcomes and quality of life in patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis.

PATIENTS

28 patients, 16 female and 12 male, meeting Bohan's and Peter's criteria and admitted between 1970 and 1993, were studied retrospectively; nine had polymyositis and 19 dermatomyositis (with onset during childhood in five cases); mean age was 43.5 years.

METHODS

we reevaluated 18 of the 28 patients, after a mean interval of eight years; among the ten remaining patients, eight had died, one could not be traced and one declined reevaluation. Survival, muscle function, joint function, respiratory function and quality of life (AIMS 1) were determined. Factors predicting the value of these parameters were looked for.

RESULTS

significant excess mortality was observed as compared with the general population in the Seine Maritime region of France. Easy fatigability and decreased exercise tolerance were found in 50% of evaluated patients; Ritchie's index was 0 in 67% of patients and between 1 and 7 in 33%; 55% of patients had dyspnea and 50% had abnormal respiratory function parameters; quality of life items were usually rated "fairly good" or "very good", except for "physical activities", which were given "poor" or "very poor" ratings by one third of patients. We found no factors associated with survival or any of the above-mentioned functional parameters, except for male gender, which predicted better muscle function.

DISCUSSION

polydermatomyositis is associated with excess mortality; alterations in muscle function persist in half the cases and the ability to carry out physical activities is often reduced. The retrospective design of our study, small sample size and heterogeneity of our population precluded identification of factors predictive of survival, loss of function, or poor quality of life.

Endogenous cardiac Ca2+ channels do not overcome the E-C coupling defect in immortalized dysgenic muscle cells: evidence for a missing link

The expression of subunit genes of the Ca2+ channel complex was studied in differentiating, immortalized mouse mdg cells. These cells expressed alpha 1 and alpha 2/delta transcripts of the skeletal muscle Ca2+ channel genes, a cardiac Ca2+ channel alpha 1 subunit gene and several known transcript variants of skeletal, cardiac and brain beta genes. The mdg mutation is retained in the 129DA3 cell line and occurs exclusively at nucleotide position 4010 in the skeletal alpha 1 transcript in which a cytosine residue is deleted. In early stages of differentiation and fusion, Ba2+ currents were detected in dysgenic myotubes the same as the cardiac L-type Ca2+ channel. These data provide specific structural evidence [Chaudhari, N. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 25636-25639] for the major genetic defect in mouse muscular dysgenesis and show a change in the expression levels of alpha 1S and alpha 1C. The upregulation of the expression of alpha 1C results in functional Ca2+ channel activity, however, presumably not sufficient for excitation-contraction coupling.

The gene coding for the alpha 1 subunit of the skeletal dihydropyridine receptor (Cchl1a3 = mdg) maps to mouse chromosome 1 and human 1q32

Using both chromosomal in situ hybridization and molecular techniques, we report the genetic localization of the gene coding for the alpha 1 subunit of the skeletal slow Ca2+ current channel/DHP receptor gene (Cchl1a3) on human Chromosome (Chr) 1 (1q31-1q32 region) and on mouse Chr 1 (region (F-G)). On the basis of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP-PCR) analysis in an interspecific backcross, we have determined that the Cchl1a3 = mdg (muscular dysgenesis) locus is very closely linked to the myogenin (Myog) locus.