1
|
Chaudhry N, Muhammad H, Seidl C, Downes D, Young DA, Hao Y, Zhu L, Vincent TL. Highly efficient CRISPR-Cas9-mediated editing identifies novel mechanosensitive microRNA-140 targets in primary human articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:596-604. [PMID: 35074547 PMCID: PMC8987936 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MicroRNA 140 (miR-140) is a chondrocyte-specific endogenous gene regulator implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). As mechanical injury is a primary aetiological factor in OA, we investigated miR-140-dependent mechanosensitive gene regulation using a novel CRISPR-Cas9 methodology in primary human chondrocytes. METHOD Primary (passage 1/2) human OA chondrocytes were isolated from arthroplasty samples (six donors) and transfected with ribonuclear protein complexes or plasmids using single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting miR-140, in combination with Cas9 endonuclease. Combinations of sgRNAs and single/double transfections were tested. Gene editing was measured by T7 endonuclease 1 (T7E1) assay. miRNA levels were confirmed by qPCR in chondrocytes and in wild type murine femoral head cartilage after acute injury. Predicted close match off-targets were examined. Mechanosensitive miR-140 target validation was assessed in 42 injury-associated genes using TaqMan Microfluidic cards in targeted and donor-matched control chondrocytes. Identified targets were examined in RNAseq data from costal chondrocytes from miR-140-/- mice. RESULTS High efficiency gene editing of miR-140 (90-98%) was obtained when two sgRNAs were combined with double RNP-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 transfection. miR-140 levels fell rapidly after femoral cartilage injury. Of the top eight miR-140 gene targets identified (P < 0.01), we validated three previously identified ones (septin 2, bone morphogenetic protein 2 and fibroblast growth factor 2). Novel targets included Agrin, a newly recognised pro-regenerative cartilage agent, and proteins associated with retinoic acid signalling and the primary cilium. CONCLUSION We describe a highly efficient CRISPR-Cas9-mediated strategy for gene editing in primary human chondrocytes and identify several novel mechanosensitive miR-140 targets of disease relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Chaudhry
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - H Muhammad
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - C Seidl
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - D Downes
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - D A Young
- Skeletal Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Y Hao
- Skeletal Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - L Zhu
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - T L Vincent
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Patel K, Chandrasegaran S, Clark IM, Proctor CJ, Young DA, Shanley DP. TimiRGeN: R/Bioconductor package for time series microRNA-mRNA integration and analysis. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:3604-3609. [PMID: 33993215 PMCID: PMC8545325 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation The analysis of longitudinal datasets and construction of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) provide a valuable means to disentangle the complexity of microRNA (miRNA)–mRNA interactions. However, there are no computational tools that can integrate, conduct functional analysis and generate detailed networks from longitudinal miRNA–mRNA datasets. Results We present TimiRGeN, an R package that uses time point-based differential expression results to identify miRNA–mRNA interactions influencing signaling pathways of interest. miRNA–mRNA interactions can be visualized in R or exported to PathVisio or Cytoscape. The output can be used for hypothesis generation and directing in vitro or further in silico work such as GRN construction. Availability and implementation TimiRGeN is available for download on Bioconductor (https://bioconductor.org/packages/TimiRGeN) and requires R v4.0.2 or newer and BiocManager v3.12 or newer. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Patel
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon-Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - S Chandrasegaran
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon-Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - I M Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - C J Proctor
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon-Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - D A Young
- Life Science Centre, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, upon, UK Tyne, NE1 4EP
| | - D P Shanley
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon-Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Urquhart O, Tampi MP, Pilcher L, Slayton RL, Araujo MWB, Fontana M, Guzmán-Armstrong S, Nascimento MM, Nový BB, Tinanoff N, Weyant RJ, Wolff MS, Young DA, Zero DT, Brignardello-Petersen R, Banfield L, Parikh A, Joshi G, Carrasco-Labra A. Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. J Dent Res 2018; 98:14-26. [PMID: 30290130 PMCID: PMC6304695 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518800014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of nonrestorative or non- and microinvasive caries treatment (fluoride-
and nonfluoride-based interventions) is to manage the caries disease process at
a lesion level and minimize the loss of sound tooth structure. The purpose of
this systematic review and network meta-analysis was to summarize the available
evidence on nonrestorative treatments for the outcomes of 1) arrest or reversal
of noncavitated and cavitated carious lesions on primary and permanent teeth and
2) adverse events. We included parallel and split-mouth randomized controlled
trials where patients were followed for any length of time. Studies were
identified with MEDLINE and Embase via Ovid, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews. Pairs of reviewers independently conducted the
selection of studies, data extraction, risk-of-bias assessments, and assessment
of the certainty in the evidence with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,
Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Data were synthesized with a
random effects model and a frequentist approach. Forty-four trials (48 reports)
were eligible, which included 7,378 participants and assessed the effect of 22
interventions in arresting or reversing noncavitated or cavitated carious
lesions. Four network meta-analyses suggested that sealants + 5% sodium fluoride
(NaF) varnish, resin infiltration + 5% NaF varnish, and 5,000-ppm F (1.1% NaF)
toothpaste or gel were the most effective for arresting or reversing
noncavitated occlusal, approximal, and noncavitated and cavitated root carious
lesions on primary and/or permanent teeth, respectively (low- to
moderate-certainty evidence). Study-level data indicated that 5% NaF varnish was
the most effective for arresting or reversing noncavitated facial/lingual
carious lesions (low certainty) and that 38% silver diamine fluoride solution
applied biannually was the most effective for arresting advanced cavitated
carious lesions on any coronal surface (moderate to high certainty). Preventing
the onset of caries is the ultimate goal of a caries management plan. However,
if the disease is present, there is a variety of effective interventions to
treat carious lesions nonrestoratively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Urquhart
- 1 Center for Evidence-Based Dentistry, Science Institute, American Dental Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M P Tampi
- 1 Center for Evidence-Based Dentistry, Science Institute, American Dental Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L Pilcher
- 1 Center for Evidence-Based Dentistry, Science Institute, American Dental Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R L Slayton
- 2 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M W B Araujo
- 3 Science Institute, American Dental Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Fontana
- 4 Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Guzmán-Armstrong
- 5 Advance Education Program in Operative Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M M Nascimento
- 6 Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - B B Nový
- 7 DentaQuest Institute and DentaQuest Oral Health Center, Westborough, MA, USA
| | - N Tinanoff
- 8 Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - R J Weyant
- 9 Department of Dental Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M S Wolff
- 10 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D A Young
- 11 Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - D T Zero
- 12 Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Oral Health Research Institute, School of Dentistry Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Brignardello-Petersen
- 13 Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - L Banfield
- 14 Health Sciences Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - A Parikh
- 15 College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - G Joshi
- 16 GC America, Alsip, IL, USA
| | - A Carrasco-Labra
- 1 Center for Evidence-Based Dentistry, Science Institute, American Dental Association, Chicago, IL, USA.,17 Evidence-Based Dentistry Unit and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mei-Dan O, Jewell D, Garabekyan T, Brockwell J, Young DA, McBryde CW, O'Hara JN. The Birmingham Interlocking Pelvic Osteotomy for acetabular dysplasia: 13- to 21-year survival outcomes. Bone Joint J 2017; 99-B:724-731. [PMID: 28566390 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.99b6.bjj-2016-0198.r3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of the Birmingham Interlocking Pelvic Osteotomy (BIPO). PATIENTS AND METHODS In this prospective study, we report the mid- to long-term clinical outcomes of the first 100 consecutive patients (116 hips; 88 in women, 28 in men) undergoing BIPO, reflecting the surgeon's learning curve. Failure was defined as conversion to hip arthroplasty. The mean age at operation was 31 years (7 to 57). Three patients (three hips) were lost to follow-up. RESULTS Survivorship was 76% at ten years and 57% at a mean of 17 years. Younger patients (< 20 years) had the best survivorship (20 hips at risk; 90% at 17 years; 95% confidence interval 65 to 97). Post-operative complications occurred after 12 operations (10.4%) over the duration of the study. Increasing patient age and hip arthritis grade were primary determinants of surgical failure. CONCLUSION BIPO provides good to excellent survivorship in appropriately selected patients, with a relatively low rate of complications. Our results are comparable with other established methods of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO), such as the Bernese PAO, even during the surgeon's initial learning curve. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:724-31.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Mei-Dan
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, 17th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - D Jewell
- Withybush General Hospital, Fishguard Road, Haverfordwest, UK
| | - T Garabekyan
- Southern California Hip Institute, North Hollywood, California, USA
| | - J Brockwell
- Asia medical specialists, 8/F China Building, 29 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong
| | - D A Young
- Melbourne Orthopaedic Group, 33 The Avenue, Windsor 3181, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C W McBryde
- Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Bristol Road South, Birmingham, UK
| | - J N O'Hara
- The Birmingham Hip Clinic, The BMI Priory Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Young DA, Schroeder DM, Blankenship DD, Kempf SD, Quartini E. The distribution of basal water between Antarctic subglacial lakes from radar sounding. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 374:rsta.2014.0297. [PMID: 26667910 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Antarctica's subglacial lakes have two end member geophysical expressions: as hydraulically flat, radar reflective regions highlighted in ice surface topography and radar sounding profiles ('definite lakes'), and as localized sites of elevation change identified from repeat elevation observations ('active lakes') that are often found in fast flowing ice streams or enhanced ice flow tributaries. While 'definite lakes' can be identified readily by high bed reflectivity in radar sounding, the identification and characterization of less distinct subglacial lakes and water systems with radar sounding are complicated by variable radio-wave attenuation in the overlying ice. When relying on repeat elevation observations, the relatively short times series and biased distribution of elevation observations, along with the episodic nature of 'active lake' outflow and replenishment, limit our understanding of how water flows under the ice sheet. Using recently developed methods for quantifying the radar scattering behaviour of the basal interface of the ice, we can avoid the problem of attenuation, and observe the plumbing of the subglacial landscape. In West Antarctica's Ross Sea Embayment, we confirm that extensive distributed water systems underlie these ice streams. Distributed water sheets are upstream in the onset regions of fast flow, while canal systems underly downstream regions of fast flow. In East Antarctica, we use specularity analysis to recover substantial hydraulic connectivity extending beyond previous knowledge, connecting the lakes already delineated by traditional radar sounding or surface elevation transients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Young
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - D M Schroeder
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - D D Blankenship
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Scott D Kempf
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - E Quartini
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu Y, Barter MJ, Swan DC, Rankin KS, Rowan AD, Santibanez-Koref M, Loughlin J, Young DA. Identification of the pathogenic pathways in osteoarthritic hip cartilage: commonality and discord between hip and knee OA. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:1029-38. [PMID: 22659600 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define for the first time the transcriptomes of normal and end-stage osteoarthritis (OA) hip cartilage. MATERIALS AND METHODS RNA was isolated from cartilage within 2h of joint replacement surgery. Gene expression was analyzed using Agilent GeneSpring GX 11 following hybridization to Illumina Human HT-12 V3 microarrays. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to validate the expression of six genes identified by microarray as differentially expressed. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were used to investigate enriched functions or canonical pathways amongst differentially expressed genes respectively. RESULTS In total we identified 998 differentially expressed genes (fold change ≥ ±1.5, P-value ≤ 0.01) between neck of femur fracture (NOF) (n = 10) and OA hip (n = 9) patient cartilage. These differentially expressed genes were enriched within 71 canonical pathways. A comparison between a comparable knee dataset(20) only identified 229 genes similarly differentially expressed although remarkably 34 canonical pathways overlapped between experiments. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to report a comprehensive gene expression analysis of human hip OA cartilage compared to control (NOF) cartilage at the whole-genome level. Our differential gene expression dataset shows excellent correlation with similar defined studies using comparable tissue but reveals discord between hip and knee OA at the individual gene status but with commonality with regards the molecular pathways involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, 4th Floor, Cookson Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
We report the findings of an independent review of 230 consecutive Birmingham hip resurfacings (BHRs) in 213 patients (230 hips) at a mean follow-up of 10.4 years (9.6 to 11.7). A total of 11 hips underwent revision; six patients (six hips) died from unrelated causes; and 13 patients (16 hips) were lost to follow-up. The survival rate for the whole cohort was 94.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 90.1 to 96.9). The survival rate in women was 89.1% (95% CI 79.2 to 94.4) and in men was 97.5% (95% CI 92.4 to 99.2). Women were 1.4 times more likely to suffer failure than men. For each millimetre increase in component size there was a 19% lower chance of a failure. The mean Oxford hip score was 45.0 (median 47.0, 28 to 48); mean University of California, Los Angeles activity score was 7.4 (median 8.0, 3 to 9); mean patient satisfaction score was 1.4 (median 1.0, 0 to 9). A total of eight hips had lysis in the femoral neck and two hips had acetabular lysis. One hip had progressive radiological changes around the peg of the femoral component. There was no evidence of progressive neck narrowing between five and ten years. Our results confirm that BHR provides good functional outcome and durability for men, at a mean follow-up of ten years. We are now reluctant to undertake hip resurfacing in women with this implant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Coulter
- Melbourne Orthopaedic Group, 33 The Avenue Windsor, Melbourne 3181, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Barter MJ, Bui C, Young DA. Epigenetic mechanisms in cartilage and osteoarthritis: DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:339-349. [PMID: 22281264 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex multifactorial disease with a strong genetic component. Several studies have suggested or identified epigenetic events that may play a role in OA progression and the gene expression changes observed in diseased cartilage. The aim of this review is to inform about current research in epigenetics and epigenetics in OA. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs. Collectively, these enable the cell to respond quickly to environmental changes and can be inherited during cell division. However, aberrant epigenetic modifications are associated with a number of pathological conditions, including OA. Advancements in epigenetic research suggests that global analysis of such modifications in OA are now possible, however, with the exception of microRNAs, it will be a significant challenge to demonstrate how such events impact on the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Barter
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, 4th Floor Cookson Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - C Bui
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, 4th Floor Cookson Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - D A Young
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, 4th Floor Cookson Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Adipose tissue engineering has recently gained significant attention from materials scientists as a result of the exponential growth of soft tissue filler procedures being performed within the clinic. While several injectable materials are currently being marketed for filling subcutaneous voids, they often face limited longevity due to rapid resorption. Their inability to encourage natural adipose formation or ingrowth necessitates repeated injections for a prolonged effect and thus classifies them as temporary fillers. As a result, a significant need for injectable materials that not only act as fillers but also promote in vivo adipogenesis is beginning to be realized. This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of commercially available soft tissue fillers. It will then summarize the current state of research using injectable synthetic materials, biopolymers and extracellular matrix-derived materials for adipose tissue engineering. Furthermore, the successful attributes observed across each of these materials will be outlined along with a discussion of the current difficulties and future directions for adipose tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Young
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carrier Y, Ma HL, Ramon HE, Napierata L, Small C, O'Toole M, Young DA, Fouser LA, Nickerson-Nutter C, Collins M, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Medley QG. Inter-Regulation of Th17 Cytokines and the IL-36 Cytokines In Vitro and In Vivo: Implications in Psoriasis Pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2428-37. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Pratt AG, Swan DC, Richardson S, Wilson G, Hilkens CMU, Young DA, Isaacs JD. Peripheral blood CD4 T cell gene expression profiles as predictive biomarkers in early arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.129668u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
12
|
Ma HL, Napierata L, Stedman N, Benoit S, Collins M, Nickerson-Nutter C, Young DA. Tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade exacerbates murine psoriasis-like disease by enhancing Th17 function and decreasing expansion of Treg cells. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62:430-40. [PMID: 20112373 DOI: 10.1002/art.27203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis respond well to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) blockers in general; however, there is now mounting evidence that a small cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who receive TNFalpha blockers develop psoriasis. This study was undertaken to explore the mechanisms underlying TNFalpha blockade-induced exacerbation of skin inflammation in murine psoriasis-like skin disease. METHODS Skin inflammation was induced in BALB/c scid/scid mice after they received CD4+CD45RB(high)CD25- (naive CD4) T cells from donor mice. These mice were treated with either anti-interleukin-12 (anti-IL-12)/23p40 antibody or murine TNFRII-Fc fusion protein and were examined for signs of disease, including histologic features, various cytokine levels in the serum, and cytokine or FoxP3 transcripts in the affected skin and draining lymph node (LN) cells. In a separate study, naive CD4+ T cells were differentiated into Th1 or Th17 lineages with anti-CD3/28 magnetic beads and appropriate cytokines in the presence or absence of TNFalpha. Cytokine gene expression from these differentiated cells was also determined. RESULTS Neutralization of TNFalpha exacerbated skin inflammation and markedly enhanced the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, and IL-22 but suppressed FoxP3 expression in the skin and reduced the number of FoxP3-positive Treg cells in the draining LNs. TNFalpha also demonstrated a divergent role during priming and reactivation of naive T cells. CONCLUSION These results reveal a novel immunoregulatory role of TNFalpha on Th17 and Treg cells in some individuals, which may account for the exacerbation of skin inflammation in some patients who receive anti-TNF treatments.
Collapse
|
13
|
Carrier Y, Ma HL, Napierata L, Small C, O’Toole M, Young DA, Fouser LA, Nutter CN, Collins M, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Medley QG. Pro-inflammatory Th17 cytokines stimulate the expression of novel IL-1 cytokines in vitro and in vivo: Implications in psoriasis pathogenesis. Cytokine 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.07.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Hong M, Ryan KR, Arkwright PD, Gennery AR, Costigan C, Dominguez M, Denning DW, McConnell V, Cant AJ, Abinun M, Spickett GP, Swan DC, Gillespie CS, Young DA, Lilic D. Pattern recognition receptor expression is not impaired in patients with chronic mucocutanous candidiasis with or without autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 156:40-51. [PMID: 19196253 PMCID: PMC2673740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) have an unknown primary immune defect and are unable to clear infections with the yeast Candida. CMC includes patients with AIRE gene mutations who have autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), and patients without known mutations. CMC patients have dysregulated cytokine production, suggesting that defective expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) may underlie disease pathogenesis. In 29 patients with CMC (13 with APECED) and controls, we assessed dendritic cell (DC) subsets and monocyte Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in blood. We generated and stimulated monocyte-derived (mo)DCs with Candida albicans, TLR-2/6 ligand and lipopolysaccharide and assessed PRR mRNA expression by polymerase chain reaction [TLR-1-10, Dectin-1 and -2, spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and caspase recruitment domain (CARD) 9] in immature and mature moDCs. We demonstrate for the first time that CMC patients, with or without APECED, have normal blood levels of plasmocytoid and myeloid DCs and monocyte TLR-2/TLR-6 expression. We showed that in immature moDCs, expression levels of all PRRs involved in anti-Candida responses (TLR-1, -2, -4, -6, Dectin-1, Syk, CARD9) were comparable to controls, implying that defects in PRR expression are not responsible for the increased susceptibility to Candida infections seen in CMC patients. However, as opposed to healthy controls, both groups of CMC patients failed to down-regulate PRR mRNA expression in response to Candida, consistent with defective DC maturation, as we reported recently. Thus, impaired DC maturation and consequent altered regulation of PRR signalling pathways rather than defects in PRR expression may be responsible for inadequate Candida handling in CMC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hong
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hing CB, Back DL, Bailey M, Young DA, Dalziel RE, Shimmin AJ. The results of primary Birmingham hip resurfacings at a mean of five years. An independent prospective review of the first 230 hips. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 89:1431-8. [PMID: 17998177 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.89b11.19336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report an independent prospective review of the first 230 Birmingham hip resurfacings in 212 patients at a mean follow-up of five years (4 to 6). Two patients, one with a loose acetabular component and the other with suspected avascular necrosis of the femoral head, underwent revision. There were two deaths from unrelated causes and one patient was lost to follow-up. The survivorship with the worst-case scenario was 97.8% (95% confidence interval 95.8 to 99.5). The mean Harris hip score improved significantly (paired t-test, p < 0.05) from 62.54 (8 to 92) pre-operatively to 97.7 (61 to 100) at a mean of three years (2.1 to 4.3), then deteriorated slightly to a mean of 95.2 (47 to 100) at a mean of five years. The mean flexion improved from 91.5 degrees (25 degrees to 140 degrees) to 110.4 degrees (80 degrees to 145 degrees) at a mean of three years with no further improvement at five years (111.2 degrees; 70 degrees to 160 degrees). On radiological review at five years, one patient had a progressive lucent line around the acetabular component and six had progressive lucent lines around the femoral component. A total of 18 femoral components (8%) had migrated into varus and those with lucent lines present migrated a mean of 3.8 degrees (1.02 degrees to 6.54 degrees) more than the rest. Superolateral notching of the femoral neck and reactive sclerosis at the tip of the peg of the femoral component were associated with the presence of lucent lines (chi-squared test, p < 0.05), but not with migration of the femoral component, and are of unknown significance. Our results with the Birmingham hip resurfacing continue to be satisfactory at a mean follow-up of five years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Hing
- Melbourne Orthopaedic Group, 33 The Avenue, Windsor, Victoria 3181, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Q, Hui W, Litherland GJ, Barter MJ, Davidson R, Darrah C, Donell ST, Clark IM, Cawston TE, Robinson JH, Rowan AD, Young DA. Differential Toll-like receptor-dependent collagenase expression in chondrocytes. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:1633-41. [PMID: 18258708 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.079574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterise the catabolic response of osteoarthritic chondrocytes to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. METHODS Induction of the collagenases, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)1 and MMP13, by TLR ligands was assessed in chondrocytes by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. TLR signalling pathway activation and their involvement in collagenase induction were confirmed by immunoblotting and use of pathway inhibitors and siRNA. TLR expression was compared in the femoral head cartilage of normal controls and patients with osteoarthritis (OA) by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Ligands for TLR6/2 and TLR3 showed the greatest upregulation of MMP1 and MMP13 respectively, although all TLR ligands upregulated these MMPs. MMP1 and MMP13 induction by TLR3 and TLR1/2 or TLR6/2 ligands were dependent on Trif and MyD88, respectively. These inductions were dependent upon the nuclear factor (NF)kappaB pathway, but were differentially inhibited by various mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors, with MMP13 induction most reliant on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. In addition, ligands for TLR1/2 and TLR6/2, but not TLR3, induced significant collagenolysis in a cartilage resorption assay. Finally, TLR2 was significantly downregulated and TLR3 upregulated in OA, compared to normal, cartilage. CONCLUSIONS Activation of chondrocyte TLRs leads to differential collagenase gene activation. Treatment of chondrocytes with TLR1/2 or TLR6/2 ligands resulted in collagen resorption. The modulated expression of chondrocyte TLR2 and TLR3 in OA cartilage, compared to normal, may reflect a response to repair cartilage or prevent further extracellular matrix destruction. These data suggest modulation of TLR-mediated signalling as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ma HL, Liang S, Li J, Napierata L, Brown T, Benoit S, Senices M, Gill D, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Collins M, Nickerson-Nutter C, Fouser LA, Young DA. IL-22 is required for Th17 cell-mediated pathology in a mouse model of psoriasis-like skin inflammation. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:597-607. [PMID: 18202747 PMCID: PMC2200300 DOI: 10.1172/jci33263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease resulting from the dysregulated interplay between keratinocytes and infiltrating immune cells. We report on a psoriasis-like disease model, which is induced by the transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(hi)CD25(-) cells to pathogen-free scid/scid mice. Psoriasis-like lesions had elevated levels of antimicrobial peptide and proinflammatory cytokine mRNA. Also, similar to psoriasis, disease progression in this model was dependent on the p40 common to IL-12 and IL-23. To investigate the role of IL-22, a Th17 cytokine, in disease progression, mice were treated with IL-22-neutralizing antibodies. Neutralization of IL-22 prevented the development of disease, reducing acanthosis (thickening of the skin), inflammatory infiltrates, and expression of Th17 cytokines. Direct administration of IL-22 into the skin of normal mice induced both antimicrobial peptide and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression. Our data suggest that IL-22, which acts on keratinocytes and other nonhematopoietic cells, is required for development of the autoreactive Th17 cell-dependent disease in this model of skin inflammation. We propose that IL-22 antagonism might be a promising therapy for the treatment of human psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Ling Ma
- Inflammation and
Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Spencer Liang
- Inflammation and
Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Inflammation and
Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lee Napierata
- Inflammation and
Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tom Brown
- Inflammation and
Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen Benoit
- Inflammation and
Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mayra Senices
- Inflammation and
Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Davinder Gill
- Inflammation and
Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyriaki Dunussi-Joannopoulos
- Inflammation and
Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Collins
- Inflammation and
Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cheryl Nickerson-Nutter
- Inflammation and
Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynette A. Fouser
- Inflammation and
Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah A. Young
- Inflammation and
Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
van Driel IR, Ang DKY, Konz RF, Senices M, Young DA, Grusby MJ, Collins M, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K. Role of regulatory T cells in gastrointestinal inflammatory disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:171-7. [PMID: 18289352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells curb unwanted immune responses and regulate responses to microflora and it is now clear that regulatory T cells play an important role in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases of the gut. First, regulatory T cells are crucial in controlling immune responses to gastric autoantigens and thus preventing autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia. Second, regulatory T cells may modulate the response to Helicobacter pylori, thus affecting the ability of the immune system to clear the pathogen and mediate damage to the gastric mucosa. Finally, regulatory T cells play an important role in preventing damaging inflammatory responses to commensal organisms in the lower gut, thus guarding against inflammatory bowel diseases. In the present review, we examine the actions of regulatory T cells in the gut and conclude that further understanding of regulatory T cell biology may lead to new therapeutic approaches to chronic gastrointestinal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R van Driel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hing CB, Young DA, Dalziel RE, Bailey M, Back DL, Shimmin AJ. Narrowing of the neck in resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip: a radiological study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 89:1019-24. [PMID: 17785738 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.89b8.18830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Narrowing of the femoral neck after resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip has been described previously in both cemented and uncemented hip resurfacing. The natural history of narrowing of the femoral neck is unknown. We retrospectively measured the diameter of the femoral neck in a series of 163 Birmingham hip resurfacings in 163 patients up to a maximum of six years after operation to determine the extent and progression of narrowing. There were 105 men and 58 women with a mean age of 52 years (18 to 82). At a mean follow-up of five years, the mean Harris hip score was 94.8 (47 to 100) and the mean flexion of the hip 112.5 degrees (80 degrees to 160 degrees ). There was some narrowing of the femoral neck in 77% (125) of the patients reviewed, and in 27.6% (45) the narrowing exceeded 10% of the diameter of the neck. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant association (chi-squared test (derived from logistic regression) p = 0.01) of narrowing with female gender and a valgus femoral neck/shaft angle. There was no significant association between the range of movement, position or size of the component or radiological lucent lines and narrowing of the neck (chi-squared test; p = 0.10 (flexion), p = 0.08 (size of femoral component), p = 0.09 (size of acetabular component), p = 0.71 (femoral component angulation), p = 0.99 (lucent lines)). There was no significant difference between the diameter of the neck at a mean of three years (2.5 to 3.5) and that at five years (4.5 to 5.5), indicating that any change in the diameter of the neck had stabilised by three years (sign rank test, p = 0.60). We conclude that narrowing of the femoral neck which is found with the Birmingham hip resurfacing arthroplasty is in most cases associated with no adverse clinical or radiological outcome up to a maximum of six years after the initial operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Hing
- Melbourne Orthopaedic Group, Windsor, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu R, Bai Y, Vollmer TL, Bai XF, Jee Y, Tang YY, Campagnolo DI, Collins M, Young DA, La Cava A, Shi FD. IL-21 receptor expression determines the temporal phases of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol 2007; 211:14-24. [PMID: 18353312 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) consists of a unique subunit and a common gamma chain (gamma(c)) that is shared with other cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, and IL-15. The interaction between IL-21 and IL-21R results in significant effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study we examined the influence of IL-21R deficiency (IL-21R(-/-)) on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of human multiple sclerosis (MS). IL-21R(-/-) mice developed EAE earlier and more severe neurological impairment than control mice, yet those mice could effectively recover from neurological deficits. The impact on EAE initiation by IL-21R deficiency was associated with a defect of CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells and a down-regulated expression of Foxp3. The recovery from IL-21R(-/-) EAE was correlated with an expansion of Treg cells as well as an organ-specific redistribution of NK cells. These results suggest that a temporal influence of IL-21 on the activity of immunoregulatory circuits can be important in the modulation of the course of the autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bubier JA, Bennett SM, Sproule TJ, Lyons BL, Olland S, Young DA, Roopenian DC. Treatment of BXSB-Yaa Mice with IL-21R-Fc Fusion Protein Minimally Attenuates Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1110:590-601. [PMID: 17911475 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1423.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a pleiotropic cytokine whose function is only now being unraveled. Abundant evidence indicates that activated CD4 T cells are the primary, if not the only, source of IL-21. While it is clear that IL-21 is actively transcribed by naïve activated T cells, recent studies have shown that IL-21 potentially promotes a developmental shift of naïve T cells toward the Th2 phenotype. BXSB-Yaa mice develop an autoimmune syndrome similar to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), affecting males earlier than females on account of the presence of the Yaa (Y-linked autoimmune acceleration) locus. Previous results indicate the elevation of IL-21 expression by BXSB-Yaa mice at an age when the early characteristics of autoimmune processes first become evident. We set out to determine whether IL-21 was necessary for disease progression in BXSB-Yaa mice. Mice were treated for 24 weeks with soluble IL-21R-Fc in order to therapeutically neutralize the IL-21 present. The results overall suggest a biphasic effect of IL-21, negatively influencing survival early on and positively influencing survival at later stages. We propose that IL-21 exerts a pleiotropic effect in which it promotes the protective effects of CD8+ suppressor cells in the early disease phase and then promotes the humoral components of SLE in the later disease stages. This experiment provides preliminary evidence for a role of IL-21 in modulating the severity of SLE in BXSB-Yaa mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Bubier
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St. Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Young DA, Hegen M, Ma HLM, Whitters MJ, Albert LM, Lowe L, Senices M, Wu PW, Sibley B, Leathurby Y, Brown TP, Nickerson-Nutter C, Keith JC, Collins M. Blockade of the interleukin-21/interleukin-21 receptor pathway ameliorates disease in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:1152-63. [PMID: 17393408 DOI: 10.1002/art.22452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T cell-derived cytokine that modulates T cell, B cell, and natural killer cell responses. In this study, the effects of blocking IL-21 were examined in 2 rodent models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to determine whether IL-21 contributes to their pathologic processes. METHODS DBA/1 mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen and then treated with murine IL-21 receptor Fc fusion protein (IL-21R.Fc), which was initiated after the onset of arthritis symptoms in 10% of the cohort. The mice were assessed 3 times per week for signs of disease, including histologic features as well as serum cytokine, Ig, and cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the paws. In a separate experiment, Lewis rats were immunized with Freund's complete adjuvant followed by administration of IL-21R.Fc at the peak of inflammation in the joints. Rats were assessed daily for histologic features and for scoring of arthritis severity. In addition, the effects of IL-21R.Fc on the production of interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) by T cells were examined. RESULTS Treatment of DBA/1 mice with IL-21R.Fc reduced the clinical and histologic signs of collagen-induced arthritis. Nonspecific IgG1 levels were decreased in response to treatment. The levels of IL-6 mRNA in the paws and the serum IL-6 levels were decreased after treatment with IL-21R.Fc. IFNgamma mRNA levels were increased in the paws, and the addition of IL-21R.Fc to collagen-activated lymph node cultures enhanced the levels of IFNgamma. Collagen-specific spleen cell responses in IL-21R.Fc-treated mice were observed as reduced levels of IFNgamma and increased levels of IL-6. Treatment of Lewis rats with IL-21R.Fc after induction of adjuvant-induced arthritis resulted in reversal of disease signs and improvements in histologic parameters. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate a pathogenic role for IL-21 in animal models of RA, and support consideration of IL-21 as a therapeutic target in human RA.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Interleukin-21/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-21/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
Collapse
|
23
|
Herber D, Brown TP, Liang S, Young DA, Collins M, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K. IL-21 Has a Pathogenic Role in a Lupus-Prone Mouse Model and Its Blockade with IL-21R.Fc Reduces Disease Progression. J Immunol 2007; 178:3822-30. [PMID: 17339481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by dysregulated interactions between autoreactive T and B lymphocytes and the development of anti-nuclear Abs. The recently described pleiotropic cytokine IL-21 has been shown to regulate B cell differentiation and function. IL-21 is produced by activated T lymphocytes and its interactions with IL-21R are required for isotype switching and differentiation of B cells into Ab-secreting cells. In this report, we studied the impact of blocking IL-21 on disease in the lupus-prone MRL-Fas(lpr) mouse model. Mice treated for 10 wk with IL-21R.Fc fusion protein had reduced proteinuria, fewer IgG glomerular deposits, no glomerular basement membrane thickening, reduced levels of circulating dsDNA autoantibodies and total sera IgG1 and IgG2a, and reduced skin lesions and lymphadenopathy, compared with control mice. Also, treatment with IL-21R.Fc resulted in a reduced number of splenic T lymphocytes and altered splenic B lymphocyte ex vivo function. Our data show for the first time that IL-21 has a pathogenic role in the MRL-Fas(lpr) lupus model by impacting B cell function and regulating the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. From a clinical standpoint, these results suggest that blocking IL-21 in systemic lupus erythematosus patients may represent a promising novel therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Herber
- Inflammation, Wyeth Research, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
French AR, Sjölin H, Kim S, Koka R, Yang L, Young DA, Cerboni C, Tomasello E, Ma A, Vivier E, Kärre K, Yokoyama WM. DAP12 signaling directly augments proproliferative cytokine stimulation of NK cells during viral infections. J Immunol 2007; 177:4981-90. [PMID: 17015680 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.4981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells vigorously proliferate during viral infections. During the course of murine CMV infection, this response becomes dominated by the preferential proliferation of NK cells that express the activation receptor Ly49H. The factors driving such selective NK cell proliferation have not been characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that preferential NK cell proliferation is dependent on DAP12-mediated signaling following the binding of Ly49H to its virally encoded ligand, m157. Ly49H signaling through DAP12 appears to directly augment NK cell sensitivity to low concentrations of proproliferative cytokines such as IL-15. The impact of Ly49H-mediated signaling on NK cell proliferation is masked in the presence of high concentrations of proproliferative cytokines that nonselectively drive all NK cells to proliferate.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/physiology
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Antigens, Ly/physiology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytokines/physiology
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muromegalovirus/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Diseases/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R French
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Young DA, Hegen M, Ma H, Napierata L, Lamothe J, Senices M, Lowe L, Collins M, Nickerson-Nutter C. IL-21 modulates cytokine levels in murine collagen-induced arthritis and contributes to disease pathology. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9 Suppl 3:P1-39. [PMID: 17967205 PMCID: PMC3226085 DOI: 10.1186/ar2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
26
|
Pesce J, Kaviratne M, Ramalingam TR, Thompson RW, Urban JF, Cheever AW, Young DA, Collins M, Grusby MJ, Wynn TA. The IL-21 receptor augments Th2 effector function and alternative macrophage activation. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2044-55. [PMID: 16778988 PMCID: PMC1479424 DOI: 10.1172/jci27727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) shows significant homology with the IL-4R, and CD4+ Th2 cells are an important source of IL-21. Here we examined whether the IL-21R regulates the development of Th2 responses in vivo. To do this, we infected IL-21R-/- mice with the Th2-inducing pathogens Schistosoma mansoni and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and examined the influence of IL-21R deficiency on the development of Th2-dependent pathology. We showed that granulomatous inflammation and liver fibrosis were significantly reduced in S. mansoni-infected IL-21R-/- mice and in IL-21R+/+ mice treated with soluble IL-21R-Fc (sIL-21R-Fc). The impaired granulomatous response was also associated with a marked reduction in Th2 cytokine expression and function, as evidenced by the attenuated IL-4, IL-13, AMCase, Ym1, and FIZZ1 (also referred to as RELMalpha) responses in the tissues. A similarly impaired Th2 response was observed following N. brasiliensis infection. In vitro, IL-21 significantly augmented IL-4Ralpha and IL-13Ralpha1 expression in macrophages, resulting in increased FIZZ1 mRNA and arginase-1 activity following stimulation with IL-4 and IL-13. As such, these data identify the IL-21R as an important amplifier of alternative macrophage activation. Collectively, these results illustrate an essential function for the IL-21R in the development of pathogen-induced Th2 responses, which may have relevance in therapies for both inflammatory and chronic fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Pesce
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mallika Kaviratne
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thirumalai R. Ramalingam
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert W. Thompson
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph F. Urban
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen W. Cheever
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah A. Young
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Collins
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J. Grusby
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Nutrient Requirements & Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu R, Van Kaer L, La Cava A, Price M, Campagnolo DI, Collins M, Young DA, Vollmer TL, Shi FD. Autoreactive T Cells Mediate NK Cell Degeneration in Autoimmune Disease. J Immunol 2006; 176:5247-54. [PMID: 16621990 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.9.5247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that NK cells play an important and complex role in autoimmune disease. Humans with autoimmune diseases often have reduced NK cell numbers and compromised NK cell functions. Mechanisms underlying this NK cell degeneration and its biological significance are not known. In this study we show that, in an experimental model of human autoimmune myasthenia gravis induced by a self-Ag, the acetylcholine receptor, NK cells undergo proliferation during the initiation of autoimmunity, followed by significant degeneration associated with the establishment of the autoreactive T cell response. We show that NK cell degeneration was mediated by IL-21 derived from autoreactive CD4(+) T cells, and that acetylcholine receptor-immunized IL-21R-deficient mice, with competent NK cells, developed exacerbated autoimmunity. Thus, NK cell degeneration may serve as a means evolved by the immune system to control excessive autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Liu
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
We prospectively monitored changes in serum cobalt and chromium levels after a new generation metal-on-metal hip resurfacing and the affect on renal function. Levels were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry, preoperatively then sequentially at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months. For serum cobalt, there was an initial increase to a peak level at 6 months, followed by a gradual decline during the next 15 months. A similar trend was observed in serum chromium, although the peak level occurred slightly later, at 9 months. There was no adverse affect on renal function during the 2-year study period. All implants were functioning well, with no radiographic evidence of loosening. These levels will continue to be monitored to establish when minimum metal ion levels are reached.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Back
- Melbourne Orthopaedic Group, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hui W, Barksby HE, Young DA, Cawston TE, McKie N, Rowan AD. Oncostatin M in combination with tumour necrosis factor induces a chondrocyte membrane associated aggrecanase that is distinct from ADAMTS aggrecanase-1 or -2. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64:1624-32. [PMID: 15883123 PMCID: PMC1755260 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2004.028191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether oncostatin M (OSM) + tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) induces aggrecanase activity in chondrocyte membranes, to determine the effects of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), interleukin 4 (IL4), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) on this activity, and to determine whether this activity is due to a known ADAMTS aggrecanase. METHODS Aggrecanase activity and ability of agents to prevent membrane associated aggrecanase activity were assessed by Western blotting. Expression of known aggrecanases was measured by real time polymerase chain reaction in bovine nasal and human articular chondrocytes. RESULTS Chondrocyte membrane associated aggrecanase activity and increased mRNA expression of ADAMTS-1, -4, -5, and -9, but not ADAMTS-4 or -15, were enhanced after stimulation by OSM+TNFalpha in bovine chondrocytes. This activity was inhibited by TIMP-3. In human chondrocytes, OSM+TNFalpha also enhanced ADAMTS-1 and -4 expression, but not that of other ADAMTSs. TNFalpha alone induced ADAMTS-9 expression, whereas OSM addition caused suppression. Both TGFbeta1 and IL4 blocked membrane associated aggrecanase activity and decreased OSM+TNFalpha-induced expression of ADAMTS-9 in bovine and human chondrocytes. IL4 down regulated ADAMTS-4 mRNA, whereas TGFbeta1 increased this expression in both bovine and human chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS OSM+TNFalpha up regulates membrane associated aggrecanase activity and several ADAMTS aggrecanase mRNAs in chondrocytes. The chondroprotective effects of IL4 and TIMP-3 suggest that they may have therapeutic benefit for aggrecanolysis, whereas the differential inhibitory effects of TGFbeta1 may limit its therapeutic potential. Induced membrane associated aggrecanase activity is distinct from known soluble ADAMTS aggrecanases and merits further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Hui
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
mTOR kinase plays a central role in the activation of many cell types, and blocking mTOR function with rapamycin results in arrest of the cell cycle at the G1 phase. Recently, several additional molecules have been identified in the mTOR pathway, providing further opportunities to interfere with cell activation and develop novel therapeutic agents. Under certain conditions and in specific cell types, activation can occur independently of mTOR and in the presence of rapamycin. Selective inhibition of cell activation in the appropriate setting might prove to be beneficial for several autoimmune or inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Young
- Wyeth Research, 200 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stephens GL, McHugh RS, Whitters MJ, Young DA, Luxenberg D, Carreno BM, Collins M, Shevach EM. Engagement of Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR Family-Related Receptor on Effector T Cells by its Ligand Mediates Resistance to Suppression by CD4+CD25+ T Cells. J Immunol 2004; 173:5008-20. [PMID: 15470044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.8.5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonactivated CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells constitutively express glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor (GITR), a TNFR family member whose engagement was presumed to abrogate regulatory T cell-mediated suppression. Using GITR-/- mice, we report that GITR engagement on CD25-, not CD25+ T cells abrogates T cell-mediated suppression. Mouse APCs constitutively express GITR ligand (GITR-L), which is down-regulated following TLR signaling in vivo. Although GITR-/-CD25- T cells were capable of mounting proliferative responses, they were incapable of proliferation in the presence of physiological numbers of CD25+ T cells. Thus, GITR-L provides an important signal for CD25- T cells, rendering them resistant to CD25+ -mediated regulation at the initiation of the immune response. The down-regulation of GITR-L by inflammatory stimuli may enhance the susceptibility of effector T cells to suppressor activity during the course of an infectious insult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Stephens
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hornsey VS, Young DA, Docherty A, Hughes W, Prowse CV. Cryoprecipitate prepared from plasma treated with methylene blue plus light: increasing the fibrinogen concentration. Transfus Med 2004; 14:369-74. [PMID: 15500456 DOI: 10.1111/j.0958-7578.2004.00528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
When cryoprecipitate is prepared from plasma which has been treated with methylene blue plus light (MB) for the purpose of virus inactivation, clottable fibrinogen content is 40% lower compared with units prepared from untreated plasma. Initial studies showed that when frozen MB plasma units were removed to +2 to +6 degrees C for 4 h and then returned to -40 degrees C prior to cryoprecipitation, fibrinogen recoveries increased from 24 to 42%. Although fibrinogen yield improved when plasma units were stored at +2 to +6 degrees C for varying lengths of time, FVIII levels decreased with increasing time. Conditioning for 8 h was studied in more detail. Groups of two plasma units were mixed together, divided into two equal units, frozen/thawed and treated with MB. One of each pair was stored continually at -40 degrees C, whereas the other was removed to +2 to +6 degrees C for 8 h. Samples were assayed for fibrinogen, FVIII, VWF:Ristocetin cofactor activity (RCo), VWF:Ag and VWF:Collagen binding (CB). The cryoprecipitate fibrinogen content increased to a mean of 207 mg unit(-1). VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo and VWF:CB recoveries also increased. FVIII recovery decreased from 50 to 45% (mean 124 iu unit(-1)). Conditioning has been validated for routine production of cryoprecipitate from imported plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V S Hornsey
- SNBTS, National Science Laboratory, Edinburgh, EH17 7QT, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Clark IM, Young DA, Edwards DR. TIMP-1 enhancer sequence – real or bacterial? Br J Cancer 2003; 89:1812; author reply 1812-3. [PMID: 14583788 PMCID: PMC2394415 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I M Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. E-mail:
| | - D A Young
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - D R Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ma HL, Whitters MJ, Konz RF, Senices M, Young DA, Grusby MJ, Collins M, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K. IL-21 activates both innate and adaptive immunity to generate potent antitumor responses that require perforin but are independent of IFN-gamma. J Immunol 2003; 171:608-15. [PMID: 12847225 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
IL-21 is a key factor in the transition between innate and adaptive immune responses. We have used the cytokine gene therapy approach to study the antitumor responses mediated by IL-21 in the B16F1 melanoma and MethA fibrosarcoma tumor models in mice. Retrovirally transduced tumor cells secreting biologically functional IL-21 have growth patterns in vitro similar to that of control green fluorescent protein-transduced cells, but are completely rejected in vivo. We show that IL-21 activates NK and CD8(+) T cells in vivo, thus mediating complete rejection of poorly immunogenic tumors. Rejection of IL-21-secreting tumors requires the presence of cognate IL-21R and does not depend on CD4(+) T cell help. Interestingly, perforin, but not IFN-gamma or other major Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IL-12, IL-4, or IL-10), is required for the IL-21-mediated antitumor response. Moreover, IL-21 results in 50% protection and 70% cure of nonimmunogenic tumors when given before and after tumor challenge, respectively, in C57BL/6 mice. We conclude that IL-21 immunotherapy warrants clinical evaluation as a potential treatment for cancer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/metabolism
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Female
- Growth Inhibitors/genetics
- Growth Inhibitors/metabolism
- Growth Inhibitors/physiology
- Immunity, Active/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Interleukins/administration & dosage
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Interleukins/physiology
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Receptors, Interleukin/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-21
- Sarcoma, Experimental/genetics
- Sarcoma, Experimental/immunology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Experimental/therapy
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
|
35
|
Glover TE, Ackerman GD, Belkacem A, Heimann PA, Hussain Z, Lee RW, Padmore HA, Ray C, Schoenlein RW, Steele WF, Young DA. Metal-insulator transitions in an expanding metallic fluid: particle formation kinetics. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:236102. [PMID: 12857274 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.236102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Core-level photoemission spectroscopy provides a local probe of expansion dynamics and associated transient chemical properties as a highly pressurized, metallic fluid expands into vacuum following impulsive heating of a semiconductor by an intense, ultrashort laser pulse. Transient photoemission peak shifts reveal that metal-insulator transitions occur rapidly following laser heating. These experiments probe constituents species and solidification kinetics occurring in the early moments of material ejection and provide insight into how particles arise in the current laser ablation regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T E Glover
- Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Cytokines play an important role in regulating the development and homeostasis of B cells by controlling their viability. In this study, we show that the recently described T cell-derived cytokine IL-21 induces the apoptosis of resting primary murine B cells. In addition, the activation of primary B cells with IL-4, LPS, or anti-CD40 Ab does not prevent IL-21-mediated apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis by IL-21 correlates with a down-regulation in the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L), two antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family. Furthermore, the reconstitution of Bcl-x(L) or Bcl-2 expression protects primary B cells from IL-21-induced apoptosis. In addition, a short-term preactivation of B cells with anti-CD40 Ab confers protection from IL-21-mediated apoptosis through the up-regulation of Bcl-x(L). These studies reveal a novel pathway that mediates B cell apoptosis via the IL-21R and suggest that IL-21 may play a role in regulating B cell homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devangi S Mehta
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, and Genetics Institute, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21 is a new member of the type I cytokine superfamily. Although it is most homologous to IL-15, it has a unique receptor chain, IL-21R, that pairs with the gamma-common cytokine receptor chain. The first experiments examining the biology of the IL-21 pathway reveal that it is a cytokine with effects on natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and B cells. Mice deficient in the IL-21R have also been made, and are being examined for the effects of the IL-21/IL-21R pathway in vivo. Here we summarize our current knowledge of this new cytokine pathway, and its role in innate and adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Collins
- Inflammation, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
|
40
|
Hall MC, Young DA, Rowan AD, Edwards DR, Clark IM. Cryptic promoter activity of pBLCAT3 induced by overexpression of AP1 factors. Biotechniques 2002; 33:1004, 1006, 1008. [PMID: 12449375 DOI: 10.2144/02335bm07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M-C Hall
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wurster AL, Rodgers VL, Satoskar AR, Whitters MJ, Young DA, Collins M, Grusby MJ. Interleukin 21 is a T helper (Th) cell 2 cytokine that specifically inhibits the differentiation of naive Th cells into interferon gamma-producing Th1 cells. J Exp Med 2002; 196:969-77. [PMID: 12370258 PMCID: PMC2194031 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine potential of developing T helper (Th) cells is directly shaped both positively and negatively by the cytokines expressed by the effector Th cell subsets. Here we find that the recently identified cytokine, interleukin (IL)-21, is preferentially expressed by Th2 cells when compared with Th1 cells generated in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of naive Th precursors to IL-21 inhibits interferon (IFN)-gamma production from developing Th1 cells. The repression of IFN-gamma production is specific in that the expression of other Th1 and Th2 cytokines is unaffected. IL-21 decreases the IL-12 responsiveness of developing Th cells by specifically reducing both signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 protein and mRNA expression. These results suggest that Th2 cell-derived IL-21 regulates the development of IFN-gamma-producing Th1 cells which could serve to amplify a Th2 response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Wurster
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Motor skill learning in rats has been linked to cerebellar function as well as to cortical and striatal influences. The present study evaluated the contribution of the hippocampus to motor learning. Adult male rats received electrolytic lesions designed to selectively destroy the hippocampus; a sham-lesioned group of animals served as a control. The animals with hippocampal lesions acquired a patterned motor learning task as well as sham controls. In contrast, rats with hippocampal lesions were impaired in spatial, but not cued, learning in the Morris water maze. In addition, lesioned rats showed profound impairment in the novel object recognition memory task, when a 1-h delay was used between training and testing. Taken together, these results suggest that the hippocampus is not necessary during acquisition of the motor learning task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Gould
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yeoman ML, Young DA. The anisotropic pressure dependence of conduction in well-oriented pyrolytic graphite I. Non-oscillatory effects and the role of carrier-carrier scattering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/2/10/306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
44
|
Kasaian MT, Whitters MJ, Carter LL, Lowe LD, Jussif JM, Deng B, Johnson KA, Witek JS, Senices M, Konz RF, Wurster AL, Donaldson DD, Collins M, Young DA, Grusby MJ. IL-21 limits NK cell responses and promotes antigen-specific T cell activation: a mediator of the transition from innate to adaptive immunity. Immunity 2002; 16:559-69. [PMID: 11970879 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IFNalpha/beta, IL-12, and IL-15 regulate NK cell activation and expansion, but signals triggering resolution of the NK response upon induction of adaptive immunity remain to be defined. We now report that IL-21, a product of activated T cells, may serve this function. Mice lacking IL-21R (IL-21R(-/-)) had normal NK cell development but no detectable responses to IL-21. IL-21 enhanced cytotoxic activity and IFNgamma production by activated murine NK cells but did not support their viability, thus limiting their duration of activation. Furthermore, IL-21 blocked IL-15-induced expansion of resting NK cells, thus preventing the initiation of further innate responses. In contrast, IL-21 enhanced the proliferation, IFNgamma production, and cytotoxic function of CD8(+) effector T cells in an allogeneic MLR. These observations suggest that IL-21 promotes the transition between innate and adaptive immunity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Immunity, Active
- Immunity, Innate
- Interleukin-15/immunology
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-21
Collapse
|
45
|
McHugh RS, Whitters MJ, Piccirillo CA, Young DA, Shevach EM, Collins M, Byrne MC. CD4(+)CD25(+) immunoregulatory T cells: gene expression analysis reveals a functional role for the glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor. Immunity 2002; 16:311-23. [PMID: 11869690 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1039] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) immunoregulatory T cells represent a unique lineage of thymic-derived cells that potently suppress both in vitro and in vivo effector T cell function. We analyzed CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells by DNA microarray, identifying 29 genes differentially expressed in the resting subpopulations, and 77 that were differentially expressed following activation. Most of these genes were elevated in the CD4(+)CD25(+) population, suggesting a previously activated phenotype. Among these were a number of genes that antagonize signaling, including members of the SOCS family, which may contribute to their anergic phenotype. Multiple cell surface receptors also had increased expression in CD4(+)CD25(+) cells, including GITR, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. Importantly, antibodies to GITR abrogated suppression, demonstrating a functional role for this receptor in regulating the CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell subset.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Biomarkers
- CD4 Antigens
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Separation
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Integrin alpha Chains
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S McHugh
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gavai AV, Sher PM, Mikkilineni AB, Poss KM, McCann PJ, Girotra RN, Fisher LG, Wu G, Bednarz MS, Mathur A, Wang TC, Sun CQ, Slusarchyk DA, Skwish S, Allen GT, Hillyer DE, Frohlich BH, Abboa-Offei BE, Cap M, Waldron TL, George RJ, Tesfamariam B, Harper TW, Ciosek CP, Young DA, Dickinson KE, Seymour AA, Arbeeny CM, Washburn WN. BMS-196085: a potent and selective full agonist of the human beta(3) adrenergic receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:3041-4. [PMID: 11714606 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-hydroxy-3-methylsulfonanilido-1,2-diarylethylamines were prepared and evaluated for their human beta(3) adrenergic receptor agonist activity. SAR studies led to the identification of BMS-196085 (25), a potent beta(3) full agonist (K(i)=21 nM, 95% activation) with partial agonist (45%) activity at the beta(1) receptor. Based on its desirable in vitro and in vivo properties, BMS-196085 was chosen for clinical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Gavai
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Washburn WN, Sher PM, Poss KM, Girotra RN, McCann PJ, Gavai AV, Mikkilineni AB, Mathur A, Cheng P, Dejneka TC, Sun CQ, Wang TC, Harper TW, Russell AD, Slusarchyk DA, Skwish S, Allen GT, Hillyer DE, Frohlich BH, Abboa-Offei BE, Cap M, Waldron TL, George RJ, Tesfamariam B, Ciosek CP, Ryono D, Young DA, Dickinson KE, Seymour AA, Arbeeny CM, Gregg RE. Beta 3 agonists. Part 1: evolution from inception to BMS-194449. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:3035-9. [PMID: 11714605 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Screening of the BMS collection identified 4-hydroxy-3-methylsulfonanilidoethanolamines as full beta 3 agonists. Substitution of the ethanolamine nitrogen with a benzyl group bearing a para hydrogen bond acceptor promoted beta(3) selectivity. SAR elucidation established that highly selective beta(3) agonists were generated upon substitution of C(alpha) with either benzyl to form (R)-1,2-diarylethylamines or with aryl to generate 1,1-diarylmethylamines. This latter subset yielded a clinical candidate, BMS-194449 (35).(1)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W N Washburn
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zamudio S, Douglas M, Mazzeo RS, Wolfel EE, Young DA, Rock PB, Braun B, Muza SR, Butterfield GE, Moore LG. Women at altitude: forearm hemodynamics during acclimatization to 4,300 m with alpha(1)-adrenergic blockade. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 281:H2636-44. [PMID: 11709433 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.6.h2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that blockade of alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors would prevent the rise in peripheral vascular resistance that normally occurs during acclimatization. Sixteen eumenorrheic women were studied at sea level (SL) and at 4,300 m (days 3 and 10). Volunteers were randomly assigned to take the selective alpha(1)-blocker prazosin or placebo. Venous compliance, forearm vascular resistance, and blood flow were measured using plethysmography. Venous compliance fell by day 3 in all subjects (1.39 +/- 0.30 vs. 1.62 +/- 0.43 ml. Delta 30 mmHg(-1) x 100 ml tissue(-1) x min(-1) at SL, means +/- SD). Altitude interacted with prazosin treatment (P < 0.0001) such that compliance returned to SL values by day 10 in the prazosin-treated group (1.68 +/- 0.19) but not in the placebo-treated group (1.20 +/- 0.10, P < 0.05). By day 3 at 4,300 m, all women had significant falls in resistance (35.2 +/- 13.2 vs. 54.5 +/- 16.1 mmHg x ml(-1) x min(-1) at SL) and rises in blood flow (2.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.5 ml. 100 ml tissue(-1) x min(-1) at SL). By day 10, resistance and flow returned toward SL, but this return was less in the prazosin-treated group (resistance: 39.8 +/- 4.6 mmHg x ml(-1) x min(-1) with prazosin vs. 58.5 +/- 9.8 mmHg x ml(-1) x min(-1) with placebo; flow: 1.9 +/- 0.7 ml. 100 ml tissue(-1) x min(-1) with prazosin vs. 2.3 +/- 0.3 ml x 100 ml tissue(-1) x min(-1) with placebo, P < 0.05). Lower resistance related to higher circulating epinephrine in both groups (r = -0.50, P < 0.0001). Higher circulating norepinephrine related to lower venous compliance in the placebo-treated group (r = -0.42, P < 0.05). We conclude that alpha(1)-adrenergic stimulation modulates peripheral vascular changes during acclimatization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Zamudio
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, 80262, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced in the brain by endogenous microglial cells responding to injury. Levels of IL-1 beta are elevated in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. IL-1 beta, which can act as a mitogen for astrocytes, also elicits the expression and secretion of multiple factors and paracrine 'second messengers' such as other cytokines, nerve growth factor, prostaglandins and nitric oxide that may in turn modulate neuronal and glial responses to injury. Utilizing giant, high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we have sought to more fully define the potential range of protein mediators that are secreted by astrocytes treated with IL-1 beta. In cultured rat astrocytes, we observe dramatic increases in the secretion of eight different protein species after 24 h of treatment with human recombinant IL-1 beta (1 U/ml). Seven of the proteins are also induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha or basic fibroblast growth factor. Based on immunoprecipitation with specific antisera, we have identified three of these proteins as plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, ceruloplasmin, and complement component C3. The identities of the other proteins, including the IL-1 beta-specific induction, are currently unknown. Characterization of these downstream modulators of IL-1 beta action complements gene-based approaches and will provide a better understanding of astrocyte responses to injury as well as markers for astrocyte activation in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Chang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, 14642, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zakzanis KK, Young DA. Executive function in abstinent MDMA ('ecstasy') users. Med Sci Monit 2001; 7:1292-8. [PMID: 11687745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or 'Ecstasy') is a growingly popular recreational drug of abuse that is known to damage brain serotonergic neurons in animals and possibly humans. Few functional consequences of MDMA-induced serotonin neurotoxicity have been identified, either in animals or humans. This study sought to determine whether individuals with a history of MDMA use showed evidence of executive dysfunction. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two groups of young individuals were compared: 24 abstinent MDMA users who had taken MDMA at least once and 24 controls who had never taken MDMA. Each MDMA user completed a questionnaire regarding the characteristics of their MDMA use and all participants completed a questionnaire regarding other recreational drug experience. The Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) was used to measure executive function in all participants. RESULTS Evidence of impairment was found on two subtests of the BADS and in terms of a Total Profile Score. In addition, several significant product moment correlations were found suggesting that increases in MDMA consumption may relate to more pronounced impairment in executive function. CONCLUSIONS Accordingly, MDMA use may be associated with deficits in executive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K K Zakzanis
- Division of Life Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|