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Acquarone E, Argyrousi EK, Arancio O, Watterson DM, Roy SM. The 5HT2b Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease: Increased Levels in Patient Brains and Antagonist Attenuation of Amyloid and Tau Induced Dysfunction. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1349-1360. [PMID: 38578894 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Background: Neurodegenerative diseases manifest behavioral dysfunction with disease progression. Intervention with neuropsychiatric drugs is part of most multi-drug treatment paradigms. However, only a fraction of patients responds to the treatments and those responding must deal with drug-drug interactions and tolerance issues generally attributed to off-target activities. Recent efforts have focused on the identification of underexplored targets and exploration of improved outcomes by treatment with selective molecular probes. Objective As part of ongoing efforts to identify and validate additional targets amenable to therapeutic intervention, we examined levels of the serotonin 5-HT2b receptor (5-HT2bR) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains and the potential of a selective 5-HT2bR antagonist to counteract synaptic plasticity and memory damage induced by AD-related proteins, amyloid-β, and tau. Methods This work used a combination of biochemical, chemical biology, electrophysiological, and behavioral techniques. Biochemical methods included analysis of protein levels. Chemical biology methods included the use of an in vivo molecular probe MW071, a selective antagonist for the 5HT2bR. Electrophysiological methods included assessment of long-term potentiation (LTP), a type of synaptic plasticity thought to underlie memory formation. Behavioral studies investigated spatial memory and associative memory. Results 5HT2bR levels are increased in brain specimens of AD patients compared to controls. 5HT2bR antagonist treatment rescued amyloid-β and tau oligomer-induced impairment of synaptic plasticity and memory. Conclusions The increased levels of 5HT-2bR in AD patient brains and the attenuation of disease-related synaptic and behavioral dysfunctions by MW071 treatment suggest that the 5HT-2bR is a molecular target worth pursuing as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Acquarone
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elentina K Argyrousi
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Saktimayee M Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Khapchaev AY, Watterson DM, Shirinsky VP. Phosphorylation-dependent subcellular redistribution of small myosin light chain kinase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2021; 1868:119104. [PMID: 34302892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is a Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent enzyme dedicated to phosphorylate and activate myosin II to provide force for various motile processes. In smooth muscle cells and many other cells, small MLCK (S-MLCK) is a major isoform. S-MLCK is an actomyosin-binding protein firmly attached to contractile machinery in smooth muscle cells. Still, it can leave this location and contribute to other cellular processes. However, molecular mechanisms for switching the S-MLCK subcellular localization have not been described. METHODS Site-directed mutagenesis and in vitro protein phosphorylation were used to study functional roles of discrete in-vivo phosphorylated residues within the S-MLCK actin-binding domain. In vitro co-sedimentation analysis was applied to study the interaction of recombinant S-MLCK actin-binding fragment with filamentous actin. Subcellular distribution of phosphomimicking S-MLCK mutants was studied by fluorescent microscopy and differential cell extraction. RESULTS Phosphorylation of S-MLCK actin-binding domain at Ser25 and/or Thr56 by proline-directed protein kinases or phosphomimicking these posttranslational modifications alters S-MLCK binding to actin filaments both in vitro and in cells, and induces S-MLCK subcellular translocation with no effect on the enzyme catalytic properties. CONCLUSIONS Phosphorylation of the amino terminal actin-binding domain of S-MLCK renders differential subcellular targeting of the enzyme and may, thereby, contribute to a variety of context-dependent responses of S-MLCK to cellular and tissue stimuli. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE S-MLCK physiological function can potentially be modulated via phosphorylation of its actin recognition domain, a regulation distinct from the catalytic and calmodulin regulatory domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asker Y Khapchaev
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya St., 15a, Moscow 121552, Russian Federation.
| | | | - Vladimir P Shirinsky
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya St., 15a, Moscow 121552, Russian Federation
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Simon CM, Van Alstyne M, Lotti F, Bianchetti E, Tisdale S, Watterson DM, Mentis GZ, Pellizzoni L. Stasimon Contributes to the Loss of Sensory Synapses and Motor Neuron Death in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3885-3901.e5. [PMID: 31851921 PMCID: PMC6956708 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein causes the neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Here, we show that adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9)-mediated delivery of Stasimon—a gene encoding an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident transmembrane protein regulated by SMN—improves motor function in a mouse model of SMA through multiple mechanisms. In proprioceptive neurons, Stasimon overexpression prevents the loss of afferent synapses on motor neurons and enhances sensory-motor neurotransmission. In motor neurons, Stasimon suppresses neurodegeneration by reducing phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor p53. Moreover, Stasimon deficiency converges on SMA-related mechanisms of p53 upregulation to induce phosphorylation of p53 through activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and pharmacological inhibition of this kinase prevents motor neuron death in SMA mice. These findings identify Stasimon dysfunction induced by SMN deficiency as an upstream driver of distinct cellular cascades that lead to synaptic loss and motor neuron degeneration, revealing a dual contribution of Stasimon to motor circuit pathology in SMA. SMN deficiency causes motor circuit dysfunction in SMA. Simon et al. show that Stasimon—an ER-resident protein regulated by SMN—contributes to sensory synaptic loss and motor neuron death in SMA mice through distinct mechanisms. In motor neurons, Stasimon dysfunction induces p38 MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of p53 whose inhibition prevents neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Simon
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Meaghan Van Alstyne
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Francesco Lotti
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elena Bianchetti
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sarah Tisdale
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - George Z Mentis
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Livio Pellizzoni
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Roy SM, Minasov G, Arancio O, Chico LW, Van Eldik LJ, Anderson WF, Pelletier JC, Watterson DM. Correction to "A Selective and Brain Penetrant p38αMAPK Inhibitor Candidate for Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders That Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction". J Med Chem 2020; 63:8649. [PMID: 32672466 PMCID: PMC8154559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Van Eldik LJ, Sawaki L, Bowen K, Laskowitz DT, Noveck RJ, Hauser B, Jordan L, Spears TG, Wu H, Watt K, Raja S, Roy SM, Watterson DM, Guptill JT. First-in-Human Studies of MW01-6-189WH, a Brain-Penetrant, Antineuroinflammatory Small-Molecule Drug Candidate: Phase 1 Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Studies in Healthy Adult Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2020; 10:131-143. [PMID: 32255549 PMCID: PMC7541708 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MW01‐6‐189WH (MW189) is a novel central nervous system–penetrant small‐molecule drug candidate that selectively attenuates stressor‐induced proinflammatory cytokine overproduction and is efficacious in intracerebral hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury animal models. We report first‐in‐human, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase 1 studies to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of single and multiple ascending intravenous doses of MW189 in healthy adult volunteers. MW189 was safe and well tolerated in single and multiple doses up to 0.25 mg/kg, with no clinically significant concerns. The most common drug‐related treatment‐emergent adverse event was infusion‐site reactions, likely related to drug solution acidity. No clinically concerning changes were seen in vital signs, electrocardiograms, physical or neurological examinations, or safety laboratory results. PK analysis showed dose‐proportional increases in plasma concentrations of MW189 after single or multiple doses, with approximately linear kinetics and no significant drug accumulation. Steady state was achieved by dose 3 for all dosing cohorts. A pilot pharmacodynamic study administering low‐dose endotoxin to induce a systemic inflammatory response was done to evaluate the effects of a single intravenous dose of MW189 on plasma cytokine levels. MW189 treatment resulted in lower levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF‐α and higher levels of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 compared with placebo treatment. The outcomes are consistent with the pharmacological mechanism of MW189. Overall, the safety profile, PK properties, and pharmacodynamic effect support further development of MW189 for patients with acute brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J. Van Eldik
- Sanders‐Brown Center on AgingUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Lumy Sawaki
- Department of Physical Medicine & RehabilitationUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Karen Bowen
- Bluegrass Research Consultants, Inc.VersaillesKentuckyUSA
| | - Daniel T. Laskowitz
- Department of NeurologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Duke Clinical Research InstituteDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Byron Hauser
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research UnitDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Lynn Jordan
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research UnitDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Huali Wu
- Duke Clinical Research InstituteDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kevin Watt
- Duke Clinical Research InstituteDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Shruti Raja
- Department of NeurologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research UnitDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey T. Guptill
- Department of NeurologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Duke Clinical Research InstituteDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research UnitDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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Braun DJ, Bachstetter AD, Sudduth TL, Wilcock DM, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ. Genetic knockout of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK210) prevents cerebral microhemorrhages and attenuates neuroinflammation in a mouse model of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. GeroScience 2019; 41:671-679. [PMID: 31104189 PMCID: PMC6885026 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical in maintenance of brain homeostasis, and loss of its functional integrity is a key feature across a broad range of neurological insults. This includes both acute injuries such as traumatic brain injury and stroke, as well as more chronic pathologies associated with aging, such as vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). A specific form of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK210) is a major regulator of barrier integrity in general, including the BBB. Studies have demonstrated the potential of MLCK210 as a therapeutic target for peripheral disorders involving tissue barrier dysfunction, but less is known about its potential as a target for chronic neurologic disorders. We report here that genetic knockout (KO) of MLCK210 protects against cerebral microhemorrhages and neuroinflammation induced by chronic dietary hyperhomocysteinemia. Overall, the results are consistent with an accumulating body of evidence supporting MLCK210 as a potential therapeutic target for tissue barrier dysfunction and specifically implicate it in BBB dysfunction and neuroinflammation in a model of VCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Braun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Tiffany L Sudduth
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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Roy SM, Minasov G, Arancio O, Chico LW, Van Eldik LJ, Anderson WF, Pelletier JC, Watterson DM. A Selective and Brain Penetrant p38αMAPK Inhibitor Candidate for Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders That Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5298-5311. [PMID: 30978288 PMCID: PMC6580366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The p38αMAPK
is a serine/threonine protein kinase and a key
node in the intracellular signaling networks that transduce and amplify
stress signals into physiological changes. A preponderance of preclinical
data and clinical observations established p38αMAPK as a brain
drug discovery target involved in neuroinflammatory responses and
synaptic dysfunction in multiple degenerative and neuropsychiatric
brain disorders. We summarize the discovery of highly selective, brain-penetrant,
small molecule p38αMAPK inhibitors that are efficacious in diverse
animal models of neurologic disorders. A crystallography and pharmacoinformatic
approach to fragment expansion enabled the discovery of an efficacious
hit. The addition of secondary pharmacology screens to refinement
delivered lead compounds with improved selectivity, appropriate pharmacodynamics,
and efficacy. Safety considerations and additional secondary pharmacology
screens drove optimization that delivered the drug candidate MW01-18-150SRM
(MW150), currently in early stage clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saktimayee M Roy
- Northwestern University , 320 East Superior Street , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - George Minasov
- Northwestern University , 320 East Superior Street , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Columbia University , New York , New York 10032 , United States
| | - Laura W Chico
- Northwestern University , 320 East Superior Street , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | | | - Wayne F Anderson
- Northwestern University , 320 East Superior Street , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Jeffrey C Pelletier
- Northwestern University , 320 East Superior Street , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Northwestern University , 320 East Superior Street , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
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Rutigliano G, Stazi M, Arancio O, Watterson DM, Origlia N. An isoform-selective p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor rescues early entorhinal cortex dysfunctions in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 70:86-91. [PMID: 30007168 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a fundamental mechanism in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. The stress-induced activation of the p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) leads to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and neurodegeneration. We investigated the effects of an isoform selective p38α MAPK inhibitor, MW01-18-150SRM (MW150), administered at 2.5 mg/kg/d (i.p.; 14 days) on early entorhinal cortex (EC) alterations in an AD mouse model carrying human mutations of the amyloid precursor protein (mhAPP). We used electrophysiological analyses with long-term potentiation induction in EC-containing brain slices and EC-relevant associative memory tasks. We found that MW150 was capable of rescuing long-term potentiation in 2-month old mhAPP mice. Acute delivery of MW150 to brain slices was similarly effective in rescuing long-term potentiation, with a comparable efficacy to that of the widely used multikinase inhibitor SB203580. MW150-treated mhAPP mice demonstrated improved ability to discriminate novel associations between objects and their position/context. Our findings suggest that the selective inhibition of the stress-activated p38α MAPK with MW150 can attenuate the EC dysfunctions associated with neuroinflammation in an early stage of AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rutigliano
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Stazi
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nicola Origlia
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa, Italy.
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Zhou Z, Bachstetter AD, Späni CB, Roy SM, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ. Retention of normal glia function by an isoform-selective protein kinase inhibitor drug candidate that modulates cytokine production and cognitive outcomes. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:75. [PMID: 28381303 PMCID: PMC5382362 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0845-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a potential therapeutic target for cognitive dysfunction based on the neuroinflammation-synaptic dysfunction cycle of pathophysiology progression, offers an innovative pharmacological strategy via inhibiting the same activated target in both glia and neurons, thereby enhancing the possibility for efficacy. The highly selective, brain-penetrant p38αMAPK inhibitor MW150 attenuates cognitive dysfunction in two distinct Alzheimer's disease (AD)-relevant models and avoids the problems encountered with previous mixed-kinase inhibitor drug candidates. Therefore, it is essential that the glial effects of this CNS-active kinase inhibitor be addressed in order to anticipate future use in clinical investigations. METHODS We explored the effects of MW150 on glial biology in the AD-relevant APP/PS1 knock-in (KI) mouse model where we previously showed efficacy in suppression of hippocampal-dependent associative and spatial memory deficits. MW150 (2.5 mg/kg/day) was administered daily to 11-12-month-old KI mice for 14 days, and levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 measured in homogenates of mouse cortex using ELISA. Glial markers IBA1, CD45, CD68, and GFAP were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Microglia and amyloid plaques were quantified by immunofluorescence staining followed by confocal imaging. Levels of soluble and insoluble of Aβ40 and Aβ42 were measured by ELISA. The studies of in vivo pharmacodynamic effects on markers of neuroinflammation were complemented by mechanistic studies in the murine microglia BV2 cell line, using live cell imaging techniques to monitor proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis activities. RESULTS Intervention with MW150 in KI mice during the established therapeutic time window attenuated the increased levels of IL-1β and TNFα but not IL-6. MW150 treatment also increased the IBA1+ microglia within a 15 μm radius of the amyloid plaques, without significantly affecting overall microglia or plaque volume. Levels of IBA1, CD45, CD68, GFAP, and Aβ40 and Aβ42 were not affected by MW150 treatment. MW150 did not significantly alter microglial migration, proliferation, or phagocytosis in BV2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that MW150 at an efficacious dose can selectively modulate neuroinflammatory responses associated with pathology progression without pan-suppression of normal physiological functions of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiu Zhou
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Claudia B Späni
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Saktimayee M Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Maphis N, Jiang S, Xu G, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Roy SM, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM, Lamb BT, Bhaskar K. Selective suppression of the α isoform of p38 MAPK rescues late-stage tau pathology. Alzheimers Res Ther 2016; 8:54. [PMID: 27974048 PMCID: PMC5157054 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau protein are the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. We previously demonstrated that the microglial activation induces tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive impairment via activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in the hTau mouse model of tauopathy that was deficient for microglial fractalkine receptor CX3CR1. METHOD We report an isoform-selective, brain-permeable, and orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of p38α MAPK (MW181) and its effects on tau phosphorylation in vitro and in hTau mice. RESULTS First, pretreatment of mouse primary cortical neurons with MW181 completely blocked inflammation-induced p38α MAPK activation and AT8 (pS199/pS202) site tau phosphorylation, with the maximum effect peaking at 60-90 min after stimulation. Second, treatment of old (~20 months of age) hTau mice with MW181 (1 mg/kg body weight; 14 days via oral gavage) significantly reduced p38α MAPK activation compared with vehicle-administered hTau mice. This also resulted in a significant reduction in AT180 (pT231) site tau phosphorylation and Sarkosyl-insoluble tau aggregates. Third, MW181 treatment significantly increased synaptophysin protein expression and resulted in improved working memory. Fourth, MW181 administration reduced phosphorylated MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (pMK2) and phosphorylated activating transcription factor 2 (pATF2), which are known substrates of p38α MAPK. Finally, MW181 reduced the expression of interferon-γ and interleukin-1β. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these studies support p38α MAPK as a valid therapeutic target for the treatment of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Maphis
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, MSC08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Shanya Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, MSC08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Guixiang Xu
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, 320W 15th Street, NB Suite 414C, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neurosciences, The Ohio State University, 4198 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Saktimayee M Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ward Building Room Mail Code W896, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ward Building Room Mail Code W896, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, 320W 15th Street, NB Suite 414C, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kiran Bhaskar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, MSC08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Vilitkevich EL, Khapchaev AY, Kudryashov DS, Nikashin AV, Schavocky JP, Lukas TJ, Watterson DM, Shirinsky VP. Phosphorylation Regulates Interaction of 210-kDa Myosin Light Chain Kinase N-terminal Domain with Actin Cytoskeleton. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2016; 80:1288-97. [PMID: 26567572 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High molecular weight myosin light chain kinase (MLCK210) is a multifunctional protein involved in myosin II activation and integration of cytoskeletal components in cells. MLCK210 possesses actin-binding regions both in the central part of the molecule and in its N-terminal tail domain. In HeLa cells, mitotic protein kinase Aurora B was suggested to phosphorylate MLCK210 N-terminal tail at serine residues (Dulyaninova, N. G., and Bresnick, A. R. (2004) Exp. Cell Res., 299, 303-314), but the functional significance of the phosphorylation was not established. We report here that in vitro, the N-terminal actin-binding domain of MLCK210 is located within residues 27-157 (N27-157, avian MLCK210 sequence) and is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and Aurora B at serine residues 140/149 leading to a decrease in N27-157 binding to actin. The same residues are phosphorylated in a PKA-dependent manner in transfected HeLa cells. Further, in transfected cells, phosphomimetic mutants of N27-157 showed reduced association with the detergent-stable cytoskeleton, whereas in vitro, the single S149D mutation reduced N27-157 association with F-actin to a similar extent as that achieved by N27-157 phosphorylation. Altogether, our results indicate that phosphorylation of MLCK210 at distinct serine residues, mainly at S149, attenuates the interaction of MLCK210 N-terminus with the actin cytoskeleton and might serve to regulate MLCK210 microfilament cross-linking activity in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Vilitkevich
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
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Van Eldik LJ, Zhou Z, Watterson DM, Bachstetter AD. P2‐129: A Small Molecule Anti‐Neuroinflammatory Experimental Therapeutic Inhibited IL‐1Beta Levels After Traumatic Brain Injury with no Effect on Microglia Physiological Responses. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bachstetter AD, Zhou Z, Rowe RK, Xing B, Goulding DS, Conley AN, Sompol P, Meier S, Abisambra JF, Lifshitz J, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ. MW151 Inhibited IL-1β Levels after Traumatic Brain Injury with No Effect on Microglia Physiological Responses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149451. [PMID: 26871438 PMCID: PMC4752278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A prevailing neuroinflammation hypothesis is that increased production of proinflammatory cytokines contributes to progressive neuropathology, secondary to the primary damage caused by a traumatic brain injury (TBI). In support of the hypothesis, post-injury interventions that inhibit the proinflammatory cytokine surge can attenuate the progressive pathology. However, other post-injury neuroinflammatory responses are key to endogenous recovery responses. Therefore, it is critical that pharmacological attenuation of detrimental or dysregulated neuroinflammatory processes avoid pan-suppression of inflammation. MW151 is a CNS-penetrant, small molecule experimental therapeutic that restores injury- or disease-induced overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines towards homeostasis without immunosuppression. Post-injury administration of MW151 in a closed head injury model of mild TBI suppressed acute cytokine up-regulation and downstream cognitive impairment. Here, we report results from a diffuse brain injury model in mice using midline fluid percussion. Low dose (0.5–5.0 mg/kg) administration of MW151 suppresses interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels in the cortex while sparing reactive microglia and astrocyte responses. To probe molecular mechanisms, we used live cell imaging of the BV-2 microglia cell line to demonstrate that MW151 does not affect proliferation, migration, or phagocytosis of the cells. Our results provide insight into the roles of glial responses to brain injury and indicate the feasibility of using appropriate dosing for selective therapeutic modulation of injurious IL-1β increases while sparing other glial responses to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Zhengqiu Zhou
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Bin Xing
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Danielle S. Goulding
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Alyssa N. Conley
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Pradoldej Sompol
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Shelby Meier
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jose F. Abisambra
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - D. Martin Watterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nighot P, Al-Sadi R, Rawat M, Guo S, Watterson DM, Ma T. Matrix metalloproteinase 9-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability contributes to the severity of experimental DSS colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G988-97. [PMID: 26514773 PMCID: PMC4683300 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00256.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated a pathogenic role for matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP-9) in inflammatory bowel disease. Although loss of epithelial barrier function has been shown to be a key pathogenic factor for the development of intestinal inflammation, the role of MMP-9 in intestinal barrier function remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MMP-9 in intestinal barrier function and intestinal inflammation. Wild-type (WT) and MMP-9(-/-) mice were subjected to experimental dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis by administration of 3% DSS in drinking water for 7 days. The mouse colonic permeability was measured in vivo by recycling perfusion of the entire colon using fluorescently labeled dextran. The DSS-induced increase in the colonic permeability was accompanied by an increase in intestinal epithelial cell MMP-9 expression in WT mice. The DSS-induced increase in intestinal permeability and the severity of DSS colitis was found to be attenuated in MMP-9(-/-) mice. The colonic protein expression of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and phospho-MLC was found to be significantly increased after DSS administration in WT mice but not in MMP-9(-/-) mice. The DSS-induced increase in colonic permeability and colonic inflammation was attenuated in MLCK(-/-) mice and MLCK inhibitor ML-7-treated WT mice. The DSS-induced increase in colonic surface epithelial cell MLCK mRNA was abolished in MMP-9(-/-) mice. Lastly, increased MMP-9 protein expression was detected within the colonic surface epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis cases. These data suggest a role of MMP-9 in modulation of colonic epithelial permeability and inflammation via MLCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Nighot
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
| | - Rana Al-Sadi
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
| | - Manmeet Rawat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
| | - Shuhong Guo
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
| | - D. Martin Watterson
- 2Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Thomas Ma
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; ,3Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Roy SM, Grum-Tokars VL, Schavocky JP, Saeed F, Staniszewski A, Teich AF, Arancio O, Bachstetter AD, Webster SJ, Van Eldik LJ, Minasov G, Anderson WF, Pelletier JC, Watterson DM. Targeting human central nervous system protein kinases: An isoform selective p38αMAPK inhibitor that attenuates disease progression in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:666-80. [PMID: 25676389 PMCID: PMC4404319 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
The
first kinase inhibitor drug approval in 2001 initiated a remarkable
decade of tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs for oncology indications,
but a void exists for serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor drugs
and central nervous system indications. Stress kinases are of special
interest in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders due to their
involvement in synaptic dysfunction and complex disease susceptibility.
Clinical and preclinical evidence implicates the stress related kinase
p38αMAPK as a potential neurotherapeutic target, but isoform
selective p38αMAPK inhibitor candidates are lacking and the
mixed kinase inhibitor drugs that are promising in peripheral tissue
disease indications have limitations for neurologic indications. Therefore,
pursuit of the neurotherapeutic hypothesis requires kinase isoform
selective inhibitors with appropriate neuropharmacology features.
Synaptic dysfunction disorders offer a potential for enhanced pharmacological
efficacy due to stress-induced activation of p38αMAPK in both
neurons and glia, the interacting cellular components of the synaptic
pathophysiological axis, to be modulated. We report a novel isoform
selective p38αMAPK inhibitor, MW01-18-150SRM (=MW150), that
is efficacious in suppression of hippocampal-dependent associative
and spatial memory deficits in two distinct synaptic dysfunction mouse
models. A synthetic scheme for biocompatible product and positive
outcomes from pharmacological screens are presented. The high-resolution
crystallographic structure of the p38αMAPK/MW150 complex documents
active site binding, reveals a potential low energy conformation of
the bound inhibitor, and suggests a structural explanation for MW150’s
exquisite target selectivity. As far as we are aware, MW150 is without
precedent as an isoform selective p38MAPK inhibitor or as a kinase
inhibitor capable of modulating in vivo stress related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Faisal Saeed
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | | | - Andrew F. Teich
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | | | - Scott J. Webster
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | | | - George Minasov
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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Bachstetter AD, Webster SJ, Goulding DS, Morton JE, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ. Attenuation of traumatic brain injury-induced cognitive impairment in mice by targeting increased cytokine levels with a small molecule experimental therapeutic. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:69. [PMID: 25886256 PMCID: PMC4396836 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence from clinical studies and preclinical animal models suggests that proinflammatory cytokine overproduction is a potential driving force for pathology progression in traumatic brain injury (TBI). This raises the possibility that selective targeting of the overactive cytokine response, a component of the neuroinflammation that contributes to neuronal dysfunction, may be a useful therapeutic approach. MW151 is a CNS-penetrant, small molecule experimental therapeutic that selectively restores injury- or disease-induced overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines towards homeostasis. We previously reported that MW151 administered post-injury (p.i.) is efficacious in a closed head injury (CHI) model of diffuse TBI in mice. Here we test dose dependence of MW151 to suppress the target mechanism (proinflammatory cytokine up-regulation), and explore the therapeutic window for MW151 efficacy. Methods We examined suppression of the acute cytokine surge when MW151 was administered at different times post-injury and the dose-dependence of cytokine suppression. We also tested a more prolonged treatment with MW151 over the first 7 days post-injury and measured the effects on cognitive impairment and glial activation. Results MW151 administered up to 6 h post-injury suppressed the acute cytokine surge, in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of MW151 over the first 7 days post-injury rescues the CHI-induced cognitive impairment and reduces glial activation in the focus area of the CHI. Conclusions Our results identify a clinically relevant time window post-CHI during which MW151 effectively restores cytokine production back towards normal, with a resultant attenuation of downstream cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Scott J Webster
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Danielle S Goulding
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Jonathan E Morton
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Bachstetter AD, Webster SJ, Tu T, Goulding DS, Haiech J, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ. Generation and behavior characterization of CaMKIIβ knockout mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105191. [PMID: 25127391 PMCID: PMC4134274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is abundant in the brain, where it makes important contributions to synaptic organization and homeostasis, including playing an essential role in synaptic plasticity and memory. Four genes encode isoforms of CaMKII (α, β, δ, γ), with CaMKIIα and CaMKIIβ highly expressed in the brain. Decades of molecular and cellular research, as well as the use of a large number of CaMKIIα mutant mouse lines, have provided insight into the pivotal roles of CaMKIIα in brain plasticity and cognition. However, less is known about the CaMKIIβ isoform. We report the development and extensive behavioral and phenotypic characterization of a CaMKIIβ knockout (KO) mouse. The CaMKIIβ KO mouse was found to be smaller at weaning, with an altered body mass composition. The CaMKIIβ KO mouse showed ataxia, impaired forelimb grip strength, and deficits in the rotorod, balance beam and running wheel tasks. Interestingly, the CaMKIIβ KO mouse exhibited reduced anxiety in the elevated plus maze and open field tests. The CaMKIIβ KO mouse also showed cognitive impairment in the novel object recognition task. Our results provide a comprehensive behavioral characterization of mice deficient in the β isoform of CaMKII. The neurologic phenotypes and the construction of the genotype suggest the utility of this KO mouse strain for future studies of CaMKIIβ in brain structure, function and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Webster
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Tao Tu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Danielle S. Goulding
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jacques Haiech
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - D. Martin Watterson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang T, Moreno-Vinasco L, Ma SF, Zhou T, Shimizu Y, Sammani S, Epshtein Y, Watterson DM, Dudek SM, Garcia JGN. Nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase regulates murine asthmatic inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:1129-35. [PMID: 24428690 PMCID: PMC4068916 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0434oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK; gene code, MYLK) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in isoform-specific nonmuscle (nm) and smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, and vascular permeability, processes directly relevant to asthma pathobiology. In this report, we highlight the contribution of the nm isoform (nmMLCK) to asthma susceptibility and severity, supported by studies in two lines of transgenic mice with knocking out nmMLCK or selectively overexpressing nmMLCK in endothelium. These mice were sensitized to exhibit ovalbumin-mediated allergic inflammation. Genetically engineered mice with targeted nmMLCK deletion (nmMLCK(-/-)) exhibited significant reductions in lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Conversely, mice with overexpressed nmMLCK in endothelium (nmMLCK(ec/ec)) exhibited elevated susceptibility and severity in asthmatic inflammation. In addition, reduction of nmMLCK expression in pulmonary endothelium by small interfering RNA results in reduced asthmatic inflammation in wild-type mice. These pathophysiological assessments demonstrate the positive contribution of nmMLCK to asthmatic inflammation, and a clear correlation of the level of nmMLCK with the degree of experimental allergic inflammation. This study confirms MYLK as an asthma candidate gene, and verifies nmMLCK as a novel molecular target in asthmatic pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- 1 Arizona Respiratory Center and Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Watterson DM, Pelletier J, Anderson W, Arancio O, Van Eldik L. P4–313: Revisiting protein kinases as CNS targets: Attenuation of synaptic dysfunction. Alzheimers Dement 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Watterson DM, Grum-Tokars VL, Roy SM, Schavocky JP, Bradaric BD, Bachstetter AD, Xing B, Dimayuga E, Saeed F, Zhang H, Staniszewski A, Pelletier JC, Minasov G, Anderson WF, Arancio O, Van Eldik LJ. Development of Novel In Vivo Chemical Probes to Address CNS Protein Kinase Involvement in Synaptic Dysfunction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66226. [PMID: 23840427 PMCID: PMC3694096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine-threonine protein kinases are critical to CNS function, yet there is a dearth of highly selective, CNS-active kinase inhibitors for in vivo investigations. Further, prevailing assumptions raise concerns about whether single kinase inhibitors can show in vivo efficacy for CNS pathologies, and debates over viable approaches to the development of safe and efficacious kinase inhibitors are unsettled. It is critical, therefore, that these scientific challenges be addressed in order to test hypotheses about protein kinases in neuropathology progression and the potential for in vivo modulation of their catalytic activity. Identification of molecular targets whose in vivo modulation can attenuate synaptic dysfunction would provide a foundation for future disease-modifying therapeutic development as well as insight into cellular mechanisms. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest a critical link between synaptic dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders and the activation of p38αMAPK mediated signaling cascades. Activation in both neurons and glia also offers the unusual potential to generate enhanced responses through targeting a single kinase in two distinct cell types involved in pathology progression. However, target validation has been limited by lack of highly selective inhibitors amenable to in vivo use in the CNS. Therefore, we employed high-resolution co-crystallography and pharmacoinformatics to design and develop a novel synthetic, active site targeted, CNS-active, p38αMAPK inhibitor (MW108). Selectivity was demonstrated by large-scale kinome screens, functional GPCR agonist and antagonist analyses of off-target potential, and evaluation of cellular target engagement. In vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that MW108 ameliorates beta-amyloid induced synaptic and cognitive dysfunction. A serendipitous discovery during co-crystallographic analyses revised prevailing models about active site targeting of inhibitors, providing insights that will facilitate future kinase inhibitor design. Overall, our studies deliver highly selective in vivo probes appropriate for CNS investigations and demonstrate that modulation of p38αMAPK activity can attenuate synaptic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Martin Watterson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Valerie L. Grum-Tokars
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Saktimayee M. Roy
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - James P. Schavocky
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Brinda Desai Bradaric
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Bin Xing
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Edgardo Dimayuga
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Faisal Saeed
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka Staniszewski
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Pelletier
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - George Minasov
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wayne F. Anderson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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Morfini GA, Bosco DA, Brown H, Gatto R, Kaminska A, Song Y, Molla L, Baker L, Marangoni MN, Berth S, Tavassoli E, Bagnato C, Tiwari A, Hayward LJ, Pigino GF, Watterson DM, Huang CF, Banker G, Brown RH, Brady ST. Inhibition of fast axonal transport by pathogenic SOD1 involves activation of p38 MAP kinase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65235. [PMID: 23776455 PMCID: PMC3680447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dying-back degeneration of motor neuron axons represents an established feature of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) associated with superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutations, but axon-autonomous effects of pathogenic SOD1 remained undefined. Characteristics of motor neurons affected in FALS include abnormal kinase activation, aberrant neurofilament phosphorylation, and fast axonal transport (FAT) deficits, but functional relationships among these pathogenic events were unclear. Experiments in isolated squid axoplasm reveal that FALS-related SOD1 mutant polypeptides inhibit FAT through a mechanism involving a p38 mitogen activated protein kinase pathway. Mutant SOD1 activated neuronal p38 in mouse spinal cord, neuroblastoma cells and squid axoplasm. Active p38 MAP kinase phosphorylated kinesin-1, and this phosphorylation event inhibited kinesin-1. Finally, vesicle motility assays revealed previously unrecognized, isoform-specific effects of p38 on FAT. Axon-autonomous activation of the p38 pathway represents a novel gain of toxic function for FALS-linked SOD1 proteins consistent with the dying-back pattern of neurodegeneration characteristic of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A. Morfini
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daryl A. Bosco
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hannah Brown
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo Gatto
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka Kaminska
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuyu Song
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Linda Molla
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa Baker
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. Natalia Marangoni
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Berth
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ehsan Tavassoli
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carolina Bagnato
- Department of Natural Sciences and Engineering. National University of Rio Negro, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J. Hayward
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gustavo F. Pigino
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - D. Martin Watterson
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery and Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IIllinois, United States of America
| | - Chun-Fang Huang
- The Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gary Banker
- The Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott T. Brady
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Fazal F, Bijli KM, Murrill M, Leonard A, Minhajuddin M, Anwar KN, Finkelstein JN, Watterson DM, Rahman A. Critical role of non-muscle myosin light chain kinase in thrombin-induced endothelial cell inflammation and lung PMN infiltration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59965. [PMID: 23555849 PMCID: PMC3605402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) involves bidirectional cooperation and close interaction between inflammatory and coagulation pathways. A key molecule linking coagulation and inflammation is the procoagulant thrombin, a serine protease whose concentration is elevated in plasma and lavage fluids of patients with ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, little is known about the mechanism by which thrombin contributes to lung inflammatory response. In this study, we developed a new mouse model that permits investigation of lung inflammation associated with intravascular coagulation. Using this mouse model and in vitro approaches, we addressed the role of non-muscle myosin light chain kinase (nmMLCK) in thrombin-induced endothelial cell (EC) inflammation and lung neutrophil (PMN) infiltration. Our in vitro experiments revealed a key role of nmMLCK in ICAM-1 expression by its ability to control nuclear translocation and transcriptional capacity of RelA/p65 in EC. When subjected to intraperitoneal thrombin challenge, wild type mice showed a marked increase in lung PMN infiltration via expression of ICAM-1. However, these responses were markedly attenuated in mice deficient in nmMLCK. These results provide mechanistic insight into lung inflammatory response associated with intravascular coagulation and identify nmMLCK as a critical target for modulation of lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabeha Fazal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America.
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Al-Sadi R, Guo S, Dokladny K, Smith MA, Ye D, Kaza A, Watterson DM, Ma TY. Mechanism of interleukin-1β induced-increase in mouse intestinal permeability in vivo. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:474-84. [PMID: 22817402 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has been shown to play an essential role in mediating intestinal inflammation of Crohn's disease and other inflammatory conditions of the gut. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that IL-1β causes an increase in intestinal tight-junction permeability in Caco-2 monolayers in vitro. However, the IL-1β effect on the intestinal epithelial barrier in vivo remains unclear. AIMS the major aims of this study were to examine the effect of IL-1β on mouse intestinal epithelial barrier in vivo and to delineate the mechanisms involved using an in vivo model system consisting of a recycling perfusion of mouse small intestine. Intraperitonial injection of IL-1β at varying doses (0-10 μg) caused a concentration-dependent increase in mouse intestinal permeability to the paracellular marker dextran (10 KD), and the maximal increase in dextran flux occurred at IL-1β dose of 5 μg. IL-1β treatment caused an increase in myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) mRNA and protein expression in the small intestinal tissue starting at 24 h, which continued up to 72 h. Additionally, IL-1β did not cause an increase in intestinal permeability in MLCK-deficient mice (C57BL/6 MLCK(-/-)). MLCK inhibitor ML-7 (2 mg/kg body weight) also inhibited the IL-1β-induced increase in small intestinal permeability. The IL-1β-induced increase in mouse intestinal permeability was associated with an increase in NF-κB activation. The intestinal tissue-specific silencing of NF-κB p65 inhibited the IL-1β-induced increase in intestinal permeability and increase in MLCK expression. These data show for the first time that IL-1β causes an increase in mouse intestinal permeability in vivo. These data suggested that the mechanism of IL-1β-induced increase in mouse intestinal permeability in vivo involved NF-κB p65-induced activation of the mouse enterocyte MLCK gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Al-Sadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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24
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Van Eldik L, Bachstetter A, Sompol P, St. Clair D, Watterson DM. P2‐382: Targeting proinflammatory cytokine up‐regulation with a novel anti‐cytokine therapeutic, MW‐151, attenuates pathology in an APP/PS1 knock‐in mouse model. Alzheimers Dement 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bachstetter AD, Xing B, de Almeida L, Dimayuga ER, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ. Microglial p38α MAPK is a key regulator of proinflammatory cytokine up-regulation induced by toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands or beta-amyloid (Aβ). J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:79. [PMID: 21733175 PMCID: PMC3142505 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines from activated microglia has been implicated as an important contributor to pathophysiology progression in both acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is critical to elucidate intracellular signaling pathways that are significant contributors to cytokine overproduction in microglia exposed to specific stressors, especially pathways amenable to drug interventions. The serine/threonine protein kinase p38α MAPK is a key enzyme in the parallel and convergent intracellular signaling pathways involved in stressor-induced production of IL-1β and TNFα in peripheral tissues, and is a drug development target for peripheral inflammatory diseases. However, much less is known about the quantitative importance of microglial p38α MAPK in stressor-induced cytokine overproduction, or the potential of microglial p38α MAPK to be a druggable target for CNS disorders. Therefore, we examined the contribution of microglial p38αMAPK to cytokine up-regulation, with a focus on the potential to suppress the cytokine increase by inhibition of the kinase with pharmacological or genetic approaches. METHODS The microglial cytokine response to TLR ligands 2/3/4/7/8/9 or to Aβ1-42 was tested in the presence of a CNS-penetrant p38α MAPK inhibitor, MW01-2-069A-SRM. Primary microglia from mice genetically deficient in p38α MAPK were used to further establish a linkage between microglia p38α MAPK and cytokine overproduction. The in vivo significance was determined by p38α MAPK inhibitor treatment in a LPS-induced model of acute neuroinflammation. RESULTS Increased IL-1β and TNFα production by the BV-2 microglial cell line and by primary microglia cultures was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by the p38α MAPK-targeted inhibitor. Cellular target engagement was demonstrated by the accompanying decrease in the phosphorylation state of two p38α MAPK protein substrates, MK2 and MSK1. Consistent with the pharmacological findings, microglia from p38α-deficient mice showed a diminished cytokine response to LPS. Further, oral administration of the inhibitor blocked the increase of IL-1β in the cerebral cortex of mice stressed by intraperitoneal injection of LPS. CONCLUSION The p38α MAPK pathway is an important contributor to the increased microglial production of proinflammatory cytokines induced by diverse stressors. The results also indicate the feasibility of targeting p38α MAPK to modulate CNS proinflammatory cytokine overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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26
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Chrzaszcz M, Venkatesan C, Dragisic T, Watterson DM, Wainwright MS. Minozac treatment prevents increased seizure susceptibility in a mouse "two-hit" model of closed skull traumatic brain injury and electroconvulsive shock-induced seizures. J Neurotrauma 2011; 27:1283-95. [PMID: 20486807 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms linking traumatic brain injury (TBI) to post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) are not known and no therapy for prevention of PTE is available. We used a mouse closed-skull midline impact model to test the hypotheses that TBI increases susceptibility to seizures in a "two-hit" injury model, and that suppression of cytokine upregulation after the first hit will attenuate the increased susceptibility to the second neurological insult. Adult male CD-1 mice underwent midline closed skull pneumatic impact. At 3 and 6 h after impact or sham procedure, the mice were injected IP with either Minozac (Mzc), a suppressor of proinflammatory cytokine upregulation, or vehicle (saline). On day 7 after sham operation or TBI, seizures were induced using electroconvulsive shock (ECS), and susceptibility to seizures was measured by the current required for seizure induction. Activation of glia, neuronal injury, and metallothionein-immunoreactive cells were quantified in the hippocampus by immunohistochemical methods. Neurobehavioral function over 14-day recovery was quantified using the Barnes maze. Following TBI there was a significant increase in susceptibility to seizures induced by ECS, and this susceptibility was prevented by suppression of cytokine upregulation with Mzc. Astrocyte activation, metallothionein expression, and neurobehavioral impairment were also increased in the two-hit group subjected to combined TBI and ECS. These enhanced responses in the two-hit group were also prevented by suppression of proinflammatory cytokine upregulation with Mzc. These data implicate glial activation in the mechanisms of epileptogenesis after TBI, and identify a potential therapeutic approach to attenuate the delayed neurological sequelae of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaryAnn Chrzaszcz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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27
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Ross B, Tran T, Bhattacharya P, Martin Watterson D, Sailasuta N. Application of NMR Spectroscopy in Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2011; 11:93-114. [DOI: 10.2174/156802611793611850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Chen T, Benmohamed R, Arvanites AC, Ranaivo HR, Morimoto RI, Ferrante RJ, Watterson DM, Kirsch DR, Silverman RB. Arylsulfanyl pyrazolones block mutant SOD1-G93A aggregation. Potential application for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:613-22. [PMID: 21095130 PMCID: PMC3014451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an orphan neurodegenerative disease currently without a cure. Mutations in copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of this disease. Using a high-throughput screening assay expressing mutant G93A SOD1, two bioactive chemical hit compounds (1 and 2), identified as arylsulfanyl pyrazolones, were identified. The structural optimization of this scaffold led to the generation of a more potent analogue (19) with an EC(50) of 170nM. To determine the suitability of this class of compounds for further optimization, 1 was subjected to a battery of pharmacokinetic assays; most of the properties of 1 were good for a screening hit, except it had a relatively rapid clearance and short microsomal half-life stability. Compound 2 was found to be blood-brain barrier penetrating with a brain/plasma ratio=0.19. The optimization of this class of compounds could produce novel therapeutic candidates for ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 USA
| | | | | | - Hantamalala Ralay Ranaivo
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Richard I. Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3500 USA
| | - Robert J. Ferrante
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, USA and the Department of Neurology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 USA
| | - D. Martin Watterson
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | | | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 USA
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Mirzapoiazova T, Moitra J, Moreno-Vinasco L, Sammani S, Turner JR, Chiang ET, Evenoski C, Wang T, Singleton PA, Huang Y, Lussier YA, Watterson DM, Dudek SM, Garcia JGN. Non-muscle myosin light chain kinase isoform is a viable molecular target in acute inflammatory lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 44:40-52. [PMID: 20139351 PMCID: PMC3028257 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0197oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and mechanical ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), major causes of acute respiratory failure with elevated morbidity and mortality, are characterized by significant pulmonary inflammation and alveolar/vascular barrier dysfunction. Previous studies highlighted the role of the non-muscle myosin light chain kinase isoform (nmMLCK) as an essential element of the inflammatory response, with variants in the MYLK gene that contribute to ALI susceptibility. To define nmMLCK involvement further in acute inflammatory syndromes, we used two murine models of inflammatory lung injury, induced by either an intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS model) or mechanical ventilation with increased tidal volumes (the VILI model). Intravenous delivery of the membrane-permeant MLC kinase peptide inhibitor, PIK, produced a dose-dependent attenuation of both LPS-induced lung inflammation and VILI (~50% reductions in alveolar/vascular permeability and leukocyte influx). Intravenous injections of nmMLCK silencing RNA, either directly or as cargo within angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) antibody-conjugated liposomes (to target the pulmonary vasculature selectively), decreased nmMLCK lung expression (∼70% reduction) and significantly attenuated LPS-induced and VILI-induced lung inflammation (∼40% reduction in bronchoalveolar lavage protein). Compared with wild-type mice, nmMLCK knockout mice were significantly protected from VILI, with significant reductions in VILI-induced gene expression in biological pathways such as nrf2-mediated oxidative stress, coagulation, p53-signaling, leukocyte extravasation, and IL-6-signaling. These studies validate nmMLCK as an attractive target for ameliorating the adverse effects of dysregulated lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Mirzapoiazova
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - Jaideep Moitra
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - Liliana Moreno-Vinasco
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - Saad Sammani
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - Jerry R. Turner
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - Eddie T. Chiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - Carrie Evenoski
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - Patrick A. Singleton
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - Yves A. Lussier
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - D. Martin Watterson
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - Steven M. Dudek
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - Joe G. N. Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Pathology; Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago; Northwestern Medical School; and Institute for Personalized and Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois
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Zimmermann M, Atmanene C, Xu Q, Fouillen L, Van Dorsselaer A, Bonnet D, Marsol C, Hibert M, Sanglier-Cianferani S, Pigault C, McNamara LK, Watterson DM, Haiech J, Kilhoffer MC. Homodimerization of the death-associated protein kinase catalytic domain: development of a new small molecule fluorescent reporter. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14120. [PMID: 21152427 PMCID: PMC2994711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Death-Associated Protein Kinase (DAPK) is a member of the Ca2+/calmodulin regulated serine/threonine protein kinases. Its biological function has been associated with induced cell death, and in vivo use of selective small molecule inhibitors of DAPK catalytic activity has demonstrated that it is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Methodology/Principal Findings In the in vitro study presented here, we describe the homodimerization of DAPK catalytic domain and the crucial role played by its basic loop structure that is part of the molecular fingerprint of death protein kinases. Nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry of DAPK catalytic domain and a basic loop mutant DAPK protein performed under a variety of conditions was used to detect the monomer-dimer interchange. A chemical biological approach was used to find a fluorescent probe that allowed us to follow the oligomerization state of the protein in solution. Conclusions/Significance The use of this combined biophysical and chemical biology approach facilitated the elucidation of a monomer-dimer equilibrium in which the basic loop plays a key role, as well as an apparent allosteric conformational change reported by the fluorescent probe that is independent of the basic loop structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zimmermann
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Cédric Atmanene
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Département Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Qingyan Xu
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
- School of Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Département Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Département Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Claire Marsol
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Marcel Hibert
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Sarah Sanglier-Cianferani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Département Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claire Pigault
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | | | | | - Jacques Haiech
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Marie-Claude Kilhoffer
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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Eldik LJ, Grossman AR, Iverson DB, Watterson DM. Isolation and characterization of calmodulin from spinach leaves and in vitro translation mixtures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 77:1912-6. [PMID: 16592801 PMCID: PMC348619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.4.1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin, a multifunctional calcium-modulated protein, has been isolated from spinach leaf tissue and from spinach leaf messenger RNA translation products. The translation protein and the spinach leaf protein have been partially characterized and compared to vertebrate calmodulins. Spinach leaf calmodulin will quantitatively activate bovine brain phosphodiesterase and will undergo a calcium-dependent shift in electrophoretic mobility similar to that of bovine brain calmodulin. In the presence of Ca(2+) the spinach and brain proteins comigrate, but in the presence of chelators they do not. A polyadenylylated RNA fraction has been isolated from spinach leaf tissue and translated in a wheat germ cell-free translation system. The calmodulin synthesized in vitro has been isolated by using calcium-dependent affinity chromatography on phenothiazine-Sepharose conjugates. The translation protein comigrates with spinach calmodulin during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis whether in the presence or the absence of Ca(2+). The translation protein also undergoes a calcium-dependent mobility shift identical to that of spinach calmodulin. Amino acid analysis of the translation calmodulin indicates that it does not contain N(epsilon)-trimethyllysine, an amino acid residue that is characteristic of all calmodulins previously examined. These studies suggest that N(epsilon)-trimethyllysine is not required for the calcium-dependent interaction of calmodulin with phenothiazines and indicate the potential utility of phenothiazine-Sepharose conjugates as affinity-based adsorbents in biological and biochemical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Eldik
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021
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32
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Chico LK, Watterson DM. Informatics‐driven, fragment‐based drug discovery and refinement engine coupled with integrative pharmacology screens effectively prioritizes novel CNS experimental therapeutic selection. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.910.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Protein kinases are a growing drug target class in disorders in peripheral tissues, but the development of kinase-targeted therapies for central nervous system (CNS) diseases remains a challenge, largely owing to issues associated specifically with CNS drug discovery. However, several candidate therapeutics that target CNS protein kinases are now in various stages of preclinical and clinical development. We review candidate compounds and discuss selected CNS protein kinases that are emerging as important therapeutic targets. In addition, we analyse trends in small-molecule properties that correlate with key challenges in CNS drug discovery, such as blood-brain barrier penetrance and cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism, and discuss the potential of future approaches that will integrate molecular-fragment expansion with pharmacoinformatics to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Chico
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Silverman RB, Lawton GR, Ralay Ranaivo H, Chico LK, Seo J, Watterson DM. Effect of potential amine prodrugs of selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on blood-brain barrier penetration. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7593-605. [PMID: 19796958 PMCID: PMC2775413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Several prodrug approaches were taken to mask amino groups in two potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors containing either a primary or secondary amino group to lower the charge and improve blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. The primary amine was masked as an azide and the secondary amine as an amide or carbamate. The azide was not reduced to the amine under a variety of in vitro and ex vivo conditions. Despite the decrease in charge of the amino group as an amide and as carbamates, BBB penetration did not increase. It appears that the uses of azides as prodrugs for primary amines or amides and carbamates as prodrugs for secondary amines are not universally effective for CNS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, United States.
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Chico LK, Behanna HA, Hu W, Zhong G, Roy SM, Watterson DM. Molecular properties and CYP2D6 substrates: central nervous system therapeutics case study and pattern analysis of a substrate database. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:2204-11. [PMID: 19661215 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.028134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP2D6 substrate status is a critical Go/No Go decision criteria in central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery efforts because the polymorphic nature of CYP2D6 can lead to variable patient safety and drug efficacy. In addition, CYP2D6 is disproportionately involved in the metabolism of CNS drugs compared with other drug classes. Therefore, identifying trends in small molecule properties of CNS-penetrant compounds that can help discriminate potential CYP2D6 substrates from nonsubstrates would allow additional prioritization in the synthesis and biological evaluation of new therapeutic candidates. We report here the conversion of the CNS drug minaprine from substrate to nonsubstrate, as well as the conversion of the related CNS drug minozac from nonsubstrate to substrate, through the use of analog synthesis and CYP2D6 enzyme kinetic analyses. No single molecular property strongly correlated with substrate status for this 3-amino-4-methyl-6-phenylpyridazine scaffold, although molecular volume and charge appeared to be indirectly related. A parsed database of CYP2D6 substrates across diverse chemical structures was assembled and analyzed for physical property trends correlating with substrate status. We found that a complex interplay of properties influenced CYP2D6 substrate status and that the particular chemical scaffold affects which properties are most prominent. The results also identified an unexpected issue in CNS drug discovery, in that some property trends correlative with CYP2D6 substrates overlap previously reported properties that correlate with CNS penetrance. These results suggest the need for a careful balance in the design and synthesis of new CNS therapeutic candidates to avoid CYP2D6 substrate status while maintaining CNS penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Chico
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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36
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Somera-Molina KC, Nair S, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM, Wainwright MS. Enhanced microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine upregulation are linked to increased susceptibility to seizures and neurologic injury in a 'two-hit' seizure model. Brain Res 2009; 1282:162-72. [PMID: 19501063 PMCID: PMC2739829 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Early-life seizures result in increased susceptibility to seizures and greater neurologic injury with a second insult in adulthood. The mechanisms which link seizures in early-life to increased susceptibility to neurologic injury following a 'second hit' are not known. We examined the contribution of microglial activation and increased proinflammatory cytokine production to the subsequent increase in susceptibility to neurologic injury using a kainic acid (KA)-induced, established 'two-hit' seizure model in rats. Postnatal day (P)15 rats were administered intraperitoneal KA (early-life seizures) or saline, followed on P45 with either a 'second hit' of KA, a first exposure to KA (adult seizures), or saline. We measured the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and S100B), the chemokine CCL2, microglial activation, seizure susceptibility and neuronal outcomes in adult rats 12 h and 10 days after the second hit on P45. The 'two-hit' group exposed to KA on both P15 and P45 had higher levels of cytokines, greater microglial activation, and increased susceptibility to seizures and neurologic injury compared to the adult seizures group. Treatment after early-life seizures with Minozac, a small molecule experimental therapeutic that targets upregulated proinflammatory cytokine production, attenuated the enhanced microglial and cytokine responses, the increased susceptibility to seizures, and the greater neuronal injury in the 'two-hit' group. These results implicate microglial activation as one mechanism by which early-life seizures contribute to increased vulnerability to neurologic insults in adulthood, and indicate the potential longer term benefits of early-life intervention with therapies that target up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C. Somera-Molina
- Integrated Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Pediatric Critical Illness and Injury, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sangeetha Nair
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Pediatric Critical Illness and Injury, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Linda J. Van Eldik
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - D. Martin Watterson
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Mark S. Wainwright
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Pediatric Critical Illness and Injury, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Marchenko AV, Sidorova MV, Sekridova AV, Bushuev VN, Lakomkin VL, Orlova TR, Stepanova OV, Kapel'ko VI, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ, Bespalova ZD, Shirinskiĭ VP. [Penetrating peptide inhibitor of the myosin light chain kinase suppresses hyperpermeability of vascular endothelium]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2009; 95:507-515. [PMID: 19569527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonapeptide H-Arg-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Lys-NH2 corresponding to a modified sequence of autoinhibitory region of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) was synthesized from L-amino acids and from D-amino acids. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy it has been demonstrated that D-peptide is significantly more stable in human blood plasma than its L-enantiomer. D-peptide accumulated in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells suppressed development of hyperpermeability in endothelial monolayer induced by thrombin addition. Following intravenous administration D-peptide decreased the extent of lung oedema in rats induced by infusion of oleic acid in bloodstream. Thus, the peptide molecules based on an autoinhibitory peptide of MLCK may serve as a prototype for development of a novel antioedematous drugs that directly affect the MLCK-dependent motile processes in vascular endothelium.
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McNamara LK, Watterson DM, Brunzelle JS. Structural insight into nucleotide recognition by human death-associated protein kinase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2009; 65:241-8. [PMID: 19237746 PMCID: PMC2651756 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444908043679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of DAPK–ADP–Mg2+ and DAPK–AMP-PNP–Mg2+ complexes were determined at 1.85 and 2.00 Å resolution, respectively. Comparison of the two nucleotide-bound states with apo DAPK revealed localized changes in the glycine-rich loop region that were indicative of a transition from a more open state to a more closed state on binding of the nucleotide substrate and to an intermediate state with the bound nucleotide product. Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) is a member of the Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated family of serine/threonine protein kinases. The role of the kinase activity of DAPK in eukaryotic cell apoptosis and the ability of bioavailable DAPK inhibitors to rescue neuronal death after brain injury have made it a drug-discovery target for neurodegenerative disorders. In order to understand the recognition of nucleotides by DAPK and to gain insight into DAPK catalysis, the crystal structure of human DAPK was solved in complex with ADP and Mg2+ at 1.85 Å resolution. ADP is a product of the kinase reaction and product release is considered to be the rate-limiting step of protein kinase catalytic cycles. The structure of DAPK–ADP–Mg2+ was compared with a newly determined DAPK–AMP-PNP–Mg2+ structure and the previously determined apo DAPK structure (PDB code 1jks). The comparison shows that nucleotide-induced changes are localized to the glycine-rich loop region of DAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie K McNamara
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Lawton GR, Ralay Ranaivo H, Chico LK, Ji H, Xue F, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Watterson DM, Silverman RB. Analogues of 2-aminopyridine-based selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase with increased bioavailability. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2371-80. [PMID: 19268602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of nitric oxide by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases. We have recently designed potent and isoform selective inhibitors of nNOS, but the lead compound contains several basic functional groups. A large number of charges and hydrogen bond donors can impede the ability of molecules to cross the blood brain barrier and thereby limit the effectiveness of potential neurological therapeutics. Replacement of secondary amines in our lead compound with neutral ether and amide groups was made to increase bioavailability and to determine if the potency and selectivity of the inhibitor would be impacted. An ether analogue has been identified that retains a similar potency and selectivity to that of the lead compound, and shows increased ability to penetrate the blood brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
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40
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Karpus WJ, Reynolds N, Behanna HA, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM. Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a novel small molecular weight proinflammatory cytokine suppressing drug. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 203:73-8. [PMID: 18678415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T cell-mediated, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that serves as a model for various cellular and molecular aspects of the human disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). Although EAE has long been considered a T cell-mediated disease, macrophages play a role in disease pathogenesis and are known to accumulate in the CNS under the control of chemokines. In the present report we demonstrate that mice induced to develop EAE were treated with a small molecular weight molecule that suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production which resulted in significantly decreased clinical EAE, CNS CCL2 expression and CNS macrophage accumulation. These results demonstrate the efficacy of a novel class of therapeutic molecules for CNS demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Karpus
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Borders AS, de Almeida L, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM. The p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase as a central nervous system drug discovery target. BMC Neurosci 2008; 9 Suppl 2:S12. [PMID: 19090985 PMCID: PMC2604896 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-s2-s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are critical modulators of a variety of cellular signal transduction pathways, and abnormal phosphorylation events can be a cause or contributor to disease progression in a variety of disorders. This has led to the emergence of protein kinases as an important new class of drug targets for small molecule therapeutics. A serine/threonine protein kinase, p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), is an established therapeutic target for peripheral inflammatory disorders because of its critical role in regulation of proinflammatory cytokine production. There is increasing evidence that p38α MAPK is also an important regulator of proinflammatory cytokine levels in the central nervous system, raising the possibility that the kinase may be a drug discovery target for central nervous system disorders where cytokine overproduction contributes to disease progression. Development of bioavailable, central nervous system-penetrant p38α MAPK inhibitors provides the required foundation for drug discovery campaigns targeting p38α MAPK in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Borders
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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McNamara LK, Schavocky JP, Brunzelle JS, Watterson DM. P3‐304: Death associated protein kinase (DAPK): A calcium/calmodulin (CAM) regulator of neuronal apoptosis that is a drug discovery target for neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Borders AS, McNamara LK, Roy SM, Chico LW, Pishchulina A, Almeida LM, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM. P2‐419: Development of novel protein kinase inhibitors as experimental therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lloyd E, Somera-Molina K, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM, Wainwright MS. Suppression of acute proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine upregulation by post-injury administration of a novel small molecule improves long-term neurologic outcome in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5:28. [PMID: 18590543 PMCID: PMC2483713 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) with its associated morbidity is a major area of unmet medical need that lacks effective therapies. TBI initiates a neuroinflammatory cascade characterized by activation of astrocytes and microglia, and increased production of immune mediators including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This inflammatory response contributes both to the acute pathologic processes following TBI including cerebral edema, in addition to longer-term neuronal damage and cognitive impairment. However, activated glia also play a neuroprotective and reparative role in recovery from injury. Thus, potential therapeutic strategies targeting the neuroinflammatory cascade must use careful dosing considerations, such as amount of drug and timing of administration post injury, in order not to interfere with the reparative contribution of activated glia. METHODS We tested the hypothesis that attenuation of the acute increase in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines following TBI would decrease neurologic injury and improve functional neurologic outcome. We used the small molecule experimental therapeutic, Minozac (Mzc), to suppress TBI-induced up-regulation of glial activation and proinflammatory cytokines back towards basal levels. Mzc was administered in a clinically relevant time window post-injury in a murine closed-skull, cortical impact model of TBI. Mzc effects on the acute increase in brain cytokine and chemokine levels were measured as well as the effect on neuronal injury and neurobehavioral function. RESULTS Administration of Mzc (5 mg/kg) at 3 h and 9 h post-TBI attenuates the acute increase in proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels, reduces astrocyte activation, and the longer term neurologic injury, and neurobehavioral deficits measured by Y maze performance over a 28-day recovery period. Mzc-treated animals also have no significant increase in brain water content (edema), a major cause of the neurologic morbidity associated with TBI. CONCLUSION These results support the hypothesis that proinflammatory cytokines contribute to a glial activation cycle that produces neuronal dysfunction or injury following TBI. The improvement in long-term functional neurologic outcome following suppression of cytokine upregulation in a clinically relevant therapeutic window indicates that selective targeting of neuroinflammation may lead to novel therapies for the major neurologic morbidities resulting from head injury, and indicates the potential of Mzc as a future therapeutic for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lloyd
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, 2300 Children's Plaza, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
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45
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Reynoso R, Perrin RM, Breslin JW, Daines DA, Watson KD, Watterson DM, Wu MH, Yuan S. A role for long chain myosin light chain kinase (MLCK-210) in microvascular hyperpermeability during severe burns. Shock 2007; 28:589-95. [PMID: 17577141 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31804d415f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular leakage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction during trauma. Previous studies suggest the involvement of myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation-triggered endothelial contraction in the development of microvascular hyperpermeability. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) plays a key role in the control of MLC-phosphorylation status; thus, it is thought to modulate barrier function through its regulation of intracellular contractile machinery. The aim of this study was to further investigate the endothelial mechanism of MLC-dependent barrier injury in burns, focusing on the long isoform of MLCK (MLCK-210) that has recently been identified as the predominant isoform expressed in vascular endothelial cells. An MLCK-210 knockout mouse model was subjected to third-degree scald burn covering 25% total body surface area. The mesenteric microcirculation was observed using intravital microscopy, and the microvascular permeability was assessed by measuring the transvenular flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate-albumin. In a separate experiment, in vivo mesenteric hydraulic conductivity (Lp) was measured using the modified Landis technique. The injury caused a profound microvascular leakage, as indicated by a 2-fold increase in albumin flux and 4-fold increase in Lp at the early stages, which was associated with a high mortality within the 24-h period. Compared with wild-type control, the MLCK-210-deficient mice displayed a significantly improved survival with a greatly attenuated microvascular hyperpermeability response to albumin and fluid. These results provide direct evidence for a role of MLCK-210 in mediating burn-induced microvascular barrier injury and validate MLCK-210 as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of burn edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashell Reynoso
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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46
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Guo X, Nakamura K, Kohyama K, Harada C, Behanna HA, Watterson DM, Matsumoto Y, Harada T. Inhibition of glial cell activation ameliorates the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurosci Res 2007; 59:457-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Munoz L, Ranaivo HR, Roy SM, Hu W, Craft JM, McNamara LK, Chico LW, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM. A novel p38 alpha MAPK inhibitor suppresses brain proinflammatory cytokine up-regulation and attenuates synaptic dysfunction and behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. J Neuroinflammation 2007; 4:21. [PMID: 17784957 PMCID: PMC2014744 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-4-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An accumulating body of evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that excessive or prolonged increases in proinflammatory cytokine production by activated glia is a contributor to the progression of pathophysiology that is causally linked to synaptic dysfunction and hippocampal behavior deficits in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This raises the opportunity for the development of new classes of potentially disease-modifying therapeutics. A logical candidate CNS target is p38α MAPK, a well-established drug discovery molecular target for altering proinflammatory cytokine cascades in peripheral tissue disorders. Activated p38 MAPK is seen in human AD brain tissue and in AD-relevant animal models, and cell culture studies strongly implicate p38 MAPK in the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines by glia activated with human amyloid-beta (Aβ) and other disease-relevant stressors. However, the vast majority of small molecule drugs do not have sufficient penetrance of the blood-brain barrier to allow their use as in vivo research tools or as therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that brain p38α MAPK is a potential in vivo target for orally bioavailable, small molecules capable of suppressing excessive cytokine production by activated glia back towards homeostasis, allowing an improvement in neurologic outcomes. Methods A novel synthetic small molecule based on a molecular scaffold used previously was designed, synthesized, and subjected to analyses to demonstrate its potential in vivo bioavailability, metabolic stability, safety and brain uptake. Testing for in vivo efficacy used an AD-relevant mouse model. Results A novel, CNS-penetrant, non-toxic, orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of p38α MAPK (MW01-2-069A-SRM) was developed. Oral administration of the compound at a low dose (2.5 mg/kg) resulted in attenuation of excessive proinflammatory cytokine production in the hippocampus back towards normal in the animal model. Animals with attenuated cytokine production had reductions in synaptic dysfunction and hippocampus-dependent behavioral deficits. Conclusion The p38α MAPK pathway is quantitatively important in the Aβ-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines in hippocampus, and brain p38α MAPK is a viable molecular target for future development of potential disease-modifying therapeutics in AD and related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Munoz
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Mailcode W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy A15, University of Sydney, NSW2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hantamalala Ralay Ranaivo
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Mailcode W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Saktimayee M Roy
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Mailcode W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Mailcode W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Science Park, 510663, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jeffrey M Craft
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Mailcode W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laurie K McNamara
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Mailcode W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Laura Wing Chico
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Mailcode W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Mailcode W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Mailcode W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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48
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Somera-Molina KC, Robin B, Somera CA, Anderson C, Stine C, Koh S, Behanna HA, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM, Wainwright MS. Glial Activation Links Early-Life Seizures and Long-Term Neurologic Dysfunction: Evidence Using a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Proinflammatory Cytokine Upregulation. Epilepsia 2007; 48:1785-1800. [PMID: 17521344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early-life seizures increase vulnerability to subsequent neurologic insult. We tested the hypothesis that early-life seizures increase susceptibility to later neurologic injury by causing chronic glial activation. To determine the mechanisms by which glial activation may modulate neurologic injury, we examined both acute changes in proinflammatory cytokines and long-term changes in astrocyte and microglial activation and astrocyte glutamate transporters in a "two-hit" model of kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures. METHODS Postnatal day (P) 15 male rats were administered KA or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). On P45 animals either received a second treatment of KA or PBS. On P55, control (PBS-PBS), early-life seizure (KA-PBS), adult seizure (PBS-KA), and "two-hit" (KA-KA) groups were examined for astrocyte and microglial activation, alteration in glutamate transporters, and expression of the glial protein, clusterin. RESULTS P15 seizures resulted in an acute increase in hippocampal levels of IL-1beta and S100B, followed by behavioral impairment and long-term increases in GFAP and S100B. Animals in the "two-hit" group showed greater microglial activation, neurologic injury, and susceptibility to seizures compared to the adult seizure group. Glutamate transporters increased following seizures but did not differ between these two groups. Treatment with Minozac, a small molecule inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokine upregulation, following early-life seizures prevented both the long-term increase in activated glia and the associated behavioral impairment. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that glial activation following early-life seizures results in increased susceptibility to seizures in adulthood, in part through priming microglia and enhanced microglial activation. Glial activation may be a novel therapeutic target in pediatric epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Somera-Molina
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Beverley Robin
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Cherie Ann Somera
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Anderson
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Christy Stine
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Sookyong Koh
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Heather A Behanna
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Mark S Wainwright
- Integrated Graduate Program, Department of PediatricsNeurologyNeonatologyCenter for Drug Discovery and Chemical BiologyDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
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Ralay Ranaivo H, Carusio N, Wangensteen R, Ohlmann P, Loichot C, Tesse A, Chalupsky K, Lobysheva I, Haiech J, Watterson DM, Andriantsitohaina R. Protection against endotoxic shock as a consequence of reduced nitrosative stress in MLCK210-null mice. Am J Pathol 2007; 170:439-46. [PMID: 17255312 PMCID: PMC1851870 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the consequences of deletion of the long isoform of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK210) on the cardiovascular changes induced by the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cecal ligation puncture using MLCK210-/- mice. Here, we provide evidence that deletion of MLCK210 enhanced survival after intraperitoneal injection of LPS or cecal ligation puncture. LPS-induced vascular hyporeactivity to vasoconstrictor agents was completely prevented in aorta from MLCK210-/- mice. This was associated with a decreased up-regulation of nuclear facor-kappaB expression and activity, inducible nitric-oxide synthase, and level of oxidative stress in the vascular media. Furthermore, LPS-induced increase of nitric oxide production in the circulation and tissues (including heart, liver, and lung) that was correlated with an increased expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase was also reduced in MLCK210-/- mice. These data demonstrate a role for MLCK210 in endotoxin shock injury associated with oxidative and nitrosative stresses and vascular hyporeactivity.
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50
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Rossi JL, Velentza AV, Steinhorn DM, Watterson DM, Wainwright MS. MLCK210 gene knockout or kinase inhibition preserves lung function following endotoxin-induced lung injury in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L1327-34. [PMID: 17307813 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00380.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrier dysfunction, involving the endothelium or epithelium, is implicated in the pathophysiology of many disease states, including acute and ventilator-associated lung injury. Evidence from cell culture, in vivo and clinical studies, has identified myosin light chain kinase as a drug discovery target for such diseases. Here, we measured disease-relevant end points to test the hypothesis that inhibition of myosin light chain kinase is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of barrier dysfunction resulting from acute lung injury. We used a combined gene knockout and chemical biology approach with an in vivo intact lung injury model. We showed that inhibition of myosin light chain kinase protects lung function, preserves oxygenation, prevents acidosis, and enhances survival after endotoxin exposure with subsequent mechanical ventilation. This protective effect provided by the small molecule inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase is present when the inhibitor is administered during a clinically relevant injury paradigm after endotoxin exposure. Treatment with inhibitor confers additional protection against acute lung injury to that provided by a standard protective mode of ventilation. These results support the hypothesis that myosin light chain kinase is a potential therapeutic target for acute lung injury and provide clinical end points of arterial blood gases and pulmonary compliance that facilitate the direct extrapolation of these studies to measures used in critical care medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Rossi
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Univ., 303 E. Chicago Ave., Ward 8-196, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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