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Xu D, Robinson AP, Ishii T, Duncan DS, Alden TD, Goings GE, Ifergan I, Podojil JR, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Kearney JA, Swanson GT, Miller SD, Koh S. Peripherally derived T regulatory and γδ T cells have opposing roles in the pathogenesis of intractable pediatric epilepsy. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1169-1186. [PMID: 29487082 PMCID: PMC5881465 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Xu et al. provide the first study in patients with intractable epilepsy showing a direct correlation between the phenotype, activation state, cytokine profiles, and ability to cause neuronal apoptosis of brain-infiltrating peripherally derived immune cells with seizure severity using an unbiased flow cytometric approach. The pathophysiology of drug-resistant pediatric epilepsy is unknown. Flow cytometric analysis of inflammatory leukocytes in resected brain tissues from 29 pediatric patients with genetic (focal cortical dysplasia) or acquired (encephalomalacia) epilepsy demonstrated significant brain infiltration of blood-borne inflammatory myeloid cells and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Significantly, proinflammatory (IL-17– and GM-CSF–producing) γδ T cells were concentrated in epileptogenic lesions, and their numbers positively correlated with disease severity. Conversely, numbers of regulatory T (T reg) cells inversely correlated with disease severity. Correspondingly, using the kainic acid model of status epilepticus, we show ameliorated seizure activity in both γδ T cell– and IL-17RA–deficient mice and in recipients of T reg cells, whereas T reg cell depletion heightened seizure severity. Moreover, both IL-17 and GM-CSF induced neuronal hyperexcitability in brain slice cultures. These studies support a major pathological role for peripherally derived innate and adaptive proinflammatory immune responses in the pathogenesis of intractable epilepsy and suggest testing of immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Andrew P Robinson
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Toshiyuki Ishii
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - D'Anne S Duncan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Tord D Alden
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Gwendolyn E Goings
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Jennifer A Kearney
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL .,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sookyong Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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5
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Meyers FJ, Mathur A, Fuhrmann CN, O'Brien TC, Wefes I, Labosky PA, Duncan DS, August A, Feig A, Gould KL, Friedlander MJ, Schaffer CB, Van Wart A, Chalkley R. The origin and implementation of the Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training programs: an NIH common fund initiative. FASEB J 2015; 30:507-14. [PMID: 26432783 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-276139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent national reports and commentaries on the current status and needs of the U.S. biomedical research workforce have highlighted the limited career development opportunities for predoctoral and postdoctoral trainees in academia, yet little attention is paid to preparation for career pathways outside of the traditional faculty path. Recognizing this issue, in 2013, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Common Fund issued a request for application titled "NIH Director's Biomedical Research Workforce Innovation Award: Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (BEST)." These 5-yr 1-time grants, awarded to 17 single or partnering institutions, were designed to develop sustainable approaches to broaden graduate and postgraduate training, aimed at creating training programs that reflect the range of career options that trainees may ultimately pursue. These institutions have formed a consortium in order to work together to develop, evaluate, share, and disseminate best practices and challenges. This is a first report on the early experiences of the consortium and the scope of participating BEST programs. In this report, we describe the state of the U.S. biomedical workforce and development of the BEST award, variations of programmatic approaches to assist with program design without BEST funding, and novel approaches to engage faculty in career development programs. To test the effectiveness of these BEST programs, external evaluators will assess their outcomes not only over the 5 yr grant period but also for an additional 10 yr beyond award completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Meyers
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Ambika Mathur
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Cynthia N Fuhrmann
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Theresa C O'Brien
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Inge Wefes
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Patricia A Labosky
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - D'Anne S Duncan
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Avery August
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew Feig
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Kathleen L Gould
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael J Friedlander
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Chris B Schaffer
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Audra Van Wart
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Roger Chalkley
- *Health System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate School, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Biomedical Research Education and Training and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; **Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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