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Khor B, Buckner JH. Down syndrome: insights into autoimmune mechanisms. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023:10.1038/s41584-023-00970-0. [PMID: 37147460 PMCID: PMC10161987 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-00970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Kim S, Ko E, Choi HG, Kim D, Luchi M, Khor B, Kim S. FRTX-02, a selective and potent inhibitor of DYRK1A, modulates inflammatory pathways in mouse models of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 6:100185. [PMID: 36654851 PMCID: PMC9841288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1 A (DYRK1A) has been proposed as a novel regulator of adaptive immune homeostasis through modulating T cell polarization. Thus, DYRK1A could present a potential target in autoimmune disorders. Here, we identify FRTX-02 as a novel compound exhibiting potent and selective inhibition of DYRK1A. FRTX-02 induced transcriptional activity of the DYRK1A substrate NFAT in T cell lines. Correspondingly, FRTX-02 promoted ex vivo CD4+ polarization into anti-inflammatory Tregs and reduced their polarization into pro-inflammatory Th1 or Th17 cells. We show that FRTX-02 could also limit innate immune responses through negative regulation of the MyD88/IRAK4-NF-κB axis in a mast cell line. Finally, in mouse models of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, both oral and topical formulations of FRTX-02 reduced inflammation and disease biomarkers in a dose-dependent manner. These results support further studies of DYRK1A inhibitors, including FRTX-02, as potential therapies for chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soochan Kim
- R&D Center, Voronoi Inc., Incheon, South Korea
| | - Eunhwa Ko
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, South Korea,R&D Center, B2SBio Inc., Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hwan Geun Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, South Korea,R&D Center, B2SBio Inc., Incheon, South Korea
| | - Daekwon Kim
- R&D Center, Voronoi Inc., Incheon, South Korea
| | - Monica Luchi
- Fresh Tracks Therapeutics, Inc., Boulder, CO, 80301, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Bernard Khor
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Ozonoff A, Schaenman J, Jayavelu ND, Milliren CE, Calfee CS, Cairns CB, Kraft M, Baden LR, Shaw AC, Krammer F, van Bakel H, Esserman DA, Liu S, Sesma AF, Simon V, Hafler DA, Montgomery RR, Kleinstein SH, Levy O, Bime C, Haddad EK, Erle DJ, Pulendran B, Nadeau KC, Davis MM, Hough CL, Messer WB, Higuita NIA, Metcalf JP, Atkinson MA, Brakenridge SC, Corry D, Kheradmand F, Ehrlich LI, Melamed E, McComsey GA, Sekaly R, Diray-Arce J, Peters B, Augustine AD, Reed EF, Altman MC, Becker PM, Rouphael N, Ozonoff A, Schaenman J, Jayavelu ND, Milliren CE, Calfee CS, Cairns CB, Kraft M, Baden LR, Shaw AC, Krammer F, van Bakel H, Esserman DA, Liu S, Sesma AF, Simon V, Hafler DA, Montgomery RR, Kleinstein SH, Levy O, Bime C, Haddad EK, Erle DJ, Pulendran B, Nadeau KC, Davis MM, Hough CL, Messer WB, Higuita NIA, Metcalf JP, Atkinson MA, Brakenridge SC, Corry D, Kheradmand F, Ehrlich LI, Melamed E, McComsey GA, Sekaly R, Diray-Arce J, Peters B, Augustine AD, Reed EF, McEnaney K, Barton B, Lentucci C, Saluvan M, Chang AC, Hoch A, Albert M, Shaheen T, Kho AT, Thomas S, Chen J, Murphy MD, Cooney M, Presnell S, Fragiadakis GK, Patel R, Guan L, Gygi J, Pawar S, Brito A, Khalil Z, Maguire C, Fourati S, Overton JA, Vita R, Westendorf K, Salehi-Rad R, Leligdowicz A, Matthay MA, Singer JP, Kangelaris KN, Hendrickson CM, Krummel MF, Langelier CR, Woodruff PG, Powell DL, Kim JN, Simmons B, Goonewardene IM, Smith CM, Martens M, Mosier J, Kimura H, Sherman AC, Walsh SR, Issa NC, Dela Cruz C, Farhadian S, Iwasaki A, Ko AI, Chinthrajah S, Ahuja N, Rogers AJ, Artandi M, Siegel SA, Lu Z, Drevets DA, Brown BR, Anderson ML, Guirgis FW, Thyagarajan RV, Rousseau JF, Wylie D, Busch J, Gandhi S, Triplett TA, Yendewa G, Giddings O, Anderson EJ, Mehta AK, Sevransky JE, Khor B, Rahman A, Stadlbauer D, Dutta J, Xie H, Kim-Schulze S, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, van de Guchte A, Farrugia K, Khan Z, Maecker HT, Elashoff D, Brook J, Ramires-Sanchez E, Llamas M, Rivera A, Perdomo C, Ward DC, Magyar CE, Fulcher JA, Abe-Jones Y, Asthana S, Beagle A, Bhide S, Carrillo SA, Chak S, Fragiadakis GK, Ghale R, Gonzalez A, Jauregui A, Jones N, Lea T, Lee D, Lota R, Milush J, Nguyen V, Pierce L, Prasad PA, Rao A, Samad B, Shaw C, Sigman A, Sinha P, Ward A, Willmore A, Zhan J, Rashid S, Rodriguez N, Tang K, Altamirano LT, Betancourt L, Curiel C, Sutter N, Paz MT, Tietje-Ulrich G, Leroux C, Connors J, Bernui M, Kutzler MA, Edwards C, Lee E, Lin E, Croen B, Semenza NC, Rogowski B, Melnyk N, Woloszczuk K, Cusimano G, Bell MR, Furukawa S, McLin R, Marrero P, Sheidy J, Tegos GP, Nagle C, Mege N, Ulring K, Seyfert-Margolis V, Conway M, Francisco D, Molzahn A, Erickson H, Wilson CC, Schunk R, Sierra B, Hughes T, Smolen K, Desjardins M, van Haren S, Mitre X, Cauley J, Li X, Tong A, Evans B, Montesano C, Licona JH, Krauss J, Chang JBP, Izaguirre N, Chaudhary O, Coppi A, Fournier J, Mohanty S, Muenker MC, Nelson A, Raddassi K, Rainone M, Ruff WE, Salahuddin S, Schulz WL, Vijayakumar P, Wang H, Wunder Jr. E, Young HP, Zhao Y, Saksena M, Altman D, Kojic E, Srivastava K, Eaker LQ, Bermúdez-González MC, Beach KF, Sominsky LA, Azad AR, Carreño JM, Singh G, Raskin A, Tcheou J, Bielak D, Kawabata H, Mulder LCF, Kleiner G, Lee AS, Do ED, Fernandes A, Manohar M, Hagan T, Blish CA, Din HN, Roque J, Yang S, Brunton A, Sullivan PE, Strnad M, Lyski ZL, Coulter FJ, Booth JL, Sinko LA, Moldawer LL, Borresen B, Roth-Manning B, Song LZ, Nelson E, Lewis-Smith M, Smith J, Tipan PG, Siles N, Bazzi S, Geltman J, Hurley K, Gabriele G, Sieg S, Vaysman T, Bristow L, Hussaini L, Hellmeister K, Samaha H, Cheng A, Spainhour C, Scherer EM, Johnson B, Bechnak A, Ciric CR, Hewitt L, Carter E, Mcnair N, Panganiban B, Huerta C, Usher J, Ribeiro SP, Altman MC, Becker PM, Rouphael N. Phenotypes of disease severity in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: Results from the IMPACC study. EBioMedicine 2022; 83:104208. [PMID: 35952496 PMCID: PMC9359694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better understanding of the association between characteristics of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and outcome is needed to further improve upon patient management. METHODS Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 Cohort (IMPACC) is a prospective, observational study of 1164 patients from 20 hospitals across the United States. Disease severity was assessed using a 7-point ordinal scale based on degree of respiratory illness. Patients were prospectively surveyed for 1 year after discharge for post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC) through quarterly surveys. Demographics, comorbidities, radiographic findings, clinical laboratory values, SARS-CoV-2 PCR and serology were captured over a 28-day period. Multivariable logistic regression was performed. FINDINGS The median age was 59 years (interquartile range [IQR] 20); 711 (61%) were men; overall mortality was 14%, and 228 (20%) required invasive mechanical ventilation. Unsupervised clustering of ordinal score over time revealed distinct disease course trajectories. Risk factors associated with prolonged hospitalization or death by day 28 included age ≥ 65 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% CI 1.28-3.17), Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 1.71; 95% CI 1.13-2.57), elevated baseline creatinine (OR 2.80; 95% CI 1.63- 4.80) or troponin (OR 1.89; 95% 1.03-3.47), baseline lymphopenia (OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.61-2.97), presence of infiltrate by chest imaging (OR 3.16; 95% CI 1.96-5.10), and high SARS-CoV2 viral load (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.17-2.00). Fatal cases had the lowest ratio of SARS-CoV-2 antibody to viral load levels compared to other trajectories over time (p=0.001). 589 survivors (51%) completed at least one survey at follow-up with 305 (52%) having at least one symptom consistent with PASC, most commonly dyspnea (56% among symptomatic patients). Female sex was the only associated risk factor for PASC. INTERPRETATION Integration of PCR cycle threshold, and antibody values with demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory/radiographic findings identified risk factors for 28-day outcome severity, though only female sex was associated with PASC. Longitudinal clinical phenotyping offers important insights, and provides a framework for immunophenotyping for acute and long COVID-19. FUNDING NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Ozonoff
- Clinical & Data Coordinating Center (CDCC); Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joanna Schaenman
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Carly E. Milliren
- Clinical & Data Coordinating Center (CDCC); Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carolyn S. Calfee
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Charles B. Cairns
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Monica Kraft
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Boston Clinical Site: Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Albert C. Shaw
- Yale School of Medicine, and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Florian Krammer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Denise A. Esserman
- Yale School of Medicine, and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Clinical & Data Coordinating Center (CDCC); Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Viviana Simon
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - David A. Hafler
- Yale School of Medicine, and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ruth R. Montgomery
- Yale School of Medicine, and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Yale School of Medicine, and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ofer Levy
- Boston Clinical Site: Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Elias K. Haddad
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David J. Erle
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jordan P. Metcalf
- Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Mark A. Atkinson
- University of Florida, Gainesville and University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Scott C. Brakenridge
- University of Florida, Gainesville and University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - David Corry
- Baylor College of Medicine, and the Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Baylor College of Medicine, and the Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Esther Melamed
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | | | - Rafick Sekaly
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Clinical & Data Coordinating Center (CDCC); Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alison D. Augustine
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elaine F. Reed
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Patrice M. Becker
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Lambert K, Moo KG, Arnett A, Goel G, Hu A, Flynn KJ, Speake C, Wiedeman AE, Gersuk VH, Linsley PS, Greenbaum CJ, Long SA, Partridge R, Buckner JH, Khor B. Deep immune phenotyping reveals similarities between aging, Down syndrome, and autoimmunity. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabi4888. [PMID: 35020411 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abi4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lambert
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Keagan G Moo
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Azlann Arnett
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Gautam Goel
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Alex Hu
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kaitlin J Flynn
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Alice E Wiedeman
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Vivian H Gersuk
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Peter S Linsley
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - S Alice Long
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Rebecca Partridge
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Mason Medical Center, 100 N.E. Gilman Blvd., Issaquah, WA 98027, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Bernard Khor
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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Arnett A, Moo KG, Flynn KJ, Sundberg TB, Johannessen L, Shamji AF, Gray NS, Decker T, Zheng Y, Gersuk VH, Rahman ZS, Levy DE, Marié IJ, Linsley PS, Xavier RJ, Khor B. The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 (CDK8) Inhibitor DCA Promotes a Tolerogenic Chemical Immunophenotype in CD4 + T Cells via a Novel CDK8-GATA3-FOXP3 Pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0008521. [PMID: 34124936 PMCID: PMC8384069 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00085-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune health requires innate and adaptive immune cells to engage precisely balanced pro- and anti-inflammatory forces. We employ the concept of chemical immunophenotypes to classify small molecules functionally or mechanistically according to their patterns of effects on primary innate and adaptive immune cells. The high-specificity, low-toxicity cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) inhibitor 16-didehydro-cortistatin A (DCA) exerts a distinct tolerogenic profile in both innate and adaptive immune cells. DCA promotes regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th2 differentiation while inhibiting Th1 and Th17 differentiation in both murine and human cells. This unique chemical immunophenotype led to mechanistic studies showing that DCA promotes Treg differentiation in part by regulating a previously undescribed CDK8-GATA3-FOXP3 pathway that regulates early pathways of Foxp3 expression. These results highlight previously unappreciated links between Treg and Th2 differentiation and extend our understanding of the transcription factors that regulate Treg differentiation and their temporal sequencing. These findings have significant implications for future mechanistic and translational studies of CDK8 and CDK8 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azlann Arnett
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keagan G. Moo
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Thomas B. Sundberg
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liv Johannessen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alykhan F. Shamji
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ye Zheng
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Ziaur S. Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David E. Levy
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Isabelle J. Marié
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bernard Khor
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Marié IJ, Brambilla L, Azzouz D, Chen Z, Baracho GV, Arnett A, Li HS, Liu W, Cimmino L, Chattopadhyay P, Silverman G, Watowich SS, Khor B, Levy DE. Tonic interferon restricts pathogenic IL-17-driven inflammatory disease via balancing the microbiome. eLife 2021; 10:68371. [PMID: 34378531 PMCID: PMC8376249 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of immune homeostasis involves a synergistic relationship between the host and the microbiome. Canonical interferon (IFN) signaling controls responses to acute microbial infection, through engagement of the STAT1 transcription factor. However, the contribution of tonic levels of IFN to immune homeostasis in the absence of acute infection remains largely unexplored. We report that STAT1 KO mice spontaneously developed an inflammatory disease marked by myeloid hyperplasia and splenic accumulation of hematopoietic stem cells. Moreover, these animals developed inflammatory bowel disease. Profiling gut bacteria revealed a profound dysbiosis in the absence of tonic IFN signaling, which triggered expansion of TH17 cells and loss of splenic Treg cells. Reduction of bacterial load by antibiotic treatment averted the TH17 bias and blocking IL17 signaling prevented myeloid expansion and splenic stem cell accumulation. Thus, tonic IFNs regulate gut microbial ecology, which is crucial for maintaining physiologic immune homeostasis and preventing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Doua Azzouz
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Ze Chen
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | | | - Azlann Arnett
- Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, United States
| | - Haiyan S Li
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Weiguo Liu
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Luisa Cimmino
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | | | | | | | - Bernard Khor
- Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, United States
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7
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Asif M, Khor B. Two roads diverged: Emerging lessons from IVIG about hemolysis. Transfusion 2021; 61:993-995. [PMID: 33831225 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Asif
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Bloodworks Northwest, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bernard Khor
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Bloodworks Northwest, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Hendrix JA, Amon A, Abbeduto L, Agiovlasitis S, Alsaied T, Anderson HA, Bain LJ, Baumer N, Bhattacharyya A, Bogunovic D, Botteron KN, Capone G, Chandan P, Chase I, Chicoine B, Cieuta-Walti C, DeRuisseau LR, Durand S, Esbensen A, Fortea J, Giménez S, Granholm AC, Hahn LJ, Head E, Hillerstrom H, Jacola LM, Janicki MP, Jasien JM, Kamer AR, Kent RD, Khor B, Lawrence JB, Lemonnier C, Lewanda AF, Mobley W, Moore PE, Nelson LP, Oreskovic NM, Osorio RS, Patterson D, Rasmussen SA, Reeves RH, Roizen N, Santoro S, Sherman SL, Talib N, Tapia IE, Walsh KM, Warren SF, White AN, Wong GW, Yi JS. Opportunities, barriers, and recommendations in down syndrome research. Transl Sci Rare Dis 2021; 5:99-129. [PMID: 34268067 PMCID: PMC8279178 DOI: 10.3233/trd-200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in medical care have increased life expectancy and improved the quality of life for people with Down syndrome (DS). These advances are the result of both pre-clinical and clinical research but much about DS is still poorly understood. In 2020, the NIH announced their plan to update their DS research plan and requested input from the scientific and advocacy community. OBJECTIVE The National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS) and the LuMind IDSC Foundation worked together with scientific and medical experts to develop recommendations for the NIH research plan. METHODS NDSS and LuMind IDSC assembled over 50 experts across multiple disciplines and organized them in eleven working groups focused on specific issues for people with DS. RESULTS This review article summarizes the research gaps and recommendations that have the potential to improve the health and quality of life for people with DS within the next decade. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights many of the scientific gaps that exist in DS research. Based on these gaps, a multidisciplinary group of DS experts has made recommendations to advance DS research. This paper may also aid policymakers and the DS community to build a comprehensive national DS research strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelika Amon
- Deceased. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Leonard Abbeduto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Tarek Alsaied
- Heart Institute Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Nicole Baumer
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Down Syndrome Program, Developmental Medicine Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY; Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelly N. Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Priya Chandan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Isabelle Chase
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Chicoine
- Advocate Medical Group Adult Down Syndrome Center, Park Ridge, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anna Esbensen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine & Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Juan Fortea
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana de Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain; Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Giménez
- Multidisciplinary Sleep Unit, Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ann-Charlotte Granholm
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura J. Hahn
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
| | | | - Lisa M. Jacola
- Department of Psychology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Joan M. Jasien
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Angela R. Kamer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raymond D. Kent
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bernard Khor
- Benaroy Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeanne B. Lawrence
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Amy Feldman Lewanda
- Children s National Rare Disease Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC., USA
| | - William Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paul E. Moore
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Nicolas M. Oreskovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ricardo S. Osorio
- Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Patterson
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Sonja A. Rasmussen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Roger H. Reeves
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Roizen
- Department of Pediatrics, UH/Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie Santoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Down Syndrome Program, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Sherman
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nasreen Talib
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ignacio E. Tapia
- Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyle M. Walsh
- Division of Neuro-epidemiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steven F. Warren
- Institute for Life Span Studies, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - A. Nicole White
- Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Guang William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John S. Yi
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Varma M, Kadoki M, Lefkovith A, Conway KL, Gao K, Mohanan V, Tusi BK, Graham DB, Latorre IJ, Tolonen AC, Khor B, Ng A, Xavier RJ. Cell Type- and Stimulation-Dependent Transcriptional Programs Regulated by Atg16L1 and Its Crohn's Disease Risk Variant T300A. J Immunol 2020; 205:414-424. [PMID: 32522834 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified common genetic variants impacting human diseases; however, there are indications that the functional consequences of genetic polymorphisms can be distinct depending on cell type-specific contexts, which produce divergent phenotypic outcomes. Thus, the functional impact of genetic variation and the underlying mechanisms of disease risk are modified by cell type-specific effects of genotype on pathological phenotypes. In this study, we extend these concepts to interrogate the interdependence of cell type- and stimulation-specific programs influenced by the core autophagy gene Atg16L1 and its T300A coding polymorphism identified by genome-wide association studies as linked with increased risk of Crohn's disease. We applied a stimulation-based perturbational profiling approach to define Atg16L1 T300A phenotypes in dendritic cells and T lymphocytes. Accordingly, we identified stimulus-specific transcriptional signatures revealing T300A-dependent functional phenotypes that mechanistically link inflammatory cytokines, IFN response genes, steroid biosynthesis, and lipid metabolism in dendritic cells and iron homeostasis and lysosomal biogenesis in T lymphocytes. Collectively, these studies highlight the combined effects of Atg16L1 genetic variation and stimulatory context on immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Varma
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Motohiko Kadoki
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | | | - Kara L Conway
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Kevin Gao
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Vishnu Mohanan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Betsabeh Khoramian Tusi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Daniel B Graham
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and.,Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Isabel J Latorre
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | | | - Bernard Khor
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Aylwin Ng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142; .,Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142; .,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and.,Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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10
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Khor B, Conway KL, Omar AS, Biton M, Haber AL, Rogel N, Baxt LA, Begun J, Kuballa P, Gagnon JD, Lassen KG, Regev A, Xavier RJ. Distinct Tissue-Specific Roles for the Disease-Associated Autophagy Genes ATG16L2 and ATG16L1. J Immunol 2019; 203:1820-1829. [PMID: 31451676 PMCID: PMC6761021 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The clear role of autophagy in human inflammatory diseases such as Crohn disease was first identified by genome-wide association studies and subsequently dissected in multiple mechanistic studies. ATG16L1 has been particularly well studied in knockout and hypomorph settings as well as models recapitulating the Crohn disease-associated T300A polymorphism. Interestingly, ATG16L1 has a single homolog, ATG16L2, which is independently implicated in diseases, including Crohn disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the contribution of ATG16L2 to canonical autophagy pathways and other cellular functions is poorly understood. To better understand its role, we generated and analyzed the first, to our knowledge, ATG16L2 knockout mouse. Our results show that ATG16L1 and ATG16L2 contribute very distinctly to autophagy and cellular ontogeny in myeloid, lymphoid, and epithelial lineages. Dysregulation of any of these lineages could contribute to complex diseases like Crohn disease and systemic lupus erythematosus, highlighting the value of examining cell-specific effects. We also identify a novel genetic interaction between ATG16L2 and epithelial ATG16L1. These findings are discussed in the context of how these genes may contribute distinctly to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; .,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; and.,Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Kara L Conway
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Abdifatah S Omar
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Moshe Biton
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adam L Haber
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Noga Rogel
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Leigh A Baxt
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jakob Begun
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Petric Kuballa
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John D Gagnon
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kara G Lassen
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; .,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; and
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11
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Johannessen L, Sundberg TB, O'Connell DJ, Kolde R, Berstler J, Billings KJ, Khor B, Seashore-Ludlow B, Fassl A, Russell CN, Latorre IJ, Jiang B, Graham DB, Perez JR, Sicinski P, Phillips AJ, Schreiber SL, Gray NS, Shamji AF, Xavier RJ. Small-molecule studies identify CDK8 as a regulator of IL-10 in myeloid cells. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:1102-1108. [PMID: 28805801 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a promising strategy to suppress pathogenic inflammation. To identify new mechanisms regulating IL-10 production, we conducted a phenotypic screen for small molecules that enhance IL-10 secretion from activated dendritic cells. Mechanism-of-action studies using a prioritized hit from the screen, BRD6989, identified the Mediator-associated kinase CDK8, and its paralog CDK19, as negative regulators of IL-10 production during innate immune activation. The ability of BRD6989 to upregulate IL-10 is recapitulated by multiple, structurally differentiated CDK8 and CDK19 inhibitors and requires an intact cyclin C-CDK8 complex. Using a highly parallel pathway reporter assay, we identified a role for enhanced AP-1 activity in IL-10 potentiation following CDK8 and CDK19 inhibition, an effect associated with reduced phosphorylation of a negative regulatory site on c-Jun. These findings identify a function for CDK8 and CDK19 in regulating innate immune activation and suggest that these kinases may warrant consideration as therapeutic targets for inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Johannessen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas B Sundberg
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J O'Connell
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raivo Kolde
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Berstler
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katelyn J Billings
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bernard Khor
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caitlin N Russell
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isabel J Latorre
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Baishan Jiang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel B Graham
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jose R Perez
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J Phillips
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alykhan F Shamji
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Sundberg TB, Liang Y, Wu H, Choi HG, Kim ND, Sim T, Johannessen L, Petrone A, Khor B, Graham DB, Latorre IJ, Phillips AJ, Schreiber SL, Perez J, Shamji AF, Gray NS, Xavier RJ. Development of Chemical Probes for Investigation of Salt-Inducible Kinase Function in Vivo. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2105-11. [PMID: 27224444 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) are promising therapeutic targets for modulating cytokine responses during innate immune activation. The study of SIK inhibition in animal models of disease has been limited by the lack of selective small-molecule probes suitable for modulating SIK function in vivo. We used the pan-SIK inhibitor HG-9-91-01 as a starting point to develop improved analogs, yielding a novel probe 5 (YKL-05-099) that displays increased selectivity for SIKs versus other kinases and enhanced pharmacokinetic properties. Well-tolerated doses of YKL-05-099 achieve free serum concentrations above its IC50 for SIK2 inhibition for >16 h and reduce phosphorylation of a known SIK substrate in vivo. While in vivo active doses of YKL-05-099 recapitulate the effects of SIK inhibition on inflammatory cytokine responses, they did not induce metabolic abnormalities observed in Sik2 knockout mice. These results identify YKL-05-099 as a useful probe to investigate SIK function in vivo and further support the development of SIK inhibitors for treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Sundberg
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yanke Liang
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Huixian Wu
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hwan Geun Choi
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Korea
| | - Taebo Sim
- Chemical
Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, 136-791
| | - Liv Johannessen
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Adam Petrone
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bernard Khor
- Center
for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Daniel B. Graham
- Program
in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Isabel J. Latorre
- Program
in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew J. Phillips
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jose Perez
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Alykhan F. Shamji
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana−Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Center
for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Program
in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Gastrointestinal
Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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13
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Abstract
The balanced differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into either pro- or anti-inflammatory fates is a central regulator of immune homeostasis, dysregulation of which can lead to inflammatory disease or cancer. Accordingly, the development of diagnostics and therapeutics to measure and modulate this balance is of great interest. In this review, we focus on the predominant anti-inflammatory subset, regulatory T cells, discussing key concepts including development, function, antigen specificity, and lineage stability. In particular, we highlight how these notions are shaping the evolution of therapeutics, especially in the context of the transfusion medicine specialist, and identify several key areas that urgently need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Department of Pathology, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
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14
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Abstract
Factor V Leiden (FVLeiden ) is a common hereditary thrombophilia that causes activated protein C (APC) resistance. This review describes many of the most fascinating features of FVLeiden , including background features, mechanisms of hypercoagulability, the founder mutation concept, the "FVLeiden paradox," synergistic interaction with other thrombotic risk factors, the intertwined relationship between FVLeiden and APC resistance testing, and other, uncommon mutations implicated in causing APC resistance. In addition, there are several conditions where laboratory tests for APC resistance and FVLeiden are or can be discrepant, including lupus anticoagulants, anticoagulants such as direct thrombin inhibitors (dabigatran, argatroban, and bivalirudin) and rivaroxaban, as well as pseudohomozygous, pseudo-wildtype, liver transplant, and bone marrow transplant patients. The laboratory test error rate for FVLeiden is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernard Khor
- Department of Pathology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - James L. Zehnder
- Department of Pathology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford California
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15
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Khor B, Gagnon JD, Goel G, Roche MI, Conway KL, Tran K, Aldrich LN, Sundberg TB, Paterson AM, Mordecai S, Dombkowski D, Schirmer M, Tan PH, Bhan AK, Roychoudhuri R, Restifo NP, O'Shea JJ, Medoff BD, Shamji AF, Schreiber SL, Sharpe AH, Shaw SY, Xavier RJ. The kinase DYRK1A reciprocally regulates the differentiation of Th17 and regulatory T cells. eLife 2015; 4:e05920. [PMID: 25998054 PMCID: PMC4441007 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells critically modulates immune homeostasis, with an inadequate Treg response contributing to inflammatory disease. Using an unbiased chemical biology approach, we identified a novel role for the dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase DYRK1A in regulating this balance. Inhibition of DYRK1A enhances Treg differentiation and impairs Th17 differentiation without affecting known pathways of Treg/Th17 differentiation. Thus, DYRK1A represents a novel mechanistic node at the branch point between commitment to either Treg or Th17 lineages. Importantly, both Treg cells generated using the DYRK1A inhibitor harmine and direct administration of harmine itself potently attenuate inflammation in multiple experimental models of systemic autoimmunity and mucosal inflammation. Our results identify DYRK1A as a physiologically relevant regulator of Treg cell differentiation and suggest a broader role for other DYRK family members in immune homeostasis. These results are discussed in the context of human diseases associated with dysregulated DYRK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - John D Gagnon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Gautam Goel
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Marly I Roche
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Kara L Conway
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Khoa Tran
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Leslie N Aldrich
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Alison M Paterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Scott Mordecai
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - David Dombkowski
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | | | - Pauline H Tan
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Atul K Bhan
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | | | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Stanley Y Shaw
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
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16
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Cruz Morales E, Song Y, Marin R, Khor B, Nguyen D. Rac GTPases have opposite roles in T cells and dendritic cells in mucosal immune function (MUC8P.730). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.204.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Variants in RAC1 and RAC2, which encode small Rho-family GTPases, are associated with risk for inflammatory bowel disease. We have shown reduced regulatory T-cell (Treg) proportions in Rac2 knockout (KO) mice with additional dendritic cells (DC)-specific deletion of Rac1 compared to WT. Since Rac is crucial to TCR signaling, we hypothesized that a T-cell specific deletion of Rac1 would also result in defects in Treg development. Treg proportions and susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced intestinal inflammation were assessed in mice deficient in Rac2 in addition to either T cell- or DC-specific deletion of Rac1 (cDKO). Surprisingly, elevated Treg proportions were observed in T-cell specific cDKO mice compared to WT as well as higher Treg proportions within the cDKO compared to the WT compartment in mixed bone marrow chimera. Furthermore, cDKO naïve CD4+ T cells were able to differentiate into Tregs, unlike cDKO DCs, which led to defective Treg generation of WT naïve CD4+ T cells in in vitro Treg generation assays. In vivo Treg generation was reduced in DC-specific cDKO mice compared to WT controls with ovalbumin (OVA) feeding following transfer of CD4+ T cells transgenic for OVA. Lastly, exacerbated DSS colitis was observed in DC-specific, but not T-cell specific cDKO mice, compared to WT. In conclusion, deficiency of Rac proteins result in contrasting effects on mucosal immune function in DCs compared to T cells. The precise mechanism is under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cruz Morales
- 1Medicine, Massachusetts Gen. Hosp., Boston, MA
- 2Medicine, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
| | - Yan Song
- 1Medicine, Massachusetts Gen. Hosp., Boston, MA
- 2Medicine, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
| | - Romela Marin
- 1Medicine, Massachusetts Gen. Hosp., Boston, MA
- 2Medicine, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
| | - Bernard Khor
- 1Medicine, Massachusetts Gen. Hosp., Boston, MA
- 2Medicine, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
| | - Deanna Nguyen
- 1Medicine, Massachusetts Gen. Hosp., Boston, MA
- 2Medicine, Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA
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17
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Kadauke S, Khor B, Van Cott EM. Activated protein C resistance testing for factor V Leiden. Am J Hematol 2014; 89:1147-50. [PMID: 25293789 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Activated protein C resistance assays can detect factor V Leiden with high accuracy, depending on the method used. Factor Xa inhibitors such as rivaroxaban and direct thrombin inhibitors including dabigatran, argatroban, and bivalirudin can cause falsely normal results. Lupus anticoagulants can cause incorrect results in most current assays. Assays that include dilution into factor V-deficient plasma are needed to avoid interference from factor deficiencies or elevations, which can arise from a wide variety of conditions such as warfarin, liver dysfunction, or pregnancy. The pros and cons of the currently available assays are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kadauke
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Bernard Khor
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth M. Van Cott
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
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18
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Shaw SY, Tran K, Castoreno AB, Peloquin JM, Lassen KG, Khor B, Aldrich LN, Tan PH, Graham DB, Kuballa P, Goel G, Daly MJ, Shamji AF, Schreiber SL, Xavier RJ. Selective modulation of autophagy, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity by small molecules. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2724-2733. [PMID: 24168452 DOI: 10.1021/cb400352d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that directs cytoplasmic proteins, organelles and microbes to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy acts at the intersection of pathways involved in cellular stress, host defense, and modulation of inflammatory and immune responses; however, the details of how the autophagy network intersects with these processes remain largely undefined. Given the role of autophagy in several human diseases, it is important to determine the extent to which modulators of autophagy also modify inflammatory or immune pathways and whether it is possible to modulate a subset of these pathways selectively. Here, we identify small-molecule inducers of basal autophagy (including several FDA-approved drugs) and characterize their effects on IL-1β production, autophagic engulfment and killing of intracellular bacteria, and development of Treg, TH17, and TH1 subsets from naïve T cells. Autophagy inducers with distinct, selective activity profiles were identified that reveal the functional architecture of connections between autophagy, and innate and adaptive immunity. In macrophages from mice bearing a conditional deletion of the essential autophagy gene Atg16L1, the small molecules inhibit IL-1β production to varying degrees suggesting that individual compounds may possess both autophagy-dependent and autophagy-independent activity on immune pathways. The small molecule autophagy inducers constitute useful probes to test the contributions of autophagy-related pathways in diseases marked by impaired autophagy or elevated IL-1β and to test novel therapeutic hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Y. Shaw
- Center
for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Khoa Tran
- Center
for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Adam B. Castoreno
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joanna M. Peloquin
- Center
for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Kara G. Lassen
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bernard Khor
- Center
for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Leslie N. Aldrich
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Dept.
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Pauline H. Tan
- Center
for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Daniel B. Graham
- Dept.
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Petric Kuballa
- Center
for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Gautam Goel
- Center
for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Analytic
and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Alykhan F. Shamji
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Dept.
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Center
for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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19
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Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved homeostatic process in which cytoplasmic contents are degraded and recycled. Two ubiquitin-like conjugation pathways are required for the generation of autophagosomes, and ATG5 is necessary for both of these processes. Studies of mice deficient in ATG5 reveal a key role for autophagy in T lymphocyte function, as well as in B cell development and B-1a B cell maintenance. However, the role of autophagy genes in B cell function and antibody production has not been described. Using mice in which Atg5 is conditionally deleted in B lymphocytes, we showed here that this autophagy gene is essential for plasma cell homeostasis. In the absence of B cell ATG5 expression, antibody responses were significantly diminished during antigen-specific immunization, parasitic infection and mucosal inflammation. Atg5-deficient B cells maintained the ability to produce immunoglobulin and undergo class-switch recombination, yet had impaired SDC1 expression, significantly decreased antibody secretion in response to toll-like receptor ligands, and an inability to upregulate plasma cell transcription factors. These results build upon previous data demonstrating a role for ATG5 in early B cell development, illustrating its importance in late B cell activation and subsequent plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Conway
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Johnson NV, Khor B, Van Cott EM. Advances in laboratory testing for thrombophilia. Am J Hematol 2012; 87 Suppl 1:S108-12. [PMID: 22473489 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Testing for hereditary thrombophilia typically includes tests for activated protein C resistance (APC-R) and/or factor V Leiden, protein C, protein S, antithrombin, and prothrombin G20210A. New options for these assays have become available in recent years, with different advantages and disadvantages among the currently available methods. Potential interferences for each assay type are discussed, including lupus anticoagulants, heparin, warfarin, direct thrombin inhibitors (such as argatroban, dabigatran, hirudin, or bivalirudin), rivaroxaban, factor deficiencies or elevations, factor V Leiden, and specific mutations that the assay(s) might not be able to detect. Causes of acquired deficiencies are also described, as these must be carefully excluded before diagnosing a hereditary deficiency of protein C, protein S, or antithrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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21
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Mahowald GK, Mahowald MA, Moon C, Khor B, Sleckman BP. Out-of-frame T cell receptor beta transcripts are eliminated by multiple pathways in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21627. [PMID: 21765899 PMCID: PMC3135592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-productive antigen receptor genes with frame shifts generated during the assembly of these genes are found in many mature lymphocytes. Transcripts from these genes have premature termination codons (PTCs) and could encode truncated proteins if they are not either inactivated or destroyed by nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). In mammalian cells, NMD can be activated by pathways that rely on the presence of an intron downstream of the PTC; however, NMD can also be activated by pathways that do not rely on these downstream introns, and pathways independent of NMD can inactivate PTC-containing transcripts. Here, through the generation and analysis of mice with gene-targeted modifications of the endogenous T cell receptor beta (Tcrb) locus, we demonstrate that in T cells in vivo, optimal clearance of PTC-containing Tcrb transcripts depends on the presence of an intron downstream of the PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace K. Mahowald
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Mahowald
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Clara Moon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bernard Khor
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Barry P. Sleckman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Khor B, Gardet A, Xavier RJ, Stange DE, Vries RG, van den Born M, Barker N, Shroyer NF, van de Wetering M, Clevers H. Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2011. [PMID: 21677747 DOI: 10.1038/nature] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances have provided substantial insight into the maintenance of mucosal immunity and the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Cellular programs responsible for intestinal homeostasis use diverse intracellular and intercellular networks to promote immune tolerance, inflammation or epithelial restitution. Complex interfaces integrate local host and microbial signals to activate appropriate effector programs selectively and even drive plasticity between these programs. In addition, genetic studies and mouse models have emphasized the role of genetic predispositions and how they affect interactions with microbial and environmental factors, leading to pro-colitogenic perturbations of the host-commensal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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23
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Abstract
Recent advances have provided substantial insight into the maintenance of mucosal immunity and the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Cellular programs responsible for intestinal homeostasis use diverse intracellular and intercellular networks to promote immune tolerance, inflammation or epithelial restitution. Complex interfaces integrate local host and microbial signals to activate appropriate effector programs selectively and even drive plasticity between these programs. In addition, genetic studies and mouse models have emphasized the role of genetic predispositions and how they affect interactions with microbial and environmental factors, leading to pro-colitogenic perturbations of the host-commensal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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24
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Khor B, Gardet A, Xavier RJ. Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10209 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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25
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Khor B, Gardet A, Xavier RJ. Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10209 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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26
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Khor B, Gardet A, Xavier RJ. Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10209 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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27
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Khor B, Gardet A, Xavier RJ. Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10209 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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28
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Abstract
Hereditary antithrombin deficiency is a hypercoagulable state associated with an increased risk for venous thrombosis. The recommended initial test for antithrombin is an activity (functional) assay. The advantages and disadvantages of the various testing options are presented. The causes of acquired antithrombin deficiency are much more common than hereditary deficiency. Therefore, this article describes the appropriate steps to take when antithrombin activity is low, in order to confirm or exclude a hereditary deficiency. The causes of falsely normal results are also described, including direct thrombin inhibitors. Am. J. Hematol. 85:947-950, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
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29
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Abstract
Hereditary protein C deficiency is a hypercoagulable state associated with an increased risk for venous thrombosis. The recommended initial test for protein C is an activity (functional) assay, which may be clotting time based or chromogenic. The advantages and disadvantages of the various testing options are presented. The causes of acquired protein C deficiency are much more common than hereditary deficiency. Therefore, this article describes the appropriate steps to take when protein C activity is low, to confirm or exclude a hereditary deficiency. The causes of falsely normal results are also described, including lupus anticoagulants and direct thrombin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA
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30
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Callén E, Bunting S, Huang CY, Difilippantonio MJ, Wong N, Khor B, Mahowald G, Kruhlak MJ, Ried T, Sleckman BP, Nussenzweig A. Chimeric IgH-TCRalpha/delta translocations in T lymphocytes mediated by RAG. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:2408-12. [PMID: 19556863 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.15.9085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocations involving the T cell receptor alpha/delta (TCRalpha/delta) chain locus, which bring oncogenes in the proximity of the TCRalpha enhancer, are one of the hallmark features of human T cell malignancies from ataxia telangiectasia (AT) and non-AT patients. These lesions are frequently generated by the fusion of DNA breaks at the TCRalpha/delta locus to a disperse region centromeric of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus. Aberrant VDJ joining accounts for TCRalpha/delta associated DNA cleavage, but the molecular mechanism that leads to generation of the "oncogene partner" DNA break is unclear. Here we show that in ATM deficient primary mouse T cells, IgH/TCRalpha/delta fusions arise at a remarkably similar frequency as in human AT lymphocytes. Recombinase-activating gene (RAG) is responsible for both TCRalpha/delta as well as IgH associated breaks on chromosome 12 (Chr12), which are subject to varying degrees of chromosomal degradation. We suggest a new model for how oncogenic translocations can arise from two non-concerted physiological DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Callén
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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31
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32
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Khor B, Mahowald GK, Khor K, Sleckman BP. Functional overlap in the cis-acting regulation of the V(D)J recombination at the TCRbeta locus. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:321-6. [PMID: 19070901 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The second exon of lymphocyte antigen receptor genes is assembled in developing lymphocytes from component V, J and, in some cases, D gene segments through the process of V(D)J recombination. This process is initiated by an endonuclease comprised of the Rag-1 and Rag-2 proteins, collectively referred to as Rag. Rag binds to recombination signals (RSs) and catalyzes the pair-wise introduction of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) at recombining gene segments. DNA cleavage by Rag is restricted both by intrinsic features of RSs, as well as the activity of other cis-acting elements, such as promoters and enhancers that regulate the accessibility of gene segments to Rag. In the TCRbeta locus, accessibility of the Dbeta1-Jbeta1 gene segment cluster relies on the function of an enhancer, Ebeta, and a promoter, PDbeta1. Here we demonstrate that deletion of a small genomic region containing five of the six Jbeta1 gene segments, but no known transcriptional regulatory elements, leads to a marked decrease in transcription and rearrangements involving the Dbeta1 and Jbeta1.1 gene segments. Surprisingly, point mutations in the RS of the Jbeta1.1 gene segment not only impact Rag cleavage, but also lead to diminished transcription through the Dbeta1-Jbeta1 gene segment cluster. Our findings demonstrate that cis-acting elements that regulate transcription and accessibility of the TCRbeta locus may functionally overlap with RS sequences, which are known primarily to direct Rag-mediated cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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34
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Khor B, Bredemeyer AL, Huang CY, Turnbull IR, Evans R, Maggi LB, White JM, Walker LM, Carnes K, Hess RA, Sleckman BP. Proteasome activator PA200 is required for normal spermatogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:2999-3007. [PMID: 16581775 PMCID: PMC1446934 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.8.2999-3007.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 01/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The PA200 proteasome activator is a broadly expressed nuclear protein. Although how PA200 normally functions is not fully understood, it has been suggested to be involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The PA200 gene (Psme4) is composed of 45 coding exons spanning 108 kb on mouse chromosome 11. We generated a PA200 null allele (PA200(Delta)) through Cre-loxP-mediated interchromosomal recombination after targeting loxP sites at either end of the locus. PA200(Delta/Delta) mice are viable and have no obvious developmental abnormalities. Both lymphocyte development and immunoglobulin class switching, which rely on the generation and repair of DNA DSBs, are unperturbed in PA200(Delta/Delta) mice. Additionally, PA200(Delta/Delta) embryonic stem cells do not exhibit increased sensitivity to either ionizing radiation or bleomycin. Thus, PA200 is not essential for the repair of DNA DSBs generated in these settings. Notably, loss of PA200 led to a marked reduction in male, but not female, fertility. This was due to defects in spermatogenesis observed in meiotic spermatocytes and during the maturation of postmeiotic haploid spermatids. Thus, PA200 serves an important nonredundant function during spermatogenesis, suggesting that the efficient generation of male gametes has distinct protein metabolic requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Campus Box 8118, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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35
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Abstract
Allelic exclusion at the TCRbeta locus mandates that gene assembly be regulated in a manner that permits feedback inhibition of further complete TCRbeta rearrangements upon pre-TCR expression. Here we show that assembly of TCRbeta chain genes from Vbeta, Dbeta and Jbeta gene segments is intra-allelically ordered, proceeding primarily through DJbeta, and not VDbeta, intermediates. This ensures that Vbeta to DJbeta rearrangement, which can be feedback inhibited, is the final step in the assembly process. A newly assembled VDJbeta rearrangement must be tested to determine if it is in-frame before Vbeta to DJbeta rearrangement is permitted on the alternate allele. This inter-allelic ordering may occur through a general inefficiency of Vbeta to DJbeta rearrangement and/or through static differences in accessibility of the two TCRbeta alleles. However, we find that within the regulatory context of allelic exclusion, Vbeta to DJbeta rearrangement proceeds to completion on both alleles. Furthermore, all possible VDJbeta rearrangements are not completed on one allele before Vbeta to DJbeta rearrangement is initiated on the alternate allele. Together, these data support a dynamic model of inter-allelic accessibility that permits the ordered and efficient assembly of complete variable region genes on both TCRbeta alleles during T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
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36
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Abstract
TCRbeta, delta and gamma chain genes are assembled and expressed in double-negative thymocytes prior to alphabeta or gammadelta T cell lineage commitment. Thus, cells committed to the alphabeta T cell lineage can possess completely assembled TCRdelta and/or TCRgamma chain genes. However, these genes are not expressed. TCRgamma chain gene expression may be silenced through the activity of a cis-acting silencer element. In the TCRalpha/delta locus, the TCRdelta genes lie between the Valpha and Jalpha gene segments, which rearrange by deletion. Moreover, Valpha to Jalpha rearrangements occur on both alleles in essentially all developing alphabeta T cells. Consequently, both TCRdelta chain genes are excised from the chromosome and placed on extrachromosomal circles in mature alphabeta T cells. It has been proposed that this excision process is important for silencing TCRdelta gene expression and permitting alphabeta T cell lineage commitment. A gene-targeting Cre-loxP strategy was used to invert a 75-kb region of the TCRalpha/delta locus encompassing all the Jalpha gene segments, generating the TCRalpha/delta(I) allele. Initial Valpha to Jalpha rearrangements on the TCRalpha/delta(I) allele occur by inversion, resulting in chromosomal retention of TCRdelta chain genes. These TCRdelta chain genes can be productively rearranged and are expressed at levels similar to TCRdelta chain genes in gammadelta T cells. However, alphabeta T cell development appears unperturbed in TCRalpha/delta(I/I) mice. Thus, excision of TCRdelta genes from the chromosome per se is not required for commitment of developing lymphocytes to the alphabeta T cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8118, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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37
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Jackson A, Kondilis HD, Khor B, Sleckman BP, Krangel MS. Regulation of T cell receptor beta allelic exclusion at a level beyond accessibility. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:189-97. [PMID: 15640803 DOI: 10.1038/ni1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allelic exclusion of V(beta)-to-DJ(beta) recombination depends on asynchronous rearrangement of alleles of the gene encoding T cell receptor beta in double-negative thymocytes and feedback inhibition that is maintained in double-positive thymocytes. Feedback is thought to be enforced through downregulation of V(beta) accessibility. In an attempt to override this negative regulation, we introduced the enhancer of the gene encoding T cell receptor alpha into the V(beta) gene cluster downstream of V(beta)12. In double-negative thymocytes, the introduced enhancer had no measurable effect on accessibility, but V(beta)12 rearrangement was stimulated and V(beta)12 allelic exclusion was partially subverted. In contrast, double-positive thymocytes showed increased V(beta) transcription and accessibility, but feedback inhibition of V(beta)-to-DJ(beta) recombination remained intact. Our results indicate additional regulatory constraints on V(beta)-to-DJ(beta) recombination that operate beyond the accessibility barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Jackson
- The Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Tillman RE, Wooley AL, Hughes MM, Khor B, Sleckman BP. Regulation of T-cell receptor beta-chain gene assembly by recombination signals: the beyond 12/23 restriction. Immunol Rev 2004; 200:36-43. [PMID: 15242394 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Assembly of antigen receptor genes is regulated in several important contexts during lymphocyte development. This regulation occurs through modulation of gene segment accessibility to the V(D)J recombinase and/or at the level of the recombination reaction due, in part, to constraints imposed by recombination signal (RS) sequences. RSs are composed of conserved heptamer and nonamer sequences that flank relatively non-conserved spacer sequences of either 12 or 23 base pairs. Recombination occurs only between RSs of dissimilar spacer lengths, a restriction known as the 12/23 rule. Recently, we have shown that RSs can impose significant constraints on antigen receptor gene assembly beyond enforcing the 12/23 rule. This restriction, termed B12/23, was revealed by analysis of T-cell receptor beta (TCRbeta) locus rearrangements, where Dbeta 12RSs and not Jbeta 12RSs are capable of efficiently targeting Vbeta 23RSs' rearrangement. The B12/23 restriction occurs at or prior to the DNA-cleavage step of the V(D)J recombination reaction, relies on features of the Dbeta 12RSs and Vbeta 23RSs, and is not absolutely dependent on lymphoid-specific factors other than the recombinase-activating gene-1 (RAG-1) and RAG-2 proteins. By preserving Dbeta gene segment utilization, the B12/23 restriction is required, at a minimum, for the generation of a diverse repertoire of TCRbeta chains.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cattle
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Humans
- Mice
- Rabbits
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Recombination, Genetic
- Signal Transduction
- VDJ Recombinases/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Tillman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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Brewer JA, Khor B, Vogt SK, Muglia LM, Fujiwara H, Haegele KE, Sleckman BP, Muglia LJ. T-cell glucocorticoid receptor is required to suppress COX-2-mediated lethal immune activation. Nat Med 2003; 9:1318-22. [PMID: 12949501 DOI: 10.1038/nm895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2003] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, acting through the glucocorticoid receptor, potently modulate immune function and are a mainstay of therapy for treatment of inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, leukemias and lymphomas. Moreover, removal of systemic glucocorticoids, by adrenalectomy in animal models or adrenal insufficiency in humans, has shown that endogenous glucocorticoid production is required for regulation of physiologic immune responses. These effects have been attributed to suppression of cytokines, although the crucial cellular and molecular targets remain unknown. In addition, considerable controversy remains as to whether glucocorticoids are required for thymocyte development. To assess the role of the glucocorticoid receptor in immune system development and function, we generated T-cell-specific glucocorticoid receptor knockout mice. Here we show that the T-cell is a critical cellular target of glucocorticoid receptor signaling, as immune activation in these mice resulted in significant mortality. This lethal activation is rescued by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition but not steroid administration or cytokine neutralization. These studies indicate that glucocorticoid receptor suppression of COX-2 is crucial for curtailing lethal immune activation, and suggest new therapeutic approaches for regulation of T-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judson A Brewer
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Tillman RE, Wooley AL, Khor B, Wehrly TD, Little CA, Sleckman BP. Cutting edge: targeting of V beta to D beta rearrangement by RSSs can be mediated by the V(D)J recombinase in the absence of additional lymphoid-specific factors. J Immunol 2003; 170:5-9. [PMID: 12496374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Assembly of TCRbeta variable region genes is ordered during thymocyte development with Dbeta to Jbeta rearrangement preceding Vbeta to DJbeta rearrangement. The 5'Dbeta 12-RSS is required to precisely and efficiently target Vbeta rearrangement beyond simply enforcing the 12/23 rule. By prohibiting direct Vbeta to Jbeta rearrangement, this restriction ensures Dbeta gene segment use in the assembly of essentially all TCRbeta variable region genes. In this study, we show that rearrangement of Vbeta 23-RSSs is significantly biased to the Dbeta 12-RSS over Jbeta 12-RSSs on extrachromosomal recombination substrates in nonlymphoid cells that express the recombinase-activating gene-1/2 proteins. These findings demonstrate that targeting of Vbeta to Dbeta rearrangement can be enforced by the V(D)J recombinase in the absence of lymphoid-specific factors other than the recombinase-activating gene-1/2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Tillman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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41
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Abstract
Assembly of TCRbeta chain variable-region genes is regulated in the context of allelic exclusion. Differential epigenetic modifications of the two TCRbeta alleles established early in embryonic development may be important for permitting allelic exclusion by ordering rearrangement of the two alleles in double-negative thymocytes. Expression of a TCRbeta chain, as part of the pre-TCR complex, activates signaling pathways that enforce allelic exclusion in double-positive thymocytes. These signaling pathways, which utilize p56(lck) and SLP-76, may be distinct from those used to promote other processes initiated by pre-TCR expression. In double-positive thymocytes allelic exclusion is enforced, in part, by changes in Vbeta gene segment accessibility promoted by cis-acting elements that may be distinct from those regulating accessibility of D/Jbeta gene segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khor
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA.
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42
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Monroe RJ, Sleckman BP, Monroe BC, Khor B, Claypool S, Ferrini R, Davidson L, Alt FW. Developmental regulation of TCR delta locus accessibility and expression by the TCR delta enhancer. Immunity 1999; 10:503-13. [PMID: 10367896 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have used gene-targeted mutation to assess the role of the T cell receptor delta (TCR delta) enhancer (E delta) in alphabeta and gammadelta T cell development. Mice lacking E delta exhibited no defects in alphabeta T cell development but had a severe reduction in thymic and peripheral gammadelta T cells and decreased VDJ delta rearrangements. Simultaneous deletion of both E delta and the TCR alpha enhancer (E alpha) demonstrated that residual TCR delta rearrangements were not driven by E alpha, implicating additional elements in TCR delta locus accessibility. Surprisingly, while deletion of E delta severely impaired germline TCR delta expression in double-negative thymocytes, absence of E delta did not affect expression of mature delta transcripts in gammadelta T cells. We conclude that E delta has an important role in TCR delta locus regulation at early, but not late, stages of gammadelta T cell development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Recombination, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes
- Transcription Factors/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Monroe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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43
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Abstract
The generation of a productive "in-frame" T cell receptor beta (TCR beta), immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) or Ig light (L) chain variable region gene can result in the cessation of rearrangement of the alternate allele, a process referred to as allelic exclusion. This process ensures that most alphabeta T cells express a single TCR beta chain and most B cells express single IgH and IgL chains. Assembly of TCR alpha and TCR gamma chain variable region genes exhibit allelic inclusion and alphabeta and gammadelta T cells can express two TCR alpha or TCR gamma chains, respectively. However, it was not known whether assembly of TCR delta variable regions genes is regulated in the context of allelic exclusion. To address this issue, we have analyzed TCR delta rearrangements in a panel of mouse splenic gammadelta T cell hybridomas. We find that, similar to TCR alpha and gamma variable region genes, assembly of TCR delta variable region genes exhibits properties of allelic inclusion. These findings are discussed in the context of gammadelta T cell development and regulation of rearrangement of TCR delta genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Sleckman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and The Center for Blood Research, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Sleckman BP, Bassing CH, Bardon CG, Okada A, Khor B, Bories JC, Monroe R, Alt FW. Accessibility control of variable region gene assembly during T-cell development. Immunol Rev 1998; 165:121-30. [PMID: 9850857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
T-cell development is a complex and ordered process that is regulated in part by the progressive assembly and expression of antigen receptor genes. T cells can be divided into two lineages based on expression of either an alpha beta or gamma delta T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). The genes that encode the TCR beta and gamma chains lie in distinct loci, whereas the genes that encode the TCR alpha and delta chains lie in a single locus (TCR alpha/delta locus). Assembly of TCR variable region genes is mediated by a site-specific recombination process that is common among all lymphocytes. Despite the common nature of this process, recombination of TCR genes is tightly regulated within the context of the developing T cell. TCR beta, gamma and delta variable region genes are assembled prior to TCR alpha variable region genes. Furthermore, assembly of TCR beta variable region genes is regulated within the context of allelic exclusion. The regulation of rearrangement and expression of genes within the TCR alpha/delta locus presents a complicated problem. TCR alpha and delta variable region genes are assembled at different stages of T-cell development, and fully assembled TCR alpha and delta variable region genes must be expressed in distinct lineages of T cells, alpha beta and gamma delta, respectively. We have developed several experimental approaches to assess the role of cis-acting elements in regulating recombination and expression of TCR genes. Here we describe these approaches and discuss our analyses of the regulation of accessibility of the TCR beta and TCR alpha/delta loci during T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Sleckman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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