1
|
Fry JL, Munson BD, Thompson KL, Fry CS, Paddon-Jones D, Arentson-Lantz EJ. The T allele of TCF7L2 rs7903146 is associated with decreased glucose tolerance after bed rest in healthy older adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6897. [PMID: 35477971 PMCID: PMC9046412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inpatient populations are at increased risk of hyperglycemia due to factors such as medications, physical inactivity and underlying illness, which increases morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, clinicians have limited tools available to prospectively identify those at greatest risk. We evaluated the ability of 10 common genetic variants associated with development of type 2 diabetes to predict impaired glucose metabolism. Our research model was a simulated inpatient hospital stay (7 day bed rest protocol, standardized diet, and physical inactivity) in a cohort of healthy older adults (n = 31, 65 ± 8 years) with baseline fasting blood glucose < 100 mg/dL. Participants completed a standard 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at baseline and post-bed rest. Bed rest increased 2-h OGTT blood glucose and insulin independent of genetic variant. In multiple regression modeling, the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) rs7903146 T allele predicted increases in 2-h OGTT blood glucose (p = 0.039). We showed that the TCF7L2 rs7903146 T allele confers risk for loss of glucose tolerance in nondiabetic older adults following 7 days of bed rest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean L Fry
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0200, USA.
| | - Brooke D Munson
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0200, USA
| | - Katherine L Thompson
- Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0082, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0200, USA
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, Center for Rehabilitation, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-1028, USA
| | - Emily J Arentson-Lantz
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism, Center for Rehabilitation, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-1028, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arentson-Lantz EJ, Mikovic J, Bhattarai N, Fry CS, Lamon S, Porter C, Paddon-Jones D. Leucine augments specific skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory pathways during recovery following 7 days of physical inactivity in older adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1522-1533. [PMID: 33764170 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00810.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In older adults, leucine mitigated the loss of insulin sensitivity associated with muscular disuse. Leucine supplementation increased mitochondrial respiration and reduced a marker of oxidative stress following periods of disuse and rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Arentson-Lantz
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jasmine Mikovic
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nisha Bhattarai
- Deparment of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig Porter
- Deparment of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lamon S, Morabito A, Arentson-Lantz E, Knowles O, Vincent GE, Condo D, Alexander SE, Garnham A, Paddon-Jones D, Aisbett B. The effect of acute sleep deprivation on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and the hormonal environment. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14660. [PMID: 33400856 PMCID: PMC7785053 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep loss is a potent catabolic stressor, increasing the risk of metabolic dysfunction and loss of muscle mass and function. To provide mechanistic insight into these clinical outcomes, we sought to determine if acute sleep deprivation blunts skeletal muscle protein synthesis and promotes a catabolic environment. Healthy young adults (N = 13; seven male, six female) were subjected to one night of total sleep deprivation (DEP) and normal sleep (CON) in a randomized cross‐over design. Anabolic and catabolic hormonal profiles were assessed across the following day. Postprandial muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was assessed between 13:00 and 15:00 and gene markers of muscle protein degradation were assessed at 13:00. Acute sleep deprivation reduced muscle protein synthesis by 18% (CON: 0.072 ± 0.015% vs. DEP: 0.059 ± 0.014%·h‐1, p = .040). In addition, sleep deprivation increased plasma cortisol by 21% (p = .030) and decreased plasma testosterone by 24% (p = .029). No difference was found in the markers of protein degradation. A single night of total sleep deprivation is sufficient to induce anabolic resistance and a procatabolic environment. These acute changes may represent mechanistic precursors driving the metabolic dysfunction and body composition changes associated with chronic sleep deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Aimee Morabito
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Emily Arentson-Lantz
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Olivia Knowles
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Dominique Condo
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Center for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Alexander
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fry JL, Arentson-Lantz EJ, Fry CS, Paddon-Jones D. Diabetes Risk Variants Associate With Impaired Insulin Sensitivity In Healthy Adults Following Bed Rest. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000671500.20125.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Phillips SM, Paddon-Jones D, Layman DK. Optimizing Adult Protein Intake During Catabolic Health Conditions. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:S1058-S1069. [PMID: 32666115 PMCID: PMC7360447 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The DRIs define a range of acceptable dietary intakes for each nutrient. The range is defined from the minimum intake to avoid risk of inadequacy (i.e., the RDA) up to an upper limit (UL) based on a detectable risk of adverse effects. For most nutrients, the minimum RDA is based on alleviating a clear deficiency condition, whereas higher intakes are often recommended to optimize specific health outcomes. Evidence is accumulating that similar logic should be applied to dietary recommendations for protein. Although the RDA for protein of 0.8 g/kg body weight is adequate to avoid obvious inadequacies, multiple studies provide evidence that many adults may benefit from protein quantity, quality, and distribution beyond guidelines currently defined by the RDA. Further, the dietary requirement for protein is a surrogate for the constituent amino acids and, in particular, the 9 considered to be indispensable. Leucine provides an important example of an essential amino acid where the RDA of 42 mg/kg body weight is significantly less than the 100-110 mg/kg required to optimize metabolic regulation and skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This review will highlight the benefits of higher protein diets to optimize health during aging, inactivity, bed rest, or metabolic dysfunction such as type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Donald K Layman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arentson-Lantz EJ, Galvan E, Ellison J, Wacher A, Paddon-Jones D. Improving Dietary Protein Quality Reduces the Negative Effects of Physical Inactivity on Body Composition and Muscle Function. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1605-1611. [PMID: 30689727 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brief periods of physical inactivity can compromise muscle health. Increasing dietary protein intake is potentially beneficial but complicated by difficulties reconciling anabolic potential with a realistic food volume and energy intake. We sought to determine whether increasing dietary protein quality could reduce the negative effects of physical inactivity. METHODS Twenty healthy, older men and women completed 7 days of bed rest followed by 5 days of rehabilitation. Volunteers consumed a mixed macronutrient diet (MIXED: N = 10; 68 ± 2 years; 1,722 ± 29 kcal/day; 0.97 ± 0.01 g protein/kg/day) or an isoenergetic, whey-augmented, higher protein quality diet (WHEY: N = 10; 69 ± 1 years; 1,706 ± 23 kcal/day; 0.90 ± 0.01 g protein/kg/day). Outcomes included body composition, blood glucose, insulin, and a battery of physical function tests. RESULTS During bed rest, both groups experienced a 20% reduction in knee extension peak torque (p < .05). The WHEY diet partially protected leg lean mass (-1,035 vs. -680 ± 138 g, MIXED vs. WHEY; p = .08) and contributed to a greater loss of body fat (-90 vs. -233 ± 152 g, MIXED vs. WHEY; p < .05). Following rehabilitation, knee extension peak torque in the WHEY group fully recovered (-10.0 vs. 2.2 ± 4.1 Nm, MIXED vs. WHEY; p = .05). Blood glucose, insulin, aerobic capacity, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) changes were similar in both dietary conditions (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS Improving protein quality without increasing total energy intake has the potential to partially counter some of the negative effects of bed rest in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Arentson-Lantz
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Elfego Galvan
- Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | | | - Adam Wacher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arentson-Lantz EJ, Fiebig KN, Anderson-Catania KJ, Deer RR, Wacher A, Fry CS, Lamon S, Paddon-Jones D. Countering disuse atrophy in older adults with low-volume leucine supplementation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:967-977. [PMID: 32191600 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00847.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults are at increased risk of being bedridden and experiencing negative health outcomes including the loss of muscle tissue and functional capacity. We hypothesized that supplementing daily meals with a small quantity (3-4 g/meal) of leucine would partially preserve lean leg mass and function of older adults during bed rest. During a 7-day bed rest protocol, followed by 5 days of inpatient rehabilitation, healthy older men and women (67.8 ± 1.1 yr, 14 men; 6 women) were randomized to receive isoenergetic meals supplemented with leucine (LEU, 0.06 g/kg/meal; n = 10) or an alanine control (CON, 0.06 g/kg/meal; n = 10). Outcomes were assessed at baseline, following bed rest, and after rehabilitation. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Functional capacity was assessed by knee extensor isokinetic and isometric dynamometry, peak aerobic capacity, and the short physical performance battery. Muscle fiber type, cross-sectional area, signaling protein expression levels, and single fiber characteristics were determined from biopsies of the vastus lateralis. Leucine supplementation reduced the loss of leg lean mass during bed rest (LEU vs. CON: -423 vs. -1035 ± 143 g; P = 0.008) but had limited impact on strength or endurance-based functional outcomes. Similarly, leucine had no effect on markers of anabolic signaling and protein degradation during bed rest or rehabilitation. In conclusion, providing older adults with supplemental leucine has minimal impact on total energy or protein consumption and has the potential to partially counter some, but not all, of the negative effects of inactivity on muscle health.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Skeletal muscle morphology and function in older adults was significantly compromised by 7 days of disuse. Leucine supplementation partially countered the loss of lean leg mass but did not preserve muscle function or positively impact changes at the muscle fiber level associated with bed rest or rehabilitation. Of note, our data support a relationship between myonuclear content and adaptations to muscle atrophy at the whole limb and single fiber level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Arentson-Lantz
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kinga N Fiebig
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kim J Anderson-Catania
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel R Deer
- Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Adam Wacher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Paddon-Jones D, Layman DK. Branched-chain ketoacid ingestion: an alternative to efficiently increase skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:799-800. [PMID: 31504096 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Donald K Layman
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
O'Connor LE, Biberstine SL, Paddon-Jones D, Schwichtenberg AJ, Campbell WW. Adopting a Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern with Different Amounts of Lean Unprocessed Red Meat Does Not Influence Short-Term Subjective Personal Well-Being in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. J Nutr 2018; 148:1917-1923. [PMID: 30517731 PMCID: PMC7263834 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reducing red meat intake is commonly recommended. Limited observational studies suggest that healthy eating patterns with red meat are associated with improved quality of life. Objective The secondary objectives of this randomized crossover controlled-feeding trial were to assess the effects of following a Mediterranean-style eating pattern (Med-Pattern) with different amounts of red meat on indexes of personal well-being (i.e., perceived quality of life, mood, and sleep) in overweight or obese adults. We hypothesized that following a Med-Pattern would improve these outcomes, independent of red meat intake amount. Methods Forty-one participants [aged 46 ± 2 y; body mass index (kg/m2): 30.5 ± 0.6; n = 28 women, n = 13 men) were provided Med-Pattern foods for two 5-wk periods separated by 4 wk of self-selected eating. The Med-Red Pattern contained ∼500 g/wk (typical US intake), and the Med-Control Pattern contained ∼200 g/wk (commonly recommended intake in heart-healthy eating patterns) of lean, unprocessed beef or pork compensated with mainly poultry and dairy. Baseline and postintervention outcomes measured were perceived quality of life via the MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, version 2 (SF-36v2), daily mood states via the Profile of Mood States (POMS), sleep perceptions via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and sleep patterns via actigraphy. Data were analyzed via a doubly repeated-measures ANOVA adjusted for age, sex, and body mass at each time point. Results Following a Med-Pattern did not change domains of physical health, mental health, total mood disturbances, sleep perceptions, and sleep patterns but improved subdomains of physical health role limitations (SF-36v2: 93.6-96.7%; P = 0.038), vitality (SF-36v2: 57.9-63.0%; P = 0.020), and fatigue (POMS: 2.9-2.5 arbitrary units; P = 0.039). There were no differences between the Med-Red and Med-Control Patterns (time × pattern, P-interaction > 0.05). Conclusion Following a Med-Pattern, independent of lean, unprocessed red meat intake, may not be an effective short-term strategy to meaningfully improve indexes of personal well-being in adults who are overweight or obese. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02573129.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - A J Schwichtenberg
- Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
O'Connor LE, Paddon-Jones D, Wright AJ, Campbell WW. A Mediterranean-style eating pattern with lean, unprocessed red meat has cardiometabolic benefits for adults who are overweight or obese in a randomized, crossover, controlled feeding trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:33-40. [PMID: 29901710 PMCID: PMC6600057 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A Mediterranean-style eating pattern (Mediterranean Pattern) is often described as being low in red meat. Research shows that lean, unprocessed red meat can be incorporated into healthy eating patterns to improve cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk factors. Objective We assessed the effects of consuming different amounts of lean, unprocessed red meat in a Mediterranean Pattern on CMD risk factors. We hypothesized that consuming a Mediterranean Pattern would improve CMD risk factors and that red meat intake would not influence these improvements. Design In an investigator-blinded, randomized, crossover, controlled feeding trial, 41 subjects [mean ± SD age: 46 ± 2 y; mean ± SD body mass index (kg/m2): 30.5 ± 0.6] were provided with a Mediterranean Pattern for two 5-wk interventions separated by 4 wk of self-selected eating. The Mediterranean Patterns contained ∼500 g [typical US intake (Med-Red)] and ∼200 g [commonly recommended intake in heart-healthy eating patterns (Med-Control)] of lean, unprocessed beef or pork per week. Red meat intake was compensated by poultry and other protein-rich foods. Baseline and postintervention outcomes included fasting blood pressure, serum lipids, lipoproteins, glucose, insulin, and ambulatory blood pressure. The presented results were adjusted for age, sex, and body mass at each time point (P < 0.05). Results Total cholesterol decreased, but greater reductions occurred with Med-Red than with Med-Control (-0.4 ± 0.1 and -0.2 ±0.1 mmol/L, respectively, intervention × time = 0.045]. Low-density lipoprotein decreased with Med-Red but was unchanged with Med-Control [-0.3 ± 0.1 and -0.1 ± 0.1 mmol/L, respectively, intervention × time = 0.038], whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations decreased nondifferentially [-0.1 ± 0.0 mmol/L]. Triglycerides, total cholesterol:HDL, glucose, and insulin did not change with either Med-Red or Med-Control. All blood pressure parameters improved, except during sleep, independent of the red meat intake amount. Conclusions Adults who are overweight or moderately obese may improve multiple cardiometabolic disease risk factors by adopting a Mediterranean-style eating pattern with or without reductions in red meat intake when red meats are lean and unprocessed. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02573129.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E O'Connor
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Amy J Wright
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN,Address correspondence to WWC (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hudson JL, Kim JE, Paddon-Jones D, Campbell WW. Within-day protein distribution does not influence body composition responses during weight loss in resistance-training adults who are overweight. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:1190-1196. [PMID: 28903957 PMCID: PMC5657287 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.158246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emerging research suggests that redistributing total protein intake from 1 high-protein meal/d to multiple moderately high-protein meals improves 24-h muscle protein synthesis. Over time, this may promote positive changes in body composition.Objective: We sought to assess the effects of within-day protein intake distribution on changes in body composition during dietary energy restriction and resistance training.Design: In a randomized parallel-design study, 41 men and women [mean ± SEM age: 35 ± 2 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 31.5 ± 0.5] consumed an energy-restricted diet (750 kcal/d below the requirement) for 16 wk while performing resistance training 3 d/wk. Subjects consumed 90 g protein/d (1.0 ± 0.03 g · kg-1 · d-1, 125% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance, at intervention week 1) in either a skewed (10 g at breakfast, 20 g at lunch, and 60 g at dinner; n = 20) or even (30 g each at breakfast, lunch, and dinner; n = 21) distribution pattern. Body composition was measured pre- and postintervention.Results: Over time, whole-body mass (least-squares mean ± SE: -7.9 ± 0.6 kg), whole-body lean mass (-1.0 ± 0.2 kg), whole-body fat mass (-6.9 ± 0.5 kg), appendicular lean mass (-0.7 ± 0.1 kg), and appendicular fat mass (-2.6 ± 0.2 kg) each decreased. The midthigh muscle area (0 ± 1 cm2) did not change over time, whereas the midcalf muscle area decreased (-3 ± 1 cm2). Within-day protein distribution did not differentially affect these body-composition responses.Conclusion: The effectiveness of dietary energy restriction combined with resistance training to improve body composition is not influenced by the within-day distribution of protein when adequate total protein is consumed. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02066948.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hudson
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; and
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; and
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; and
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hudson JL, Paddon-Jones D, Campbell WW. Whey protein supplementation 2 hours after a lower protein breakfast restores plasma essential amino acid availability comparable to a higher protein breakfast in overweight adults. Nutr Res 2017; 47:90-97. [PMID: 29241582 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids from meals peak in the plasma at ~180 minutes postprandial. Conversely, amino acids from rapidly digestible whey protein appear in the plasma within 15 minutes and peak at 60 minutes postprandial. Therefore, we hypothesized that consuming a 20-g whey protein snack 2 hours after a standard mixed-macronutrient, lower protein breakfast (10 g) would result in peak and composite postprandial plasma essential amino acid (EAA) responses that were not different from consuming a 30-g protein breakfast alone. Using a randomized, crossover design, 12 subjects (6 men, 6 women; age: 29 ± 1 y; BMI: 26.0 ± 1.0 kg/m2; mean ± SE) completed three 330-minute trials in which they consumed breakfasts containing (i) 10 g of protein (10-PRO, control), (ii) 30 g of protein (30-PRO), and (iii) 10 g of protein followed by 20 g of whey protein isolate 120 minutes later (10/20-PRO). For both 30-PRO and 10/20-PRO, EAA peaked 180 minutes after breakfast, with greater peak concentrations for 10/20-PRO than 30-PRO (Tukey adjusted, P < .0001). Essential amino acid positive incremental areas under the curve (iAUCpos) over 300 minutes were not different between 30-PRO and 10/20-PRO. Consuming a rapidly digested whey protein snack 2 hours after a slowly digested, lower protein breakfast resulted in a greater peak plasma EAA concentration but comparable plasma EAA availability than consuming a single higher protein breakfast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hudson
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 West State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 West State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hurt RT, McClave SA, Martindale RG, Ochoa Gautier JB, Coss-Bu JA, Dickerson RN, Heyland DK, Hoffer LJ, Moore FA, Morris CR, Paddon-Jones D, Patel JJ, Phillips SM, Rugeles SJ, Sarav, MD M, Weijs PJM, Wernerman J, Hamilton-Reeves J, McClain CJ, Taylor B. Summary Points and Consensus Recommendations From the International Protein Summit. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32:142S-151S. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533617693610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Hurt
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Stephen A. McClave
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Robert G. Martindale
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Juan B. Ochoa Gautier
- Nestlé HealthCare Nutrition, Inc, Florham Park, New Jersey, USA, and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jorge A. Coss-Bu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Roland N. Dickerson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daren K. Heyland
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - L. John Hoffer
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Claudia R. Morris
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jayshil J. Patel
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saúl J. Rugeles
- Department of Surgery, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Medical School, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Menaka Sarav, MD
- Department of Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter J. M. Weijs
- Department of Medicine, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Wernerman
- Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jill Hamilton-Reeves
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Beth Taylor
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Paddon-Jones D. Protein Recommendations for Bodybuilders: In This Case, More May Indeed Be Better. J Nutr 2017; 147:723-724. [PMID: 28298538 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.247981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wernerman
- Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Menaka Sarav
- Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rugeles SJ, Ochoa Gautier JB, Dickerson RN, Coss-Bu JA, Wernerman J, Paddon-Jones D. How Many Nonprotein Calories Does a Critically Ill Patient Require? A Case for Hypocaloric Nutrition in the Critically Ill Patient. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32:72S-76S. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533617693608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saúl J. Rugeles
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana School of Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | | | - Jorge A. Coss-Bu
- Director of Research, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Intensive Care Service, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston Texas, USA
| | - Jan Wernerman
- Department of Clinical Science Interventional Technology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Paddon-Jones D, Coss-Bu JA, Morris CR, Phillips SM, Wernerman J. Variation in Protein Origin and Utilization: Research and Clinical Application. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32:48S-57S. [PMID: 28388379 DOI: 10.1177/0884533617691244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle health can be rapidly compromised in clinical environments. Modifiable strategies to preserve metabolic homeostasis in adult patient populations include physical activity and pharmacologic support; however, optimizing dietary practices, or more specifically protein intake, is a necessary prerequisite for any other treatment strategy to be fully effective. Simply increasing protein intake is a well-intentioned but often unfocused strategy to protect muscle health in an intensive care setting. Protein quality is a frequently overlooked factor with the potential to differentially influence health outcomes. Quality can be assessed by a variety of techniques, with digestible indispensable amino acid score being the current and most comprehensive technique endorsed by the Food and Agriculture Organization. In practical terms, animal-based proteins are consistently scored higher in quality compared with incomplete proteins, regardless of the assessment method. Consequently, choosing parenteral and/or enteral feeding options that contain high-quality proteins, rich in the branched-chain amino acid leucine, may help establish a dietary framework with the potential to support clinical practice and improve health outcomes in critically ill patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Paddon-Jones
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jorge A Coss-Bu
- 2 Pediatrics Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Claudia R Morris
- 3 Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- 4 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Wernerman
- 5 Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska University, Solna, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Phillips SM, Dickerson RN, Moore FA, Paddon-Jones D, Weijs PJM. Protein Turnover and Metabolism in the Elderly Intensive Care Unit Patient. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32:112S-120S. [PMID: 28388378 DOI: 10.1177/0884533616686719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many intensive care unit (ICU) patients do not achieve target protein intakes particularly in the early days following admittance. This period of iatrogenic protein undernutrition contributes to a rapid loss of lean, in particular muscle, mass in the ICU. The loss of muscle in older (aged >60 years) patients in the ICU may be particularly rapid due to a perfect storm of increased catabolic factors, including systemic inflammation, disuse, protein malnutrition, and reduced anabolic stimuli. This loss of muscle mass has marked consequences. It is likely that the older patient is already experiencing muscle loss due to sarcopenia; however, the period of stay in the ICU represents a greatly accelerated period of muscle loss. Thus, on discharge, the older ICU patient is now on a steeper downward trajectory of muscle loss, more likely to have ICU-acquired muscle weakness, and at risk of becoming sarcopenic and/or frail. One practice that has been shown to have benefit during ICU stays is early ambulation and physical therapy (PT), and it is likely that both are potent stimuli to induce a sensitivity of protein anabolism. Thus, recommendations for the older ICU patient would be provision of at least 1.2-1.5 g protein/kg usual body weight/d, regular and early utilization of ambulation (if possible) and/or PT, and follow-up rehabilitation for the older discharged ICU patient that includes rehabilitation, physical activity, and higher habitual dietary protein to change the trajectory of ICU-mediated muscle mass loss and weakness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Phillips
- 1 McMaster University, Department of Kinesiology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roland N Dickerson
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Frederick A Moore
- 3 Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, and Center for Sepsis and Critical Illness Research, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- 4 Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter J M Weijs
- 5 Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,6 Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lamon S, Zacharewicz E, Arentson-Lantz E, Gatta PAD, Ghobrial L, Gerlinger-Romero F, Garnham A, Paddon-Jones D, Russell AP. Erythropoietin Does Not Enhance Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis Following Exercise in Young and Older Adults. Front Physiol 2016; 7:292. [PMID: 27458387 PMCID: PMC4937030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Erythropoietin (EPO) is a renal cytokine that is primarily involved in hematopoiesis while also playing a role in non-hematopoietic tissues expressing the EPO-receptor (EPOR). The EPOR is present in human skeletal muscle. In mouse skeletal muscle, EPO stimulation can activate the AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT) signaling pathway, the main positive regulator of muscle protein synthesis. We hypothesized that a single intravenous EPO injection combined with acute resistance exercise would have a synergistic effect on skeletal muscle protein synthesis via activation of the AKT pathway. Methods: Ten young (24.2 ± 0.9 years) and 10 older (66.6 ± 1.1 years) healthy subjects received a primed, constant infusion of [ring-13C6] L-phenylalanine and a single injection of 10,000 IU epoetin-beta or placebo in a double-blind randomized, cross-over design. 2 h after the injection, the subjects completed an acute bout of leg extension resistance exercise to stimulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Results: Significant interaction effects in the phosphorylation levels of the members of the AKT signaling pathway indicated a differential activation of protein synthesis signaling in older subjects when compared to young subjects. However, EPO offered no synergistic effect on vastus lateralis mixed muscle protein synthesis rate in young or older subjects. Conclusions: Despite its ability to activate the AKT pathway in skeletal muscle, an acute EPO injection had no additive or synergistic effect on the exercise-induced activation of muscle protein synthesis or muscle protein synthesis signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Evelyn Zacharewicz
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily Arentson-Lantz
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Paul A Della Gatta
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lobna Ghobrial
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Frederico Gerlinger-Romero
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Aaron P Russell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Arentson-Lantz EJ, Paddon-Jones D, Fry CS. The intersection of disuse-induced muscle atrophy and satellite cell content: reply to Snijders, Nederveen, and Parise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1491. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00167.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Arentson-Lantz
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Christopher S. Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
English KL, Mettler JA, Ellison JB, Mamerow MM, Arentson-Lantz E, Pattarini JM, Ploutz-Snyder R, Sheffield-Moore M, Paddon-Jones D. Leucine partially protects muscle mass and function during bed rest in middle-aged adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:465-73. [PMID: 26718415 PMCID: PMC4733256 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity triggers a rapid loss of muscle mass and function in older adults. Middle-aged adults show few phenotypic signs of aging yet may be more susceptible to inactivity than younger adults. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine whether leucine, a stimulator of translation initiation and skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS), can protect skeletal muscle health during bed rest. DESIGN We used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess changes in skeletal MPS, cellular signaling, body composition, and skeletal muscle function in middle-aged adults (n = 19; age ± SEM: 52 ± 1 y) in response to leucine supplementation (LEU group: 0.06 g ∙ kg(-1) ∙ meal(-1)) or an alanine control (CON group) during 14 d of bed rest. RESULTS Bed rest decreased postabsorptive MPS by 30% ± 9% (CON group) and by 10% ± 10% (LEU group) (main effect for time, P < 0.05), but no differences between groups with respect to pre-post changes (group × time interactions) were detected for MPS or cell signaling. Leucine protected knee extensor peak torque (CON compared with LEU group: -15% ± 2% and -7% ± 3%; group × time interaction, P < 0.05) and endurance (CON compared with LEU: -14% ± 3% and -2% ± 4%; group × time interaction, P < 0.05), prevented an increase in body fat percentage (group × time interaction, P < 0.05), and reduced whole-body lean mass loss after 7 d (CON compared with LEU: -1.5 ± 0.3 and -0.8 ± 0.3 kg; group × time interaction, P < 0.05) but not 14 d (CON compared with LEU: -1.5 ± 0.3 and -1.0 ± 0.3 kg) of bed rest. Leucine also maintained muscle quality (peak torque/kg leg lean mass) after 14 d of bed-rest inactivity (CON compared with LEU: -9% ± 2% and +1% ± 3%; group × time interaction, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Bed rest has a profoundly negative effect on muscle metabolism, mass, and function in middle-aged adults. Leucine supplementation may partially protect muscle health during relatively brief periods of physical inactivity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00968344.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk L English
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | | | | | | | | | - James M Pattarini
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Arentson-Lantz EJ, English KL, Paddon-Jones D, Fry CS. Fourteen days of bed rest induces a decline in satellite cell content and robust atrophy of skeletal muscle fibers in middle-aged adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:965-75. [PMID: 26796754 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00799.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bed rest, a ground-based spaceflight analog, induces robust atrophy of skeletal muscle, an effect that is exacerbated with increasing age. We examined the effect of 14 days of bed rest on skeletal muscle satellite cell content and fiber type atrophy in middle-aged adults, an understudied age demographic with few overt signs of muscle aging that is representative of astronauts who perform long-duration spaceflight. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of healthy middle-aged adults [n= 7 (4 male, 3 female); age: 51 ± 1 yr] before (Pre-BR) and after (Post-BR) 14 days of bed rest. Immunohistochemical analyses were used to quantify myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression, cross-sectional area (CSA), satellite cell and myonuclear content, and capillary density. Peak oxygen consumption, knee extensor strength, and body composition were also measured Pre-BR and Post-BR. Post-BR MyHC type 2a fiber percentage was reduced, and mean CSA decreased in all fiber types (-24 ± 5%;P< 0.05). Satellite cell content was also reduced Post-BR (-39 ± 9%;P< 0.05), and the change in satellite cell content was significantly correlated with the change in mean fiber CSA (r(2)= 0.60;P< 0.05). A decline in capillary density was observed Post-BR (-23 ± 6%;P< 0.05), and Post-BR capillary content was significantly associated with Post-BR peak aerobic capacity (r(2)= 0.59;P< 0.05). A subtle decline in myonuclear content occurred during bed rest (-5 ± 1%;P< 0.05). The rapid maladaptation of skeletal muscle to 14 days of mechanical unloading in middle-aged adults emphasizes the need for robust countermeasures to preserve muscle function in astronauts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Arentson-Lantz
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kirk L English
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Protein is an essential component of a healthy diet and is a focus of research programs seeking to optimize health at all stages of life. The focus on protein as a nutrient often centers on its thermogenic and satiating effect, and when included as part of a healthy diet, its potential to preserve lean body mass. A growing body of literature, including stable isotope based studies and longer term dietary interventions, suggests that current dietary protein recommendations may not be sufficient to promote optimal muscle health in all populations. A protein intake moderately higher than current recommendations has been widely endorsed by many experts and working groups and may provide health benefits for aging populations. Further, consuming moderate amounts of high-quality protein at each meal may optimally stimulate 24-h muscle protein synthesis and may provide a dietary platform that favors the maintenance of muscle mass and function while promoting successful weight management in overweight and obese individuals. Dietary protein has the potential to serve as a key nutrient for many health outcomes and benefits might be increased when combined with adequate physical activity. Future studies should focus on confirming these health benefits from dietary protein with long-term randomized controlled studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Arentson-Lantz
- Division of Rehabilitation Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0144, USA
| | | | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Division of Rehabilitation Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0144, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0147, USA
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Département de kinésiologie - Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Our understanding of the potential benefits and challenges of optimizing dietary protein intake in older adults continues to evolve. An overarching hypothesis generated during Protein Summit 2.0 was that consuming an adequate amount of high-quality protein at each meal, in combination with physical activity, may delay the onset of sarcopenia, slow its progression, reduce the magnitude of its functional consequences, or all of these. The potential benefits of young and middle-aged adults adopting a diet pattern whereby adequate protein is consumed at each meal as a countermeasure to sarcopenia are presented and discussed. For example, meeting a protein threshold (∼25-30 g/meal) represents a promising, yet still largely unexplored dietary strategy to help maintain muscle mass and function. For many older adults, breakfast is a carbohydrate-dominated lower-protein meal and represents an opportunity to improve and more evenly distribute daily protein intake. Although both animal and plant-based proteins can provide the required essential amino acids for health, animal proteins generally have a higher proportion of the amino acid leucine. Leucine plays a key role in stimulating translation initiation and muscle protein anabolism and is the focus of ongoing research. Protein requirements should be assessed in the light of habitual physical activity. An evenly distributed protein diet provides a framework that allows older adults to benefit from the synergistic anabolic effect of protein and physical activity. To fully understand the role of dietary protein intake in healthy aging, greater efforts are needed to coordinate and integrate research design and data acquisition and interpretation from a variety of disciplines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Paddon-Jones
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Paul F Jacques
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Lynn L Moore
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Nancy R Rodriguez
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Luc Jc van Loon
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Markofski MM, Dickinson JM, Drummond MJ, Fry CS, Fujita S, Gundermann DM, Glynn EL, Jennings K, Paddon-Jones D, Reidy PT, Sheffield-Moore M, Timmerman KL, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E. Effect of age on basal muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling in a large cohort of young and older men and women. Exp Gerontol 2015; 65:1-7. [PMID: 25735236 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rate of muscle loss with aging is higher in men than women. However, women have smaller muscles throughout the adult life. Protein content is a major determinant of skeletal muscle size. This study was designed to determine if age and sex differentially impact basal muscle protein synthesis and mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. We performed a secondary data analysis on a cohort of 215 healthy, non-obese (BMI<30kg·m(-2)) young (18-40y; 74 men, 52 women) and older (60-87y; 57 men, 32 women) adults. The database contained information on physical characteristics, basal muscle protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR; n=215; stable isotope methodology) and mTORC1 signaling (n=125, Western blotting). FSR and mTORC1 signaling were measured at rest and after an overnight fast. mTORC1 and S6K1 phosphorylation were higher (p<0.05) in older subjects with no sex differences. However, there were no age or sex differences or interaction for muscle FSR (p>0.05). Body mass index, fat free mass, or body fat was not a significant covariate and did not influence the results. We conclude that age and sex do not influence basal muscle protein synthesis. However, basal mTORC1 hyperphosphorylation in the elderly may contribute to insulin resistance and the age-related anabolic resistance of skeletal muscle protein metabolism to nutrition and exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Markofski
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jared M Dickinson
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David M Gundermann
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Erin L Glynn
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Melinda Sheffield-Moore
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kyle L Timmerman
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mamerow MM, Mettler JA, English KL, Casperson SL, Arentson-Lantz E, Sheffield-Moore M, Layman DK, Paddon-Jones D. Dietary protein distribution positively influences 24-h muscle protein synthesis in healthy adults. J Nutr 2014; 144:876-80. [PMID: 24477298 PMCID: PMC4018950 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.185280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The RDA for protein describes the quantity that should be consumed daily to meet population needs and to prevent deficiency. Protein consumption in many countries exceeds the RDA; however, intake is often skewed toward the evening meal, whereas breakfast is typically carbohydrate rich and low in protein. We examined the effects of protein distribution on 24-h skeletal muscle protein synthesis in healthy adult men and women (n = 8; age: 36.9 ± 3.1 y; BMI: 25.7 ± 0.8 kg/m2). By using a 7-d crossover feeding design with a 30-d washout period, we measured changes in muscle protein synthesis in response to isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets with protein at breakfast, lunch, and dinner distributed evenly (EVEN; 31.5 ± 1.3, 29.9 ± 1.6, and 32.7 ± 1.6 g protein, respectively) or skewed (SKEW; 10.7 ± 0.8, 16.0 ± 0.5, and 63.4 ± 3.7 g protein, respectively). Over 24-h periods on days 1 and 7, venous blood samples and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were obtained during primed (2.0 μmol/kg) constant infusion [0.06 μmol/(kg⋅min)] of l-[ring-(13)C6]phenylalanine. The 24-h mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis rate was 25% higher in the EVEN (0.075 ± 0.006%/h) vs. the SKEW (0.056 ± 0.006%/h) protein distribution groups (P = 0.003). This pattern was maintained after 7 d of habituation to each diet (EVEN vs. SKEW: 0.077 ± 0.006 vs. 0.056 ± 0.006%/h; P = 0.001). The consumption of a moderate amount of protein at each meal stimulated 24-h muscle protein synthesis more effectively than skewing protein intake toward the evening meal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shanon L. Casperson
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | | | | | - Donald K. Layman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study is to highlight recent advances in nutrition and protein research that have the potential to improve health outcomes and status in ageing adults. RECENT FINDINGS The beneficial effects of dietary protein on muscle health in older adults continue to be refined. Recent research has bolstered support for moderately increasing protein consumption beyond the current Recommended Dietary Allowance by adopting a meal-based approach in lieu of a less specific daily recommendation. Results from muscle protein anabolism, appetite regulation and satiety research support the contention that meeting a protein threshold (approximately 30 g/meal) represents a promising strategy for middle-aged and older adults concerned with maintaining muscle mass while controlling body fat. SUMMARY Optimizing dietary protein intake to improve health requires a detailed consideration of topics including muscle protein anabolism, appetite control and satiety. Although each area of research continues to advance independently, recent collaborative and translational efforts have highlighted broad, translational consistencies related to the daily distribution and quantity of dietary protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather Leidy
- Department of Nutrition & Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Casiano ER, Paddon-Jones D, Ostir GV, Sheffield-Moore M. Assessing Functional Status Measures In Older Adults: A Guide For Healthcare Professionals. Physical Therapy Reviews 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/108331902125001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
29
|
Paddon-Jones D. Perspective: Exercise and protein supplementation in frail elders. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2012; 14:73-4. [PMID: 23128025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
30
|
Drummond MJ, Dickinson JM, Fry CS, Walker DK, Gundermann DM, Reidy PT, Timmerman KL, Markofski MM, Paddon-Jones D, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E. Bed rest impairs skeletal muscle amino acid transporter expression, mTORC1 signaling, and protein synthesis in response to essential amino acids in older adults. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1113-22. [PMID: 22338078 PMCID: PMC3361979 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00603.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy during bed rest is attributed, at least in part, to slower basal muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Essential amino acids (EAA) stimulate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1) signaling, amino acid transporter expression, and MPS and are necessary for muscle mass maintenance, but there are no data on the effect of inactivity on this anabolic mechanism. We hypothesized that bed rest decreases muscle mass in older adults by blunting the EAA stimulation of MPS through reduced mTORC1 signaling and amino acid transporter expression in older adults. Six healthy older adults (67 ± 2 yr) participated in a 7-day bed rest study. We used stable isotope tracers, Western blotting, and real-time qPCR to determine the effect of bed rest on MPS, muscle mTORC1 signaling, and amino acid transporter expression and content in the postabsorptive state and after acute EAA ingestion. Bed rest decreased leg lean mass by ∼4% (P < 0.05) and increased postabsorptive mTOR protein (P < 0.05) levels while postabsorptive MPS was unchanged (P > 0.05). Before bed rest acute EAA ingestion increased MPS, mTOR (Ser(2448)), S6 kinase 1 (Thr(389), Thr(421)/Ser(424)), and ribosomal protein S6 (Ser(240/244)) phosphorylation, activating transcription factor 4, L-type amino acid transporter 1 and sodium-coupled amino acid transporter 2 protein content (P < 0.05). However, bed rest blunted the EAA-induced increase in MPS, mTORC1 signaling, and amino acid transporter protein content. We conclude that bed rest in older adults significantly attenuated the EAA-induced increase in MPS with a mechanism involving reduced mTORC1 signaling and amino acid transporter protein content. Together, our data suggest that a blunted EAA stimulation of MPS may contribute to muscle loss with inactivity in older persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Drummond
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mamerow MM, Mettler JA, English KL, Layman DK, Volpi E, Paddon-Jones D. Protein Distribution Effect on Indices of Satiety. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1013.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joni A Mettler
- Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Kirk L English
- Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Donald K Layman
- Food Science & Human NutritionUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL
| | - Elena Volpi
- Internal Medicine-GeriatricsUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mamerow MM, Mettler JA, English KL, Layman DK, Volpi E, Paddon-Jones D. Muscle protein synthesis is suboptimal following a typical carbohydrate‐rich breakfast. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1013.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joni A. Mettler
- Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Kirk L. English
- Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Donald K. Layman
- Food Science & Human NutritionThe University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL
| | - Elena Volpi
- Internal Medicine-GeriatricsUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
English KL, Mettler J, Mamerow MM, Mathers CH, Pattarini JM, Paddon-Jones D. Leucine preserves muscle and strength and enhances recovery following bed rest. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1085.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk L. English
- Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Joni Mettler
- Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mettler JA, English KL, Doucet BM, Mamerow MM, Paddon-Jones D. Skeletal muscle fatigue and neuromuscular activation during bed rest. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1085.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joni A Mettler
- Rehabilitation SciencesThe University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Kirk L English
- Rehabilitation SciencesThe University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Barbara M Doucet
- Rehabilitation SciencesThe University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Madonna M Mamerow
- Rehabilitation SciencesThe University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Casperson SL, Sheffield-Moore M, Hewlings SJ, Paddon-Jones D. Leucine supplementation chronically improves muscle protein synthesis in older adults consuming the RDA for protein. Clin Nutr 2012; 31:512-9. [PMID: 22357161 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Protein-energy supplementation is routinely employed to combat muscle loss. However, success is often compromised by increased satiety, poor palatability, high costs and low compliance. METHODS For 2-weeks we supplemented meals of older individuals with leucine (4 g/meal; 3 meals/day; days 2-14). Metabolic studies were performed prior to (Day 1) and following (Day 15) supplementation. Leucine was not provided on metabolic study days. Venous blood and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained during a primed constant infusion of L-[ring-(13)C(6)] phenylalanine. Mixed muscle fractional synthesis rate (FSR), body composition and markers of nutrient signaling (mTOR, 4E-BP1 and p70S6K1 phosphorylation) were measured before and after a low protein/carbohydrate simulated meal. RESULTS The meal modestly increased FSR on Day 1 (postabsorptive: 0.063 ± 0.004 vs. postprandial: 0.075 ± 0.006%/h; p = 0.03), however, two weeks of leucine supplementation increased postabsorptive FSR (p = 0.004) and the response to the meal (p = 0.01) (postabsorptive: 0.074 ± 0.007 vs. postprandial: 0.10 ± 0.007%/h). Changes in FSR were mirrored by increased phosphorylation of mTOR, 4E-BP1 and p70S6K1 (p ≤ 0.1). No change in fat free mass was observed (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In older adults, leucine supplementation may improve muscle protein synthesis in response to lower protein meals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanon L Casperson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sheffield-Moore M, Dillon EL, Casperson SL, Gilkison CR, Paddon-Jones D, Durham WJ, Grady JJ, Urban RJ. A randomized pilot study of monthly cycled testosterone replacement or continuous testosterone replacement versus placebo in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E1831-7. [PMID: 21865352 PMCID: PMC3205888 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cycling androgens has been reported by athletes to improve physical performance by enhancing muscle mass and strength, a paradigm that has not been studied, and may have clinical value in older men being treated with testosterone. OBJECTIVE We investigated the efficacy of a monthly cycled testosterone regimen that uses half the testosterone dose as the current standard of care continuous therapy on body composition and muscle strength in older men. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Twenty-four community-dwelling older men 70 ± 2 yr of age with total testosterone levels below 500 ng/dl were randomized at the Institute for Translational Sciences-Clinical Research Center into a 5-month double-blind placebo-controlled trial. INTERVENTION Subjects were dosed weekly for 5 months, receiving continuous testosterone (TE, n = 8; 100 mg testosterone enanthate, im injection), monthly cycled testosterone (MO, n = 8; alternating months of testosterone and placebo), or placebo (PL, n = 8). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcomes included body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and upper and lower body muscle strength. Secondary outcomes included body weight, serum hormones, and mixed-muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR). RESULTS Total lean body mass was increased and percent fat was reduced after 5 months in TE and MO (P < 0.05). Upper body muscle strength increased in TE, and lower body muscle strength increased in TE and MO (P < 0.05). FSR increased in TE and MO (P < 0.05) but not in PL. CONCLUSIONS Cycled testosterone improved body composition and increased muscle strength compared with placebo and increased FSR similarly to continuous testosterone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Sheffield-Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Symons TB, Sheffield-Moore M, Mamerow MM, Wolfe RR, Paddon-Jones D. The anabolic response to resistance exercise and a protein-rich meal is not diminished by age. J Nutr Health Aging 2011; 15:376-81. [PMID: 21528164 PMCID: PMC3280506 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-010-0319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The synergistic effect of resistance exercise and protein ingestion on muscle protein anabolism in young adults has been well described. However, it is unclear if this relationship is maintained in older adults who are at greater risk of sarcopenic muscle loss. To this end, we sought to determine if the synergistic response to a bout of resistance exercise and a protein-rich lean beef meal was altered by age. SETTING The University of Texas Medical Branch, Clinical Research Center, Galveston, Texas. PARTICIPANTS Healthy young (n=7, 29±3 y) and older (n=7, 67±2 y) adults. DESIGN Mixed muscle fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was calculated during a 3 h post-absorptive/rest period and again during a 5 h period following ingestion of a protein-rich meal (340 g lean beef) and bout of resistance exercise (6 sets of 8 repetitions of isotonic knee extension exercise at 80% one repetition maximum). MEASUREMENTS Venous blood samples and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were obtained during a primed (2.0 µmol/kg) constant infusion (0.08 µmol∙kg(-1)min(-1)) of L- [ring-13C6] phenylalanine. RESULTS Mixed muscle FSR increased by approximately 108% in both young [pre: 0.073±0.008; post: 0.156±0.021(SE) %/h, p<0.001] and older adults (pre: 0.075±0.004; post: 0.152±0.017 %/h, p=0.003) following the meal and resistance exercise bout. CONCLUSION Aging does not diminish the increase in muscle protein synthesis following a high-quality protein rich meal and bout of resistance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T B Symons
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1144, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Casperson S, Durham W, Dillon E, Hickner R, Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M. Substrate Exchange during Aerobic Exercise and Provision of Amino Acids in Older and Younger Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000400812.96321.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
39
|
Durham W, Casperson S, Dillon EL, Paddon-Jones D, Hickner RC, Sheffield-Moore M. Response Of Leg Protein Metabolism To Acute Endurance Exercise In Younger And Older Healthy Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000389349.81966.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
40
|
Durham WJ, Casperson SL, Dillon EL, Keske MA, Paddon-Jones D, Sanford AP, Hickner RC, Grady JJ, Sheffield-Moore M. Age-related anabolic resistance after endurance-type exercise in healthy humans. FASEB J 2010; 24:4117-27. [PMID: 20547663 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-150177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Age-related skeletal muscle loss is thought to stem from suboptimal nutrition and resistance to anabolic stimuli. Impaired microcirculatory (nutritive) blood flow may contribute to anabolic resistance by reducing delivery of amino acids to skeletal muscle. In this study, we employed contrast-enhanced ultrasound, microdialysis sampling of skeletal muscle interstitium, and stable isotope methodology, to assess hemodynamic and metabolic responses of older individuals to endurance type (walking) exercise during controlled amino acid provision. We hypothesized that older individuals would exhibit reduced microcirculatory blood flow, interstitial amino acid concentrations, and amino acid transport when compared with younger controls. We report for the first time that aging induces anabolic resistance following endurance exercise, manifested as reduced (by ∼40%) efficiency of muscle protein synthesis. Despite lower (by ∼40-45%) microcirculatory flow in the older than in the younger participants, circulating and interstitial amino acid concentrations and phenylalanine transport into skeletal muscle were all equal or higher in older individuals than in the young, comprehensively refuting our hypothesis that amino acid availability limits postexercise anabolism in older individuals. Our data point to alternative mediators of age-related anabolic resistance and importantly suggest correction of these impairments may reduce requirements for, and increase the efficacy of, dietary protein in older individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Durham
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0460, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cree MG, Paddon-Jones D, Newcomer BR, Ronsen O, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR, Ferrando A. Twenty-eight-day bed rest with hypercortisolemia induces peripheral insulin resistance and increases intramuscular triglycerides. Metabolism 2010; 59:703-10. [PMID: 19919871 PMCID: PMC2856785 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Spaceflight represents a unique physiologic challenge to humans, altering hormonal profiles and tissue insulin sensitivity. Among these hormonal alterations, hypercortisolemia and insulin insensitivity are thought to negatively affect muscle mass and function with spaceflight. As insulin sensitivity influences the accumulation of muscle triglycerides, we examined this relationship during hypercortisolemia and inactivity. Six young healthy volunteers were confined to bed rest for 28 days. To mimic the stress response observed during spaceflight, hypercortisolemia (20-24 mg/dL) was induced and maintained by oral ingestion of hydrocortisone. On days 1 and 28 of bed rest, insulin sensitivity across the leg was assessed with a local (femoral arterial insulin infusion) 2-stage hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (stage 1, 35 microU/min per milliliter of leg; stage 2, 70 microU/min per milliliter of leg). Intramuscular lipid was measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. After bed rest, there was a decrease in insulin sensitivity, as assessed by glucose uptake during hyperinsulinemia (from 9.1 +/- 1.3 [mean +/- SEM] to 5.2 +/- 0.7 mg/kg of leg per minute [P = .015]). Intramuscular triglyceride increased from 0.077 +/- 0.011 to 0.136 +/- 0.018 (signal area of fat/signal area of standard, P = .009). Intramuscular lipid content correlated with the glucose uptake at day 28 (R = -0.85, P = .035). These data demonstrate that muscular inactivity and hypercortisolemia are associated with an increase in intramuscular triglyceride and skeletal muscle insulin resistance in previously healthy subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie G Cree
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77550, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight the losses in muscle mass, strength, power, and functional capacity incurred in older adults during bed rest-mediated inactivity and to provide practical recommendations for both the prevention and rehabilitation of these losses. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to sarcopenic muscle loss, older adults lose lean tissue more rapidly than the young during prolonged periods of physical inactivity. Amino acid or protein supplementation has the potential to maintain muscle protein synthesis and may reduce inactivity-induced muscle loss, but should ideally be part of an integrated countermeasure regimen consisting of nutrition, exercise, and, when appropriate, pharmacologic interventions. SUMMARY In accordance with recent mechanistic advances, we recommend an applied, broad-based two-phase approach to limit inactivity-mediated losses of muscle mass and function in older adults: (i) Lifestyle: consume a moderate amount (25-30 g) of high-quality protein with each meal and incorporate habitual exercise in close temporal proximity to protein-containing meals; (ii) Crises: react aggressively to combat the accelerated loss of muscle mass and function during acute catabolic crises and periods of reduced physical activity. As a base strategy, this should include nutritional support such as targeted protein or amino acid supplementation and integrated physical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk L English
- Department of Physical Therapy, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1144, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Symons TB, Sheffield-Moore M, Wolfe RR, Paddon-Jones D. A moderate serving of high-quality protein maximally stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis in young and elderly subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 109:1582-6. [PMID: 19699838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.06.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of sufficient dietary protein is a fundamental prerequisite for muscle protein synthesis and maintenance of muscle mass and function. Elderly people are often at increased risk for protein-energy malnutrition, sarcopenia, and a diminished quality of life. This study sought to compare changes in muscle protein synthesis and anabolic efficiency in response to a single moderate serving (113 g; 220 kcal; 30 g protein) or large serving (340 g; 660 kcal; 90 g protein) of 90% lean beef. Venous blood and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were obtained during a primed, constant infusion (0.08 mumol/kg/min) of L-[ring-(13)C(6)] phenylalanine in healthy young (n=17; 34+/-3 years) and elderly (n=17; 68+/-2 years) individuals. Mixed muscle fractional synthesis rate was calculated during a 3-hour postabsorptive period and for 5 hours after meal ingestion. Data were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey's pairwise comparisons. A 113-g serving of lean beef increased muscle protein synthesis by approximately 50% in both young and older volunteers. Despite a threefold increase in protein and energy content, there was no further increase in protein synthesis after ingestion of 340 g lean beef in either age group. Ingestion of more than 30 g protein in a single meal does not further enhance the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in young and elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Brock Symons
- Graduate Center for Gerontology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dillon EL, Sheffield-Moore M, Paddon-Jones D, Gilkison C, Sanford AP, Casperson SL, Jiang J, Chinkes DL, Urban RJ. Amino acid supplementation increases lean body mass, basal muscle protein synthesis, and insulin-like growth factor-I expression in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1630-7. [PMID: 19208731 PMCID: PMC2684480 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inadequate dietary protein intake has been implicated in sarcopenia. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The objectives of this study were to determine whether: 1) chronic essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation improves postabsorptive muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR), lean body mass (LBM), and one-repetition maximum muscle strength, and androgen receptor and IGF-I muscle protein expression; and 2) the acute anabolic response to EAA ingestion is preserved after a 3-month supplementation period. Using a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled design, older women (68 +/- 2 yr) were assigned to receive either placebo (n = 7), or 15 g EAA/d [supplemented treatment group (SUP)] (n = 7) for 3 months. Metabolic outcomes were assessed in association with stable isotope studies conducted at 0 and 3 months. SETTING The study was performed at The University of Texas Medical Branch General Clinical Research Center. RESULTS Ingestion of 7.5 g EAA acutely stimulated FSR in both groups at 0 months (P < 0.05). Basal FSR at 3 months was increased in SUP only. The magnitude of the acute response to EAA was unaltered after 3 months in SUP. LBM increased in SUP only (P < 0.05). One-repetition maximum strength remained unchanged in both groups. Basal IGF-I protein expression increased in SUP after 3 months (P = 0.05), with no changes in androgen receptor or total and phosphorylated Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin, S6 kinase, and 4E-binding protein. CONCLUSIONS EAA improved LBM and basal muscle protein synthesis in older individuals. The acute anabolic response to EAA supplementation is maintained over time and can improve LBM, possibly offsetting the debilitating effects of sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar L Dillon
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-1060, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Symons TB, Sheffield-Moore M, Chinkes DL, Ferrando AA, Paddon-Jones D. Artificial gravity maintains skeletal muscle protein synthesis during 21 days of simulated microgravity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:34-8. [PMID: 19390002 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91137.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine the effects of longitudinal loading (artificial gravity) on skeletal muscle protein kinetics in 15 healthy young males after 21 days of 6 degrees head-down tilt bed rest [experimental treatment (Exp) group: n = 8, 31 +/- 1 yr; control (Con) group; n = 7, 28 +/- 1 yr, means +/- SE]. On days 1 and 21 of bed rest, postabsorptive venous blood samples and muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis and soleus) were obtained during a 1-h pulse bolus infusion protocol (0 min, l-[ring-(13)C(6)]phenylalanine, 35 mumol/kg; 30 min, l-[ring-(15)N]phenylalanine, 35 mumol/kg). Outcome measures included mixed muscle fractional synthesis (FSR) and breakdown rates (FBR). The Exp group experienced 1 h of longitudinal loading (2.5G at the feet) via a short-radius centrifuge during each day of bed rest. Mixed muscle FSR in the Con group was reduced by 48.5% (day 1, 0.081 +/- 0.000%/h vs. day 21, 0.042 +/- 0.000%/h; P = 0.001) in vastus lateralis after 21 days of bed rest, whereas the Exp group maintained their rate of protein synthesis. A similar but nonsignificant change in FSR was noted for the soleus muscle (Exp, -7%; Con, -22%). No changes in muscle protein breakdown were observed. In conclusion, 1 h of daily exposure to artificial gravity maintained the rate of protein synthesis of the vastus lateralis and may represent an effective adjunct countermeasure to combat the loss of muscle mass and functional during extended spaceflight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T B Symons
- The Univ. of Texas Medical Branch, 301 Univ. Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1144, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Katsanos CS, Chinkes DL, Paddon-Jones D, Zhang XJ, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. Whey protein ingestion in elderly persons results in greater muscle protein accrual than ingestion of its constituent essential amino acid content. Nutr Res 2009; 28:651-8. [PMID: 19083472 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It is recognized that both whey protein (WY) and essential amino acids (EAA) are stimuli for muscle protein anabolism. The aim of the present study was to determine if the effects of WY ingestion on muscle protein accrual in elderly persons are due solely to its constituent EAA content. Fifteen elderly persons were randomly assigned to ingest a bolus of either 15 g of WY, 6.72 g of EAA, or 7.57 g of nonessential amino acids (NEAA). We used the leg arteriovenous model to measure the leg phenylalanine balance, which is an index of muscle protein accrual. Phenylalanine balance (nmol x min(-1) kg lean leg mass(-1)) during the 3.5 hours after the bolus ingestion improved in the WY (-216 +/- 14 vs -105 +/- 19; P < .05) but not in the EAA (-203 +/- 21 vs -172 +/- 38; P > .05) or NEAA groups (-203 +/- 19 vs -204 +/- 21; P > .05). The insulin response (uIU x mL(-1) 210 min(-1)) during the same period was lower in both the NEAA (48 +/- 40) and EAA (213 +/- 127) when compared to the WY (1073 +/- 229; P < .05). In conclusion, WY ingestion improves skeletal muscle protein accrual through mechanisms that are beyond those attributed to its EAA content. This finding may have practical implications for the formulation of nutritional supplements to enhance muscle anabolism in older individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos S Katsanos
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, PO Box 873704, Tempe, AZ 85287-3704, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To draw attention to recent work on the role of protein and the amount of protein needed with each meal to preserve skeletal muscle mass in ageing. RECENT FINDINGS Ageing does not inevitably reduce the anabolic response to a high-quality protein meal. Ingestion of approximately 25-30 g of protein per meal maximally stimulates muscle protein synthesis in both young and older individuals. However, muscle protein synthesis is blunted in elderly when protein and carbohydrate are coingested or when the quantity of protein is less than approximately 20 g per meal. Supplementing regular mixed-nutrient meals with leucine may also enhance the muscle protein synthetic response in elders. SUMMARY On the basis of recent work, we propose a novel and specific dietary approach to prevent or slow down muscle loss with ageing. Rather than recommending a large, global increase in the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein for all elderly individuals, clinicians should stress the importance of ingesting a sufficient amount of protein with each meal. To maximize muscle protein synthesis while being cognizant of total energy intake, we propose a dietary plan that includes 25-30 g of high quality protein per meal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Physical Therapy, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences. The University of Texas Medical Branch. 301 University Blvd. Galveston, Texas 77555-1144, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kortebein P, Symons TB, Ferrando A, Paddon-Jones D, Ronsen O, Protas E, Conger S, Lombeida J, Wolfe R, Evans WJ. Functional impact of 10 days of bed rest in healthy older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63:1076-81. [PMID: 18948558 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/63.10.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many older individuals decline functionally during hospitalization, and the deleterious consequences of bed rest may be one cause. This study reports on the effect of 10 days of bed rest on multiple functional parameters in healthy older adults. METHODS Healthy older men and women (n = 11, 67 +/- 5 years old) remained on bed rest for 10 days continuously, and consumed a eucaloric diet providing the Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein. Measures of lower extremity strength and power, aerobic capacity and physical performance, as well as physical activity were performed before and after bed rest. RESULTS All measures of lower extremity strength were significantly lower after bed rest including isotonic knee extensor strength (-13.2 +/- 4.1%, p =.004) and stair-climbing power (-14 +/- 4.1%, p =.01). Maximal aerobic capacity was 12% lower after bed rest (p =.04), whereas measures of physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery, and a five-item physical performance test) were not significantly different. Voluntary physical activity decreased after bed rest, and the percentage of time spent inactive increased (7.6 +/- 1.8%, p =.004). There were no medical complications. CONCLUSIONS In healthy older adults, 10 days of bed rest results in a substantial loss of lower extremity strength, power, and aerobic capacity, and a reduction in physical activity, but has no effect on physical performance. Identification of interventions to maintain muscle function during hospitalization or periods of bed rest in older adults should be a high priority.
Collapse
|
49
|
Symons B, Sheffield-Moore M, Chinkes DL, Wolfe RR, Paddon-Jones D. Aging Does Not Diminish the Acute Anabolic Response to Resistance Exercise and Ingestion of a Protein-Rich Meal. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000321893.46012.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
50
|
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a complex, multifactorial process facilitated by a combination of factors including the adoption of a more sedentary lifestyle and a less than optimal diet. Increasing evidence points to a blunted anabolic response after a mixed nutrient meal as a likely explanation for chronic age-related muscle loss. There is currently insufficient longer-term research with defined health outcomes to specify an optimal value for protein ingestion in elderly individuals. However, there is general agreement that moderately increasing daily protein intake beyond 0.8 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) may enhance muscle protein anabolism and provide a means of reducing the progressive loss of muscle mass with age. The beneficial effects of resistance exercise in aging populations are unequivocal. However, research has not identified a synergistic effect of protein supplementation and resistance exercise in aging populations. There is little evidence that links high protein intakes to increased risk for impaired kidney function in healthy individuals. However, renal function decreases with age, and high protein intake is contraindicated in individuals with renal disease. Assessment of renal function is recommended for older individuals before they adopt a higher-protein diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Physical Therapy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1144, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|