Curie-Weiss behavior of liquid structure and ideal glass state

We present the results of a structural study of metallic alloy liquids from high temperature through the glass transition. We use high energy X-ray scattering and electro-static levitation in combination with molecular dynamics simulation and show that the height of the first peak of the structure function, S(Q) - 1, follows the Curie-Weiss law. The structural coherence length is proportional to the height of the first peak, and we suggest that its increase with cooling may be related to the rapid increase in viscosity. The Curie temperature is negative, implying an analogy with spin-glass. The Curie-Weiss behavior provides a pathway to an ideal glass state, a state with long-range correlation without lattice periodicity, which is characterized by highly diverse local structures, reminiscent of spin-glass.

Clinical Implication of Tests for Prostate-specific Antigen in Brain-dead Organ Donors

BACKGROUND

Although cancer screening tests are not mentioned under brain-dead organ donor care guidelines in Korea, we assessed the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), an important prostate cancer marker, and performed prostate biopsies when needed in brain-dead organ donors. We believe that insisting on a screening test for cancer diagnosis in donors' organs is important.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data were collected between January 2010 and July 2015 from Ajou University Hospital. We retrospectively analyzed the PSA levels and prostate biopsy results in 111 male brain-dead organ donors (mean age, 48.4 years).

RESULTS

The mean PSA level was 7.395 ng/mL (range, 0.062 to 61.780; reference, 0 to 4 ng/mL). Ultrasonography or computed tomographic examination did not reveal prostate cancer, and a rectal examination was not performed. After checking the PSA levels, prostate biopsies were performed in 16 patients based on the recommendations of a urologist, and 4 patients (3.6% of 111) were diagnosed with prostate cancer. All cancers involved adenocarcinomas (acinar type) histopathologically. In 2 patients, the Gleason score was 6 (3 + 3), whereas the other 2 showed a score of 7 (3 + 4). Among the patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, 1 donated his liver and corneas, and the remaining 3 could not donate.

CONCLUSION

Well-defined cancer screening tests are needed in Korea. Additionally, when the probability of organ transplantation-induced cancer metastasis is low or a recipient is at a high risk owing to not receiving organs, the law should allow organ donation even if prostate cancer is diagnosed in the donor.

Outcome of alternative approach to displaced acetabular fractures

INTRODUCTION

Anatomical reduction of displaced acetabular fracture is not without its' limitations and complications. This study is conducted to assess clinical and radiological outcomes as well as complications of treating displaced acetabular fractures with emphasis on anatomical reduction in weight-bearing area, mainly the posterior column, and imperfect reduction of the anterior column is acceptable. However, stability of both columns is mandatory.

METHODS

It was a retrospective study carried out in a Level 1 arthroplasty and trauma centre. 23 patients (17 males, 6 females) with average age of 50.1 years (range, 36-68 years) with displaced acetabular fracture treated with combined incisions and plate-cable systems were included. There were 3 elementary and 18 associated fractures according to Letournel classification. Average follow-up was 23.5 months (range, 12-38.7 months). Mean operation time was 160min (range: 75-320min). Functional scores were evaluated using Harris Hip Score (HHS) whilst reduction was assessed by Matta criteria. Any displacement of reduction, osteoarthritis, heterotopic ossification, and other complications was recorded.

RESULT

65.2% (15/23) of the patients obtained excellent HHS and 21.7% (5/23) had good HHS. There were 12 anatomical, 6 imperfect, and 5 poor reductions. No displacement was recorded in final follow-up. Complications documented: three lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injuries, two conversions to total hip arthroplasty, three Brooker stage 1 heterotrophic ossification, one pulmonary embolism and one screw irritation. No incidence of wound breakdown, infection and radiological osteoarthritis was reported.

CONCLUSIONS

Imperfect reduction of the anterior column provided clinical outcomes that are as good as total anatomical reduction. This approach minimizes soft tissue damage and reduces perioperative morbidities.

Effect of atomic size on undercoolability of binary solid solution alloy liquids with Zr, Ti, and Hf using electrostatic levitation

We investigate the relationship between the excess volume and undercoolability of Zr-Ti and Zr-Hf alloy liquids by using electrostatic levitation. Unlike in the case of Zr-Hf alloy liquids in which sizes of the constituent atoms are matched, a remarkable increase of undercoolability and negative excess volumes are observed in Zr-Ti alloy liquids as a function of their compositional ratios. In this work, size mismatch entropies for the liquids were obtained by calculating their hard sphere diameters, number densities, and packing fractions. We also show that the size mismatch entropy, which arises from the differences in atomic sizes of the constituent elements, plays an important role in determining the stabilities of metallic liquids.

Evolution of atomic structure in Al75Cu25 liquid from experimental and ab initio molecular dynamics simulation studies

X-ray diffraction and electrostatic levitation measurements, together with the ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of liquid Al(75)Cu(25) alloy have been performed from 800 to 1600 K. Experimental and ab initio molecular dynamics simulation results match well with each other. No abnormal changes were experimentally detected in the specific heat capacity over total hemispheric emissivity and density curves in the studied temperature range for a bulk liquid Al(75)Cu(25) alloy measured by the electrostatic levitation technique. The structure factors gained by the ab initio molecular dynamics simulation precisely coincide with the experimental data. The atomic structure analyzed by the Honeycutt-Andersen index and Voronoi tessellation methods shows that icosahedral-like atomic clusters prevail in the liquid Al(75)Cu(25) alloy and the atomic clusters evolve continuously. All results obtained here suggest that no liquid-liquid transition appears in the bulk liquid Al(75)Cu(25) alloy in the studied temperature range.

Analysis of flicker noise for improved data retention characteristics in silicon-oxide-high-k-oxide-silicon flash memory using N2 implantation

In this paper, we fabricate planar-type Silicon-Oxide-High-k-Oxide-Silicon (SOHOS) and the planar-type SOHOS devices with N2 implantation of 3 x 10(15) dose in a tunneling oxide to determine the impact of N2 implantation in the tunneling oxide of a memory device. The N2 implantation device has better retention characteristics than the device with no implantation. In order establish the correlation between N2 implantation and retention characteristic improvement, the low frequency noise (1/f noise) characteristic is investigated. The normalized drain current noise (S(ID)/I(D)2) level of the N2 implantation device is higher than that of the device with no implantation, which means that N2 implantation causes more trap formation near the interface. Considering that N2 implantation does not affect the DC transfer characteristics, such as mobility and sub-threshold slope, this finding indicates that the increase in the 1/f noise level is due to oxide traps rather than to interface traps. Therefore, the retention characteristic improvement in the N2 implantation device can be explained by the generation of higher number of oxide traps and an increase in the potential barrier blocking the leakage path in the tunneling oxide.

Influence of sintering temperature on the microstructure and thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline Fe1.9925P0.0075O3

The solution combustion process is used to synthesize Fe1.9925P0.0075O3 nano-powders. The sintered Fe1.9925P0.0075O3 bodies are alpha-Fe2O3-based single phase with the rhombohedral structure. The electrical conductivity increases with an increase in sintering temperature because of an increase in grain size and density. The absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient escalates with an increase in sintering temperature up to 1000 degrees C, and then decreases with a further rise in its sintering temperature. The Fe1.9925P0.0075O3 sintered at 1000 degrees C shows the highest power factor, i.e., 1.39 x 10(-5) W m(-1) K(-2) at 700 degrees C.

Electrical characteristic analysis using low-frequency noise in low-temperature polysilicon thin film transistors

This study carried out an electrical characteristic analysis using low-frequency noise (LFN) in top gate p-type low-temperature polysilicon thin film transistors (LTPS TFTs) with different active layer thicknesses between 40 nm and 80 nm. The transfer characteristic curves show that the 40-nm device has better electrical characteristics compared with the 80-nm device. The carrier number fluctuation, with and without correlated mobility fluctuation model in both devices, has modeled well the measured noise. On the other hand, the trap density and coulomb scattering in the 40-nm device are smaller compared with the 80-nm device. To confirm the effectiveness of the LFN noise analysis, the trap densities at a grain boundary are extracted using in both devices the similar methods of Proano et al. and Levinson et al. That is, coulomb scattering, caused by the trapped charges at or near the interface, has a greater effect on the device with inferior electrical properties. Based on the LFN and the quantitative analysis of the trap density at a grain boundary, the interface traps between the active layer and the gate insulator can explain the devices' electrical degradation.

Thermoelectric properties of Ca(1-x-y)Dy(x)CeyMnO3 for power generation

The sintered Ca(1-x-y)Dy(x)CeyMnO3 bodies were a single phase with a perovskite structure without any impurity phases. The calculated crystallite sizes of the Ca(1-x-y)Dy(x)CeyMnO3 were in the range of 43.3 to 63.3 nm. The composition significantly affected their microstructural and thermoelectric characteristics. The doped Dy led to both an increase in the electrical conductivity as well as the absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient, resulting in an enhanced power factor. The highest power factor (5.1 x 10(-4) Wm(-1) K(-2)) was obtained for Ca(0.8)Dy(0.2)MnO3 at 800 degrees C. In this study, we systematically discussed the thermoelectric properties of the Ca(1-x-y)Dy(x)CeyMnO3, with respect to the substitution of Dy and/or Ce for Ca.

In situ high-energy x-ray diffraction study of the local structure of supercooled liquid Si

Employing the technique of electrostatic levitation, coupled with high-energy x-ray diffraction and rapid data acquisition methods, we have obtained high quality structural data more deeply into the supercooled regime of liquid silicon than has been possible before. No change in coordination number is observed in this temperature region, calling into question previous experimental claims of structural evidence for the existence of a liquid-liquid phase transition.

Difference in icosahedral short-range order in early and late transition metal liquids

New short-range order data are presented for equilibrium and undercooled liquids of Ti and Ni. These were obtained from in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements of electrostatically levitated droplets. While the short-range order of liquid Ni is icosahedral, consistent with Frank's hypothesis, significantly distorted icosahedral order is observed in liquid Ti. This is the first experimental observation of distorted icosahedral short-range order in any liquid, although this has been predicted by theoretical studies on atomic clusters.

First x-ray scattering studies on electrostatically levitated metallic liquids: demonstrated influence of local icosahedral order on the nucleation barrier

To explain the unusual stability of undercooled liquids against crystallization, Frank hypothesized that the local structures of undercooled liquids contain a significant degree of icosahedral short-range order, which is incompatible with long-range periodicity. We present here the first direct experimental demonstration of Frank's complete hypothesis, showing a correlation between the nucleation barrier and a growing icosahedral short-range order with decreasing temperature in a Ti39.5Zr39.5Ni21 liquid. A new experimental facility, BESL (Beamline Electrostatic Levitation), was developed to enable the synchrotron x-ray structural studies on deeply undercooled, reactive liquids.

The effect of physiotherapy on post-temporomandibular joint surgery patients

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physiotherapy on rehabilitation of patients who had temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgery. The treatment group consisted of 22 post-surgical patients who were treated with physiotherapy, and the non-treatment group consisted of 22 post-surgical patients who received no physiotherapy. The assessment tools were made using visual analogue scale (VAS) and craniomandibular index (CMI) which consisted of dysfunction index (DI) and palpation index (PI). All patients received follow-up for 7 months. The subjects were measured three times; before surgery, 6 weeks after surgery and 7 months after surgery. On the 6 week post-surgery assessment, DI and total CMI scores of the treatment group were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the non-treatment group. On the assessment performed 7 months after surgery, all variables were significantly lower (P < 0.05) for the treatment group compared with those of the non-treatment group. The findings of the study indicate that physiotherapy has a positive effect in relieving pain and restoring TMJ function after surgery.

Combination Chemotherapy with Mitomycin C, Vinorelbine, and Cisplatin (MVrP) in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

PURPOSE

A phase II study was conducted in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in order to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the combination chemotherapy regimen of mitomycin C, vinorelbine, and cisplatin (MVrP).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between June 1996 and December 2000, fifty-nine patients with unresectable stage IIIB to IV, pathologically documented NSCLC were enrolled in this study. One cycle consisted of mitomycin C 10 mg/m2 i.v. day 1, vinorelbine 30 mg/m2 i.v. days 1 & 15, and cisplatin 80 mg/m2 i.v day 1 and the next cycle consisted of vinorelbine 30 mg/m2 i.v. days 29 & 43, and cisplatin 80 mg/m2 i.v day 29. Each cycle was alternated and treatments were repeated every 8 weeks.

RESULTS

We were able to evaluate fifty-three of 59 patients. Objective responses were seen in 22 (41.5%) patients (CR 0%, PR 41.5%). The median duration of response was 13.7 weeks and the median time to progression was 17.7 weeks. The median overall survival was 45.6 weeks. There was a significantly longer survival seen in responders (p=0.041). The toxicities of this regimen were acceptable without treatment related toxic death.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that a combination regimen of mitomycin C, vinorelbine, and cisplatin is relatively effective and well tolerated for the treatment of advanced NSCLC.

Regeneration and tolerance factor is expressed during T-lymphocyte activation and plays a role in apoptosis

Regeneration and tolerance factor (RTF) is a protein cloned from the thymus and expressed on B lymphocytes in normal pregnancy, B lymphocytic leukemia lines, and T and B lymphocytes in individuals with HIV infection. Findings, using the Jurkat T-cell model, revealed that RTF is upregulated after activation and anti-RTF antibody-induced apoptosis. In this article anti-RTF antibody-induced apoptosis of both unstimulated and activated T lymphocytes. RTF expression was examined in human PBMC or purified T lymphocytes after their in vitro activation. Kinetic studies indicated maximal RTF cell surface expression on activated T lymphocytes occurred between expression of the early activation antigen CD69 and the IL-2alpha receptor (CD25) by multiparameter flow cytometry. RTF receptor expression correlated with Fas (CD95) and CD25 receptor expression (r2 = 0.6 and 0.5, respectively). RTF surface expression was dependent on the stimuli used to activate T lymphocytes. T lymphocytes obtained maximal RTF expression when activated through the TCR signal complex using anti-CD3epsilon antibody alone when compared with T lymphocytes activated with costimulation provided by anti-CD28 antibody alone or with anti-CD28 and anti-CD3epsilon antibody. RTF is expressed under conditions of both activation and anergy. The RTFs increased concentration on the surface of anergic T cells may protect these cells from apoptosis because increased RTF concentrations inhibited anti-RTF induced apoptosis. These data further characterize the expression of RTF on activated T lymphocytes and the role of anti-RTF antibody in T-lymphocyte apoptosis.

Regeneration and tolerance factor of the human placenta induces IL-10 production

Regeneration and tolerance factor (RTF) was originally identified in the placenta of mice and the isolated protein shown to have suppressive effects. In these studies, the gene cloned from thymus tissue was mapped to human chromosome 12. The role of recombinant RTF on cytokines was examined. In addition, we examined the human placenta by immunohistochemistry for RTF expression. RTF was expressed at the peripheral layer of cytotrophoblast in 7-9-week-old placentas. Using the RTF gene sequence, a recombinant protein was prepared and shown to induce IL-10 production. These data indicate that RTF is expressed by the tissues most intimately involved at the maternal-fetal interface, and its biological activity is capable of producing the necessary immune response for initiating and maintaining the maternal-fetal relationship.

Regeneration and tolerance factor's potential role in T-cell activation and apoptosis

Regeneration and tolerance factor (RTF) is a novel membrane protein that has a diverse expression pattern and immunoregulatory properties. RTF is expressed in vivo on the surface of individuals with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and on activated T lymphocytes of HIV infected individuals as determined by their coexpression with CD38 and HLA-DR. The unique expression patterns of this protein in vivo lead us to investigate its expression in vitro. The activation of human PBMCs through the TCR, using anti-CD3 antibody and PMA, upregulated cell surface expression of RTF from 2. 3% to 91.2% (mean channel fluorescence [MCF] increased threefold). The activation of Jurkat T cells through the TCR upregulated surface expression of RTF from 8.3% (MCF-1.3) to 58.7% (MCF-13.1). The Jurkat T-cell line was used as a model system to explore RTF's role in cellular activation. Using the Jurkat T-cell model, we found anti-RTF antibody induces apoptosis. The addition of anti-RTF antibody increased annexin V binding by threefold compared with the IgG1 kappa isotype control antibody (p < 0.00002) and activated caspase 3. These data indicate that RTF is expressed during T-cell activation and may be associated with apoptosis.

Documentation of brachial plexus compression in the thoracic inlet with quantitative sensory testing

This study evaluated the cutaneous pressure threshold of subjects with and without a clinical diagnosis of brachial plexus compression in the thoracic inlet, usually termed thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). Sixty-one subjects (102 arms) made up the control population; 11 subjects 120 arms) made up the TOS population. Assessment by two upper-extremity specialists preceded the testing. The one-point cutaneous pressure threshold was measured with the Pressure-Specifying Sensory Device (PSSD) on the pulp of both the index and little finger (upper and lower brachial plexus distributions) with the arm in the unprovoked (adducted) and provoked (abducted 180 degrees) positions. In the control subjects, there was no significant change in the cutaneous pressure threshold between unprovoked and provoked positions. In contrast in patients with TOS, there was a significant increase in the cutaneous pressure threshold at both sites (p < .0001 ) between the unprovoked and the provoked positions. Furthermore, the cutaneous pressure threshold for patients with TOS was significantly higher in both positions than it was in the controls (p < .0001 ). It was concluded that measurement of changes in the cutaneous pressure threshold with the PSSD in distal sensory targets of the upper and lower trunk can identify patients symptomatic for compression, when the brachial plexus is provoked as part of the testing sequence.

Ring avulsion injuries: a biomechanical study

The biomechanics of ring avulsion injuries was studied in a cadaveric simulation model. Custom-fitted metal rings attached to a rigid frame were placed over the proximal phalanx of fresh or thawed fresh-frozen specimens. Ring avulsion injuries in 44 fingers were produced with a standardized force applied to the proximal ulna. The progress of injury was evaluated with simultaneous high-speed cinematography and continuous force measurements. The injured digits were x-rayed and categorized according to Urbaniak's classification. Continuous force measurements produced similar curves for all classes of injuries. The average maximum force resulting in class I injuries was 80 N. The average maximum force producing amputation in class III injuries was 154 N, a force much lower than expected. Force measurements for class II injuries were nearly identical to those of class III. This surprisingly minimal force resulting in digit amputation was explained by high-speed cinematography, which showed that the rings tilt on the digits concentrating disruption forces as a result of ring angulation on the finger. Incomplete amputations were due to loss of ring purchase by skin flap eversion. Finally, comparison of high-speed cinematography with force curves suggests that skin rupture rather than skeletal or tendon disruption accounted for the maximum force during ring avulsion injury.

Inhibition of activation of nuclear factor kappaB is responsible for inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by higenamine, an active component of aconite root

Effects of higenamine on nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression (RAW 264.7 cells), on vascular reactivity in vitro and in vivo (rats), and on survival rates (mice) and serum nitrite/nitrate levels (rats) were investigated by using last lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon (IFN)-gamma. Higenamine concentration-dependently inhibited NO production and inducible NO synthase mRNA in RAW 264.7 cells, in which the IC(50) was 53 microM. Higenamine (10 mg/kg i.p.) administered 90 min before LPS (5 mg/kg i.v.) prevented not only LPS-induced hypotension but also pressor response to norepinephrine (1 microgram/kg) in rats. Incubation of thoracic aorta with LPS (300 ng/ml) for 8 h in vitro resulted in suppression of the vasoconstrictor effects to phenylephrine, which was prevented by coincubation with higenamine. The survival rate to endotoxin in mice was significantly (P <.01) increased by the presence of higenamine in the LPS-treated group up to 48 h. Serum nitrite/nitrate levels were significantly (P <.05) reduced by higenamine in LPS-treated rats. Finally, higenamine inhibited the activation of nuclear factor kappaB in RAW 264.7 cells due to LPS + IFN-gamma by mobility shift assays. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that higenamine inhibits iNOS expression by inhibiting nuclear factor kappaB activation by LPS + IFN-gamma, which may be beneficial in inflammatory diseases in which enhanced formation of NO is the main causative factor. Furthermore, due to positive inotropic action, higenamine may be more effective in a condition where myocardial contractility is likely to depress, such as in septic shock and/or endotoxin-induced inflammatory disorders.

Increased expression of regeneration and tolerance factor in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection

Regeneration and tolerance factor (RTF) plays a pivotal role in successful pregnancy outcome and has potent immunomodulating properties. During pregnancy, it is abundantly expressed in the placenta and on peripheral B lymphocytes. Several lines of evidence suggest that both successful pregnancy outcome and progression from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to AIDS are associated with a Th2-type response. As a result, we hypothesized that the cellular expression of RTF may also be increased during infection with HIV. Using flow cytometric analysis, we showed a significantly (P < 0.01) increased expression of RTF on CD3(+) cells obtained from individuals with HIV over that for individuals without HIV. On average, 32.1% of the CD3(+) cells from individuals with HIV expressed high levels of RTF. In contrast, an average of only 6.7% of the CD3(+) cells from individuals without HIV expressed high levels of RTF. Similar results were obtained when CD19(+) cells from individuals with (mean, 44.1%) and without (mean, 25.8%) HIV were evaluated. Linear regression analysis suggested that high levels of RTF expression by CD3(+) cells correlated better with viral load (r value, 0.46) than with absolute CD4 count (r value, 0.09). While additional experiments are necessary to delineate the precise immunologic role of RTF, our current data suggest that RTF expression during HIV infection may be a useful marker of immune activation.

Differential latency testing: a more sensitive test for radial tunnel syndrome

A modification of the standard electrodiagnostic test was developed in an effort to provide a more sensitive electrodiagnostic evaluation in radial tunnel syndrome. Radial motor nerve latency recordings were obtained in 3 different forearm positions: neutral, passive supination, and passive pronation. The maximal difference in these recordings, the differential latency, in 25 patients with radial tunnel syndrome of greater than 6 months duration (test group) was compared with those in 25 asymptomatic volunteers (control group). Differential latency recordings were obtained in all patients in the test group before and after surgery. Radial nerves that were compressed demonstrated a significantly greater differential latency (0.44+/-0.12 ms) versus controls (0.12+/-0.008 ms). Following radial nerve decompression, differential motor latencies in the test group decreased below control values, demonstrating a resolution of the provoked electrical response with a postoperative differential latency of 0.07+/-0.05 ms. Our results demonstrate the differential motor latency of the radial nerve to be a sensitive electrodiagnostic tool in patients with radial tunnel syndrome. A differential latency of > or =0.30 ms was considered indicative of radial tunnel syndrome.

Effects of attractiveness and gender on the perception of achievement-related variables

The present study was an examination of the effects of physical attractiveness and gender on perceptions of academic success, achievement-related traits, intelligence, initiative, and attributions of ability and effort in relation to academic success. It was hypothesized that attractive persons and men would be rated more favorably along these dimensions than would unattractive persons and women. The participants were 144 U.S. undergraduates who observed photographs of attractive and unattractive men and women and then rated the persons in the photographs on the aforementioned dimensions. Physical attractiveness had a differential effect on the dimensions within achievement. Also, being perceived as physically attractive created positive impressions of achievement-related traits for men but negative impressions for women.

Imaging of huge lingual thyroid gland with goitre

We present the CT and MRI findings in a 75-year-old woman with a huge pathologically proven lingual thyroid which underwent goitrous degeneration. CT and MRI showed a midline, tongue-based, exophytic mass with areas of necrosis and heterogeneous contrast enhancement, as seen in large goitres in the normal thyroid gland.

Comparison of relaxations evoked by photoactivation of NO-containing compounds and nitrergic nerve stimulation in 5-hydroxytryptamine- and potassium-contracted rat gastric fundus

1. The aim of the present study was to further investigate our earlier proposal of liberation of nitric oxide (NO) by photoactivation of molecules containing NO or NO2, which in turn relaxes gastric smooth muscle, and to determine whether presynaptic- and/or postsynaptic NO-mediated relaxation is affected differently by the degree of membrane depolarization in rat gastric fundus smooth muscle. 2. During contraction of rat gastric fundus with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 10 microM), low (K+, 25 mM) and high potassium (K+, 65.4 mM), relaxation responses to nitrergic nerve stimulation, photo-activation of caged NO compounds (streptozotocin [STZ], N omega-nitro-L-arginine-methylacetate [L-NAME], N omega-nitro-D-arginine-methylacetate [D-NAME]), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were compared. 3. Nitrergic nerve (presynaptic) stimulation and photoactivation (postsynaptic) of all caged NO compounds produced rapid, transient and reversible relaxation of 5-HT and low-K(+)-contracted tissues. However, when contractions were induced by high K+, the relaxation induced by nerve stimulation was abolished, whereas relaxations induced by photoactivated NO compounds were significantly (P < 0.01) reduced. 4. The relaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP), but not papaverine, was also diminished in high-K(+)-contracted tissues. The magnitude of photoactivated NO-induced relaxation was related to the amount of NO release, light intensity and concentration of compounds. 5. The evidence that photoactivated NO-induced relaxation is mediated by cGMP comes from the observation that zaprinast, but not forskolin, potentiated the relaxation. 6. It is concluded that rat gastric smooth muscle relaxes to photoactivation of NO or NO2-carrying molecules via NO, and it appears that degree of membrane depolarization may be a critical factor in dissociating the response to presynaptic- and postsynaptic NO-mediated relaxation in this muscle.

Modification of Ran GTPase-activating protein by the small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO-1 requires Ubc9, an E2-type ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme homologue

Covalent modification of the Ran GTPase-activating protein RanGAP1 with the ubiquitin-related protein SUMO-1 promotes its association with Nup358, a component of the cytoplasmic fibrils emanating from the nuclear pore complex (1,2). In Xenopus egg extracts, Nup358 can be found in a complex with Ubc9 (3), a structural homologue of the E2-type ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (UBCs). Here we show that a subset of the human homologue of Ubc9 (HsUbc9) colocalizes with RanGAP1 at the nuclear envelope. HsUbc9 forms thiolester conjugates with recombinant SUMO-1, but not with recombinant ubiquitin, indicating that it is functionally distinct from E2-type UBCs. Finally, HsUbc9 is required for the modification of RanGAP1 by SUMO-1. These results suggest that HsUbc9 is a component of a novel enzymatic cascade that modifies RanGAP1, and possibly other substrates, with SUMO-1.

Treatment of long-standing thoracostoma and bronchopleural fistula without pulmonary resection in high risk patients

A chronic bronchopleural fistula and a fibrotic postthoracotomy space in a patient with poor functional respiratory reserve is a difficult problem. The classic management of bronchopleural cutaneous fistulas has been with further pulmonary resection to healthy bronchus, repair of the bronchus directly, and a thoracoplasty or myoplasty technique to obliterate the cavity. In a high risk patient, further pulmonary resection and thoracoplasty may be contraindicated. Myoplasty techniques alone without control of the fistula have limited success. In the last 4 years, we have treated six patients with right-sided thoracostomas after a primary open drainage procedure for bronchopleural fistula and empyema. The air leak was controlled with inversion of the sinus tract, fibrin glue, and muscle flap cavity obliteration. An average of two muscle flaps per patient were used, including the contralateral latissimus dorsi muscle. An 83 percent success rate has been achieved with this procedure in patients who otherwise would not be considered surgical candidates. Attention to the details described, including direct suture closure of the bronchial sinus, obliteration of the cavity by local muscle flaps, and avoidance of mechanical positive pressure ventilation, will make extended thoracotomy, pulmonary resection, and thoracoplasty unnecessary in these high risk patients.

Restoration of shoulder abduction by nerve transfer in avulsed brachial plexus injury: evaluation of 99 patients with various nerve transfers

During the 5-year period between 1987 and 1991, 99 patients with total root or upper root (C5, C6, or C7) injuries were treated by nerve transfer to obtain shoulder abduction. More than eight different combinations of coaptation between donor nerves (intercostal nerves, phrenic nerve, spinal accessory nerve, ipsilateral C7, or cervical motor nerves) and recipient nerves (suprascapular nerve, axillary nerve, and upper trunk or C5) were applied. All patients had at least 2 years of follow-up. Different results were obtained in each category. Simultaneous neurotization of the suprascapular and axillary nerves with the phrenic and spinal accessory nerves obtained much better and more reliable shoulder abduction. Neurotization of the C5 spinal nerve by multiple nerve transfers was another good option that yielded good shoulder abduction in a single patient. If the phrenic nerve was traumatized, neurotization of the suprascapular nerve solely with the spinal accessory nerve was still capable of achieving an acceptable range of shoulder abduction.

The role of bone scintigraphy in diagnosing reflex sympathetic dystrophy

Three-phase bone scintigraphy is used often to diagnose reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the hand. This study presents an analysis of the literature relating three-phase bone scanning to reflex sympathetic dystrophy in the upper extremity. The data show a wide variability in scintigraphic accuracy in patients with clinically obvious reflex sympathetic dystrophy. The results of bone scintigraphy correlate best with the clinical diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy within the first 20-26 weeks of onset. Even then, the sensitivity in the most recent series approximates 50%. After 26 weeks, there is a poor correlation between three-phase bone scanning and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Consequently, three-phase bone scintigraphy should not be used as a major criterion in diagnosing reflex sympathetic dystrophy. The diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy remains a clinical diagnosis made by an experienced hand surgeon.

Molecular, biochemical, and clinical characterization of mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase deficiency in two further patients

The molecular basis of mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (T2) deficiency was studied in two patients (GK11 and GK16). Fibroblasts from each patient had detectable immunoreactive T2 polypeptide (CRM). In pulse-chase experiments, fibroblasts from GK11 had two types of CRM: one (type I CRM) disappeared after a 24-hr chase and migrated more slowly than that of the normal control; the other (type II CRM) was detected with a small amount even after a 72-hr chase and had normal electrophoretic mobility. GK16's fibroblasts had a CRM (type III) which was also detectable even after a 72-hr chase and showed a slower mobility than type I CRM. By analyzing amplified cDNA and genomic fragments, we showed that both patients are genetic compounds; GK11 for the mutations N158D and T297M, and GK16 for the mutations A301P and IVS8 (+1). Expression analyses confirmed that mutant T2 subunits with N158D, T297M, and A301P correspond to type I, II, and III CRM, respectively. Among them, only the mutant T2 polypeptide with T297M appeared to have a detectable residual activity, in spite of its instability. Cotransfection of two cDNAs containing N158D and T297M suggested that heterotetramer formation reduces residual activity in GK11 cells.

Relationship of TSG-14 protein to the pentraxin family of major acute phase proteins

TNF-stimulated gene-14 (TSG-14) encodes a secreted glycoprotein with significant sequence homology to C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component (SAP), members of the pentraxin family of acute phase proteins. TSG-14 mRNA was elevated in human FS-4 fibroblasts by treatment with TNF, IL-1, or bacterial LPS, and weakly by dexamethasone. Abs to recombinant TSG-14 immunoprecipitated a 42-kDa protein from the culture supernatants of TNF- or IL-1-stimulated FS-4 cells. TSG-14 protein was also inducible in the Hep3B human hepatoma cell line by TNF, IL-1, IL-6, or dexamethasone. CRP protein, identified by immunoprecipitation of a 25-kDa band with Abs to CRP, was induced in Hep3B cells by IL-1, IL-6, or dexamethasone. Immunoprecipitations with polyclonal Abs to TSG-14 and CRP suggested that the two proteins are immunologically cross-reactive. Appearance of TSG-14 protein was demonstrated in the serum of mice after injection with LPS. No TSG-14 mRNA was detected in the liver of LPS-injected mice, suggesting that hepatocytes are not the major site of TSG-14 synthesis. Thus, in the intact organism the main cellular sources of TSG-14 and classical acute phase proteins appear to be different.

Relationship of TSG-14 protein to the pentraxin family of major acute phase proteins

TNF-stimulated gene-14 (TSG-14) encodes a secreted glycoprotein with significant sequence homology to C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component (SAP), members of the pentraxin family of acute phase proteins. TSG-14 mRNA was elevated in human FS-4 fibroblasts by treatment with TNF, IL-1, or bacterial LPS, and weakly by dexamethasone. Abs to recombinant TSG-14 immunoprecipitated a 42-kDa protein from the culture supernatants of TNF- or IL-1-stimulated FS-4 cells. TSG-14 protein was also inducible in the Hep3B human hepatoma cell line by TNF, IL-1, IL-6, or dexamethasone. CRP protein, identified by immunoprecipitation of a 25-kDa band with Abs to CRP, was induced in Hep3B cells by IL-1, IL-6, or dexamethasone. Immunoprecipitations with polyclonal Abs to TSG-14 and CRP suggested that the two proteins are immunologically cross-reactive. Appearance of TSG-14 protein was demonstrated in the serum of mice after injection with LPS. No TSG-14 mRNA was detected in the liver of LPS-injected mice, suggesting that hepatocytes are not the major site of TSG-14 synthesis. Thus, in the intact organism the main cellular sources of TSG-14 and classical acute phase proteins appear to be different.

Provocative testing for cubital tunnel syndrome

This prospective study evaluated the clinical usefulness of provocative testing in 32 subjects with electrodiagnostically proven cubital tunnel syndrome and 33 control subjects. Four provocative tests were included: Tinel's sign, elbow flexion, pressure provocation, and combined elbow flexion and pressure provocation. The mean age of the control group was 41 years and 46 years for the group with cubital tunnel syndrome. In the control group, provocative tests were rarely positive. In 44 extremities with cubital tunnel syndrome, 31 had a Tinel's sign, 33 had a positive elbow flexion test, 39 had symptoms with pressure only, and 41 had symptoms with a combination of pressure provocation and elbow flexion testing. The sensitivity of the Tinel sign was 0.70, and at 30 seconds, the sensitivities of the other provocative tests were: elbow flexion (0.32), pressure provocation (0.55), and pressure-flexion test (0.91). The most sensitive provocative test in the diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome was elbow flexion when combined with pressure on the ulnar nerve.

Evaluation of fox-chasing enclosures as sites of potential introduction and establishment of Echinococcus multilocularis

Following detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) illegally imported into South Carolina (USA) for release in fox-chasing enclosures, a survey for E. multilocularis was conducted in four enclosures in Georgia (USA) and six enclosures in South Carolina. Survey methods included examination of potential small mammal intermediate hosts (n = 390) for E. multilocularis larvae, examination of fox and coyote (Canis latrans) scats (n = 59) for taeniid eggs, and examination of one possible canine definitive hosts for adult E. multilocularis. All intermediate and definitive hosts examined were negative for E. multilocularis and taeniid eggs were not recovered from fox and coyote fecal samples. Thus, E. multilocularis may not yet be established in fox-chasing enclosures in Georgia and South Carolina. Despite the failure to demonstrate E. multilocularis in the fox-chasing enclosures surveyed, translocation of wild canids from known enzootic regions should be discouraged because E. multilocularis is known to be ecologically adaptable and because contact with potentially infected definitive hosts during translocation is a public health risk.

Reconstruction of a near total male urethral defect with a microvascular free flap

We describe a new technique for reconstruction of a traumatic near total male urethral defect. With this procedure a microvascular free flap transfer of the radial forearm skin is used to create a 23 cm. neourethra extending from the urogenital diaphragm to the glans of the penis. This single-stage transfer allows large traumatic wounds to heal, enables the patient to urinate while standing without strictures, and maintains urinary continence.

A technique for nerve reconstruction following resection of soft-tissue sarcoma

Primary nerve grafting should be considered whenever tumor extirpation necessitates resection of an adjacent critical nerve. A technique of nerve grafting is presented which distinguishes motor from sensory fascicles, using intraoperative electrical stimulation. Stimulation of individual motor fascicles is performed proximal and distal to the lesion, and fascicles which produce the same muscle contraction are identified. Motor and silent sensory fascicles are tagged prior to tumor resection. This facilitates subsequent specific motor/sensory reconstruction of the defect, using intrafascicular grafting techniques.

TSG-14, a tumor necrosis factor- and IL-1-inducible protein, is a novel member of the pentaxin family of acute phase proteins

TNF-stimulated gene (TSG)-14 was originally identified as a TNF-inducible gene in a differentially screened cDNA library derived from TNF-treated normal human FS-4 fibroblasts. Analysis of the TSG-14 cDNA sequence revealed a major open reading frame encoding a protein of 381 amino acids, including a hydrophobic signal peptide sequence. The predicted protein shows 23 to 27% sequence homology to C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P-component, members of the pentaxin family of acute phase proteins. In addition, TSG-14 protein contains a sequence motif common among the pentaxin proteins. The ability of the TSG-14 cDNA to encode a protein of the correct molecular size was confirmed in a cell-free transcription/translation system. In vitro translation in the presence of microsomes confirmed that the protein has a cleavable signal peptide sequence, and that it is glycosylated. TSG-14 mRNA is rapidly elevated from almost undetectable levels in untreated FS-4 cells to high levels in cells treated with TNF or IL-1. A moderate increase in TSG-14 mRNA was observed in FS-4 cells treated with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Nuclear run-on analysis indicated that TNF induces the expression of the TSG-14 gene at the transcriptional level, and that de novo protein synthesis is not required for induction of TSG-14 mRNA. Expression of TSG-14 mRNA was also detected after exposure to TNF in vascular endothelial cells; however, little or not expression of TSG-14 message was observed in cell lines derived from malignant tumors. Our data strongly suggest that TSG-14 is a novel member of the pentaxin family of acute phase proteins.

TSG-14, a tumor necrosis factor- and IL-1-inducible protein, is a novel member of the pentaxin family of acute phase proteins

TNF-stimulated gene (TSG)-14 was originally identified as a TNF-inducible gene in a differentially screened cDNA library derived from TNF-treated normal human FS-4 fibroblasts. Analysis of the TSG-14 cDNA sequence revealed a major open reading frame encoding a protein of 381 amino acids, including a hydrophobic signal peptide sequence. The predicted protein shows 23 to 27% sequence homology to C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P-component, members of the pentaxin family of acute phase proteins. In addition, TSG-14 protein contains a sequence motif common among the pentaxin proteins. The ability of the TSG-14 cDNA to encode a protein of the correct molecular size was confirmed in a cell-free transcription/translation system. In vitro translation in the presence of microsomes confirmed that the protein has a cleavable signal peptide sequence, and that it is glycosylated. TSG-14 mRNA is rapidly elevated from almost undetectable levels in untreated FS-4 cells to high levels in cells treated with TNF or IL-1. A moderate increase in TSG-14 mRNA was observed in FS-4 cells treated with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Nuclear run-on analysis indicated that TNF induces the expression of the TSG-14 gene at the transcriptional level, and that de novo protein synthesis is not required for induction of TSG-14 mRNA. Expression of TSG-14 mRNA was also detected after exposure to TNF in vascular endothelial cells; however, little or not expression of TSG-14 message was observed in cell lines derived from malignant tumors. Our data strongly suggest that TSG-14 is a novel member of the pentaxin family of acute phase proteins.

Advances in total phalloplasty and urethroplasty with microvascular free flaps

This article focuses on the lateral arm free flap as the option that comes closest to meeting the diverse aesthetic and functional goals of phalloplasty. The authors introduce a new technique for incorporating a prefabricated neourethra within the lateral arm to permit the coexistence of an erectile prosthesis alongside a fully vascularized urethra that extends to the distal tip. The unrecognized value of the radial forearm free flap for urethroplasty is also discussed and a case of reconstruction following urethral loss is presented. Also described is how the prefabricated urethra technique may be useful for repairing severe hypospadias defects.

Isolation and characterization of eight tumor necrosis factor-induced gene sequences from human fibroblasts

A lambda cDNA library was prepared from polyadenylated RNA isolated from quiescent human diploid FS-4 fibroblasts stimulated with tumor necrosis factor for 3 h. Differential screening was used to isolate cDNA sequences that are stimulated by tumor necrosis factor. Eight distinct tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene sequences (designated TSG-1, -6, -8, -12, -14, -21, -27, and -37) were partially sequenced and compared with known sequences from GenBank. TSG-1 was identical to the gene for interleukin-8. TSG-8 corresponded to the gene for monocyte chemotactic and activating factor. TSG-21 and -27 were identical to the genes for collagenase and stromelysin, respectively. The other four sequences showed no homologies with known genes. Patterns of induction of mRNAs corresponding to the eight cloned cDNAs by various cytokines, growth factors, and activators of second messenger pathways were analyzed in FS-4 cells.

Usefulness of echocardiography in the prediction of early results of catheter balloon mitral valvuloplasty

Catheter balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) was performed in 50 patients and 32 of them undergoing BMV with double balloon technique were studied to evaluate the usefulness of echocardiography in the prediction of early results of BMV. Five echocardiographic variables including mitral valve motion, mitral valve thickness, subvalvular change, commissural calcification and left atrial dimension were evaluated. Each variable was divided into mild, moderate and severe subgroups. Before valvuloplasty there were no differences in mitral valve area among any subgroup for any variable. After valvuloplasty, variables associated with a greater increase in mitral valve area from mild and moderate subgroups than from severe subgroup included mitral valve motion, mitral valve thickness, and subvalvular change, but not commissural calcification or left atrial dimension. We scored the former 3 variables as 0, 1 and 2 points in the mild, moderate and severe subgroups, respectively. The sums of individual scores in these 3 variables were further divided into 3 groups: 12 patients had a lower score (less than 2), 10 patients had a score of 3-4 and 10 patients had a higher score (greater than 5). Patients with lower scores tended to have greater increases in mitral valve areas after valvuloplasty than those with higher scores. Thus, mitral valve motion, mitral valve thickness and subvalvular change may be useful to predict a greater increase in mitral valve area after valvuloplasty. A lower score of echocardiographic variables anticipates successful balloon mitral valvuloplasty, which may be helpful in patient selection.

Reanimation of the long-standing partial facial paralysis

Those unfortunate people who suffer from permanent partial facial paralysis have great difficulty finding surgeons who can offer corrective operations. Improving their function is a most delicate procedure. Great care must be exercised to avoid injuring nerves and muscles which are still operating, although in a greatly diminished state. The pathogenesis must be understood before attempting any corrective procedure. Adequate time must elapse from the moment of injury to surgical intervention, thus allowing for maximal nerve and muscle regeneration. This paper describes techniques that could improve facial movements. The most frequently used procedure is shortening of the levator and/or the zygomatic muscles that are partially atrophied. It must be understood that total reanimation is impossible as of this time.

Cell death in Clarke's column after spinal cord transection

The death of embryonic central nervous system (CNS) neurons deprived of a target is well established. In adult rats, similar cell death of corticospinal and rubrospinal motor neurons occurs as a delayed response to spinal cord transection. We document the loss of neurons in Clarke's column, secondary ascending spinocerebellar neurons in adult rats, after complete spinal cord transection at T-9. Twenty-five weeks after spinal cord transection, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) studies showed a dramatic loss of labeled cells in rats with transected spinal cords as compared to matched control rats. Cresyl echt violet-stained sections failed to support the hypothesis that unlabeled cells persist in a shrunken, inactive state; instead we found far fewer identifiable neurons in Clarke's column. Although we saw little gliosis in the area of cell loss, gliosis was evident in the adjacent corticospinal tract which was severed in the original surgical injury. Amputation of the right hind limb resulted in a paradoxical increase in labeled Clarke's column cells on the right. Total cells stained with cresyl echt violet in amputated animals were not different from right to left. The increase in labeled cells on the amputated side may have been caused by an increase in metabolic activity of these deafferentated neurons which resulted in more effective axoplasmic transport of the HRP label.

Cell death in the adult rat dorsal root ganglion after hind limb amputation, spinal cord transection, or both operations

Cell death of embryonic neurons which are unable to attain a proper target is well established. A delayed cell death of adult neurons permanently separated from their target tissue has been demonstrated for several cell groups. Cells of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are unique in that a single T-shape neurite has a peripheral branch which extends (for root L5) to the hind limb and a central branch extending into the spinal cord. We found a significant loss of L5 DRG neurons 25 weeks after hind limb amputation. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that neuron survival is dependent on connection with a suitable target. We were unable to detect cell death in the DRG of L5 after complete spinal cord transection at T9. Separation of DRG cells from their central target is unimportant to neuronal survival.