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Anderson TM, Hepler SA, Holdo RM, Donaldson JE, Erhardt RJ, Hopcraft JGC, Hutchinson MC, Huebner SE, Morrison TA, Muday J, Munuo IN, Palmer MS, Pansu J, Pringle RM, Sketch R, Packer C. Interplay of competition and facilitation in grazing succession by migrant Serengeti herbivores. Science 2024; 383:782-788. [PMID: 38359113 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Competition, facilitation, and predation offer alternative explanations for successional patterns of migratory herbivores. However, these interactions are difficult to measure, leaving uncertainty about the mechanisms underlying body-size-dependent grazing-and even whether succession occurs at all. We used data from an 8-year camera-trap survey, GPS-collared herbivores, and fecal DNA metabarcoding to analyze the timing, arrival order, and interactions among migratory grazers in Serengeti National Park. Temporal grazing succession is characterized by a "push-pull" dynamic: Competitive grazing nudges zebra ahead of co-migrating wildebeest, whereas grass consumption by these large-bodied migrants attracts trailing, small-bodied gazelle that benefit from facilitation. "Natural experiments" involving intense wildfires and rainfall respectively disrupted and strengthened these effects. Our results highlight a balance between facilitative and competitive forces in co-regulating large-scale ungulate migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Michael Anderson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Staci A Hepler
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Ricardo M Holdo
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jason E Donaldson
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert J Erhardt
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - J Grant C Hopcraft
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Matthew C Hutchinson
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Sarah E Huebner
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Thomas A Morrison
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jeffry Muday
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Issack N Munuo
- Serengeti Wildlife Research Centre, 2113 Lemara, Arusha, TZ
| | - Meredith S Palmer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Johan Pansu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Robert M Pringle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Robert Sketch
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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2
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Zanette LY, Frizzelle NR, Clinchy M, Peel MJS, Keller CB, Huebner SE, Packer C. Fear of the human "super predator" pervades the South African savanna. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4689-4696.e4. [PMID: 37802052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Lions have long been perceived as Africa's, if not the world's, most fearsome terrestrial predator,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 the "king of beasts". Wildlife's fear of humans may, however, be far more powerful and all-prevailing1,10 as recent global surveys show that humans kill prey at much higher rates than other predators,10,11,12 due partly to technologies such as hunting with dogs or guns.11,13,14,15 We comprehensively experimentally tested whether wildlife's fear of humans exceeds even that of lions, by quantifying fear responses1 in the majority of carnivore and ungulate species (n = 19) inhabiting South Africa`s Greater Kruger National Park (GKNP),9,15,16,17 using automated camera-speaker systems9,18 at waterholes during the dry season that broadcast playbacks of humans, lions, hunting sounds (dogs, gunshots) or non-predator controls (birds).9,19,20,21,22 Fear of humans significantly exceeded that of lions throughout the savanna mammal community. As a whole (n = 4,238 independent trials), wildlife were twice as likely to run (p < 0.001) and abandoned waterholes in 40% faster time (p < 0.001) in response to humans than to lions (or hunting sounds). Fully 95% of species ran more from humans than lions (significantly in giraffes, leopards, hyenas, zebras, kudu, warthog, and impala) or abandoned waterholes faster (significantly in rhinoceroses and elephants). Our results greatly strengthen the growing experimental evidence that wildlife worldwide fear the human "super predator" far more than other predators,1,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 and the very substantial fear of humans demonstrated can be expected to cause considerable ecological impacts,1,6,22,23,24,29,30,31,32,33,34,35 presenting challenges for tourism-dependent conservation,1,36,37 particularly in Africa,38,39 while providing new opportunities to protect some species.1,22,40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Y Zanette
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | | | - Michael Clinchy
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Michael J S Peel
- ARC - Animal Production Institute, Rangeland Ecology Group, Mbombela 1200, South Africa; School for Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2017, South Africa; Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystem Research Unit, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa
| | - Carson B Keller
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sarah E Huebner
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Bombieri G, Penteriani V, Almasieh K, Ambarlı H, Ashrafzadeh MR, Das CS, Dharaiya N, Hoogesteijn R, Hoogesteijn A, Ikanda D, Jędrzejewski W, Kaboli M, Kirilyuk A, Jangid AK, Sharma RK, Kushnir H, Lamichhane BR, Mohammadi A, Monroy-Vilchis O, Mukeka JM, Nikolaev I, Ohrens O, Packer C, Pedrini P, Ratnayeke S, Seryodkin I, Sharp T, Palei HS, Smith T, Subedi A, Tortato F, Yamazaki K, Delgado MDM. A worldwide perspective on large carnivore attacks on humans. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001946. [PMID: 36719873 PMCID: PMC9888692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Large carnivores have long fascinated human societies and have profound influences on ecosystems. However, their conservation represents one of the greatest challenges of our time, particularly where attacks on humans occur. Where human recreational and/or livelihood activities overlap with large carnivore ranges, conflicts can become particularly serious. Two different scenarios are responsible for such overlap: In some regions of the world, increasing human populations lead to extended encroachment into large carnivore ranges, which are subject to increasing contraction, fragmentation, and degradation. In other regions, human and large carnivore populations are expanding, thus exacerbating conflicts, especially in those areas where these species were extirpated and are now returning. We thus face the problem of learning how to live with species that can pose serious threats to humans. We collected a total of 5,440 large carnivore (Felidae, Canidae, and Ursidae; 12 species) attacks worldwide between 1950 and 2019. The number of reported attacks increased over time, especially in lower-income countries. Most attacks (68%) resulted in human injuries, whereas 32% were fatal. Although attack scenarios varied greatly within and among species, as well as in different areas of the world, factors triggering large carnivore attacks on humans largely depend on the socioeconomic context, with people being at risk mainly during recreational activities in high-income countries and during livelihood activities in low-income countries. The specific combination of local socioeconomic and ecological factors is thus a risky mix triggering large carnivore attacks on humans, whose circumstances and frequencies cannot only be ascribed to the animal species. This also implies that effective measures to reduce large carnivore attacks must also consider the diverse local ecological and social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bombieri
- MUSE – Science Museum, Research & Collections Department, Conservation Biology Unit, Trento, Italy
- * E-mail: (GB); (VP)
| | - Vincenzo Penteriani
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (GB); (VP)
| | - Kamran Almasieh
- Dept. of Nature Engineering, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
| | - Hüseyin Ambarlı
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Faculty of Forestry, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Dept. for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Ashrafzadeh
- Dept. of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Chandan Surabhi Das
- Dept. of Geography, Barasat Government College, Barasat, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nishith Dharaiya
- Wildlife and Conservation Biology Research Lab, Dept. of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | - Dennis Ikanda
- Tanzanian Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Włodzimierz Jędrzejewski
- Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Mohammad Kaboli
- Dept. of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Anastasia Kirilyuk
- Daursky State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Zabaikalsky Krai, Onosky District, Nizhniy Tsasuchey, Russia
| | | | - Ravi Kumar Sharma
- Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India
- HCL Foundation, HCL Technologies Hub, Noida, India
| | - Hadas Kushnir
- United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | - Alireza Mohammadi
- Dept. of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Octavio Monroy-Vilchis
- Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De México Toluca, México y Universidad Autónoma Metropólitana-Lerma, Lerma de Villada, México
| | | | - Igor Nikolaev
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS, Vladivostoka, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Omar Ohrens
- Panthera, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Craig Packer
- Dept. of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Aga Khan University, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Paolo Pedrini
- MUSE – Science Museum, Research & Collections Department, Conservation Biology Unit, Trento, Italy
| | - Shyamala Ratnayeke
- Dept. Of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, n.5 Jalan University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ivan Seryodkin
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Pacific Geographical Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Thomas Sharp
- Wildlife SOS – USA/India, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | | | - Tom Smith
- Dept. of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ashok Subedi
- National Trust for Nature Conservation, Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Pokhara, Nepal
| | | | - Koji Yamazaki
- Forest Ecology Laboratory, Dept. of Forest Science, Faculty of Regional Environmental Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria del Mar Delgado
- Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB; CSIC-Oviedo University, Principality of Asturias), Campus Mieres, Mieres (Asturias), Spain
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4
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Fryxell JM, Mduma S, Masoy J, Sinclair ARE, Hopcraft GJC, Packer C. Stabilizing effects of group formation by Serengeti herbivores on predator-prey dynamics. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.981842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator-prey theory often assumes that potential prey individuals are solitary and evenly distributed in space. This assumption is violated in social, mobile prey, such as many ungulates. Here we use data from 80 monthly field censuses to estimate the parameters for a power relationship between herd density and population density for eight species of large herbivores commonly found in the diet of Serengeti lions, confirming a power relationship proposed from a preliminary Serengeti dataset. Here we extend our analysis of that model to demonstrate how parameters of the power function relate to average herd size and density-dependent changes in herd size and evaluate how interspecific variation in these parameters shapes the group-dependent functional response by Serengeti lions for eight prey species. We apply the different prey-specific functional response models in a Rosenzweig-MacArthur framework to compare their impact on the stability of predator–prey dynamics. Model outcomes suggest that group formation plays a strong role in stabilizing lion–herbivore interactions in Serengeti by forcing lions to search over a larger area before each prey encounter. As a consequence of grouping by their prey, our model also suggests that Serengeti lions are forced to broaden their diets to include multiple species of prey in order to persist, potentially explaining the generalist foraging by lions routinely recorded across multiple ecosystems.
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Abstract
Large mammalian herbivores use a diverse array of strategies to survive predator encounters including flight, grouping, vigilance, warning signals, and fitness indicators. While anti-predator strategies appear to be driven by specific predator traits, no prior studies have rigorously evaluated whether predator hunting characteristics predict reactive anti-predator responses. We experimentally investigated behavioral decisions made by free-ranging impala, wildebeest, and zebra during encounters with model predators with different functional traits. We hypothesized that the choice of response would be driven by a predator’s hunting style (i.e., ambush vs. coursing) while the intensity at which the behavior was performed would correlate with predator traits that contribute to the prey’s relative risk (i.e., each predator’s prey preference, prey-specific capture success, and local predator density). We found that the choice and intensity of anti-predator behaviors were both shaped by hunting style and relative risk factors. All prey species directed longer periods of vigilance towards predators with higher capture success. The decision to flee was the only behavior choice driven by predator characteristics (capture success and hunting style) while intensity of vigilance, frequency of alarm-calling, and flight latency were modulated based on predator hunting strategy and relative risk level. Impala regulated only the intensity of their behaviors, while zebra and wildebeest changed both type and intensity of response based on predator traits. Zebra and impala reacted to multiple components of predation threat, while wildebeest responded solely to capture success. Overall, our findings suggest that certain behaviors potentially facilitate survival under specific contexts and that prey responses may reflect the perceived level of predation risk, suggesting that adaptive functions to reactive anti-predator behaviors may reflect potential trade-offs to their use. The strong influence of prey species identity and social and environmental context suggest that these factors may interact with predator traits to determine the optimal response to immediate predation threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith S. Palmer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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6
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Colchero F, Aburto JM, Archie EA, Boesch C, Breuer T, Campos FA, Collins A, Conde DA, Cords M, Crockford C, Thompson ME, Fedigan LM, Fichtel C, Groenenberg M, Hobaiter C, Kappeler PM, Lawler RR, Lewis RJ, Machanda ZP, Manguette ML, Muller MN, Packer C, Parnell RJ, Perry S, Pusey AE, Robbins MM, Seyfarth RM, Silk JB, Staerk J, Stoinski TS, Stokes EJ, Strier KB, Strum SC, Tung J, Villavicencio F, Wittig RM, Wrangham RW, Zuberbühler K, Vaupel JW, Alberts SC. The long lives of primates and the 'invariant rate of ageing' hypothesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3666. [PMID: 34135334 PMCID: PMC8209124 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Is it possible to slow the rate of ageing, or do biological constraints limit its plasticity? We test the 'invariant rate of ageing' hypothesis, which posits that the rate of ageing is relatively fixed within species, with a collection of 39 human and nonhuman primate datasets across seven genera. We first recapitulate, in nonhuman primates, the highly regular relationship between life expectancy and lifespan equality seen in humans. We next demonstrate that variation in the rate of ageing within genera is orders of magnitude smaller than variation in pre-adult and age-independent mortality. Finally, we demonstrate that changes in the rate of ageing, but not other mortality parameters, produce striking, species-atypical changes in mortality patterns. Our results support the invariant rate of ageing hypothesis, implying biological constraints on how much the human rate of ageing can be slowed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Colchero
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - José Manuel Aburto
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Sociology, Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, Nuffield College at University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lifespan Inequalities Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Archie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Thomas Breuer
- Mbeli Bai Study, Wildlife Conservation Society Congo Program, Brazzaville, Congo
- World Wide Fund for Nature - Germany, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fernando A Campos
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anthony Collins
- Gombe Stream Research Centre, Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Dalia A Conde
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Species360 Conservation Science Alliance, Bloomington, MN, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marina Cords
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Anthropology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Crockford
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Melissa Emery Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Linda M Fedigan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Milou Groenenberg
- Mbeli Bai Study, Wildlife Conservation Society Congo Program, Brazzaville, Congo
- World Wide Fund for Nature- Cambodia Program, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Catherine Hobaiter
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Department for Sociobiology/Anthropology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard R Lawler
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Lewis
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Ankoatsifaka Research Station, Morondava, Madagascar
| | - Zarin P Machanda
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Departments of Anthropology and Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Marie L Manguette
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Mbeli Bai Study, Wildlife Conservation Society Congo Program, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Martin N Muller
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Craig Packer
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Richard J Parnell
- Mbeli Bai Study, Wildlife Conservation Society Congo Program, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Susan Perry
- Department of Anthropology, and Behavior, Evolution & Culture Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anne E Pusey
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Martha M Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert M Seyfarth
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joan B Silk
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Johanna Staerk
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Species360 Conservation Science Alliance, Bloomington, MN, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Emma J Stokes
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Karen B Strier
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shirley C Strum
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Uaso Ngiro Baboon Project, Laikipia, Kenya
- Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
- African Conservation Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jenny Tung
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Francisco Villavicencio
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Richard W Wrangham
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - James W Vaupel
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Duke Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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7
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Chakrabarti S, Bump JK, Jhala YV, Packer C. Contrasting levels of social distancing between the sexes in lions. iScience 2021; 24:102406. [PMID: 34013168 PMCID: PMC8113998 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding sexual segregation is crucial to comprehend sociality. A comparative analysis of long-term lion data from Serengeti and Ngorongoro in Tanzania, and Gir in India, reveals that male-female associations are contingent upon male and female group size, prey-size and availability, and the number of prides that each male coalition currently resides. Males maintain proximity with females, whereas females are responsible for segregation except at large kills. Lions feed on the largest prey in Ngorongoro and the smallest in Gir, and females spend the most time with males in Ngorongoro and the least in Gir. Females roar less often in prey-scarce circumstances in Serengeti and throughout the year in Gir possibly to prevent being tracked by males that parasitize on female kills. However, females readily associate with males when available prey is large and abundant. Contrasting availability of resources between Gir and Serengeti/Ngorongoro helps explain the varying degrees of sexual segregation and appears to drive differences in mating systems between these lion populations. Sexual segregation in lion populations is driven by resource availability Females are responsible for segregating from males, except at large kills When prey is scarce, females reduce detection by males by roaring less frequently Contrasting proximity between the sexes has led to variation in mating strategies in these populations of African and Asian lions
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Affiliation(s)
- Stotra Chakrabarti
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 150 Skok Hall, 2003 Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand 248001, India
| | - Joseph K Bump
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 150 Skok Hall, 2003 Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yadvendradev V Jhala
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand 248001, India
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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8
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Abstract
African lions (Panthera leo) and African savanna (Loxodonta africana) and forest (L. cyclotis) elephants pose threats to people, crops, and livestock, and are themselves threatened with extinction. Here, we map these human-wildlife conflicts across Africa. Eighty-two percent of sites containing lions and elephants are adjacent to areas with considerable human pressure. Areas at severe risk of conflict (defined as high densities of humans, crops, and cattle) comprise 9% of the perimeter of these species' ranges and are found in 18 countries hosting, respectively, ~ 74% and 41% of African lion and elephant populations. Although a variety of alternative conflict-mitigation strategies could be deployed, we focus on assessing the potential of high-quality mitigation fences. Our spatial and economic assessments suggest that investments in the construction and maintenance of strategically located mitigation fences would be a cost-effective strategy to support local communities, protect people from dangerous wildlife, and prevent further declines in lion and elephant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Di Minin
- Helsinki Lab of Interdisciplinary Conservation Science, Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Rob Slotow
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christoph Fink
- Helsinki Lab of Interdisciplinary Conservation Science, Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans Bauer
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Tubney, UK
| | - Craig Packer
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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9
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Kauffman MJ, Cagnacci F, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Hebblewhite M, Hopcraft JGC, Merkle JA, Mueller T, Mysterud A, Peters W, Roettger C, Steingisser A, Meacham JE, Abera K, Adamczewski J, Aikens EO, Bartlam-Brooks H, Bennitt E, Berger J, Boyd C, Côté SD, Debeffe L, Dekrout AS, Dejid N, Donadio E, Dziba L, Fagan WF, Fischer C, Focardi S, Fryxell JM, Fynn RWS, Geremia C, González BA, Gunn A, Gurarie E, Heurich M, Hilty J, Hurley M, Johnson A, Joly K, Kaczensky P, Kendall CJ, Kochkarev P, Kolpaschikov L, Kowalczyk R, van Langevelde F, Li BV, Lobora AL, Loison A, Madiri TH, Mallon D, Marchand P, Medellin RA, Meisingset E, Merrill E, Middleton AD, Monteith KL, Morjan M, Morrison TA, Mumme S, Naidoo R, Novaro A, Ogutu JO, Olson KA, Oteng-Yeboah A, Ovejero RJA, Owen-Smith N, Paasivaara A, Packer C, Panchenko D, Pedrotti L, Plumptre AJ, Rolandsen CM, Said S, Salemgareyev A, Savchenko A, Savchenko P, Sawyer H, Selebatso M, Skroch M, Solberg E, Stabach JA, Strand O, Suitor MJ, Tachiki Y, Trainor A, Tshipa A, Virani MZ, Vynne C, Ward S, Wittemyer G, Xu W, Zuther S. Mapping out a future for ungulate migrations. Science 2021; 372:566-569. [PMID: 33958460 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf0998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Thel L, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Keurinck L, Catala M, Packer C, Huebner SE, Bonenfant C. Can citizen science analysis of camera trap data be used to study reproduction? Lessons from Snapshot Serengeti program. Wildlife Biology 2021. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Thel
- L. Thel (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2323-1106) ✉ , L. Keurinck (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6763-3601), M. Catala (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1823-3665) and C. Bonenfant (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9924-419X), Laboratoire
| | - Simon Chamaillé-Jammes
- S. Chamaillé-Jammes (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0505-6620), CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France, and: Mammal Research Inst., Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria,
| | - Léa Keurinck
- L. Thel (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2323-1106) ✉ , L. Keurinck (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6763-3601), M. Catala (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1823-3665) and C. Bonenfant (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9924-419X), Laboratoire
| | - Maxime Catala
- L. Thel (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2323-1106) ✉ , L. Keurinck (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6763-3601), M. Catala (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1823-3665) and C. Bonenfant (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9924-419X), Laboratoire
| | - Craig Packer
- C. Packer (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3939-8162) and S. E. Huebner (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5682-6467), College of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sarah E. Huebner
- C. Packer (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3939-8162) and S. E. Huebner (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5682-6467), College of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Christophe Bonenfant
- L. Thel (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2323-1106) ✉ , L. Keurinck (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6763-3601), M. Catala (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1823-3665) and C. Bonenfant (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9924-419X), Laboratoire
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11
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Pardo LE, Bombaci SP, Huebner S, Somers MJ, Fritz H, Downs C, Guthmann A, Hetem RS, Keith M, le Roux A, Mgqatsa N, Packer C, Palmer MS, Parker DM, Peel M, Slotow R, Strauss WM, Swanepoel L, Tambling C, Tsie N, Vermeulen M, Willi M, Jachowski DS, Venter JA. Snapshot Safari: a large-scale collaborative to monitor Africa’s remarkable biodiversity. S AFR J SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/8134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lain E. Pardo
- School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) / University of Lyon 1 / Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Sara P. Bombaci
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah Huebner
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael J. Somers
- Eugène Marais Chair of Wildlife Management, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Herve Fritz
- School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) / University of Lyon 1 / Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Colleen Downs
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Abby Guthmann
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robyn S. Hetem
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark Keith
- Eugène Marais Chair of Wildlife Management, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Aliza le Roux
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
- Afromontane Research Unit, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
| | - Nokubonga Mgqatsa
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Craig Packer
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Meredith S. Palmer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa
| | - Mike Peel
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production Institute, Rangeland Ecology, Pretoria, South Africa
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rob Slotow
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - W. Maartin Strauss
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lourens Swanepoel
- Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- African Institute for Conservation Ecology, Makhado, South Africa
| | - Craig Tambling
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Nairobi Tsie
- Eugène Marais Chair of Wildlife Management, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mika Vermeulen
- School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) / University of Lyon 1 / Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Marco Willi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David S. Jachowski
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jan A. Venter
- School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) / University of Lyon 1 / Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
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12
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Brandell EE, Fountain-Jones NM, Gilbertson ML, Cross PC, Hudson PJ, Smith DW, Stahler DR, Packer C, Craft ME. Group density, disease, and season shape territory size and overlap of social carnivores. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:87-101. [PMID: 32654133 PMCID: PMC9844152 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The spatial organization of a population can influence the spread of information, behaviour and pathogens. Group territory size and territory overlap and components of spatial organization, provide key information as these metrics may be indicators of habitat quality, resource dispersion, contact rates and environmental risk (e.g. indirectly transmitted pathogens). Furthermore, sociality and behaviour can also shape space use, and subsequently, how space use and habitat quality together impact demography. Our study aims to identify factors shaping the spatial organization of wildlife populations and assess the impact of epizootics on space use. We further aim to explore the mechanisms by which disease perturbations could cause changes in spatial organization. Here we assessed the seasonal spatial organization of Serengeti lions and Yellowstone wolves at the group level. We use network analysis to describe spatial organization and connectivity of social groups. We then examine the factors predicting mean territory size and mean territory overlap for each population using generalized additive models. We demonstrate that lions and wolves were similar in that group-level factors, such as number of groups and shaped spatial organization more than population-level factors, such as population density. Factors shaping territory size were slightly different than factors shaping territory overlap; for example, wolf pack size was an important predictor of territory overlap, but not territory size. Lion spatial networks were more highly connected, while wolf spatial networks varied seasonally. We found that resource dispersion may be more important for driving territory size and overlap for wolves than for lions. Additionally, canine distemper epizootics may have altered lion spatial organization, highlighting the importance of including infectious disease epizootics in studies of behavioural and movement ecology. We provide insight about when we might expect to observe the impacts of resource dispersion, disease perturbations, and other ecological factors on spatial organization. Our work highlights the importance of monitoring and managing social carnivore populations at the group level. Future research should elucidate the complex relationships between demographics, social and spatial structure, abiotic and biotic conditions and pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E. Brandell
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics & Department of Biology, Huck Institute for Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA 16802
| | | | - Marie L.J. Gilbertson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Paul C. Cross
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Bozeman, Montana, USA 59715
| | - Peter J. Hudson
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics & Department of Biology, Huck Institute for Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA 16802
| | - Douglas W. Smith
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, Wolf Project, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190, USA
| | - Daniel R. Stahler
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, Wolf Project, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Meggan E. Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108
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13
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Weckworth JK, Davis BW, Roelke-Parker ME, Wilkes RP, Packer C, Eblate E, Schwartz MK, Mills LS. Identifying Candidate Genetic Markers of CDV Cross-Species Pathogenicity in African Lions. Pathogens 2020; 9:E872. [PMID: 33114123 PMCID: PMC7690837 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a multi-host pathogen with variable clinical outcomes of infection across and within species. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to search for viral markers correlated with clinical distemper in African lions. To identify candidate markers, we first documented single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) differentiating CDV strains associated with different clinical outcomes in lions in East Africa. We then conducted evolutionary analyses on WGS from all global CDV lineages to identify loci subject to selection. SNPs that both differentiated East African strains and were under selection were mapped to a phylogenetic tree representing global CDV diversity to assess if candidate markers correlated with documented outbreaks of clinical distemper in lions (n = 3). Of 54 SNPs differentiating East African strains, ten were under positive or episodic diversifying selection and 20 occurred in the clinical strain despite strong purifying selection at those loci. Candidate markers were in functional domains of the RNP complex (n = 19), the matrix protein (n = 4), on CDV glycoproteins (n = 5), and on the V protein (n = 1). We found mutations at two loci in common between sequences from three CDV outbreaks of clinical distemper in African lions; one in the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule receptor (SLAM)-binding region of the hemagglutinin protein and another in the catalytic center of phosphodiester bond formation on the large polymerase protein. These results suggest convergent evolution at these sites may have a functional role in clinical distemper outbreaks in African lions and uncover potential novel barriers to pathogenicity in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K. Weckworth
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Brian W. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Melody E. Roelke-Parker
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Rebecca P. Wilkes
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Ernest Eblate
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania;
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - L. Scott Mills
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
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14
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Beaudrot L, Palmer MS, Anderson TM, Packer C. Mixed-species groups of Serengeti grazers: a test of the stress gradient hypothesis. Ecology 2020; 101:e03163. [PMID: 32799323 PMCID: PMC7685109 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the role of species interactions within communities is a central focus of ecology. A key challenge is to understand variation in species interactions along environmental gradients. The stress gradient hypothesis posits that positive interactions increase and competitive interactions decrease with increasing consumer pressure or environmental stress. This hypothesis has received extensive attention in plant community ecology, but only a handful of tests in animals. Furthermore, few empirical studies have examined multiple co‐occurring stressors. Here we test predictions of the stress gradient hypothesis using the occurrence of mixed‐species groups in six common grazing ungulate species within the Serengeti‐Mara ecosystem. We use mixed‐species groups as a proxy for potential positive interactions because they may enhance protection from predators or increase access to high‐quality forage. Alternatively, competition for resources may limit the formation of mixed‐species groups. Using more than 115,000 camera trap observations collected over 5 yr, we found that mixed‐species groups were more likely to occur in risky areas (i.e., areas closer to lion vantage points and in woodland habitat where lions hunt preferentially) and during time periods when resource levels were high. These results are consistent with the interpretation that stress from high predation risk may contribute to the formation of mixed‐species groups, but that competition for resources may prevent their formation when food availability is low. Our results are consistent with support for the stress gradient hypothesis in animals along a consumer pressure gradient while identifying the potential influence of a co‐occurring stressor, thus providing a link between research in plant community ecology on the stress gradient hypothesis, and research in animal ecology on trade‐offs between foraging and risk in landscapes of fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Beaudrot
- BioSciences Department, Program in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, W100 George R. Brown Hall, 6100 Main Street, MS-140, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
| | - Meredith S Palmer
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - T Michael Anderson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Drive, Winston-Salem, Northern California, 27109, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
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15
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Weckworth JK, Davis BW, Dubovi E, Fountain-Jones N, Packer C, Cleaveland S, Craft ME, Eblate E, Schwartz M, Mills LS, Roelke-Parker M. Cross-species transmission and evolutionary dynamics of canine distemper virus during a spillover in African lions of Serengeti National Park. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4308-4321. [PMID: 32306443 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of pathogen spillover from a reservoir to a novel host population can range from a "dead-end" when there is no onward transmission in the recipient population, to epidemic spread and even establishment in new hosts. Understanding the evolutionary epidemiology of spillover events leading to discrete outcomes in novel hosts is key to predicting risk and can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of emergence. Here we use a Bayesian phylodynamic approach to examine cross-species transmission and evolutionary dynamics during a canine distemper virus (CDV) spillover event causing clinical disease and population decline in an African lion population (Panthera leo) in the Serengeti Ecological Region between 1993 and 1994. Using 21 near-complete viral genomes from four species we found that this large-scale outbreak was likely ignited by a single cross-species spillover event from a canid reservoir to noncanid hosts <1 year before disease detection and explosive spread of CDV in lions. Cross-species transmission from other noncanid species probably fuelled the high prevalence of CDV across spatially structured lion prides. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) could have acted as the proximate source of CDV exposure in lions. We report 13 nucleotide substitutions segregating CDV strains found in canids and noncanids. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that virus evolution played a role in CDV emergence in noncanid hosts following spillover during the outbreak, suggest that host barriers to clinical infection can limit outcomes of CDV spillover in novel host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Weckworth
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine, TX, USA
| | - Edward Dubovi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Heal and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ernest Eblate
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Michael Schwartz
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.,United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - L Scott Mills
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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16
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Muneza AB, Ortiz-Calo W, Packer C, Cusack JJ, Jones T, Palmer MS, Swanson A, Kosmala M, Dickman AJ, Macdonald DW, Montgomery RA. QUANTIFYING THE SEVERITY OF GIRAFFE SKIN DISEASE VIA PHOTOGRAMMETRY ANALYSIS OF CAMERA TRAP DATA. J Wildl Dis 2019; 55:770-781. [PMID: 31009309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing techniques to quantify the spread and severity of diseases afflicting wildlife populations is important for disease ecology, animal ecology, and conservation. Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) are in the midst of a dramatic decline, but it is not known whether disease is playing an important role in the broad-scale population reductions. A skin disorder referred to as giraffe skin disease (GSD) was recorded in 1995 in one giraffe population in Uganda. Since then, GSD has been detected in 13 populations in seven African countries, but good descriptions of the severity of this disease are not available. We photogrammetrically analyzed camera trap images from both Ruaha and Serengeti National parks in Tanzania to quantify GSD severity. Giraffe skin disease afflicts the limbs of giraffes in Tanzania, and we quantified severity by measuring the vertical length of the GSD lesion in relation to the total leg length. Applying the Jenks natural breaks algorithm to the lesion proportions that we derived, we classified individual giraffes into disease categories (none, mild, moderate, and severe). Scaling up to the population level, we predicted the proportion of the Ruaha and Serengeti giraffe populations with mild, moderate, and severe GSD. This study serves to demonstrate that camera traps presented an informative platform for examinations of skin disease ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur B Muneza
- Research on the Ecology of Carnivores and Their Prey Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 51061 GPO, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Waldemar Ortiz-Calo
- Research on the Ecology of Carnivores and Their Prey Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Jeremy J Cusack
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Trevor Jones
- Southern Tanzania Elephant Program, PO Box 2494, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Meredith S Palmer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Alexandra Swanson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Margaret Kosmala
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Amy J Dickman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Robert A Montgomery
- Research on the Ecology of Carnivores and Their Prey Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxon OX13 5QL, UK
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17
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Fountain-Jones NM, Machado G, Carver S, Packer C, Recamonde-Mendoza M, Craft ME. How to make more from exposure data? An integrated machine learning pipeline to predict pathogen exposure. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1447-1461. [PMID: 31330063 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Predicting infectious disease dynamics is a central challenge in disease ecology. Models that can assess which individuals are most at risk of being exposed to a pathogen not only provide valuable insights into disease transmission and dynamics but can also guide management interventions. Constructing such models for wild animal populations, however, is particularly challenging; often only serological data are available on a subset of individuals and nonlinear relationships between variables are common. Here we provide a guide to the latest advances in statistical machine learning to construct pathogen-risk models that automatically incorporate complex nonlinear relationships with minimal statistical assumptions from ecological data with missing data. Our approach compares multiple machine learning algorithms in a unified environment to find the model with the best predictive performance and uses game theory to better interpret results. We apply this framework on two major pathogens that infect African lions: canine distemper virus (CDV) and feline parvovirus. Our modelling approach provided enhanced predictive performance compared to more traditional approaches, as well as new insights into disease risks in a wild population. We were able to efficiently capture and visualize strong nonlinear patterns, as well as model complex interactions between variables in shaping exposure risk from CDV and feline parvovirus. For example, we found that lions were more likely to be exposed to CDV at a young age but only in low rainfall years. When combined with our data calibration approach, our framework helped us to answer questions about risk of pathogen exposure that are difficult to address with previous methods. Our framework not only has the potential to aid in predicting disease risk in animal populations, but also can be used to build robust predictive models suitable for other ecological applications such as modelling species distribution or diversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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18
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19
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Kraberger S, Serieys L, Fountain-Jones N, Packer C, Riley S, Varsani A. Novel smacoviruses identified in the faeces of two wild felids: North American bobcat and African lion. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2395-2399. [PMID: 31240485 PMCID: PMC7086625 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Smacoviruses are small circular single-stranded DNA viruses that appear to be prevalent in faeces of a range of animals and have also been found in a few insect species. In this study, we report the first viral genomes from faeces of free-roaming wild felids on two continents. Two smacoviruses were recovered from the faeces of two North American bobcats (Lynx rufus), and one was recovered from an African lion (Panthera leo). All three genomes are genetically different, sharing 59-69% genome-wide sequence identity to other smacoviruses. These are the first full smacovirus genome sequences associated with a large top-end feline predator, and their presence in these samples suggests that feline faeces are a natural niche for the organisms that these viruses infect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Laurel Serieys
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Private Bag X3, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.,Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, Campus Mail Stop, 1153 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, National Park Service, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA
| | - Nicolas Fountain-Jones
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55408, USA
| | - Seth Riley
- Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, National Park Service, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA. .,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA. .,Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA. .,Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
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20
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Behdenna A, Lembo T, Calatayud O, Cleaveland S, Halliday JEB, Packer C, Lankester F, Hampson K, Craft ME, Czupryna A, Dobson AP, Dubovi EJ, Ernest E, Fyumagwa R, Hopcraft JGC, Mentzel C, Mzimbiri I, Sutton D, Willett B, Haydon DT, Viana M. Transmission ecology of canine parvovirus in a multi-host, multi-pathogen system. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182772. [PMID: 30914008 PMCID: PMC6452066 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding multi-host pathogen maintenance and transmission dynamics is critical for disease control. However, transmission dynamics remain enigmatic largely because they are difficult to observe directly, particularly in wildlife. Here, we investigate the transmission dynamics of canine parvovirus (CPV) using state-space modelling of 20 years of CPV serology data from domestic dogs and African lions in the Serengeti ecosystem. We show that, although vaccination reduces the probability of infection in dogs, and despite indirect enhancement of population seropositivity as a result of vaccine shedding, the vaccination coverage achieved has been insufficient to prevent CPV from becoming widespread. CPV is maintained by the dog population and has become endemic with approximately 3.5-year cycles and prevalence reaching approximately 80%. While the estimated prevalence in lions is lower, peaks of infection consistently follow those in dogs. Dogs exposed to CPV are also more likely to become infected with a second multi-host pathogen, canine distemper virus. However, vaccination can weaken this coupling, raising questions about the value of monovalent versus polyvalent vaccines against these two pathogens. Our findings highlight the need to consider both pathogen- and host-level community interactions when seeking to understand the dynamics of multi-host pathogens and their implications for conservation, disease surveillance and control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Behdenna
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jo E. B. Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Craig Packer
- Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Felix Lankester
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Katie Hampson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Meggan E. Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Anna Czupryna
- Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Andrew P. Dobson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Edward J. Dubovi
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14851, USA
| | - Eblate Ernest
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Robert Fyumagwa
- Conservation Areas and Species Diversity Programme, South Africa Country Office, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J. Grant C. Hopcraft
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christine Mentzel
- Conservation Areas and Species Diversity Programme, South Africa Country Office, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - David Sutton
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Walton, Milton Keynes MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Brian Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G6 1QH, UK
| | - Daniel T. Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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21
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Fountain-Jones NM, Packer C, Jacquot M, Blanchet FG, Terio K, Craft ME. Endemic infection can shape exposure to novel pathogens: Pathogen co-occurrence networks in the Serengeti lions. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:904-913. [PMID: 30861289 PMCID: PMC7163671 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens are embedded in a complex network of microparasites that can collectively or individually alter disease dynamics and outcomes. Endemic pathogens that infect an individual in the first years of life, for example, can either facilitate or compete with subsequent pathogens thereby exacerbating or ameliorating morbidity and mortality. Pathogen associations are ubiquitous but poorly understood, particularly in wild populations. We report here on 10 years of serological and molecular data in African lions, leveraging comprehensive demographic and behavioural data to test if endemic pathogens shape subsequent infection by epidemic pathogens. We combine network and community ecology approaches to assess broad network structure and characterise associations between pathogens across spatial and temporal scales. We found significant non‐random structure in the lion‐pathogen co‐occurrence network and identified both positive and negative associations between endemic and epidemic pathogens. Our results provide novel insights on the complex associations underlying pathogen co‐occurrence networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Fountain-Jones
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55408, USA
| | - Maude Jacquot
- INRA, UMR346 EPIA, Epidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - F Guillaume Blanchet
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - Karen Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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22
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23
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Packer C, Shivakumar S, Athreya V, Craft ME, Dhanwatey H, Dhanwatey P, Gurung B, Joshi A, Kushnir H, Linnell JDC, Fountain‐Jones NM. Species‐specific spatiotemporal patterns of leopard, lion and tiger attacks on humans. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | | | | | - Meggan E. Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Anup Joshi
- Conservation Sciences Program University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota
| | - Hadas Kushnir
- United States Agency for International Development Washington DC
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24
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McEvoy OK, Miller SM, Beets W, Bodasing T, Borrego N, Burger A, Courtenay B, Ferreira S, Hanekom C, Hofmeyr M, Packer C, Robertson D, Stratford K, Slotow R, Parker DM. The use of contraceptive techniques in managed wild African lion (Panthera leo) populations to mimic open system cub recruitment. Wildl Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/wr18079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Managed wild lions (Panthera leo) are lions found in smaller (<1000 km2), fenced protected areas that hold a substantial portion of South Africa’s wild lion population. Because the natural population control mechanisms are compromised within these properties, managers must actively control population growth rates. Fecundity control is used by wildlife managers, but long-term, empirical data on the impact and consequences of such interventions in lions are lacking.
Aims
The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of two methods of contraception (deslorelin implant and unilateral hysterectomy) in reducing cub recruitment of managed wild lions.
Methods
Survey data spanning 14 years from 94 managed wild lions on 19 protected areas were used to evaluate the effectiveness of deslorelin implant treatments and unilateral hysterectomies on population growth rates through mimicking open system cub recruitment.
Key results
Deslorelin implants were effective at increasing the age of first reproduction and lengthening inter-birth intervals. There was also an unexpected decrease in litter size. Behavioural side-effects were recorded in 40% of individuals: 19% pride fragmentation; 13% lack of receptiveness towards males; 8% other. The more successive deslorelin implants a lioness had, the more likely it was that weight gain was reported. Unilateral hysterectomy resulted in a decrease in litter size post-surgery, but this was not statistically significant. No behavioural or physiological side-effects were noted after unilateral hysterectomy.
Conclusions
Deslorelin treatment was more effective in reducing the reproductive output of managed wild lionesses than unilateral hysterectomy surgery. While more side-effects were associated with deslorelin implants than unilateral hysterectomies, a single deslorelin treatment is currently a good option for fecundity reduction. More research is required on unilateral hysterectomy surgery.
Implications
Neither deslorelin implants nor unilateral hysterectomies offer a ‘silver bullet’ solution for reducing rapid population growth in managed wild lions. Reproductive control should be integrated with other best-practice approaches.
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25
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Colchero F, Jones OR, Conde DA, Hodgson D, Zajitschek F, Schmidt BR, Malo AF, Alberts SC, Becker PH, Bouwhuis S, Bronikowski AM, De Vleeschouwer KM, Delahay RJ, Dummermuth S, Fernández-Duque E, Frisenvaenge J, Hesselsøe M, Larson S, Lemaître JF, McDonald J, Miller DAW, O'Donnell C, Packer C, Raboy BE, Reading CJ, Wapstra E, Weimerskirch H, While GM, Baudisch A, Flatt T, Coulson T, Gaillard JM. The diversity of population responses to environmental change. Ecol Lett 2018; 22:342-353. [PMID: 30536594 PMCID: PMC6378614 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current extinction and climate change crises pressure us to predict population dynamics with ever‐greater accuracy. Although predictions rest on the well‐advanced theory of age‐structured populations, two key issues remain poorly explored. Specifically, how the age‐dependency in demographic rates and the year‐to‐year interactions between survival and fecundity affect stochastic population growth rates. We use inference, simulations and mathematical derivations to explore how environmental perturbations determine population growth rates for populations with different age‐specific demographic rates and when ages are reduced to stages. We find that stage‐ vs. age‐based models can produce markedly divergent stochastic population growth rates. The differences are most pronounced when there are survival‐fecundity‐trade‐offs, which reduce the variance in the population growth rate. Finally, the expected value and variance of the stochastic growth rates of populations with different age‐specific demographic rates can diverge to the extent that, while some populations may thrive, others will inevitably go extinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Colchero
- Interdisciplinary Center on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.,Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Owen R Jones
- Interdisciplinary Center on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.,Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Dalia A Conde
- Interdisciplinary Center on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.,Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.,Species360 Conservation Science Alliance, 7900 International Drive, Suite 1040, Bloomington, MN, 55425, USA
| | - David Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Felix Zajitschek
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Benedikt R Schmidt
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Info Fauna Karch, UniMail, Bâtiment G, Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Aurelio F Malo
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.,Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Departments of Biology and Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter H Becker
- Institut of Avian Research An der Vogelwarte, 21 D-26386, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Sandra Bouwhuis
- Institut of Avian Research An der Vogelwarte, 21 D-26386, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Anne M Bronikowski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kristel M De Vleeschouwer
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Koningin Astridplein, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Richard J Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park Nympsfield, Gloucestershire, GL10 3UJ, UK
| | - Stefan Dummermuth
- Info Fauna Karch, UniMail, Bâtiment G, Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - John Frisenvaenge
- Amphi Consult, Sciencepark NOVI, Niels Jernes Vej 10, DK, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Martin Hesselsøe
- Amphi Consult, Sciencepark NOVI, Niels Jernes Vej 10, DK, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Sam Larson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean-François Lemaître
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jennifer McDonald
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - David A W Miller
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, 411 Forest Resources Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Colin O'Donnell
- Department of Conservation, Te Papa Atawhai, PO Box 4715, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Craig Packer
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 123 Snyder Hall, 1475 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Becky E Raboy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Chris J Reading
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, CEH Wallingford, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh, Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Erik Wapstra
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Geoffrey M While
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France.,Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Annette Baudisch
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.,Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Ch. du Musée 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tim Coulson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Palmer MS, Swanson A, Kosmala M, Arnold T, Packer C. Evaluating relative abundance indices for terrestrial herbivores from large-scale camera trap surveys. Afr J Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith S. Palmer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul Minnesota
| | | | - Margaret Kosmala
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Todd Arnold
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul Minnesota
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul Minnesota
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27
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Abstract
Considerable outside funding will be required to overcome the financial shortfalls faced by most of Africa's protected areas. Given limited levels of external support, it will be essential to allocate these funds wisely. While most recent studies on conservation triage have recommended prioritizing reserves with the highest remaining conservation value (the "last best places"), such investments are complicated by the fact that these same reserves often attract the greatest revenues from ecotourism and thus the most attention from corrupt local governments. Alternatively, philanthropic organizations might achieve greater returns from investing in the management of neglected areas with lower current conservation value but with less financial leakage from corruption. We outline here how high levels of corruption could favor a strategy that shifts investments away from the last best places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen Polasky
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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28
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Dickman A, Packer C, Johnson PJ, Macdonald DW. A sideways look at conservation and consistency in tourism policy. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:744-746. [PMID: 29243302 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dickman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxon OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Paul J Johnson
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxon OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxon OX13 5QL, U.K
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Borrego
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, University Rd, Westville, South Africa
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Falcon Heights, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Arpat Ozgul
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurestrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rob Slotow
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, University Rd, Westville, South Africa
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Falcon Heights, St. Paul, MN, USA
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30
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Palmer MS, Packer C. Giraffe bed and breakfast: Camera traps reveal Tanzanian yellow‐billed oxpeckers roosting on their large mammalian hosts. Afr J Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith S. Palmer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
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31
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Anderson TM, White S, Davis B, Erhardt R, Palmer M, Swanson A, Kosmala M, Packer C. The spatial distribution of African savannah herbivores: species associations and habitat occupancy in a landscape context. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0314. [PMID: 27502379 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivores play an important role in determining the structure and function of tropical savannahs. Here, we (i) outline a framework for how interactions among large mammalian herbivores, carnivores and environmental variation influence herbivore habitat occupancy in tropical savannahs. We then (ii) use a Bayesian hierarchical model to analyse camera trap data to quantify spatial patterns of habitat occupancy for lions and eight common ungulates of varying body size across an approximately 1100 km(2) landscape in the Serengeti ecosystem. Our results reveal strong positive associations among herbivores at the scale of the entire landscape. Lions were positively associated with migratory ungulates but negatively associated with residents. Herbivore habitat occupancy differed with body size and migratory strategy: large-bodied migrants, at less risk of predation and able to tolerate lower quality food, were associated with high NDVI, while smaller residents, constrained to higher quality forage, avoided these areas. Small herbivores were strongly associated with fires, likely due to the subsequent high-quality regrowth, while larger herbivores avoided burned areas. Body mass was strongly related to herbivore habitat use, with larger species more strongly associated with riverine and woodlands than smaller species. Large-bodied migrants displayed diffuse habitat occupancy, whereas smaller species demonstrated fine-scale occupancy reflecting use of smaller patches of high-quality habitat. Our results demonstrate the emergence of strong positive spatial associations among a diverse group of savannah herbivores, while highlighting species-specific habitat selection strongly determined by herbivore body size.This article is part of the themed issue 'Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Michael Anderson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Staci White
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Bryant Davis
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Rob Erhardt
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Meredith Palmer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Alexandra Swanson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Margaret Kosmala
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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32
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VanderWaal K, Enns EA, Picasso C, Packer C, Craft ME. Evaluating empirical contact networks as potential transmission pathways for infectious diseases. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0166. [PMID: 27488249 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Networks are often used to incorporate heterogeneity in contact patterns in mathematical models of pathogen spread. However, few tools exist to evaluate whether potential transmission pathways in a population are adequately represented by an observed contact network. Here, we describe a novel permutation-based approach, the network k-test, to determine whether the pattern of cases within the observed contact network are likely to have resulted from transmission processes in the network, indicating that the network represents potential transmission pathways between nodes. Using simulated data of pathogen spread, we compare the power of this approach to other commonly used analytical methods. We test the robustness of this technique across common sampling constraints, including undetected cases, unobserved individuals and missing interaction data. We also demonstrate the application of this technique in two case studies of livestock and wildlife networks. We show that the power of the k-test to correctly identify the epidemiologic relevance of contact networks is substantially greater than other methods, even when 50% of contact or case data are missing. We further demonstrate that the impact of missing data on network analysis depends on the structure of the network and the type of missing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Eva A Enns
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Catalina Picasso
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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Fountain-Jones NM, Packer C, Troyer JL, VanderWaal K, Robinson S, Jacquot M, Craft ME. Linking social and spatial networks to viral community phylogenetics reveals subtype-specific transmission dynamics in African lions. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1469-1482. [PMID: 28884827 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity within pathogen species can have important consequences for how pathogens transmit across landscapes; however, discerning different transmission routes is challenging. Here, we apply both phylodynamic and phylogenetic community ecology techniques to examine the consequences of pathogen heterogeneity on transmission by assessing subtype-specific transmission pathways in a social carnivore. We use comprehensive social and spatial network data to examine transmission pathways for three subtypes of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIVPle ) in African lions (Panthera leo) at multiple scales in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. We used FIVPle molecular data to examine the role of social organization and lion density in shaping transmission pathways and tested to what extent vertical (i.e., father- and/or mother-offspring relationships) or horizontal (between unrelated individuals) transmission underpinned these patterns for each subtype. Using the same data, we constructed subtype-specific FIVPle co-occurrence networks and assessed what combination of social networks, spatial networks or co-infection best structured the FIVPle network. While social organization (i.e., pride) was an important component of FIVPle transmission pathways at all scales, we find that FIVPle subtypes exhibited different transmission pathways at within- and between-pride scales. A combination of social and spatial networks, coupled with consideration of subtype co-infection, was likely to be important for FIVPle transmission for the two major subtypes, but the relative contribution of each factor was strongly subtype-specific. Our study provides evidence that pathogen heterogeneity is important in understanding pathogen transmission, which could have consequences for how endemic pathogens are managed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that community phylogenetic ecology coupled with phylodynamic techniques can reveal insights into the differential evolutionary pressures acting on virus subtypes, which can manifest into landscape-level effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Stacie Robinson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Maude Jacquot
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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Palmer MS, Fieberg J, Swanson A, Kosmala M, Packer C. A ‘dynamic’ landscape of fear: prey responses to spatiotemporal variations in predation risk across the lunar cycle. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1364-1373. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Palmer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and & Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - J. Fieberg
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - A. Swanson
- Department of Physics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - M. Kosmala
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard UniversityCambridge MA USA
| | - C. Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and & Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
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Bauer H, Henschel P, Packer C, Sillero-Zubiri C, Chardonnet B, Sogbohossou EA, De Iongh HH, Macdonald DW. Lion trophy hunting in West Africa: A response to Bouché et al. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173691. [PMID: 28323837 PMCID: PMC5360238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Bauer
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - P. Henschel
- Panthera, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - C. Packer
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - C. Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom
| | - B. Chardonnet
- African Protected Areas & Wildlife, Saint Cloud, France
| | - E. A. Sogbohossou
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - H. H. De Iongh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D. W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom
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36
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Swanson A, Arnold T, Kosmala M, Forester J, Packer C. In the absence of a "landscape of fear": How lions, hyenas, and cheetahs coexist. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8534-8545. [PMID: 28031805 PMCID: PMC5167031 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggression by top predators can create a "landscape of fear" in which subordinate predators restrict their activity to low-risk areas or times of day. At large spatial or temporal scales, this can result in the costly loss of access to resources. However, fine-scale reactive avoidance may minimize the risk of aggressive encounters for subordinate predators while maintaining access to resources, thereby providing a mechanism for coexistence. We investigated fine-scale spatiotemporal avoidance in a guild of African predators characterized by intense interference competition. Vulnerable to food stealing and direct killing, cheetahs are expected to avoid both larger predators; hyenas are expected to avoid lions. We deployed a grid of 225 camera traps across 1,125 km2 in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, to evaluate concurrent patterns of habitat use by lions, hyenas, cheetahs, and their primary prey. We used hurdle models to evaluate whether smaller species avoided areas preferred by larger species, and we used time-to-event models to evaluate fine-scale temporal avoidance in the hours immediately surrounding top predator activity. We found no evidence of long-term displacement of subordinate species, even at fine spatial scales. Instead, hyenas and cheetahs were positively associated with lions except in areas with exceptionally high lion use. Hyenas and lions appeared to actively track each, while cheetahs appear to maintain long-term access to sites with high lion use by actively avoiding those areas just in the hours immediately following lion activity. Our results suggest that cheetahs are able to use patches of preferred habitat by avoiding lions on a moment-to-moment basis. Such fine-scale temporal avoidance is likely to be less costly than long-term avoidance of preferred areas: This may help explain why cheetahs are able to coexist with lions despite high rates of lion-inflicted mortality, and highlights reactive avoidance as a general mechanism for predator coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Swanson
- Department of EcologyEvolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Todd Arnold
- Department of EcologyEvolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
| | - Margaret Kosmala
- Department of EcologyEvolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - James Forester
- Department of EcologyEvolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of EcologyEvolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
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Craft ME, Vial F, Miguel E, Cleaveland S, Ferdinands A, Packer C. Interactions between domestic and wild carnivores around the greater Serengeti ecosystem. Anim Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Craft
- Veterinary Population Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | | | - E. Miguel
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology Imperial College London London UK
| | - S. Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | | | - C. Packer
- Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
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Barthold JA, Packer C, Loveridge AJ, Macdonald DW, Colchero F. Dead or gone? Bayesian inference on mortality for the dispersing sex. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4910-23. [PMID: 27547322 PMCID: PMC4979716 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimates of age‐specific mortality are regularly used in ecology, evolution, and conservation research. However, estimating mortality of the dispersing sex, in species where one sex undergoes natal dispersal, is difficult. This is because it is often unclear whether members of the dispersing sex that disappear from monitored areas have died or dispersed. Here, we develop an extension of a multievent model that imputes dispersal state (i.e., died or dispersed) for uncertain records of the dispersing sex as a latent state and estimates age‐specific mortality and dispersal parameters in a Bayesian hierarchical framework. To check the performance of our model, we first conduct a simulation study. We then apply our model to a long‐term data set of African lions. Using these data, we further study how well our model estimates mortality of the dispersing sex by incrementally reducing the level of uncertainty in the records of male lions. We achieve this by taking advantage of an expert's indication on the likely fate of each missing male (i.e., likely died or dispersed). We find that our model produces accurate mortality estimates for simulated data of varying sample sizes and proportions of uncertain male records. From the empirical study, we learned that our model provides similar mortality estimates for different levels of uncertainty in records. However, a sensitivity of the mortality estimates to varying uncertainty is, as can be expected, detectable. We conclude that our model provides a solution to the challenge of estimating mortality of the dispersing sex in species with data deficiency due to natal dispersal. Given the utility of sex‐specific mortality estimates in biological and conservation research, and the virtual ubiquity of sex‐biased dispersal, our model will be useful to a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Barthold
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3PSUK
- Department of Public HealthMax‐Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of AgingUniversity of Southern DenmarkJ.B. Winsløws Vej 9B, 5000 Odense CDenmark
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic ResearchKonrad‐Zuse‐Str. 118057RostockGermany
- Present address:
Department of Public HealthMax‐Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of AgingUniversity of Southern DenmarkJ.B. Winsløws Vej 9B5000Odense CDenmark
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota1987 Upper Buford CircleSaint PaulMinnesota55108
| | | | - David W. Macdonald
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3PSUK
| | - Fernando Colchero
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic ResearchKonrad‐Zuse‐Str. 118057RostockGermany
- Department of Mathematics and Computer ScienceMax‐Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of AgingUniversity of Southern DenmarkCampusvej 555230Odense MDenmark
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Swanson A, Kosmala M, Lintott C, Packer C. A generalized approach for producing, quantifying, and validating citizen science data from wildlife images. Conserv Biol 2016; 30:520-31. [PMID: 27111678 PMCID: PMC4999033 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Citizen science has the potential to expand the scope and scale of research in ecology and conservation, but many professional researchers remain skeptical of data produced by nonexperts. We devised an approach for producing accurate, reliable data from untrained, nonexpert volunteers. On the citizen science website www.snapshotserengeti.org, more than 28,000 volunteers classified 1.51 million images taken in a large-scale camera-trap survey in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Each image was circulated to, on average, 27 volunteers, and their classifications were aggregated using a simple plurality algorithm. We validated the aggregated answers against a data set of 3829 images verified by experts and calculated 3 certainty metrics-level of agreement among classifications (evenness), fraction of classifications supporting the aggregated answer (fraction support), and fraction of classifiers who reported "nothing here" for an image that was ultimately classified as containing an animal (fraction blank)-to measure confidence that an aggregated answer was correct. Overall, aggregated volunteer answers agreed with the expert-verified data on 98% of images, but accuracy differed by species commonness such that rare species had higher rates of false positives and false negatives. Easily calculated analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey tests indicated that the certainty metrics were significant indicators of whether each image was correctly classified or classifiable. Thus, the certainty metrics can be used to identify images for expert review. Bootstrapping analyses further indicated that 90% of images were correctly classified with just 5 volunteers per image. Species classifications based on the plurality vote of multiple citizen scientists can provide a reliable foundation for large-scale monitoring of African wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Swanson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford, OX1 3RH, U.K
| | - Margaret Kosmala
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
- Current address: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
| | - Chris Lintott
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford, OX1 3RH, U.K
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
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40
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Barthold JA, Loveridge AJ, Macdonald DW, Packer C, Colchero F. Bayesian estimates of male and female African lion mortality for future use in population management. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Barthold
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
- Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging and Department of Biology; Uiversity of Southern Denmark; Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Andrew J. Loveridge
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior; University of Minnesota; 1987 Upper Buford Circle Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Fernando Colchero
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging; University of Southern Denmark; Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
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41
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Kosmala M, Miller P, Ferreira S, Funston P, Keet D, Packer C. Estimating wildlife disease dynamics in complex systems using an Approximate Bayesian Computation framework. Ecol Appl 2016; 26:295-308. [PMID: 27039526 DOI: 10.1890/14-1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife are of increasing concern to managers and conservation policy makers, but are often difficult to study and predict due to the complexity of host-disease systems and a paucity of empirical data. We demonstrate the use of an Approximate Bayesian Computation statistical framework to reconstruct the disease dynamics of bovine tuberculosis in Kruger National Park's lion population, despite limited empirical data on the disease's effects in lions. The modeling results suggest that, while a large proportion of the lion population will become infected with bovine tuberculosis, lions are a spillover host and long disease latency is common. In the absence of future aggravating factors, bovine tuberculosis is projected to cause a lion population decline of ~3% over the next 50 years, with the population stabilizing at this new equilibrium. The Approximate Bayesian Computation framework is a new tool for wildlife managers. It allows emerging infectious diseases to be modeled in complex systems by incorporating disparate knowledge about host demographics, behavior, and heterogeneous disease transmission, while allowing inference of unknown system parameters.
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Abstract
Colour signals arise in a variety of sexual contexts, including advertising reproductive status. Despite potentially attracting negative attention from unrelated competitors, bright pregnancy coloration may communicate gestation to kin and potential fathers, thereby garnering aid during agonistic encounters and reducing the overall amount of aggression received by pregnant females. To establish whether this 'pregnancy sign' influences rates of aggression in the presence versus absence of maternal kin, we conducted behavioural observations of wild olive baboons, Papio anubis, in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, in groups composed of maternal kin and nonkin, and of captive baboons at the Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC, San Antonio, TX, U.S.A.), in group enclosures that were unlikely to include close kin. At SNPRC, we also experimentally obscured the coloration of the pregnancy sign, and we performed playback experiments to measure male responses to the distress calls of pregnant females. Free-ranging female baboons experienced significantly less aggression from nonkin females after the onset of the pregnancy sign compared to the pre-pregnancy sign. In contrast, captive pregnant females whose pregnancy coloration was obscured with paint experienced significantly lower aggression rates from female conspecifics compared to pre-painting. Male aggression towards females did not differ in the presence versus absence of the pregnancy sign in either the wild or the captive population, although captive fathers paid significantly more attention to distress calls of pregnant cage-mates than they did to those of cycling cage-mates, suggesting a willingness to aid mothers that were carrying their unborn offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bailey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, U.S.A
| | - Lynn E Eberly
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, U.S.A
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, U.S.A
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. L. Strauss
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota100 Ecology Bldg, 1987 Upper Buford Circle55108Saint PaulMNUSA
| | - M. Kilewo
- Tanzania National Parks, Ecology Department (Veterinary Unit)P.O. Box 3134ArushaTanzania
| | - D. Rentsch
- Frankfurt Zoological Society, Serengeti Community Outreach OfficeFort IkomaSerengetiTanzania
| | - C. Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota100 Ecology Bldg, 1987 Upper Buford Circle55108Saint PaulMNUSA
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Swanson A, Kosmala M, Lintott C, Simpson R, Smith A, Packer C. Snapshot Serengeti, high-frequency annotated camera trap images of 40 mammalian species in an African savanna. Sci Data 2015; 2:150026. [PMID: 26097743 PMCID: PMC4460915 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2015.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Camera traps can be used to address large-scale questions in community ecology by providing systematic data on an array of wide-ranging species. We deployed 225 camera traps across 1,125 km2 in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, to evaluate spatial and temporal inter-species dynamics. The cameras have operated continuously since 2010 and had accumulated 99,241 camera-trap days and produced 1.2 million sets of pictures by 2013. Members of the general public classified the images via the citizen-science website www.snapshotserengeti.org. Multiple users viewed each image and recorded the species, number of individuals, associated behaviours, and presence of young. Over 28,000 registered users contributed 10.8 million classifications. We applied a simple algorithm to aggregate these individual classifications into a final ‘consensus’ dataset, yielding a final classification for each image and a measure of agreement among individual answers. The consensus classifications and raw imagery provide an unparalleled opportunity to investigate multi-species dynamics in an intact ecosystem and a valuable resource for machine-learning and computer-vision research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Swanson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota , Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA ; Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK
| | - Margaret Kosmala
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota , Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Chris Lintott
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK
| | - Robert Simpson
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK
| | - Arfon Smith
- Adler Planetarium, Department of Citizen Science , Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota , Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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45
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Cusack JJ, Swanson A, Coulson T, Packer C, Carbone C, Dickman AJ, Kosmala M, Lintott C, Rowcliffe JM. Applying a random encounter model to estimate lion density from camera traps in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. J Wildl Manage 2015; 79:1014-1021. [PMID: 26640297 PMCID: PMC4657488 DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The random encounter model (REM) is a novel method for estimating animal density from camera trap data without the need for individual recognition. It has never been used to estimate the density of large carnivore species, despite these being the focus of most camera trap studies worldwide. In this context, we applied the REM to estimate the density of female lions (Panthera leo) from camera traps implemented in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, comparing estimates to reference values derived from pride census data. More specifically, we attempted to account for bias resulting from non-random camera placement at lion resting sites under isolated trees by comparing estimates derived from night versus day photographs, between dry and wet seasons, and between habitats that differ in their amount of tree cover. Overall, we recorded 169 and 163 independent photographic events of female lions from 7,608 and 12,137 camera trap days carried out in the dry season of 2010 and the wet season of 2011, respectively. Although all REM models considered over-estimated female lion density, models that considered only night-time events resulted in estimates that were much less biased relative to those based on all photographic events. We conclude that restricting REM estimation to periods and habitats in which animal movement is more likely to be random with respect to cameras can help reduce bias in estimates of density for female Serengeti lions. We highlight that accurate REM estimates will nonetheless be dependent on reliable measures of average speed of animal movement and camera detection zone dimensions. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Cusack
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom, and Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Swanson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota MN, 55108, USA
| | - Tim Coulson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota MN, 55108, USA
| | - Chris Carbone
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Amy J Dickman
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Kosmala
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota MN, 55108, USA
| | - Chris Lintott
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - J Marcus Rowcliffe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
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46
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Mosser AA, Kosmala M, Packer C. Landscape heterogeneity and behavioral traits drive the evolution of lion group territoriality. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pfeifer
- Forest Ecology and Conservation Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK. York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems, Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - C Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - A C Burton
- Alberta Innovates Technology Futures, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada. Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - S T Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - A J Loveridge
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, OX13 5QL, UK
| | - D MacNulty
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - P J Platts
- York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems, Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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48
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Kushnir H, Weisberg S, Olson E, Juntunen T, Ikanda D, Packer C. Using landscape characteristics to predict risk of lion attacks on humans in south-eastern Tanzania. Afr J Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Kushnir
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior; University of Minnesota; 100 Ecology Building 1987 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Sanford Weisberg
- School of Statistics; University of Minnesota; 312 Ford Hall 224 Church St. SE Minneapolis MN 55455 U.S.A
| | - Erik Olson
- Department of Geography; Environment & Society; University of Minnesota; 414 Social Science 267 19th Ave S Minneapolis MN 55455 U.S.A
| | - Thomas Juntunen
- Department of Geography; Environment & Society; University of Minnesota; 414 Social Science 267 19th Ave S Minneapolis MN 55455 U.S.A
| | - Dennis Ikanda
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute; P.O. Box 661 Arusha Tanzania
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior; University of Minnesota; 100 Ecology Building 1987 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
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49
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Swanson A, Caro T, Davies-Mostert H, Mills MGL, Macdonald DW, Borner M, Masenga E, Packer C. Cheetahs and wild dogs show contrasting patterns of suppression by lions. J Anim Ecol 2014; 83:1418-27. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Swanson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN 55104 USA
- Serengeti Wildlife Research Institute; Tanzania National Parks; Arusha Tanzania
| | - Tim Caro
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology and Center for Population Biology; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Harriet Davies-Mostert
- Endangered Wildlife Trust; Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Zoology; Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Oxford University; Oxford UK
| | - Michael G. L. Mills
- Department of Zoology; Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Oxford University; Oxford UK
- The Lewis Foundation; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Department of Zoology; Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Oxford University; Oxford UK
| | - Markus Borner
- Frankfurt Zoological Society; Serengeti National Park; P.O. Seronera Arusha Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel Masenga
- Serengeti Wildlife Research Institute; Tanzania National Parks; Arusha Tanzania
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN 55104 USA
- Serengeti Wildlife Research Institute; Tanzania National Parks; Arusha Tanzania
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50
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Packer C. Network of medical school educators for best practices in case‐study Problem Based Learning (719.7). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.719.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Packer
- Cellular & Integrative Physiology Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUnited States
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