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Harvey-Jones E, Raghunandan M, Robbez-Masson L, Magraner-Pardo L, Alaguthurai T, Yablonovitch A, Yen J, Xiao H, Brough R, Frankum J, Song F, Yeung J, Savy T, Gulati A, Alexander J, Kemp H, Starling C, Konde A, Marlow R, Cheang M, Proszek P, Hubank M, Cai M, Trendell J, Lu R, Liccardo R, Ravindran N, Llop-Guevara A, Rodriguez O, Balmana J, Lukashchuk N, Dorschner M, Drusbosky L, Roxanis I, Serra V, Haider S, Pettitt SJ, Lord CJ, Tutt ANJ. Longitudinal profiling identifies co-occurring BRCA1/2 reversions, TP53BP1, RIF1 and PAXIP1 mutations in PARP inhibitor-resistant advanced breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2024; 35:364-380. [PMID: 38244928 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to therapies that target homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) in breast cancer limits their overall effectiveness. Multiple, preclinically validated, mechanisms of resistance have been proposed, but their existence and relative frequency in clinical disease are unclear, as is how to target resistance. PATIENTS AND METHODS Longitudinal mutation and methylation profiling of circulating tumour (ct)DNA was carried out in 47 patients with metastatic BRCA1-, BRCA2- or PALB2-mutant breast cancer treated with HRD-targeted therapy who developed progressive disease-18 patients had primary resistance and 29 exhibited response followed by resistance. ctDNA isolated at multiple time points in the patient treatment course (before, on-treatment and at progression) was sequenced using a novel >750-gene intron/exon targeted sequencing panel. Where available, matched tumour biopsies were whole exome and RNA sequenced and also used to assess nuclear RAD51. RESULTS BRCA1/2 reversion mutations were present in 60% of patients and were the most prevalent form of resistance. In 10 cases, reversions were detected in ctDNA before clinical progression. Two new reversion-based mechanisms were identified: (i) intragenic BRCA1/2 deletions with intronic breakpoints; and (ii) intragenic BRCA1/2 secondary mutations that formed novel splice acceptor sites, the latter being confirmed by in vitro minigene reporter assays. When seen before commencing subsequent treatment, reversions were associated with significantly shorter time to progression. Tumours with reversions retained HRD mutational signatures but had functional homologous recombination based on RAD51 status. Although less frequent than reversions, nonreversion mechanisms [loss-of-function (LoF) mutations in TP53BP1, RIF1 or PAXIP1] were evident in patients with acquired resistance and occasionally coexisted with reversions, challenging the notion that singular resistance mechanisms emerge in each patient. CONCLUSIONS These observations map the prevalence of candidate drivers of resistance across time in a clinical setting, information with implications for clinical management and trial design in HRD breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Harvey-Jones
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Guy's Hospital Cancer Centre, King's College London, UK; The City of London Cancer Research UK Centre at King's College London, UK
| | - M Raghunandan
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - L Robbez-Masson
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - L Magraner-Pardo
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - T Alaguthurai
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Guy's Hospital Cancer Centre, King's College London, UK
| | | | - J Yen
- Guardant Health Inc., Redwood City, USA
| | - H Xiao
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - R Brough
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - J Frankum
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - F Song
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - J Yeung
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - T Savy
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A Gulati
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - J Alexander
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - H Kemp
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - C Starling
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A Konde
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - R Marlow
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - M Cheang
- Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - P Proszek
- Clinical Genomics, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Hubank
- Clinical Genomics, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Cai
- Guardant Health Inc., Redwood City, USA
| | - J Trendell
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Guy's Hospital Cancer Centre, King's College London, UK
| | - R Lu
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Guy's Hospital Cancer Centre, King's College London, UK
| | - R Liccardo
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Guy's Hospital Cancer Centre, King's College London, UK
| | - N Ravindran
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - O Rodriguez
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Balmana
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - I Roxanis
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - V Serra
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Haider
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - S J Pettitt
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - C J Lord
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - A N J Tutt
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Guy's Hospital Cancer Centre, King's College London, UK; The City of London Cancer Research UK Centre at King's College London, UK.
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Van Baelen K, Geukens T, Maetens M, Tjan-Heijnen V, Lord CJ, Linn S, Bidard FC, Richard F, Yang WW, Steele RE, Pettitt SJ, Van Ongeval C, De Schepper M, Isnaldi E, Nevelsteen I, Smeets A, Punie K, Voorwerk L, Wildiers H, Floris G, Vincent Salomon A, Derksen PWB, Neven P, Senkus E, Sawyer E, Kok M, Desmedt C. Corrigendum to "Current and future diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with invasive lobular breast cancer": [Annals of Oncology 33 (2022) 769-785]. Ann Oncol 2023; 34:326. [PMID: 36529568 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Van Baelen
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Geukens
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven; Department of General Medical Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Maetens
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven
| | - V Tjan-Heijnen
- Department of Medical Oncology Department, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), School of GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C J Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - S Linn
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht; Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F-C Bidard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, UVSQ/Paris-Saclav University, Paris, France
| | - F Richard
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven
| | - W W Yang
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - R E Steele
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - S J Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - M De Schepper
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven; Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Isnaldi
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven
| | - I Nevelsteen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Smeets
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Punie
- Department of General Medical Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Voorwerk
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Wildiers
- Department of General Medical Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Floris
- Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - P W B Derksen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
| | - P Neven
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Senkus
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - E Sawyer
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Kok
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Desmedt
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven.
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Van Baelen K, Geukens T, Maetens M, Tjan-Heijnen V, Lord CJ, Linn S, Bidard FC, Richard F, Yang WW, Steele RE, Pettitt SJ, Van Ongeval C, De Schepper M, Isnaldi E, Nevelsteen I, Smeets A, Punie K, Voorwerk L, Wildiers H, Floris G, Vincent-Salomon A, Derksen PWB, Neven P, Senkus E, Sawyer E, Kok M, Desmedt C. Current and future diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with invasive lobular breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2022; 33:769-785. [PMID: 35605746 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is the second most common type of breast cancer after invasive breast cancer of no special type (NST), representing up to 15% of all breast cancers. DESIGN Latest data on ILC are presented, focusing on diagnosis, molecular make-up according to the European Society for Medical Oncology Scale for Clinical Actionability of molecular Targets (ESCAT) guidelines, treatment in the early and metastatic setting and ILC-focused clinical trials. RESULTS At the imaging level, magnetic resonance imaging-based and novel positron emission tomography/computed tomography-based techniques can overcome the limitations of currently used imaging techniques for diagnosing ILC. At the pathology level, E-cadherin immunohistochemistry could help improving inter-pathologist agreement. The majority of patients with ILC do not seem to benefit as much from (neo-)adjuvant chemotherapy as patients with NST, although chemotherapy might be required in a subset of high-risk patients. No differences in treatment efficacy are seen for anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) therapies in the adjuvant setting and cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 inhibitors in the metastatic setting. The clinical utility of the commercially available prognostic gene expression-based tests is unclear for patients with ILC. Several ESCAT alterations differ in frequency between ILC and NST. Germline BRCA1 and PALB2 alterations are less frequent in patients with ILC, while germline CDH1 (gene coding for E-cadherin) alterations are more frequent in patients with ILC. Somatic HER2 mutations are more frequent in ILC, especially in metastases (15% ILC versus 5% NST). A high tumour mutational burden, relevant for immune checkpoint inhibition, is more frequent in ILC metastases (16%) than in NST metastases (5%). Tumours with somatic inactivating CDH1 mutations may be vulnerable for treatment with ROS1 inhibitors, a concept currently investigated in early and metastatic ILC. CONCLUSION ILC is a unique malignancy based on its pathological and biological features leading to differences in diagnosis as well as in treatment response, resistance and targets as compared to NST.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Van Baelen
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Departments of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Geukens
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; General Medical Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Maetens
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Tjan-Heijnen
- Medical Oncology Department, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), School of GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C J Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - S Linn
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Departments of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F-C Bidard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, UVSQ/Paris-Saclav University, Paris, France
| | - F Richard
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - W W Yang
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - R E Steele
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - S J Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - C Van Ongeval
- Departments of Radiology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M De Schepper
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Pathology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Isnaldi
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - A Smeets
- Surgical Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Punie
- General Medical Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Voorwerk
- Departments of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Wildiers
- General Medical Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Floris
- Pathology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - P W B Derksen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P Neven
- Departments of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Senkus
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - E Sawyer
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Kok
- Departments of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Desmedt
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research (LTBCR), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Miller RE, Leary A, Scott CL, Serra V, Lord CJ, Bowtell D, Chang DK, Garsed DW, Jonkers J, Ledermann JA, Nik-Zainal S, Ray-Coquard I, Shah SP, Matias-Guiu X, Swisher EM, Yates LR. ESMO recommendations on predictive biomarker testing for homologous recombination deficiency and PARP inhibitor benefit in ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 2020; 31:1606-1622. [PMID: 33004253 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD) is a frequent feature of high-grade serous ovarian, fallopian tube and peritoneal carcinoma (HGSC) and is associated with sensitivity to PARP inhibitor (PARPi) therapy. HRD testing provides an opportunity to optimise PARPi use in HGSC but methodologies are diverse and clinical application remains controversial. MATERIALS AND METHODS To define best practice for HRD testing in HGSC the ESMO Translational Research and Precision Medicine Working Group launched a collaborative project that incorporated a systematic review approach. The main aims were to (i) define the term 'HRD test'; (ii) provide an overview of the biological rationale and the level of evidence supporting currently available HRD tests; (iii) provide recommendations on the clinical utility of HRD tests in clinical management of HGSC. RESULTS A broad range of repair genes, genomic scars, mutational signatures and functional assays are associated with a history of HRD. Currently, the clinical validity of HRD tests in ovarian cancer is best assessed, not in terms of biological HRD status per se, but in terms of PARPi benefit. Clinical trials evidence supports the use of BRCA mutation testing and two commercially available assays that also incorporate genomic instability for identifying subgroups of HGSCs that derive different magnitudes of benefit from PARPi therapy, albeit with some variation by clinical scenario. These tests can be used to inform treatment selection and scheduling but their use is limited by a failure to consistently identify a subgroup of patients who derive no benefit from PARPis in most studies. Existing tests lack negative predictive value and inadequately address the complex and dynamic nature of the HRD phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Currently available HRD tests are useful for predicting likely magnitude of benefit from PARPis but better biomarkers are urgently needed to better identify current homologous recombination proficiency status and stratify HGSC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Miller
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College London, London, UK; Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Leary
- Department of Medicine and INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - C L Scott
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - V Serra
- Experimental Therapeutics Group Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C J Lord
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - D Bowtell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D K Chang
- Glasgow Precision Oncology Laboratory, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - D W Garsed
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A Ledermann
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - S Nik-Zainal
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; MRC Cancer Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - I Ray-Coquard
- Centre Leon Berard, Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard Groupe University of Lyon, France
| | - S P Shah
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - X Matias-Guiu
- Departments of Pathology, Hospital U Arnau de Vilanova and Hospital U de Bellvitge, Universities of Lleida and Barcelona, Irblleida, Idibell, Ciberonc, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E M Swisher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - L R Yates
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge; Guy's Cancer Centre, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Stewart J, Banerjee S, Pettitt SJ, Lord CJ. Modelling the Cancer Phenotype in the Era of CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2020; 32:69-74. [PMID: 31679912 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2019.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Stewart
- Gynaecology Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - S Banerjee
- Gynaecology Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S J Pettitt
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - C J Lord
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Mateo J, Lord CJ, Serra V, Tutt A, Balmaña J, Castroviejo-Bermejo M, Cruz C, Oaknin A, Kaye SB, de Bono JS. A decade of clinical development of PARP inhibitors in perspective. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:1437-1447. [PMID: 31218365 PMCID: PMC6771225 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer, and often is the result of altered DNA repair capacities in tumour cells. DNA damage repair defects are common in different cancer types; these alterations can also induce tumour-specific vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically. In 2009, a first-in-man clinical trial of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib clinically validated the synthetic lethal interaction between inhibition of PARP1, a key sensor of DNA damage, and BRCA1/BRCA2 deficiency. In this review, we summarize a decade of PARP inhibitor clinical development, a work that has resulted in the registration of several PARP inhibitors in breast (olaparib and talazoparib) and ovarian cancer (olaparib, niraparib and rucaparib, either alone or following platinum chemotherapy as maintenance therapy). Over the past 10 years, our knowledge on the mechanism of action of PARP inhibitor as well as how tumours become resistant has been extended, and we summarise this work here. We also discuss opportunities for expanding the precision medicine approach with PARP inhibitors, identifying a wider population who could benefit from this drug class. This includes developing and validating better predictive biomarkers for patient stratification, mainly based on homologous recombination defects beyond BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations, identifying DNA repair deficient tumours in other cancer types such as prostate or pancreatic cancer, or by designing combination therapies with PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mateo
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona; Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C J Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory; The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - V Serra
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona
| | - A Tutt
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London; The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Guy's Cancer Centre, Kings College, London
| | - J Balmaña
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona; Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - C Cruz
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona; Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Oaknin
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona; Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S B Kaye
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London; The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - J S de Bono
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London; The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Natrajan RC, Leonidou A, Brough R, Frankum J, Wai PT, Ng CK, Reis-Filho JS, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. Abstract S4-02: Integrated genomic analyses of members of protein kinase C family identifies subtype specific alterations as novel therapeutic targets. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs13-s4-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Members of the protein kinase C family are serine/threonine kinases that are involved in proliferation, apoptosis, cell survival and migration, and have been implicated in tumorigenesis. Recently PRKCE has been found to be up-regulated in triple-negative (TN) breast cancers and has been proposed as a target for therapeutic intervention. The aims of this study were to determine i) whether different members of the PKC family are dysregulated and/ or mutated in specific subtypes of breast cancer, ii) to investigate the impact of silencing or overexpression of members of the PKC family in cell line models representative of the different breast cancer subtypes.
Material and methods:
We obtained expression and mutational data from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) project from 567 and 640 samples subjected to microarray-based gene expression profiling and whole exome sequencing, respectively. Pair-wise SAM analysis of TCGA gene expression data was performed to identify differential expression between subgroups (ER+, HER2+ and TN). Potential driver mutations were identified through the algorithm CHASM. Subtype specific dependencies were identified from the re-analysis of publicly available siRNA kinome-wide screens in a panel of 20 breast cancer cell lines. In vitro assessment of gene overexpression was assessed in MCF10A cells by wound healing scratch assays and 3D growth in Matrigel.
Results
PRKCA, B, I and Q were expressed at significantly higher levels in TN breast cancers. Higher expression of PRKCE was significantly associated with ER-negativity, whereas high PRKCD expression was associated with ER-positivity. Analysis of siRNA kinome-wide screen data resulted in a significant reduction in survival associated with PRKCI and PRKCE in ER-negative cells, PRKCQ in triple-negative cells, and PRKCD in ER-positive cells. Furthermore meta-analysis of published exome and whole genome sequencing data identified potentially activating recurrent kinase domain mutations in PRKCB (0.93%), Q (1.25%) and Z (0.93%), with mutations in PRKCZ being associated with higher gene expression. Forced expression of wild-type PRKCQ and PRKCZ in MCF10A cells resulted in the formation of irregular acini in 3D cell culture and expression of wild-type PRKCZ resulted in increased migration.
Conclusions
Differential expression of members of the protein kinase C family, are associated with different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Furthermore, we have shown that breast cancer cells are dependent upon expression of these family members in vitro, which are associated with different cellular phenotypes.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr S4-02.
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Affiliation(s)
- RC Natrajan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - A Leonidou
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - R Brough
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - J Frankum
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - PT Wai
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - CK Ng
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - JS Reis-Filho
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - CJ Lord
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - A Ashworth
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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8
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Postel-Vinay S, Bajrami I, Friboulet L, Elliott R, Fontebasso Y, Dorvault N, Olaussen KA, André F, Soria JC, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. A high-throughput screen identifies PARP1/2 inhibitors as a potential therapy for ERCC1-deficient non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2013; 32:5377-87. [PMID: 23934192 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) is a DNA repair enzyme that is frequently defective in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although low ERCC1 expression correlates with platinum sensitivity, the clinical effectiveness of platinum therapy is limited, highlighting the need for alternative treatment strategies. To discover new mechanism-based therapeutic strategies for ERCC1-defective tumours, we performed high-throughput drug screens in an isogenic NSCLC model of ERCC1 deficiency and dissected the mechanism underlying ERCC1-selective effects by studying molecular biomarkers of tumour cell response. The high-throughput screens identified multiple clinical poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 and 2 (PARP1/2) inhibitors, such as olaparib (AZD-2281), niraparib (MK-4827) and BMN 673, as being selective for ERCC1 deficiency. We observed that ERCC1-deficient cells displayed a significant delay in double-strand break repair associated with a profound and prolonged G₂/M arrest following PARP1/2 inhibitor treatment. Importantly, we found that ERCC1 isoform 202, which has recently been shown to mediate platinum sensitivity, also modulated PARP1/2 sensitivity. A PARP1/2 inhibitor-synthetic lethal siRNA screen revealed that ERCC1 deficiency was epistatic with homologous recombination deficiency. However, ERCC1-deficient cells did not display a defect in RAD51 foci formation, suggesting that ERCC1 might be required to process PARP1/2 inhibitor-induced DNA lesions before DNA strand invasion. PARP1 silencing restored PARP1/2 inhibitor resistance in ERCC1-deficient cells but had no effect in ERCC1-proficient cells, supporting the hypothesis that PARP1 might be required for the ERCC1 selectivity of PARP1/2 inhibitors. This study suggests that PARP1/2 inhibitors as a monotherapy could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC patients with ERCC1-deficient tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Postel-Vinay
- 1] The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre and CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK [2] Département de médecine-Unité INSERM 981, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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9
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Sandhu SK, Omlin A, Hylands L, Miranda S, Barber LJ, Riisnaes R, Reid AH, Attard G, Chen L, Kozarewa I, Gevensleben H, Campbell J, Fenwick K, Assiotis I, Olmos D, Yap TA, Fong P, Tunariu N, Koh D, Molife LR, Kaye S, Lord CJ, Ashworth A, de Bono J. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for the treatment of advanced germline BRCA2 mutant prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:1416-8. [PMID: 23524863 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Hewish M, Martin SA, Elliott R, Cunningham D, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. Cytosine-based nucleoside analogs are selectively lethal to DNA mismatch repair-deficient tumour cells by enhancing levels of intracellular oxidative stress. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:983-92. [PMID: 23361057 PMCID: PMC3590674 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA mismatch repair deficiency is present in a significant proportion of a number of solid tumours and is associated with distinct clinical behaviour. METHODS To identify the therapeutic agents that might show selectivity for mismatch repair-deficient tumour cells, we screened a pair of isogenic MLH1-deficient and MLH1-proficient tumour cell lines with a library of clinically used drugs. To test the generality of hits in the screen, selective agents were retested in cells deficient in the MSH2 mismatch repair gene. RESULTS We identified cytarabine and other related cytosine-based nucleoside analogues as being selectively toxic to MLH1 and MSH2-deficient tumour cells. The selective cytotoxicity we observed was likely caused by increased levels of cellular oxidative stress, as it could be abrogated by antioxidants. CONCLUSION We propose that cytarabine-based chemotherapy regimens may represent a tumour-selective treatment strategy for mismatch repair-deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hewish
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London and Surrey, UK
| | - S A Martin
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - R Elliott
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - D Cunningham
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London and Surrey, UK
| | - C J Lord
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - A Ashworth
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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11
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Shiu KK, Wetterskog D, Mackay A, Natrajan R, Lambros M, Sims D, Bajrami I, Brough R, Frankum J, Sharpe R, Marchio C, Horlings H, Reyal F, van der Vijver M, Turner N, Reis-Filho JS, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. Integrative molecular and functional profiling of ERBB2-amplified breast cancers identifies new genetic dependencies. Oncogene 2013; 33:619-31. [PMID: 23334330 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase ERBB2 (also known as HER2) occurs in around 15% of breast cancers and is driven by amplification of the ERBB2 gene. ERBB2 amplification is a marker of poor prognosis, and although anti-ERBB2-targeted therapies have shown significant clinical benefit, de novo and acquired resistance remains an important problem. Genomic profiling has demonstrated that ERBB2+ve breast cancers are distinguished from ER+ve and 'triple-negative' breast cancers by harbouring not only the ERBB2 amplification on 17q12, but also a number of co-amplified genes on 17q12 and amplification events on other chromosomes. Some of these genes may have important roles in influencing clinical outcome, and could represent genetic dependencies in ERBB2+ve cancers and therefore potential therapeutic targets. Here, we describe an integrated genomic, gene expression and functional analysis to determine whether the genes present within amplicons are critical for the survival of ERBB2+ve breast tumour cells. We show that only a fraction of the ERBB2-amplified breast tumour lines are truly addicted to the ERBB2 oncogene at the mRNA level and display a heterogeneous set of additional genetic dependencies. These include an addiction to the transcription factor gene TFAP2C when it is amplified and overexpressed, suggesting that TFAP2C represents a genetic dependency in some ERBB2+ve breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-K Shiu
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - D Wetterskog
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A Mackay
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - R Natrajan
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - M Lambros
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - D Sims
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - I Bajrami
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - R Brough
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - J Frankum
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - R Sharpe
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - C Marchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - H Horlings
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Reyal
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M van der Vijver
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Turner
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - J S Reis-Filho
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - C J Lord
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A Ashworth
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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12
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Ng CKY, Gauthier A, Mackay A, Lambros MBK, Rodrigues DN, Arnoud L, Lacroix-Triki M, Penault-Llorca F, Baranzelli MC, Sastre-Garau X, Lord CJ, Zvelebil M, Mitsopoulos C, Ashworth A, Natrajan R, Weigelt B, Delattre O, Cottu P, Reis-Filho JS, Vincent-Salomon A. Abstract PD05-08: Genomic characterisation of invasive breast cancers with heterogeneous HER2 gene amplification. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-pd05-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aims: HER2 gene amplification is observed in up to 15% of breast carcinomas. In a rare subset of breast cancers classified as HER2-positive by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation, HER2 overexpression and gene amplification are restricted to a subset of >30% but not all cancer cells. Here we sought to characterise the repertoire of gene copy number aberrations and somatic mutations in the HER2-positive and HER2-negative components of cases with heterogeneous HER2 overexpression and gene amplification.
Material and methods: Cases diagnosed as HER2 positive but with >30% but <100% of cells displaying HER2 overexpression were retrieved from the authors' institutions. HER2 heterogeneity status was re-assessed using immunohistochemistry and chromogenic and/ or fluorescence in situ hybridisation. For cases with confirmed HER2 gene amplification heterogeneity, HER2-positive and HER2-negative components were microdissected from tissue sections stained with the Herceptest antibody. DNA samples extracted from both components of each case were subjected to microarray-based comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH), using a 32K BAC array platform with 50Kb resolution. The HER2-positive and HER2-negative components of cases with frozen material were also subjected to massively parallel targeted exome sequencing.
Results: Twelve cases yielded sufficient DNA for aCGH analysis. Tumours were preferentially ER positive (83%) and of histological grade 3 (67%). The HER2-positive and HER2-negative components of all cases shared most of the copy number aberrations. A pairwise comparison of the genomic profiles of the two components from each case revealed that in ten of the twelve cases, copy number aberrations in addition to 17q12 amplification encompassing the HER2 gene locus were restricted to one of the two components. Exome sequencing of two cases suggested that the HER2-positive and HER2-negative components from each case harboured >30 somatic mutations in common, including identical TP53 somatic mutations in both components of each case. The HER2-negative component of one of the cases displayed a somatic mutation in NRG2, an ERBB receptor ligand, and the HER2-negative component of the other case harboured a mutation in PTTG1IP, a proto-oncogene with putative oestrogen receptor elements.
Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that in HER2-positive breast cancers with heterogeneous HER2 gene amplification, the HER2-positive and HER2-negative components are clonally related. The distinct genomic profiles of HER2-positive and HER2-negative components, however, suggest that, at least in some of these cases, HER2 amplification may constitute a relatively late event in tumour evolution. Exome sequencing revealed mutations restricted to the HER2-negative components of HER2-positive tumours with heterogeneous HER2 overexpression/gene amplification, which may constitute potential drivers in the absence of HER2 overexpression/gene amplification.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD05-08.
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Affiliation(s)
- CKY Ng
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - A Gauthier
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - A Mackay
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - MBK Lambros
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - DN Rodrigues
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - L Arnoud
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - M Lacroix-Triki
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - F Penault-Llorca
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - MC Baranzelli
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - X Sastre-Garau
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - CJ Lord
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - M Zvelebil
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - C Mitsopoulos
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - A Ashworth
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - R Natrajan
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - B Weigelt
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - O Delattre
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - P Cottu
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - JS Reis-Filho
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - A Vincent-Salomon
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Paris, France; CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
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13
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Dedes KJ, Wilkerson P, Wetterskog D, Lambros MB, Natrajan R, Tan D, Lord CJ, Kaye SB, Ashworth A, Reis-Filho JS. Preclinical evaluation of the PARP-inhibitor olaparib for the treatment of ovarian clear cell cancer. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1286501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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14
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de Plater L, Laugé A, Guyader C, Poupon MF, Assayag F, de Cremoux P, Vincent-Salomon A, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Sigal-Zafrani B, Fontaine JJ, Brough R, Lord CJ, Ashworth A, Cottu P, Decaudin D, Marangoni E. Establishment and characterisation of a new breast cancer xenograft obtained from a woman carrying a germline BRCA2 mutation. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:1192-200. [PMID: 20877358 PMCID: PMC2967069 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The BRCA2 gene is responsible for a high number of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers, and studies of the BRCA2 biological functions are limited by the lack of models that resemble the patient's tumour features. The aim of this study was to establish and characterise a new human breast carcinoma xenograft obtained from a woman carrying a germline BRCA2 mutation. Methods: A transplantable xenograft was obtained by grafting a breast cancer sample into nude mice. The biological and genetic profiles of the xenograft were compared with that of the patient's tumour using histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), BRCA2 sequencing, comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH), and qRT–PCR. Tumour response to standard chemotherapies was evaluated. Results: Histological profile identified the tumour as a basal-like triple-negative breast cancer. Targeted BRCA2 DNA sequencing of the xenograft showed the presence of the mutation previously identified in the carrier. Comparative genomic hybridisation array profiles of the primary tumour and the xenograft revealed a high number of similar genetic alterations. The therapeutic assessment of the xenograft showed sensitivity to anthracyclin-based chemotherapy and resistance to docetaxel. The xenograft was also highly sensitive to radiotherapy and cisplatin-based treatments. Conclusions: This study describes a new human breast cancer xenograft obtained from a BRCA2-mutated patient. This xenograft provides a new model for the pre-clinical drug development and for the exploration of the drug response biological basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Plater
- Preclinical Investigation Unit, Institut Curie - Translational Research Department, Hôpital St Louis, Quadrilatère historique, Porte 13, 1, Ave Claude Vellefaux, Paris 75010, France
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15
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Hewish M, Saffery C, Barbachano Y, Wotherspoon A, Brown G, Martin SA, Lord CJ, Chau I, Ashworth A, Cunningham D. MESH: Phase II trial of methotrexate as a synthetic lethal therapy for metastatic MSH2-deficient colorectal and other tumors. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.tps338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Dedes KJ, Wetterskog D, Mendes-Pereira AM, Vatcheva R, Natrajan R, Lambros MB, Lord CJ, Ashworth A, Reis-Filho JS. Preclinical evaluation of PARP inhibition as a treatment for endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.5065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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McCabe N, Cerone MA, Ohishi T, Seimiya H, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. Targeting Tankyrase 1 as a therapeutic strategy for BRCA-associated cancer. Oncogene 2009; 28:1465-70. [PMID: 19182824 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins are involved in the maintenance of genome stability and germ-line loss-of-function mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2 strongly predispose carriers to cancers of the breast and other organs. It has been demonstrated previously that inhibiting elements of the cellular DNA maintenance pathways represents a novel therapeutic approach to treating tumors in these individuals. Here, we show that inhibition of the telomere-associated protein, Tankyrase 1, is also selectively lethal with BRCA deficiency. We also demonstrate that the selectivity caused by inhibition of Tankyrase 1 is associated with an exacerbation of the centrosome amplification phenotype associated with BRCA deficiency. We propose that inhibition of Tankyrase 1 could be therapeutically exploited in BRCA-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N McCabe
- Cancer Research UK Gene Function and Regulation Group, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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18
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Abstract
Genetic screens, where the effects of modifying gene function on cell behaviour are assessed in a systematic fashion, have for some time provided useful information to those interested in disease pathogenesis and treatment. Genetic screens exploiting the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) are now becoming commonplace. This article explains the different RNAi screen formats and describes some of the applications of RNAi screening that may be pertinent to the research pathologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Lord
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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19
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Marchiò C, Natrajan R, Shiu KK, Lambros MBK, Rodriguez‐Pinilla SM, Tan DSP, Lord CJ, Hungermann D, Fenwick K, Tamber N, Mackay A, Palacios J, Sapino A, Buerger H, Ashworth A, Reis‐Filho JS. The genomic profile of
HER2
‐amplified breast cancers: the influence of ER status. J Pathol 2008; 216:399-407. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Marchiò
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - R Natrajan
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - KK Shiu
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - MBK Lambros
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | - DSP Tan
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - CJ Lord
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | - K Fenwick
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - N Tamber
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - A Mackay
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - J Palacios
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - A Sapino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - H Buerger
- Institute of Pathology, Paderborn, Germany
| | - A Ashworth
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - JS Reis‐Filho
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
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20
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Rayter S, Elliott R, Travers J, Rowlands MG, Richardson TB, Boxall K, Jones K, Linardopoulos S, Workman P, Aherne W, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. A chemical inhibitor of PPM1D that selectively kills cells overexpressing PPM1D. Oncogene 2007; 27:1036-44. [PMID: 17700519 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The PPM1D gene is aberrantly amplified in a range of common cancers and encodes a protein phosphatase that is a potential therapeutic target. However, the issue of whether inhibition of PPM1D in human tumour cells that overexpress this protein compromises their viability has not yet been fully addressed. We show here, using an RNA interference (RNAi) approach, that inhibition of PPM1D can indeed reduce the viability of human tumour cells and that this effect is selective; tumour cell lines that overexpress PPM1D are sensitive to PPM1D inhibition whereas cell lines with normal levels are not. Loss of viability associated with PPM1D RNAi in human tumour cells occurs via the activation of the kinase P38. To identify chemical inhibitors of PPM1D, a high-throughput screening of a library of small molecules was performed. This strategy successfully identified a compound that selectively reduces viability of human tumour cell lines that overexpress PPM1D. As expected of a specific inhibitor, the toxicity to PPM1D overexpressing cell lines after inhibitor treatment is P38 dependent. These results further validate PPM1D as a therapeutic target and identify a proof-of-principle small molecule inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rayter
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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21
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Abstract
The DSS1 protein interacts with the breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA2 that plays an integral role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). DSS1 has also been shown to interact with components of the 26S proteasome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in human tumour cells. This raises the possibility of functional interplay between the DNA repair machinery and the proteasome. We show here that human DSS1 interacts with the RPN3 and RPN7 proteasome subunits and define regions of DSS1 important for the interactions with RPN3, RPN7 and BRCA2. We also show that BRCA2 interacts with RPN3 and RPN7 and that the BRCA2/RPN7 interaction is independent of DSS1. Finally, and most significantly, we demonstrate that the proteolytic activity of the proteasome is a determinant of the choice of DSB repair pathway; inhibition of proteasome proteolytic activity results in an increase in the utilization of potentially mutagenic single-strand annealing at the expense of a reduction in the level of error-free gene conversion. This confirms a functional link between DSB repair and proteasomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gudmundsdottir
- Gene Function Laboratory, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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22
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Tutt ANJ, Lord CJ, McCabe N, Farmer H, Turner N, Martin NM, Jackson SP, Smith GCM, Ashworth A. Exploiting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells in the design of new therapeutic strategies for cancer. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2006; 70:139-48. [PMID: 16869747 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2005.70.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Individuals harboring germ-line mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are at highly elevated risk of a variety of cancers. Ten years of research has revealed roles for BRCA1 and BRCA2 in a wide variety of cellular processes. However, it seems likely that the function of these proteins in DNA repair is critically important in maintaining genome stability. Despite this increasing knowledge of the defects present in BRCA-deficient cells, BRCA mutation carriers developing cancer are still treated similarly to sporadic cases. Here we describe our efforts, based on understanding the DNA repair defects in BRCAdeficient cells, to define the optimal existing treatment for cancers arising in BRCA mutation carriers and, additionally, the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Finally, we discuss how therapies developed to treat BRCA mutant tumors might be applied to some sporadic cancers sharing similar specific defects in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N J Tutt
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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23
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Lyons PA, Armitage N, Lord CJ, Phillips MS, Todd JA, Peterson LB, Wicker LS. Mapping by genetic interaction: high-resolution congenic mapping of the type 1 diabetes loci Idd10 and Idd18 in the NOD mouse. Diabetes 2001; 50:2633-7. [PMID: 11679445 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.11.2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
As many of the linked chromosome regions that predispose to type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse have been dissected, it has become apparent that the initially observed effect is in fact attributable to several loci. One such cluster of loci on distal chromosome 3, originally described as Idd10, is now known to comprise three separate loci, Idd10, Idd17, and Idd18. Although these loci have a significant combined effect on diabetes development, their individual effects are barely detectable when diabetes is used as a read-out, which makes fine-mapping them by use of a conventional congenic approach impractical. In this study, we demonstrate that it is possible to map loci, with modest effects, to regions small enough for systematic gene identification by capitalizing on the fact that the combined loci provide more profound, measurable protection. We have mapped the Idd10 and Idd18 loci to 1.3- and 2.0-cM intervals, respectively, by holding the Idd3 allele constant. In addition, we have excluded Csf1 and Nras as candidates for both loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Lyons
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
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24
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Cordell HJ, Todd JA, Hill NJ, Lord CJ, Lyons PA, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Clayton DG. Statistical modeling of interlocus interactions in a complex disease: rejection of the multiplicative model of epistasis in type 1 diabetes. Genetics 2001; 158:357-67. [PMID: 11333244 PMCID: PMC1461617 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/158.1.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, common diseases do not follow a Mendelian inheritance pattern. To identify disease mechanisms and etiology, their genetic dissection may be assisted by evaluation of linkage in mouse models of human disease. Statistical modeling of multiple-locus linkage data from the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes has previously provided evidence for epistasis between alleles of several Idd (insulin-dependent diabetes) loci. The construction of NOD congenic strains containing selected segments of the diabetes-resistant strain genome allows analysis of the joint effects of alleles of different loci in isolation, without the complication of other segregating Idd loci. In this article, we analyze data from congenic strains carrying two chromosome intervals (a double congenic strain) for two pairs of loci: Idd3 and Idd10 and Idd3 and Idd5. The joint action of both pairs is consistent with models of additivity on either the log odds of the penetrance, or the liability scale, rather than with the previously proposed multiplicative model of epistasis. For Idd3 and Idd5 we would also not reject a model of additivity on the penetrance scale, which might indicate a disease model mediated by more than one pathway leading to beta-cell destruction and development of diabetes. However, there has been confusion between different definitions of interaction or epistasis as used in the biological, statistical, epidemiological, and quantitative and human genetics fields. The degree to which statistical analyses can elucidate underlying biologic mechanisms may be limited and may require prior knowledge of the underlying etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Cordell
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, United Kingdom.
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25
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Lord CJ, Howlett S, Lyons PA, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Todd JA. The murine type 1 diabetes loci, Idd1, Idd3, Idd5, Idd9, and Idd17/10/18, do not control thymic CD4-CD8-/TCRalphabeta+ deficiency in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Mamm Genome 2001; 12:175-6. [PMID: 11210190 DOI: 10.1007/s003350010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Lord
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
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26
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Lyons PA, Hancock WW, Denny P, Lord CJ, Hill NJ, Armitage N, Siegmund T, Todd JA, Phillips MS, Hess JF, Chen SL, Fischer PA, Peterson LB, Wicker LS. The NOD Idd9 genetic interval influences the pathogenicity of insulitis and contains molecular variants of Cd30, Tnfr2, and Cd137. Immunity 2000; 13:107-15. [PMID: 10933399 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous analyses of NOD mice have shown that some genes control the development of both insulitis and diabetes, while other loci influence diabetes without reducing insulitis. Evidence for the existence of a gene only influencing diabetes, Idd9 on mouse chromosome 4, is provided here by the development of a novel congenic mouse strain, NOD.B10 Idd9. NOD.B10 Idd9 mice display profound resistance to diabetes even though nearly all develop insulitis. Subcongenic analysis has demonstrated that alleles of at least three B10 genes, Idd9.1, Idd9.2, and Idd9.3 are required to produce Idd9-mediated diabetes resistance. Candidate genes with amino acid differences between the NOD and B10 strains have been localized to the 5.6 cM Idd9.2 interval (Tnfr2, Cd30) and to the 2.0 cM Idd9.3 interval (Cd137).
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Lyons
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge University, United Kingdom
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27
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Podolin PL, Wilusz MB, Cubbon RM, Pajvani U, Lord CJ, Todd JA, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Lyons PA. Differential glycosylation of interleukin 2, the molecular basis for the NOD Idd3 type 1 diabetes gene? Cytokine 2000; 12:477-82. [PMID: 10857762 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.1999.0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) gene, Idd3, has been localised to a 0.35 cM region of chromosome 3 containing the structural gene for the cytokine interleukin 2 (IL-2). While variation of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of IL-2 has been shown to correlate with Idd3 allelic variation, differences in induction of proliferation by IL-2 allotypes have not been detected. In the current study, we examined the electrophoretic migration of IL-2 allotypes and have found two distinct patterns, consistent with differences in glycosylation, that correlate with diabetes-resistance and susceptibility. These findings strongly suggest that IL-2 variants may be functionally distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Podolin
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
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28
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Lyons PA, Armitage N, Argentina F, Denny P, Hill NJ, Lord CJ, Wilusz MB, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Todd JA. Congenic mapping of the type 1 diabetes locus, Idd3, to a 780-kb region of mouse chromosome 3: identification of a candidate segment of ancestral DNA by haplotype mapping. Genome Res 2000; 10:446-53. [PMID: 10779485 PMCID: PMC310860 DOI: 10.1101/gr.10.4.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse arises as a consequence of T cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Although little is known of the events that initiate and subsequently drive beta-cell destruction it is clear that the entire process is under complex genetic control. At present 19 loci have been mapped that influence the development of diabetes either at the level of initiation of insulitis or at the level of progression from insulitis to overt diabetes, or both. Previously, we have mapped one of these loci, Idd3, to a 0.35-cM interval on proximal mouse chromosome 3. In the present study we have narrowed the map position of this locus to an interval of 0.15 cM by a combination of novel congenic strains and an ancestral haplotype analysis approach. We have constructed a physical contig in bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones across the minimal interval. Restriction mapping of the BAC contig placed the maximum size of the Idd3 interval at 780 kb between the markers D3Nds36 and D3Nds76. To refine further the Idd3 interval we developed a series of novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and carried out haplotype analysis on DNA from mouse strains known to carry either Idd3 susceptibility or protective alleles. This haplotype analysis identified a 145-kb segment of ancestral DNA between the microsatellite marker D3Nds6 and the SNP 81.3. One haplotype of this ancestral segment of DNA is found in mouse strains carrying an Idd3 susceptibility allele and another is found in mouse strains carrying an Idd3 protective allelle. Within the 780-kb congenically defined interval this 145-kb segment represents the most likely location for Idd3. The Il2 gene, which encodes the cytokine interleukin 2 (IL2), maps to this interval and is a strong candidate for Idd3. To investigate whether sequence variation exists in the promoter region of the Il2 gene, which might alter its expression, we sequenced the promoter region of the Il2 gene from mouse strains carrying either an Idd3 susceptibility or resistance allele. Two sequence variants were identified, neither of which fell in known regulatory elements within the Il2 promoter. In agreement with this observation steady-state Il2 mRNA levels showed no variation between susceptible and resistant mouse strains. These data suggest that the profound protection from diabetes seen in congenic mice carrying an Idd3 protective allele is unlikely to be due to differences in the level of expression of the Il2 gene. Instead, all of the current data support our hypothesis that Idd3 corresponds to amino acid variation at the amino terminus of Il2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Lyons
- Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for the Study of Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, University of Cambridge, UK.
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29
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Podolin PL, Denny P, Armitage N, Lord CJ, Hill NJ, Levy ER, Peterson LB, Todd JA, Wicker LS, Lyons PA. Localization of two insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) genes to the Idd10 region on mouse chromosome 3. Mamm Genome 1998; 9:283-6. [PMID: 9530623 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple genes control the development of autoimmune diabetes both in humans and in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) strain of mouse. Previously, three insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) genes, Idd3, Idd10, and Idd17, were localized to mouse Chromosome (Chr) 3. The B10- or B6-derived resistance alleles at Idd10 and Idd3 together provide the NOD mouse with nearly complete protection from diabetes. In the present study, the 10.2-cM region encoding Idd10 was defined further with newly developed congenic strains. A locus, located in the centromeric 2.1 cM of the 10.2 cM region, contributed to the Idd10 trait. However, this locus did not account for the full effect of Idd10, suggesting the presence of a second gene in the distal portion of the 10.2-cM region. This second gene is designated as Idd18 and is localized to a 5.1-cM region. The resolution of the originally defined Idd3 locus into at least four separate loci, Idd3, Idd10, Idd17, and Idd18, illustrates the complex polygenic nature of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Podolin
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
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30
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Podolin PL, Denny P, Lord CJ, Hill NJ, Todd JA, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Lyons PA. Congenic mapping of the insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) gene, Idd10, localizes two genes mediating the Idd10 effect and eliminates the candidate Fcgr1. The Journal of Immunology 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.159.4.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of autoimmune diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is under the control of multiple insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) genes. The Idd3 gene, originally defined as a broad peak of linkage on mouse chromosome 3, was subsequently identified as two genes, Idd3 and Idd10, separated by at least 20 cM. The resistance alleles of Idd3 and Idd10 individually confer only partial protection from diabetes but, in combination, result in profound resistance to disease due to an epistatic genetic interaction. In this study, we used newly developed congenic strains to further localize Idd10. Surprisingly, we found that Idd10 itself comprises at least two linked loci: Idd10 and the newly designated Idd17. Idd17 was localized to a 1.1-cM region between D3Mit26 and D3Mit40, proximal to Fcgr1, a candidate gene encoding the high affinity Fc receptor for IgG. Idd10 was localized to a 10-cM region between D3Mit213 and D3Mit106, distal to Fcgr1. Thus, Fcgr1 was excluded as a candidate for either Idd10 or Idd17, despite the fact that the NOD strain expresses a mutant form of the receptor. Interestingly, although Idd10 and Idd17 participate in a genetic interaction with each other, Idd10 but not Idd17 participates in the genetic interaction with Idd3. Our study on chromosome 3 begins to reveal the extent of the polygenic nature of autoimmune diabetes, and demonstrates that the use of congenic strains is an effective mapping strategy, even in the dissection of multiple, linked genes with subtle effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Podolin
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - P Denny
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - C J Lord
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - N J Hill
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - J A Todd
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - L B Peterson
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - L S Wicker
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - P A Lyons
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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31
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Podolin PL, Denny P, Lord CJ, Hill NJ, Todd JA, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Lyons PA. Congenic mapping of the insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) gene, Idd10, localizes two genes mediating the Idd10 effect and eliminates the candidate Fcgr1. J Immunol 1997; 159:1835-43. [PMID: 9257847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of autoimmune diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is under the control of multiple insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) genes. The Idd3 gene, originally defined as a broad peak of linkage on mouse chromosome 3, was subsequently identified as two genes, Idd3 and Idd10, separated by at least 20 cM. The resistance alleles of Idd3 and Idd10 individually confer only partial protection from diabetes but, in combination, result in profound resistance to disease due to an epistatic genetic interaction. In this study, we used newly developed congenic strains to further localize Idd10. Surprisingly, we found that Idd10 itself comprises at least two linked loci: Idd10 and the newly designated Idd17. Idd17 was localized to a 1.1-cM region between D3Mit26 and D3Mit40, proximal to Fcgr1, a candidate gene encoding the high affinity Fc receptor for IgG. Idd10 was localized to a 10-cM region between D3Mit213 and D3Mit106, distal to Fcgr1. Thus, Fcgr1 was excluded as a candidate for either Idd10 or Idd17, despite the fact that the NOD strain expresses a mutant form of the receptor. Interestingly, although Idd10 and Idd17 participate in a genetic interaction with each other, Idd10 but not Idd17 participates in the genetic interaction with Idd3. Our study on chromosome 3 begins to reveal the extent of the polygenic nature of autoimmune diabetes, and demonstrates that the use of congenic strains is an effective mapping strategy, even in the dissection of multiple, linked genes with subtle effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Podolin
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Barnardo
- Transplantation Immunology, Oxford Transplant Centre, Nuffield Department of Surgery, Churchill Hospital, United Kingdom.
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33
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Denny P, Lord CJ, Hill NJ, Goy JV, Levy ER, Podolin PL, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Lyons PA. Mapping of the IDDM locus Idd3 to a 0.35-cM interval containing the interleukin-2 gene. Diabetes 1997; 46:695-700. [PMID: 9075813 DOI: 10.2337/diab.46.4.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, 16 loci that contribute to the development of IDDM in the NOD mouse have been mapped by linkage analysis. To fine map these loci, we used congenic mapping. Using this approach, we localized the Idd3 locus to a 0.35-cM interval on chromosome 3 containing the Il2 gene. Segregation analysis of the known variations within this interval indicated that only one variant, a serine-to-proline substitution at position 6 of the mature interleukin-2 (IL-2) protein, consistently segregates with IDDM in crosses between NOD and a series of nondiabetic mouse strains. These data, taken together with the immunomodulatory role of IL-2, provide circumstantial evidence in support of the hypothesis that Idd3 is an allelic variation of the Il2 gene, or a variant in strong linkage disequilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Denny
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, U.K
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34
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Lord CJ, Lamb JR. TH2 cells in allergic inflammation: a target of immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 1996; 26:756-65. [PMID: 8842548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Lord
- Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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35
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Lord CJ, Bohlander SK, Hopes EA, Montague CT, Hill NJ, Prins JB, Renjilian RJ, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Todd JA. Mapping the diabetes polygene Idd3 on mouse chromosome 3 by use of novel congenic strains. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:563-70. [PMID: 8535060 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Development of novel congenic mouse strains has allowed us to better define the location of the diabetogenic locus, Idd3, on Chromosome (Chr) 3. Congenic strains were identified by use of published and newly developed microsatellite markers, their genomes fingerprinted by a rapid, fluorescence-based approach, and their susceptibility to type 1 diabetes evaluated. The maximum interval containing Idd3 is now approximately 4 cM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Lord
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
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36
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Levenson AJ, Lord CJ, Sermas CE, Thornby JI, Sullender W, Comstock SB. Acute schizophrenia: an efficacious outpatient treatment approach as an alternative to full-time hospitalization. Dis Nerv Syst 1977; 38:242-5. [PMID: 403064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A research study was designed to test the hypothesis that acutely schizophrenic patients treated for a few minutes a day in a specially designed, city-county hospital outpatient clinic could remit as frequently, rapidly, and economically as a similar group managed on the ward of the same hospital. The results of the study permitted acceptance of the hypothesis. To wit, 90% of the clinic patients remitted in a median time of 12.5 days, as opposed to 70% of the ward patients remitting in a median time of 19.5 days and for approximately six times the cost.
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