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Riebold D, Mahnkopf M, Wicht K, Zubiria-Barrera C, Heise J, Frank M, Misch D, Bauer T, Stocker H, Slevogt H. Axenic Long-Term Cultivation of Pneumocystis jirovecii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:903. [PMID: 37755011 PMCID: PMC10533121 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii, a fungus causing severe Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans, has long been described as non-culturable. Only isolated short-term experiments with P. jirovecii and a small number of experiments involving animal-derived Pneumocystis species have been published to date. However, P. jirovecii culture conditions may differ significantly from those of animal-derived Pneumocystis, as there are major genotypic and phenotypic differences between them. Establishing a well-performing P. jirovecii cultivation is crucial to understanding PCP and its pathophysiological processes. The aim of this study, therefore, was to develop an axenic culture for Pneumocystis jirovecii. To identify promising approaches for cultivation, a literature survey encompassing animal-derived Pneumocystis cultures was carried out. The variables identified, such as incubation time, pH value, vitamins, amino acids, and other components, were trialed and adjusted to find the optimum conditions for P. jirovecii culture. This allowed us to develop a medium that produced a 42.6-fold increase in P. jirovecii qPCR copy numbers after a 48-day culture. Growth was confirmed microscopically by the increasing number and size of actively growing Pneumocystis clusters in the final medium, DMEM-O3. P. jirovecii doubling time was 8.9 days (range 6.9 to 13.6 days). In conclusion, we successfully cultivated P. jirovecii under optimized cell-free conditions in a 70-day long-term culture for the first time. However, further optimization of the culture conditions for this slow grower is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Riebold
- Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology (FZMB), 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany; (M.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Marie Mahnkopf
- Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology (FZMB), 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany; (M.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Cristina Zubiria-Barrera
- Respiratory Infection Dynamics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.Z.-B.); (H.S.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Heise
- Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology (FZMB), 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany; (M.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Marcus Frank
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Centre (EMZ), University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Daniel Misch
- Lungenklinik Heckeshorn, Helios Klinikum Emil-von-Behring, 14165 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Torsten Bauer
- Lungenklinik Heckeshorn, Helios Klinikum Emil-von-Behring, 14165 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Hartmut Stocker
- Clinic for Infectiology, St. Joseph’s Hospital Berlin, 12101 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Respiratory Infection Dynamics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.Z.-B.); (H.S.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Riebold D, Lubig J, Wolf P, Wolf C, Russow K, Loebermann M, Slevogt H, Mohr E, Feldhusen F, Reisinger EC. First molecular detection of Pneumocystis spp. in red foxes (Vulpes vulpeslinnaeus, 1758) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoidesgray, 1834). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101531. [PMID: 32871298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungal organisms of the genus Pneumocystis may cause Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans, but also domestic and wild mammals. Almost every animal species hosts its own genetically distinct Pneumocystis species, however information is sparse. In this study, 62 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and 37 raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were collected in North-East Germany. The lung tissues of the animals were analysed by a new designed specific pan-Pneumocystis mtLSU rRNA gene PCR and sequencing. With this PCR, detection and discrimination of all known Pneumocystis spp. in a single step should be possible. This first detection of Pneumocystis spp. in 29/62 (46.8%) red foxes and 29/37 (78.4%) raccoon dogs indicated, that they harbour two dissimilar strains, as seen by specific single nucleotide position changes (SNPs). Nevertheless, five samples with contrary SNPs showed a probable inter-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Riebold
- Host Septomics Group, Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany; Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany.
| | - Jacob Lubig
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany; Chair for Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Wolf
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishery Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (LALLF-MV), Rostock, Germany
| | - Carola Wolf
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishery Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (LALLF-MV), Rostock, Germany
| | - Kati Russow
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Micha Loebermann
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Host Septomics Group, Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Elmar Mohr
- Chair for Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Frerk Feldhusen
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishery Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (LALLF-MV), Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil Christian Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany
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Riebold D, Russow K, Schlegel M, Wollny T, Thiel J, Freise J, Hüppop O, Eccard JA, Plenge-Bönig A, Loebermann M, Ulrich RG, Klammt S, Mettenleiter TC, Reisinger EC. Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Mammals from Germany. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 20:125-133. [PMID: 31513468 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in zoonotic infections in humans in recent years has led to a high level of public interest. However, the extent of infestation of free-living small mammals with pathogens and especially parasites is not well understood. This pilot study was carried out within the framework of the "Rodent-borne pathogens" network to identify zoonotic parasites in small mammals in Germany. From 2008 to 2009, 111 small mammals of 8 rodent and 5 insectivore species were collected. Feces and intestine samples from every mammal were examined microscopically for the presence of intestinal parasites by using Telemann concentration for worm eggs, Kinyoun staining for coccidia, and Heidenhain staining for other protozoa. Adult helminths were additionally stained with carmine acid for species determination. Eleven different helminth species, five coccidians, and three other protozoa species were detected. Simultaneous infection of one host by different helminths was common. Hymenolepis spp. (20.7%) were the most common zoonotic helminths in the investigated hosts. Coccidia, including Eimeria spp. (30.6%), Cryptosporidium spp. (17.1%), and Sarcocystis spp. (17.1%), were present in 40.5% of the feces samples of small mammals. Protozoa, such as Giardia spp. and amoebae, were rarely detected, most likely because of the repeated freeze-thawing of the samples during preparation. The zoonotic pathogens detected in this pilot study may be potentially transmitted to humans by drinking water, smear infection, and airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Riebold
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Host Septomics Research Group, ZIK Septomics, University Jena Medical School, Jena, Germany
| | - Kati Russow
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Schlegel
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Theres Wollny
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lausitz University of Applied Sciences, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Thiel
- Forstliches Forschungs- und Kompetenzzentrum Gotha, Gotha, Germany
| | - Jona Freise
- Department of Pest Control, Veterinary Task-Force, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Wardenburg, Germany
| | - Ommo Hüppop
- Institute of Avian Research "Vogelwarte Helgoland," Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Jana Anja Eccard
- Animal Ecology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anita Plenge-Bönig
- Division of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hygiene and Environment, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Micha Loebermann
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Günter Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klammt
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Emil Christian Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Schauer AE, Klassert TE, von Lachner C, Riebold D, Schneeweiß A, Stock M, Müller MM, Hammerschmidt S, Bufler P, Seifert U, Dietert K, Dinarello CA, Nold MF, Gruber AD, Nold-Petry CA, Slevogt H. IL-37 Causes Excessive Inflammation and Tissue Damage in Murine Pneumococcal Pneumonia. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:403-418. [PMID: 28601872 PMCID: PMC6738772 DOI: 10.1159/000469661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae infections can lead to severe complications with excessive immune activation and tissue damage. Interleukin-37 (IL-37) has gained importance as a suppressor of innate and acquired immunity, and its effects have been therapeutic as they prevent tissue damage in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. By using RAW macrophages, stably transfected with human IL-37, we showed a 70% decrease in the cytokine levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, and a 2.2-fold reduction of the intracellular killing capacity of internalized pneumococci in response to pneumococcal infection. In a murine model of infection with S. pneumoniae, using mice transgenic for human IL-37b (IL-37tg), we observed an initial decrease in cytokine expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the lungs, followed by a late-phase enhancement of pneumococcal burden and subsequent increase of proinflammatory cytokine levels. Additionally, a marked increase in recruitment of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils was noted, while TRAIL mRNA was reduced 3-fold in lungs of IL-37tg mice, resulting in necrotizing pneumonia with augmented death of infiltrating neutrophils, enhanced bacteremic spread, and increased mortality. In conclusion, we have identified that IL-37 modulates several core components of a successful inflammatory response to pneumococcal pneumonia, which lead to increased inflammation, tissue damage, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja E. Schauer
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Diana Riebold
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Centre for Applied Research Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Schneeweiß
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Magdalena Stock
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mario M. Müller
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philip Bufler
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seifert
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristina Dietert
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel F. Nold
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia A. Nold-Petry
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Frimmel S, Krienke A, Riebold D, Loebermann M, Littmann M, Fiedler K, Klaus C, Süss J, Reisinger EC. Tick-borne encephalitis virus habitats in North East Germany: reemergence of TBEV in ticks after 15 years of inactivity. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:308371. [PMID: 25110671 PMCID: PMC4109299 DOI: 10.1155/2014/308371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of tick-borne encephalitis has risen in Europe since 1990 and the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) has been documented to be spreading into regions where it was not previously endemic. In Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, a federal state in Northern Germany, TBEV was not detectable in over 16,000 collected ticks between 1992 and 2004. Until 2004, the last human case of TBE in the region was reported in 1985. Following the occurrence of three autochthonous human cases of TBE after 2004, however, we collected ticks from the areas in which the infections were contracted. To increase the chance of detecting TBEV-RNA, some of the ticks were fed on mice. Using nested RT-PCR, we were able to confirm the presence of TBEV in ticks for the first time after 15 years. A phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between the sequences we obtained and a TBEV sequence from Mecklenburg-East Pomerania published in 1992 and pointed to the reemergence of a natural focus of TBEV after years of low activity. Our results imply that natural foci of TBEV may either persist at low levels of activity for years or reemerge through the agency of migrating birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvius Frimmel
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, University of Rostock Medical School, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anja Krienke
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, University of Rostock Medical School, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Diana Riebold
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, University of Rostock Medical School, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Micha Loebermann
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, University of Rostock Medical School, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martina Littmann
- Health Department of the State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Karin Fiedler
- Health Department of the State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Klaus
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute Jena, National Reference Laboratory for Tick-Borne Diseases, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jochen Süss
- Tick Information Center, 07646 Lippersdorf, Germany
| | - Emil Christian Reisinger
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, University of Rostock Medical School, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Riebold D, Enoh DO, Kinge TN, Akam W, Bumah MK, Russow K, Klammt S, Loebermann M, Fritzsche C, Eyong JE, Eppel G, Kundt G, Hemmer CJ, Reisinger EC. Pneumocystis jirovecii colonisation in HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects in Cameroon. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 19:643-655. [PMID: 24645978 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients in Europe and the USA, in Cameroon. MATERIALS AND METHODS Induced sputum samples from 237 patients without pulmonary symptoms (126 HIV-positive and 111 HIV-negative outpatients) treated at a regional hospital in Cameroon were examined for the prevalence of Pneumocystis jirovecii by specific nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and staining methods. CD4 counts and the history of antiretroviral therapy of the subjects were obtained through the ESOPE database system. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Seventy-five of 237 study participants (31.6%) were colonised with Pneumocystis, but none showed active PCP. The Pneumocystis colonisation rate in HIV-positive subjects was more than double that of HIV-negative subjects (42.9% vs. 18.9%, P < 0.001). In the HIV-positive group, the colonisation rate corresponds to the reduction in the CD4 lymphocyte counts. Subjects with CD4 counts >500 cells/μl were colonised at a rate of 20.0%, subjects with CD4 counts between 200 and 500 cells/μl of 42.5%, and subjects with CD4 counts <200 cells/μl of 57.1%. Colonisation with Pneumocystis in Cameroon seems to be comparable to rates found in Western Europe. Prophylactic and therapeutic measures against Pneumocystis should be taken into account in HIV care in western Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Riebold
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - D O Enoh
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany.,Regional Hospital Limbe, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - T N Kinge
- Regional Hospital Limbe, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - W Akam
- Regional Hospital Limbe, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - M K Bumah
- Regional Hospital Limbe, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - K Russow
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - S Klammt
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - M Loebermann
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Fritzsche
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - J E Eyong
- Ministry of Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - G Eppel
- Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - G Kundt
- Institute of Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - C J Hemmer
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - E C Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
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Loebermann M, Voss U, Meyer S, Bosse D, Fritzsche C, Klammt S, Frimmel S, Riebold D, Reisinger EC. Clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent surface antigen seasonal influenza vaccine produced in mammalian cell culture and administered to young and elderly adults with and without A(H1N1) pre-vaccination. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70866. [PMID: 23976960 PMCID: PMC3745456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vaccination against influenza is an important means of reducing morbidity and mortality in subjects at risk. The prevalent viral strains responsible for seasonal epidemics usually change annually, but the WHO recommendations for the 2011/2012-season in the Northern hemisphere included the same antigens as for the previous season. We conducted a single-center, single-arm study involving 62 younger (18-60 years) and 64 older (>60 years) adults to test the immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of a trivalent surface antigen, inactivated influenza vaccine produced in mammalian cell-culture. The vaccine contained 15 µg hemagglutinin of each of the virus strains recommended for the 2011-2012 Northern hemisphere winter season (A/California/7/09 (H1N1)-; A/Perth/16/09 (H3N2)-; B/Brisbane/60/08-like strain) in a non-adjuvanted preservative-free formulation. Antibody response was measured by hemagglutination inhibition 21 days after immunization. Adverse events and safety were assessed using subject diary cards and telephone interviews. Seroconversion or a 4-fold antibody increase in antibody titers was detectable against A(H1N1) in 68% of both younger and older adults, against A(H3N2) in 53% and 27%, and against the B influenza strain in 35% and 17%. Antibody titers of 40 or more were observed against A(H1N1) in 87% and 90% of younger and older adults, against A(H3N2) in 98% and 98%, and against the B influenza strain in 93% and 90%. Pre-vaccination antibody titers were protective against A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and B in 38%, 58% and 58%, respectively, of younger and in 43%, 88% and 70% of older adults. Among subjects with previous A(H1N1) vaccination only 48% of younger and 47% of older adults had protective A(H1N1) antibodies at inclusion. Adverse reactions were generally mild. The most frequently reported reactions were pain at the injection site, myalgia and fatigue. The vaccine generated protective antibodies against all three viral strains and had an acceptable safety profile in both younger and older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.govNCT01422512.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Loebermann
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ulrich Voss
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Seetha Meyer
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Bosse
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carlos Fritzsche
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klammt
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Silvius Frimmel
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Diana Riebold
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil C. Reisinger
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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8
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Fritzsche C, Riebold D, Fuehrer A, Mitzner A, Klammt S, Mueller-Hilke B, Reisinger EC. Pneumocystis jiroveciicolonization among renal transplant recipients. Nephrology (Carlton) 2013; 18:382-7. [DOI: 10.1111/nep.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fritzsche
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases; Department of Medicine; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
| | - Diana Riebold
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases; Department of Medicine; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
| | - Andreas Fuehrer
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
| | - Andrea Mitzner
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
| | - Sebastian Klammt
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases; Department of Medicine; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
| | | | - Emil C Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases; Department of Medicine; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
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9
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Fritzsche C, Becker F, Hemmer CJ, Riebold D, Klammt S, Hufert F, Akam W, Kinge TN, Reisinger EC. Hepatitis B and C: neglected diseases among health care workers in Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107:158-64. [PMID: 23303802 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trs087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers (HCW) are at risk of acquiring blood-borne viral infections, particularly hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and HIV, especially in high endemic regions such as sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS Sera from 237 hospital workers in Southwest Cameroon were tested for anti-hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), anti-HCV and (on a voluntary basis) for anti-HIV. Information on pre-study testing for HBV, HCV and HIV and pre-study HBV vaccination status was collected from these individuals. RESULTS The pre-study testing rate among participating hospital staff for HBV was 23.6% (56/237), for HCV 16% (38/237), and for HIV 91.6% (217/237). The pre-study HBV vaccination rate was 12.3% (29/237). Analysis of anti-HBc revealed that 73.4% (174/237) of the hospital staff had been infected by HBV. Active HBV infection (HBsAg positivity) was detected in 15 participants. Anti-HCV was found in four of 237 participants, HIV antibodies were detected in four of 200 participants tested. CONCLUSION HBV and HCV are neglected diseases among HCW in sub-Saharan Africa. The vaccination rate against HBV was very low at 12.3%, and therefore anti-HBc testing should be mandatory to identify HCW requiring HBV vaccination. Testing for HBV and routine HBV vaccination for HBV-negative HCW should be strongly enforced in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fritzsche
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock Medical School, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, D-18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Riebold D, Mohr E, Sombetzki M, Fritzsche C, Loebermann M, Reisinger E. Pneumocystis species in Brown Leghorn laying hens—A hint for an extra-mammalian reservoir. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1813-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Fritzsche C, Riebold D, Munk-Hartig AK, Klammt S, Neeck G, Reisinger EC. High prevalence ofPneumocystis jiroveciicolonization among patients with autoimmune inflammatory diseases and corticosteroid therapy. Scand J Rheumatol 2012; 41:208-13. [DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2011.630328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Loebermann M, Anders G, Brestrich G, Fritzsche C, Klammt S, Boršo D, Frimmel S, Riebold D, Reisinger EC. Safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent single dose seasonal influenza vaccine containing pandemic A(H1N1) antigen in younger and elderly subjects: a phase III open-label single-arm study. Vaccine 2010; 29:1228-34. [PMID: 21167116 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the pandemic of the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus strain, 20-40% of the population in some areas were infected. Infection with A(H1N1) may be mild, with an average case fatality rate below 0.25%, but severe disease is not limited to patients with underlying medical conditions. Since A(H1N1) is expected to continue to circulate it is included in the seasonal influenza vaccines for the 2010-2011 winter season. We investigated the immunogenicity and safety of a preservative-free non-adjuvanted seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine. METHODS We conducted a single center single-arm study involving 142 subjects (77 adults of 18-60 years and 65 subjects 61 years and above) to test the immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of a trivalent split influenza vaccine. The vaccine contained 15μg of hemagglutinin of each of the virus strains recommended for the 2010-2011 northern hemisphere winter season (A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like strain; A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like strain; B/Brisbane/60/2008-like strain) in a non-adjuvanted preservative-free formulation. Antibody response to each antigen was measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) 21 days after immunization. Subject diary cards and additional telephone interviews were used to assess the safety profile. RESULTS By day 21 after the vaccination, seroconversion, or a 4-fold antibody increase in HI antibody titers, was detectable against A(H1N1) in 84% and 75% of younger and older adults, against A(H3N2) in 80% and 57%, and against the B influenza strain in 61% and 33%. HI antibody titers of 40 or more were observed against A(H1N1) in 99% and 90% of younger and older adults, against A(H3N2) in 100% and 90%, and against the B influenza strain in 91% and 78%. Pre-vaccination antibody titers were protective against A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B in 26%, 44% and 33%, respectively of the adults below 61 years and in 27%, 54% and 44% of the subjects of 61 years and above. Local and systemic reactions were more common in younger than in older subjects and the most frequently reported reactions were pain at the injection site (36%), myalgia (24%), and fatigue (15%). Five percent elderly subjects and 1% of younger subjects had mild or moderate unsolicited adverse events such as prolonged ecchymosis or night sweats that resolved within 7 days after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS This single dose trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine generated protective antibodies to all three viral strains and had an acceptable safety profile in both younger and older adults (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01147081).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loebermann
- University of Rostock, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Holtfreter MC, Loebermann M, Klammt S, Sombetzki M, Bodammer P, Riebold D, Kinzelbach R, Reisinger EC. Schistosoma mansoni: schistosomicidal effect of mefloquine and primaquine in vitro. Exp Parasitol 2010; 127:270-6. [PMID: 20807530 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the anti-malarials mefloquine and primaquine against the juvenile and adult life stages of Schistosoma mansoniin vitro. Cercariae were incubated with 0.5 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml and 2 μg/ml mefloquine or primaquine and with 1 μg/ml praziquantel for 12h. Schistosomula, pre-adults and adults were incubated with 0.5 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml and 2 μg/ml mefloquine or primaquine and with 1 μg/ml praziquantel for 7 days. The viability status was classified as viable, damaged or dead and was checked every 3h for cercariae and every 12h for schistosomula, pre-adults and adults. Both, mefloquine and primaquine show time and dose-dependent schistosomicidal effects on the four life stages of S. mansoni. The promising in vitro effects on all stages of the blood fluke S. mansoni warrants further evaluation of both anti-malarials and their derivatives for their prophylactic and therapeutic values in early and late schistosomiasis in field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Holtfreter
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany
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Frimmel S, Krienke A, Riebold D, Löbermann M, Littmann M, Fiedler K, Klaus C, Süss J, Reisinger E. Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis-Virus bei Menschen und Zecken in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2010; 135:1393-6. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1262424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Loebermann M, Sombetzki M, Langner C, Fuchsbichler A, Gumhold J, Silbert D, Riebold D, Holtfreter M, Fickert P, Nizze H, Trauner M, Reisinger EC. Imbalance of pro- and antifibrogenic genes and bile duct injury in murine Schistosoma mansoni infection-induced liver fibrosis. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14:1418-25. [PMID: 19747186 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The murine model of Schistosoma mansoni infection is characterized by strong fibrosis and little hepatocellular injury. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential link between hepatic schistosomiasis and bile duct injury in relation to the expression of profibrotic cytokines and fibrosis-related genes. METHODS Hepatic schistosomiasis was induced via percutaneous infection of mice with 50 S. mansoni cercariae. Markers of fibrosis including matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue-inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), as well as markers of bile duct injury (keratin-19, VCAM-1) were studied during 24 weeks after infection by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Liver biochemistry revealed no differences in serum transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels in infected and uninfected mice. Total liver hydroxyproline content was increased 5-fold (P < 0.05) after infection. Gene expression analysis revealed MMP-2 (12-fold, P < 0.05) and TIMP-1 (48-fold, P < 0.05) up-regulation after infection. The balance of MMP and TIMP was shifted towards TIMP. Bile ducts were engulfed by adjacent granulomas resulting in ductular proliferation (keratin-19). VCAM-1 expression and inflammatory infiltrates were reduced. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that schistosomiasis is associated with (i) an imbalance of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 as key players of fibrogenesis and (ii) with secondary bile duct alterations leading to ductular proliferation possibly contributing to fibrosis.
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Riebold D, Fritzsche C, Lademann M, Bier A, Reisinger EC. Pneumocystis jiroveci dihydropteroate synthase gene mutations at codon 171 but not at codons 55 or 57 detected in Germany. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:582-3. [PMID: 16421813 DOI: 10.1086/500019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Riebold D, Reisinger EC. Labor-Diagnostik der Pneumocystis-Pneumonie - neue Entwicklungen - Erwiderung. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-939898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- D Riebold
- Abteilung für Tropenmedizin und Infektionskrankheiten, Klinik für Innere Medizin, Universität Rostock
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Riebold D, Hennig A, Loebermann M, Schareck W, Reisinger EC. Pneumocystis pneumonia in an alcoholic patient with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24:294-6. [PMID: 15902540 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-005-1318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Riebold
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Steiner B, Riebold D, Wolff D, Freund M, Reisinger EC. Strongyloides stercoralis eggs in a urethral smear after bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:1280-1. [PMID: 11941560 DOI: 10.1086/339753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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