1
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Orlando R, Ginerete RP, Cavalleri L, Aliperti V, Imbriglio T, Battaglia G, Zuena AR, Nicoletti F, Merlo Pich E, Collo G. Synergic action of L-acetylcarnitine and L-methylfolate in Mouse Models of Stress-Related Disorders and Human iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:913210. [PMID: 35721218 PMCID: PMC9201783 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.913210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic agents, L-acetylcarnitine (LAC) and L-methylfolate (MF) are putative candidates as add-on drugs in depression. We evaluated the effect of a combined treatment with LAC and MF in two different paradigms of chronic stress in mice and in human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) differentiated into dopaminergic neurons. Two groups of mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 28 days or chronic restraint stress (CRS) for 21 day, and LAC (30 or 100 mg/kg) and/or MF (0.75 or 3 mg/kg) were administered i.p. once a day for 14 days, starting from the last week of stress. In both stress paradigms, LAC and MF acted synergistically in reducing the immobility time in the forced swim test and enhancing BDNF protein levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, LAC and MF acted synergistically in enhancing type-2 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu2) protein levels in the hippocampus of mice exposed to CRS. Interestingly, CRS mice treated with MF showed an up-regulation of NFκB p65, which is a substrate for LAC-induced acetylation. We could also demonstrate a synergism between LAC and MF in cultured hiPSCs differentiated into dopamine neurons, by measuring dendrite length and number, and area of the cell soma after 3 days of drug exposure. These findings support the combined use of LAC and MF in the treatment of MDD and other stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Orlando
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Cavalleri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenza Aliperti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Zuena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ginetta Collo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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2
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Collo G, Mucci A, Giordano GM, Merlo Pich E, Galderisi S. Corrigendum: Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia and Dopaminergic Transmission: Translational Models and Perspectives Opened by iPSC Techniques. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:729082. [PMID: 34335179 PMCID: PMC8322975 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.729082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ginetta Collo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Armida Mucci
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia M Giordano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Emilio Merlo Pich
- Research & Development, Alfasigma Schweiz, Zofingen, Switzerland.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvana Galderisi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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3
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Cosi C, Martel JC, Auclair AL, Collo G, Cavalleri L, Heusler P, Leriche L, Gaudoux F, Sokoloff P, Moser PC, Gatti-McArthur S. Pharmacology profile of F17464, a dopamine D 3 receptor preferential antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 890:173635. [PMID: 33065094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
F17464 (N-(3-{4-[4-(8-Oxo-8H-[1,3]-dioxolo-[4,5-g]-chromen-7-yl)-butyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-phenyl)-methanesulfonamide, hydrochloride) is a new potential antipsychotic with a unique profile. The compound exhibits high affinity for the human dopamine receptor subtype 3 (hD3) (Ki = 0.17 nM) and the serotonin receptor subtype 1a (5-HT1a) (Ki = 0.16 nM) and a >50 fold lower affinity for the human dopamine receptor subtype 2 short and long form (hD2s/l) (Ki = 8.9 and 12.1 nM, respectively). [14C]F17464 dynamic studies show a slower dissociation rate from hD3 receptor (t1/2 = 110 min) than from hD2s receptor (t1/2 = 1.4 min) and functional studies demonstrate that F17464 is a D3 receptor antagonist, 5-HT1a receptor partial agonist. In human dopaminergic neurons F17464 blocks ketamine induced morphological changes, an effect D3 receptor mediated. In vivo F17464 target engagement of both D2 and 5-HT1a receptors is demonstrated in displacement studies in the mouse brain. F17464 increases dopamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex and mouse lateral forebrain - dorsal striatum and seems to reduce the effect of MK801 on % c-fos mRNA medium expressing neurons in cortical and subcortical regions. F17464 also rescues valproate induced impairment in a rat social interaction model of autism. All the neurochemistry and behavioural effects of F17464 are observed in the dose range 0.32-2.5 mg/kg i.p. in both rats and mice. The in vitro - in vivo pharmacology profile of F17464 in preclinical models is discussed in support of a therapeutic use of the compound in schizophrenia and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cosi
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Jean-Claude Martel
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Agnès L Auclair
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Ginetta Collo
- Dept of Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Cavalleri
- Dept of Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Peter Heusler
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Ludovic Leriche
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Florence Gaudoux
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Pierre Sokoloff
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Paul C Moser
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Silvia Gatti-McArthur
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France.
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4
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Collo G, Mucci A, Giordano GM, Merlo Pich E, Galderisi S. Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia and Dopaminergic Transmission: Translational Models and Perspectives Opened by iPSC Techniques. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:632. [PMID: 32625059 PMCID: PMC7315891 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative symptoms (NS) represent a heterogeneous dimension of schizophrenia (SCZ), associated with a poor functional outcome. A dysregulated dopamine (DA) system, including a reduced D1 receptor activation in the prefrontal cortex, DA hypoactivity in the caudate and alterations in D3 receptor activity, seems to contribute to the pathogenesis of NS. However, failure to take into account the NS heterogeneity has slowed down progress in research on their neurobiological correlates and discoveries of new effective treatments. A better neurobiological characterization of NS is needed, and this requires objective quantification of their features that can be applied in translational models, such as animal models and human inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). In this review we summarize the evidence for dopaminergic alterations relevant to NS in translational animal models focusing on dysfunctional motivation, a core aspect of NS. Among others, experiments on mutant rodents with an overexpression of DA D2 or D3 receptors and the dopamine deficient mice are discussed. In the second part we summarize the findings from recent studies using iPSC to model the pathogenesis of SCZ. By retaining the genetic background of risk genetic variants, iPSC offer the possibility to study the effect of de novo mutations or inherited polymorphisms from subgroups of patients and their response to drugs, adding an important tool for personalized psychiatry. Given the key role of DA in NS, we focus on findings of iPSC-derived DA neurons. Since implementation of iPSC-derived neurons to study the neurobiology of SCZ is a relatively recent acquisition, the available data are limited. We highlight some methodological aspects of relevance in the interpretation of in vitro testing results, including limitations and strengths, offering a critical viewpoint for the implementation of future pharmacological studies aimed to the discovery and characterization of novel treatments for NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginetta Collo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Armida Mucci
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia M Giordano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Emilio Merlo Pich
- Research & Development, Alfasigma Schweiz, Zofingen, Switzerland.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvana Galderisi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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5
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Collo G, Cavalleri L, Merlo Pich E. Structural Plasticity Induced by Ketamine in Human Dopaminergic Neurons as Mechanism Relevant for Treatment-Resistant Depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 3:2470547019842545. [PMID: 32440593 PMCID: PMC7219874 DOI: 10.1177/2470547019842545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine in
treatment-resistant depression are only partially understood. Reactivation of
neural plasticity in prefrontal cortex has been considered critical in mediating
the effects of standard antidepressants, but in treatment-resistant depression
patients with severe anhedonia, other components of the affected brain circuits,
for example, the dopamine system, could be involved. In a recent article in
Molecular Psychiatry, we showed that ketamine induces
neural plasticity in human and mouse dopaminergic neurons. Human dopaminergic
neurons were differentiated from inducible pluripotent stem cells for over 60
days. Mimicking the pharmacokinetic exposures occurring in treatment-resistant
depression subjects, cultures were incubated with either ketamine at 0.1 and
1 µM for 1 h or with its active metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine at 0.1 and
0.5 µM for up to 6 h. Three days after dosing, we observed a
concentration-dependent increase in dendritic arborization and soma size. These
effects were mediated by the activation of
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor that triggered the
pathways of mammalian target of rapamycin and extracellular signal-regulated
kinase via the engagement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling, as
previously described in rodent prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, we found that
neural plasticity induced by ketamine requires functionally intact dopamine D3
receptors. These data are in keeping with our recent observation that plasticity
can be induced in human dopaminergic neurons by the D3 receptor-preferential
agonist pramipexole, whose effect as augmentation treatment in
treatment-resistant depression has been reported. Overall, the evidence of
pharmacologic response in human inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons
could provide complementary information to those provided by circuit-based
imaging when assessing the potential response to a given augmentation
treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginetta Collo
- Department of Molecular and
Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Ginetta Collo, Department of Molecular and
Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia,
Italy.
| | - Laura Cavalleri
- Department of Molecular and
Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emilio Merlo Pich
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area Unit,
Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Division of Brain Science, Imperial
College London, London, UK
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6
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Collo G, Merlo Pich E. A human translational model based on neuroplasticity for pharmacological agents potentially effective in Treatment-Resistant Depression: focus on dopaminergic system. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1027-1029. [PMID: 31823876 PMCID: PMC7034259 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.270305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ginetta Collo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emilio Merlo Pich
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Brain Science, Imperial College, London, UK
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7
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Matera C, Bono F, Pelucchi S, Collo G, Bontempi L, Gotti C, Zoli M, De Amici M, Missale C, Fiorentini C, Dallanoce C. The novel hybrid agonist HyNDA-1 targets the D3R-nAChR heteromeric complex in dopaminergic neurons. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:154-168. [PMID: 30772268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we designed, synthesized and tested a small set of three new derivatives potentially targeting the D3R-nAChR heteromer, a receptor complex recently identified and characterized as the molecular entity that, in dopaminergic neurons, mediates the neurotrophic effects of nicotine. By means of a partially rigidified spacer of variable length, we incorporated in the new compounds (1a-c) the pharmacophoric substructure of a known β2-subunit-containing nAChR agonist (A-84543) and that of the D2/D3R agonist drug ropinirole. All the compounds retained the ability to bind with high affinity both β2-subunit-containing nAChR and D3R. Compound 1a, renamed HyNDA-1, which is characterized by the shortest linker moiety, was the most interesting ligand. We found, in fact, that HyNDA-1 significantly modulated structural plasticity on both mice and human dopaminergic neurons, an effect strongly prevented by co-incubating this ligand with either nAChR or D3R antagonists. Moreover, the neurotrophic effects of HyNDA-1 were specifically lost by disrupting the complex with specific interfering peptides. Interestingly, by using the Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer 2 (BRET2) assay in HEK-293 transfected cells, we also found that HyNDA-1 has the ability to increase the affinity of interaction between nAChR and D3R. Overall, our results indicate that the neurotrophic effects of HyNDA-1 are mediated by activation of the D3R-nAChR heteromeric complex specifically expressed on dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Matera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche - Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica "Pietro Pratesi", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Bono
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale - Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Pelucchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ginetta Collo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale - Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Bontempi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale - Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gotti
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, CNR, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Zoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco De Amici
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche - Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica "Pietro Pratesi", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Missale
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale - Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorentini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale - Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Clelia Dallanoce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche - Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica "Pietro Pratesi", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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8
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Collo G, Cavalleri L, Zoli M, Maskos U, Ratti E, Merlo Pich E. Alpha6-Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Mediate Nicotine-Induced Structural Plasticity in Mouse and Human iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:572. [PMID: 29910731 PMCID: PMC5992464 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are considered a critical substrate for the reinforcing and sensitizing effects of nicotine and tobacco dependence. While the role of the α4 and β2 subunit containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α4β2∗nAChRs) in mediating nicotine effects on DA release and DA neuron activity has been widely explored, less information is available on their role in the morphological adaptation of the DA system to nicotine, eventually leading to dysfunctional behaviors observed in nicotine dependence. In particular, no information is available on the role of α6∗nAChRs in nicotine-induced structural plasticity in rodents and no direct evidence exists regarding the occurrence of structural plasticity in human DA neurons exposed to nicotine. To approach this problem, we used two parallel in vitro systems, mouse primary DA neuron cultures from E12.5 embryos and human DA neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of healthy donors, identified using TH+ immunoreactivity. In both systems, nicotine 1–10 μM produced a dose-dependent increase of maximal dendrite length, number of primary dendrites, and soma size when measured after 3 days in culture. These effects were blocked by pretreatments with the α6∗nAChR antagonists α-conotoxin MII and α-conotoxin PIA, as well as by the α4β2nAChR antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE) in both mouse and human DA neurons. Nicotine was also ineffective when the primary DA neurons were obtained from null mutant mice for either the α6 subunit or both the α4 and α6 subunits of nAChR. When pregnant mice were exposed to nicotine from gestational day 15, structural plasticity was also observed in the midbrain DA neurons of postnatal day 1 offspring only in wild-type mice and not in both null mutant mice. This study confirmed the critical role of α4α6∗nAChRs in mediating nicotine-induced structural plasticity in both mouse and human DA neurons, supporting the translational relevance of neurons differentiated from human iPSCs for pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginetta Collo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Cavalleri
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Uwe Maskos
- Unité de Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR 3571, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Emiliangelo Ratti
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Emilio Merlo Pich
- The Division of Brain Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Neuroscience Therapeutic Area Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Cavalleri L, Merlo Pich E, Millan MJ, Chiamulera C, Kunath T, Spano PF, Collo G. Ketamine enhances structural plasticity in mouse mesencephalic and human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons via AMPAR-driven BDNF and mTOR signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:812-823. [PMID: 29158584 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Among neurobiological mechanisms underlying antidepressant properties of ketamine, structural remodeling of prefrontal and hippocampal neurons has been proposed as critical. The suggested mechanism involves downstream activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, which trigger mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent structural plasticity via brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and protein neo-synthesis. We evaluated whether ketamine elicits similar molecular events in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, known to be affected in mood disorders, using a novel, translational strategy that involved mouse mesencephalic and human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived DA neurons. Sixty minutes exposure to ketamine elicited concentration-dependent increases of dendritic arborization and soma size in both mouse and human cultures as measured 72 hours after application. These structural effects were blocked by mTOR complex/signaling inhibitors like rapamycin. Direct evidence of mTOR activation by ketamine was revealed by its induction of p70S6 kinase. All effects of ketamine were abolished by AMPA receptor antagonists and mimicked by the AMPA-positive allosteric modulator CX614. Inhibition of BDNF signaling prevented induction of structural plasticity by ketamine or CX614. Furthermore, the actions of ketamine required functionally intact dopamine D3 receptors (D3R), as its effects were abolished by selective D3R antagonists and absent in D3R knockout preparations. Finally, the ketamine metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine mimicked ketamine effects at sub-micromolar concentrations. These data indicate that ketamine elicits structural plasticity by recruitment of AMPAR, mTOR and BDNF signaling in both mouse mesencephalic and human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived DA neurons. These observations are of likely relevance to the influence of ketamine upon mood and its other functional actions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cavalleri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - E Merlo Pich
- CNS Therapeutic Area Unit, Takeda Development Center Europe, London, UK
| | - M J Millan
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation-CNS, Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-Sur-Seine, France
| | - C Chiamulera
- Department Public Health & Community Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - T Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P F Spano
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - G Collo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Collo G, Merlo Pich E. Ketamine enhances structural plasticity in human dopaminergic neurons: possible relevance for treatment-resistant depression. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:645-646. [PMID: 29722313 PMCID: PMC5950671 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.230288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ginetta Collo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emilio Merlo Pich
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Brain Science, Imperial College, London, UK
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11
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Fedele S, Collo G, Behr K, Bischofberger J, Müller S, Kunath T, Christensen K, Gündner AL, Graf M, Jagasia R, Taylor V. Expansion of human midbrain floor plate progenitors from induced pluripotent stem cells increases dopaminergic neuron differentiation potential. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6036. [PMID: 28729666 PMCID: PMC5519680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are invaluable to study developmental processes and disease mechanisms particularly in the brain. hiPSCs can be differentiated into mature and functional dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Having robust protocols for the generation of differentiated DA neurons from pluripotent cells is a prerequisite for the use of hiPSCs to study disease mechanisms, for drug discovery, and eventually for cell replacement therapy. Here, we describe a protocol for generating and expanding large numbers of homogeneous midbrain floor plate progenitors (mFPPs) that retain efficient DA neurogenic potential over multiple passages and can be cryobanked. We demonstrate that expanded mFPPs have increased DA neuron potential and differentiate more efficiently and rapidly than progenitors generated by standard protocols. In addition, this novel method results in increased numbers of DA neurons that in vitro show characteristic electrophysiological properties of nigrostriatal DA neurons, produce high levels of dopamine, and integrate into host mice when grafted in vivo. Thus, we describe a robust method for producing human mesencephalic DA neurons from hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Fedele
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ginetta Collo
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Katharina Behr
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef Bischofberger
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Müller
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tilo Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, EH93JQ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Christensen
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lisa Gündner
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Graf
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ravi Jagasia
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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Lecomte KL, Maza SN, Collo G, Sarmiento AM, Depetris PJ. Geochemical behavior of an acid drainage system: the case of the Amarillo River, Famatina (La Rioja, Argentina). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:1630-1647. [PMID: 27796971 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Amarillo River (Famatina range, Argentina, ~29° S and ~67° W) is unusual because acid mine drainage (AMD) is superimposed on the previously existing acid rock drainage (ARD) scenario, as a Holocene paleolake sedimentary sequence shows. In a markedly oxidizing environment, its water is currently ferrous and of the sulfate-magnesium type with high electrical conductivity (>10 mS cm-1 in uppermost catchments). At the time of sampling, the interaction of the mineralized zone with the remnants of mining labors determined an increase in some elements (e.g., Cu ~3 to ~45 mg L-1; As ~0.2 to ~0.5 mg L-1). Dissolved concentrations were controlled by pH, decreasing significantly by precipitation of neoformed minerals (jarosite and schwertmannite) and subsequent metal sorption (~700 mg kg-1 As, 320 mg kg-1 Zn). Dilution also played a significant role (i.e., by the mixing with circumneutral waters which reduces the dissolved concentration and also enhances mineral precipitation). Downstream, most metals exhibited a significant attenuation (As 100 %, Fe 100 %, Zn 99 %). PHREEQC-calculated saturation indices (SI) indicated that Fe-bearing minerals, especially schwertmannite, were supersaturated throughout the basin. All positive SI increased through the input of circumneutral water. PHREEQC inverse geochemical models showed throughout the upper and middle basin, that about 1.5 mmol L-1 of Fe-bearing minerals were precipitated. The modeling exercise of mixing different waters yielded results with a >99 % of correlation between observed and modeled data.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Lecomte
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA) CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016CGA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - S N Maza
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA) CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016CGA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G Collo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA) CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016CGA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A M Sarmiento
- Dpto. Geodinámica y Paleontología, Universidad de Huelva, 21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - P J Depetris
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA) CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016CGA, Córdoba, Argentina
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Pich EM, Collo G. Pharmacological targeting of dopamine D3 receptors: Possible clinical applications of selective drugs. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1437-47. [PMID: 26298833 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptors have been pharmacologically engaged in humans since the development of the first antipsychotics and ergot-derivative dopamine (DA) agonists, even without knowing it. These agents were generally non-selective, developed primarily to target D2 receptors. In the last 10 years the understanding of the clinical implication of D3 receptors has been progressing also due to the identification of D3 gene polymorphisms, the use of more selective PET ligands such as [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO and the learning regarding the clinical use of the D3-preferential D2/D3 agonists ropinirole and pramipexole. A new specific neuroplasticity role of D3 receptor regarding dendrite arborisation outgrowth in dopaminergic neurons was also proposed to support, at least in part, the slowing of disease observed in subjects with Parkinson׳s Disease treated with DA agonists. Similar mechanisms could be at the basis of the antidepressant-like effects observed with DA agonists when co-administered with standard of care. Severe adverse event occurring with the use of anti-parkinsonian DA agonists in predisposed subjects, i.e., impulse control disorders, are now suggested to be putatively related to overactive D3 receptors. Not surprisingly, blockade of D3 receptors was proposed as treatment for addictive disorders, a goal that could be potentially achieved by repositioning buspirone, an anxiolytic drug with D3-preferential antagonistic features, or with novel selective D3 antagonists or partial agonists currently in development for schizophrenia. At the moment ABT-925 is the only selective D3 antagonist tested in schizophrenic patients in Phase II, showing an intriguing cognitive enhancing effects supported by preclinical data. Finally, exploratory pharmacogenetic analysis suggested that ABT-925 could be effective in a subpopulation of patients with a polymorphism on the D3 receptor, opening to a possible personalised medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Merlo Pich
- Experimental Medicine CNS, Takeda Development Centre Europe, London, UK.
| | - Ginetta Collo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
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14
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Collo G, Cavalleri L, Spano P. Structural plasticity in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons produced by drugs of abuse: critical role of BDNF and dopamine. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:259. [PMID: 25505416 PMCID: PMC4243500 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons were suggested to be a critical physiopathology substrate for addiction disorders. Among neuroadaptive processes to addictive drugs, structural plasticity has attracted attention. While structural plasticity occurs at both pre- and post-synaptic levels in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, the present review focuses only on dopaminergic neurons. Exposures to addictive drugs determine two opposite structural responses, hypothrophic plasticity produced by opioids and cannabinoids (in particular during the early withdrawal phase) and hypertrophic plasticity, mostly driven by psychostimulants and nicotine. In vitro and in vivo studies identified BDNF and extracellular dopamine as two critical factors in determining structural plasticity, the two molecules sharing similar intracellular pathways involved in cell soma and dendrite growth, the MEK-ERK1/2 and the PI3K-Akt-mTOR, via preferential activation of TrkB and dopamine D3 receptors, respectively. At present information regarding specific structural changes associated to the various stages of the addiction cycle is incomplete. Encouraging neuroimaging data in humans indirectly support the preclinical evidence of hypotrophic and hypertrophic effects, suggesting a possible differential engagement of dopamine neurons in parallel and partially converging circuits controlling motivation, stress, and emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginetta Collo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Cavalleri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
| | - PierFranco Spano
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
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Le Foll B, Collo G, Rabiner EA, Boileau I, Merlo Pich E, Sokoloff P. Dopamine D3 receptor ligands for drug addiction treatment: update on recent findings. Prog Brain Res 2014; 211:255-75. [PMID: 24968784 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63425-2.00011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor is located in the limbic area and apparently mediates selective effects on motivation to take drugs and drug-seeking behaviors, so that there has been considerable interest on the possible use of D3 receptor ligands to treat drug addiction. However, only recently selective tools allowing studying this receptor have been developed. This chapter presents an overview of findings that were presented at a symposium on the conference Dopamine 2013 in Sardinia in May 2013. Novel neurobiological findings indicate that drugs of abuse can lead to significant structural plasticity in rodent brain and that this is dependent on the availability of functional dopamine D3 autoreceptor, whose activation increased phosphorylation in the ERK pathway and in the Akt/mTORC1 pathway indicating the parallel engagement of a series of intracellular signaling pathways all involved in cell growth and survival. Preclinical findings using animal models of drug-seeking behaviors confirm that D3 antagonists have a promising profile to treat drug addiction across drugs of abuse type. Imaging the D3 is now feasible in human subjects. Notably, the development of (+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine ligand used in positron emission tomography (PET) studies in humans allows to measure D3 and D2 receptors based on the area of the brain under study. This PET ligand has been used to confirm up-regulation of D3 sites in psychostimulant users and to reveal that tobacco smoking produces elevation of dopamine at the level of D3 sites. There are now novel antagonists being developed, but also old drugs such as buspirone, that are available to test the D3 hypothesis in humans. The first results of clinical investigations are now being provided. Overall, those recent findings support further exploration of D3 ligands to treat drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Addiction Medicine Services, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Ginetta Collo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Imanova, Centre for Imaging Sciences, London, UK; Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Marmotti A, Bonasia DE, Bruzzone M, Rossi R, Castoldi F, Collo G, Realmuto C, Tarella C, Peretti GM. Human cartilage fragments in a composite scaffold for single-stage cartilage repair: an in vitro study of the chondrocyte migration and the influence of TGF-β1 and G-CSF. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21:1819-33. [PMID: 23143386 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-2244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Minced chondral fragments are becoming popular as a source of cells for cartilage repair, as a growing interest is developing towards one-stage procedures to treat cartilage lesions. The purpose of this study is to (A) compare cell outgrowth from cartilage fragments of adult and young donors using two different types of scaffolds and (B) evaluate the influence of transforming-growth-factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on chondrocyte behaviour. METHODS In part (A) cartilage fragments from adult and young donors were either loaded onto an HA-derivative injectable paste scaffold or onto an HA-derivative membrane scaffold. Construct sections were then examined for cell counting after 1, 2 and 3 months. In part (B) only membrane scaffolds were prepared using cartilage fragments from young donors. Constructs were cultured either in standard growth medium or in the presence of specific growth factors, such as TGF-β1 or G-CSF or TGF-β1 + G-CSF. After 1 month, construct sections were examined for cell counting. Expression of chondrocyte markers (SOX9, CD151, CD49c) and proliferative markers (β-catenin, PCNA) was assessed using immunofluorescence techniques, both in unstimulated construct sections and in cells from unstimulated and stimulated construct cultures. RESULTS Part (A): histological analysis showed age-dependent and time-dependent chondrocyte migration. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between young and older donors at the same time point. No difference was detected between the two types of scaffolds within the same group at the same time point. Part (B): after 1 month, the number of migrating cells/area significantly increased due to exposure to TGF-β1 and/or G-CSF (p < 0.05). Immunofluorescence revealed that outgrowing cells from unstimulated scaffold sections were positive for SOX9, CD151, CD49c and G-CSF receptor. Immunofluorescence of cells from construct cultures showed an increase in β-catenin in all stimulated groups and an increased PCNA expression in G-CSF-exposed cultures (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Outgrowing cells may represent a subset of chondrocytes undergoing a phenotypic shift towards a proliferative state. TGF-β1, and to a greater extent G-CSF, may accelerate this outgrowth. The clinical relevance of this study may involve a potential future clinical application of scaffolds preloaded with growth factors as an additional coating for chondral fragments. Indeed, a controlled delivery of G-CSF, widely employed in various clinical settings, might improve the repair process driven by minced human cartilage fragments during one-stage cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marmotti
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
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Collo G, Bono F, Cavalleri L, Plebani L, Mitola S, Merlo Pich E, Millan MJ, Zoli M, Maskos U, Spano P, Missale C. Nicotine-Induced Structural Plasticity in Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons Is Mediated by Dopamine D3 Receptors and Akt-mTORC1 Signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:1176-89. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.084863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Collo G, Bono F, Cavalleri L, Plebani L, Merlo Pich E, Millan MJ, Spano PF, Missale C. Pre-synaptic dopamine D3 receptor mediates cocaine-induced structural plasticity in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons via ERK and Akt pathways. J Neurochem 2012; 120:765-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bonasia DE, Bruzzone M, Dettoni F, Marmotti A, Blonna D, Castoldi F, Gasparetto F, D'Elicio D, Collo G, Rossi R. Treatment of medial and posteromedial knee instability: indications, techniques, and review of the results. Iowa Orthop J 2012; 32:173-183. [PMID: 23576938 PMCID: PMC3565399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Injuries of the posteromedial corner of the knee are relatively common. These can be isolated or combined with other ligament lesions. In some cases the treatment of postero-medial corner injuries is controversial. After a brief description of the anatomy and biomechanics of the medial side of the knee, this paper reviews the indications for isolated and multiligamentous medial/posteromedial corner injuries both in the acute and in the chronic setting. In addition, the most common surgical techniques for repair and reconstruction are described in addition to outcomes based upon a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Bonasia
- Azienda Ospedaliera CTO- Maria Adelaide Via Zuretti 29, 10100 Torino, Italy
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Bellucci A, Navarria L, Falarti E, Zaltieri M, Bono F, Collo G, Spillantini MG, Missale C, Spano P. Redistribution of DAT/α-synuclein complexes visualized by "in situ" proximity ligation assay in transgenic mice modelling early Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27959. [PMID: 22163275 PMCID: PMC3233557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein, the major component of Lewy bodies, is thought to play a central role in the onset of synaptic dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease (PD). In particular, α-synuclein may affect dopaminergic neuron function as it interacts with a key protein modulating dopamine (DA) content at the synapse: the DA transporter (DAT). Indeed, recent evidence from our “in vitro” studies showed that α-synuclein aggregation decreases the expression and membrane trafficking of the DAT as the DAT is retained into α-synuclein-immunopositive inclusions. This notwithstanding, “in vivo” studies on PD animal models investigating whether DAT distribution is altered by the pathological overexpression and aggregation of α-synuclein are missing. By using the proximity ligation assay, a technique which allows the “in situ” visualization of protein-protein interactions, we studied the occurrence of alterations in the distribution of DAT/α-synuclein complexes in the SYN120 transgenic mouse model, showing insoluble α-synuclein aggregates into dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system, reduced striatal DA levels and an altered distribution of synaptic proteins in the striatum. We found that DAT/α-synuclein complexes were markedly redistributed in the striatum and substantia nigra of SYN120 mice. These alterations were accompanied by a significant increase of DAT striatal levels in transgenic animals when compared to wild type littermates. Our data indicate that, in the early pathogenesis of PD, α-synuclein acts as a fine modulator of the dopaminergic synapse by regulating the subcellular distribution of key proteins such as the DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bellucci
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies and National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Fiorentini C, Mattanza C, Collo G, Savoia P, Spano P, Missale C. The tyrosine phosphatase Shp-2 interacts with the dopamine D(1) receptor and triggers D(1) -mediated Erk signaling in striatal neurons. J Neurochem 2011; 117:253-63. [PMID: 21272002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel mechanism for dopamine D(1) receptor (D(1) R)-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk) activation in rat striatum. Erk signaling depends on phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events mediated by specific kinases and phosphatases. The tyrosine phosphatase Shp-2, that is required for Erk activation by tyrosine kinase receptors, has been recently shown to regulate signaling downstream of few G protein-coupled receptors. We show that the D(1) R interacts with Shp-2, that D(1) R stimulation results in Shp-2 tyrosine phosphorylation and activation in primary striatal neuronal cultures and that D(1) R/Shp-2 interaction is required for transmitting D(1) R-dependent signaling to Erk1/2 activation. D(1) R-mediated Erk1/2 phosphorylation in cultured striatal neurons is in fact abolished by over-expression of the inactive Shp-2(C/S) mutant and by small interfering RNA-induced Shp-2 silencing. Moreover, by using selective inhibitors we show that both D(1) R-induced Shp-2 activation and Erk1/2 phosphorylation are dependent on the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A pathway and require Src. These results, which were substantiated also in transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells, provide a novel mechanism by which to converge D(1) R signaling to the Erk pathway and suggest that Shp-2 or the D(1) R/Shp-2 interface could represent a potential drug target for disorders of dopamine transmission involving malfunctioning of D(1) R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fiorentini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Missale C, Fiorentini C, Collo G, Spano P. The neurobiology of dopamine receptors: evolution from the dual concept to heterodimer complexes. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2011; 30:347-54. [PMID: 20684667 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.506192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been classically thought to work as monomeric entities. The current view of their organization, however, assumes that they are part of highly organized molecular complexes, where different receptors and interacting proteins are clustered. These heteromers have peculiar pharmacological, signaling, and trafficking properties. GPCR heteromerization, raising different combinatorial possibilities, thus underlies an unexpected level of diversity within this receptor family. METHODS In this paper, we summarize recent data, reported by different research groups, suggesting that the dopamine (DA) D1 receptor forms heteromers with receptors of the same family and with structurally and functionally divergent receptors. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION DA D1 and D3 receptors and glutamate NMDA receptors regulate rewarding mechanisms and motivated behavior, modulate emotional and cognitive processes and regulate locomotor activity by extensive cross-talk mechanisms. Co-localization of D1 and D3 receptors and D1 and NMDA receptors in specific neuronal populations in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, moreover, suggested that their cross-talk may involve direct interactions. By using different experimental approaches various groups have, in fact, demonstrated the existence of D1-NMDA and D1-D3 heteromers, in both transfected cell systems and in the straitum, with peculiar pharmacological, signaling, and functional properties. The putative role of the D1-D3 and D1-NMDA heteromers in the physiological regulation of striatal function and in the development of motor dysfunctions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Missale
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies and Italian Institute of Neurosceince, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Collo G, Zanetti S, Missale C, Spano P. Dopamine D3 receptor-preferring agonists increase dendrite arborization of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons via extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 28:1231-40. [PMID: 18973551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinical improvements in Parkinson's disease produced by dopamine D3 receptor-preferring agonists have been related to their neuroprotective actions and, more recently, to their neuroregenerative properties. However, it is unclear whether dopamine agonists produce their neurotrophic effects by acting directly on receptors expressed by the mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons or indirectly on receptors expressed by astrocytes, via release of neurotrophic factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of the dopamine D3 receptor-preferring agonists quinpirole and 7-hydroxy-N,N-di-propyl-2-aminotetralin (7-OH-DPAT), as well as of the indirect agonist amphetamine, on dopaminergic neurons identified by tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-IR). Experiments were performed on neuronal-enriched primary cultures containing less than 0.5% of astrocytes prepared from the mouse embryo mesencephalon. After 3 days of incubation, both quinpirole (1-10 microm) and 7-OH-DPAT (5-500 nm) dose-dependently increased the maximal dendrite length (P < 0.001), number of primary dendrites (P < 0.01) and [3H]dopamine uptake (P < 0.01) of TH-IR-positive mesencephalic neurons. Similar effects were observed with 10 microm amphetamine. All neurotrophic effects were blocked by the unselective D2/D3 receptor antagonist sulpiride (5 microm) and by the selective D3 receptor antagonist SB-277011-A at a low dose (50 nm). Quinpirole and 7-OH-DPAT also increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) within minutes, an effect blocked by pretreatment with SB-277011-A. Inhibition of the D2/D3 receptor signalling pathway to ERK was obtained with PD98059, GF109203 or LY294002, resulting in blockade of neurotrophic effects. These data suggest that dopamine agonists increase dendritic arborizations of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons via a direct effect on D2/D3 receptors, preferentially involving D3 receptor-dependent neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginetta Collo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Division of Pharmacology and National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, Brescia University Medical School, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Bellucci A, Collo G, Sarnico I, Battistin L, Missale C, Spano P. Alpha-synuclein aggregation and cell death triggered by energy deprivation and dopamine overload are counteracted by D2D3receptor activation. J Neurochem 2008; 106:560-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Collo G, Goffi F, Merlo Pich E, Baldelli P, Benfenati F, Spano P. Immature neuronal phenotype derived from mouse skin precursor cells differentiated in vitro. Brain Res 2006; 1109:32-6. [PMID: 16859654 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that skin-derived precursor cells (SKPs) of mouse dermis can differentiate in cells with neuronal-like morphology. However, direct evidence supporting the establishment of functional phenotype is missing. In the present study, SKP cells were obtained using published in vitro techniques and studied at 14- to 21-day differentiation, when neuronal-like morphology was observed. The experiment was repeated 39 times. Co-cultures with cortical astrocytes were also used to enhance the process of neural differentiation. Expression of GAP43 and light-chain MAP-2(c) but not markers of dendritic and synaptic terminal differentiation such as heavy-chain MAP-2(ab) and synapsin were observed. Voltage-clamp electrophysiology recordings showed potassium currents, but neither action potentials generation nor electrotonic response to exogenous administration of nicotine or kainic acid. These observations suggest that mouse SKPs do not differentiate into mature functional neurons, at least using the published methodologies for in vitro differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginetta Collo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Division of Pharmacology, Brescia University Medical School, Viale Europa 11, 25100 Brescia, Italy.
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Abstract
Dopamine and glutamate have been shown to extensively interact in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, to regulate different physiological functions, including locomotor activity, positive reinforcement, attention and working memory. Although dysfunctions of dopamine transmission have long been identified as critical determinants of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia, there is now increasing evidence that concurrent alterations of dopamine and glutamate function may play a central role in the pathophysiology of these diseases. Thus, defining the characteristics of dopamine-glutamate interactions may be crucial to identify alternative molecular targets for the development of novel pharmacological tools. At the postsynaptic level, interactions between the dopamine D1 and the glutamate NMDA receptors appear to be particularly relevant. Different mechanisms are involved in this interactions: 1) D1R-dependent, second messenger-mediated phosphorylation of NMDAR subunits; 2) coordinated regulation of receptor trafficking at synaptic sites; 3) formation of an heteromeric D1/NMDA receptor complex. In this paper we review the molecular mechanisms, functional implications and pharmacological significance of D1R/NMDAR interaction via direct protein-protein oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Missale
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, and Centre of Excellence on Diagnostic and Therapeutic Innovation, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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27
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Fiorentini C, Rizzetti MC, Busi C, Bontempi S, Collo G, Spano P, Missale C. Loss of Synaptic D1 Dopamine/N-Methyl-d-aspartate Glutamate Receptor Complexes in l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in the Rat. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 69:805-12. [PMID: 16365282 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.016667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-mediated mechanisms are related to the motor complications of L-DOPA therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). In striatal postsynaptic densities (PSD), the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is part of an oligomeric complex with the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), determining the strength of corticostriatal transmission. We studied D1R/NMDAR complex alterations induced by L-DOPA in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of PD. L-DOPA-treated hemiparkinsonian rats were determined to be dyskinetic or nondyskinetic based on behavioral testing. D1R/NMDAR assemblies containing NR1-C2 and NR2B subunits were decreased in the PSD of lesioned striatum. Short-term L-DOPA administration improved akinesia and restored the synaptic abundance of D1R, NR1-C2 and NR2B. Prolonged L-DOPA treatment also normalized synaptic D1R/NMDAR complexes in nondyskinetic rats, but remarkably reduced them in the dyskinetic group without changing their interaction. This decrease involved NR1-C2, NR1-C2', NR2A, and NR2B subunits. The composition of residual synaptic D1R/NMDAR complexes in dyskinetic rats may thus be different from that observed in lesioned rats, suggesting that expression of different motor dysfunctions might be related to the receptor profile at corticostriatal synapses. The levels of D1R/NMDAR complexes were unchanged in total striatal membrane proteins, suggesting that the decrease of these species in the PSD is likely to reflect an altered receptor trafficking. In human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing the D1R/NMDAR, complex costimulation of both D1R and NMDAR, but not individual receptor activation, promoted internalization, suggesting that development of dyskinesias might be related to agonist-mediated down-regulation of the D1R/NMDAR complex at corticostriatal synapses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiparkinson Agents/toxicity
- Cells, Cultured
- Corpus Striatum/chemistry
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/metabolism
- Humans
- Levodopa/toxicity
- Male
- Oxidopamine
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/chemically induced
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/complications
- Protein Subunits/analysis
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/analysis
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/analysis
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Synapses/chemistry
- Synapses/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fiorentini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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28
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Mutini C, Falzoni S, Ferrari D, Chiozzi P, Morelli A, Baricordi OR, Collo G, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Di Virgilio F. Mouse dendritic cells express the P2X7 purinergic receptor: characterization and possible participation in antigen presentation. J Immunol 1999; 163:1958-65. [PMID: 10438932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells express P2 purinoceptors of the P2Y and P2X subtypes. In the present work, we show that three dendritic cell (DC) lines, D2SC/1, CB1, and FSDC, representative of immature DCs, express the P2X7 (formerly P2Z) receptor, as judged from RT-PCR amplification, reactivity to a specific antiserum, and pharmacological and functional evidence. Receptor expression is higher in FSDC cells, a cell line that is functionally more mature than D2SC/1 and CB1. From the wild-type DC population, we selected cell clones lacking the P2X7R (P2X7less). We also used a P2XR blocker, oxidized ATP, to irreversibly inhibit the P2X7R. Ability of P2X7less FSDCs or of oxidized ATP-inhibited FSDCs to stimulate Ag-specific TH lymphocytes was severely decreased although Ag endocytosis was minimally affected. During coculture with TH lymphocytes, wild-type FSDC secreted large amounts of IL-1beta. Release of this cytokine was reduced in P2X7less DCs. These data show that DCs express the P2X7 purinoceptor and suggest a correlation between P2X7R expression and Ag-presenting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mutini
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
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29
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Mutini C, Falzoni S, Ferrari D, Chiozzi P, Morelli A, Baricordi OR, Collo G, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Di Virgilio F. Mouse Dendritic Cells Express the P2X7 Purinergic Receptor: Characterization and Possible Participation in Antigen Presentation. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.4.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Immune cells express P2 purinoceptors of the P2Y and P2X subtypes. In the present work, we show that three dendritic cell (DC) lines, D2SC/1, CB1, and FSDC, representative of immature DCs, express the P2X7 (formerly P2Z) receptor, as judged from RT-PCR amplification, reactivity to a specific antiserum, and pharmacological and functional evidence. Receptor expression is higher in FSDC cells, a cell line that is functionally more mature than D2SC/1 and CB1. From the wild-type DC population, we selected cell clones lacking the P2X7R (P2X7less). We also used a P2XR blocker, oxidized ATP, to irreversibly inhibit the P2X7R. Ability of P2X7less FSDCs or of oxidized ATP-inhibited FSDCs to stimulate Ag-specific TH lymphocytes was severely decreased although Ag endocytosis was minimally affected. During coculture with TH lymphocytes, wild-type FSDC secreted large amounts of IL-1β. Release of this cytokine was reduced in P2X7less DCs. These data show that DCs express the P2X7 purinoceptor and suggest a correlation between P2X7R expression and Ag-presenting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - O. Roberto Baricordi
- †Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, and
- Sections of
- ‡Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Sections of
| | - Ginetta Collo
- ¶Glaxo-Wellcome Research and Development, Geneva, Switzerland
- Sections of
| | - Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli
- §National Research Council (CNR) Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Center, Milan, Italy; and
- Sections of
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- *General Pathology and
- Sections of
- ‡Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Sections of
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30
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Abstract
Alterations in endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interactions are central to the process of angiogenesis. We have investigated the effect of wound-induced two-dimensional migration, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on expression of the alpha5beta1 integrin in endothelial cells. In multiple-wounded monolayers of bovine microvascular endothelial (BME) cells, an increase in mRNA and total protein for both alpha5 and beta1 subunits was observed, and this could be correlated with a reduction in cell density but not proliferation, both of which are induced following wounding. Although as previously reported, the alpha5 subunit was increased when cells were exposed to TGF-beta1 alone, co-addition of bFGF and TGF-beta1 resulted in a striking synergistic induction of alpha5, with no significant changes in the expression of beta1. In contrast, the alpha5 subunit was decreased by LIF in bovine aortic endothelial but not in BME cells. These findings suggest that quantitative alterations in alpha5 and beta1 integrin subunit expression modulate the adhesive and migratory properties of endothelial cells during angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Collo
- Department of Morphology, University Medical Center, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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31
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Buell G, Chessell IP, Michel AD, Collo G, Salazzo M, Herren S, Gretener D, Grahames C, Kaur R, Kosco-Vilbois MH, Humphrey PP. Blockade of human P2X7 receptor function with a monoclonal antibody. Blood 1998; 92:3521-8. [PMID: 9808543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (MoAb) specific for the human P2X7 receptor was generated in mice. As assessed by flow cytometry, the MoAb labeled human blood-derived macrophage cells natively expressing P2X7 receptors and cells transfected with human P2X7 but not other P2X receptor types. The MoAb was used to immunoprecipitate the human P2X7 receptor protein, and in immunohistochemical studies on human lymphoid tissue, P2X7 receptor labeling was observed within discrete areas of the marginal zone of human tonsil sections. The antibody also acted as a selective antagonist of human P2X7 receptors in several functional studies. Thus, whole cell currents, elicited by the brief application of 2',3'-(4-benzoyl)-benzoyl-ATP in cells expressing human P2X7, were reduced in amplitude by the presence of the MoAb. Furthermore, preincubation of human monocytic THP-1 cells with the MoAb antagonized the ability of P2X7 agonists to induce the release of interleukin-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Buell
- Glaxo Institute for Molecular Biology, Geneva, Switzerland; and the Glaxo Institute for Applied Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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32
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Russo S, Tomatis D, Collo G, Tarone G, Tatò F. Myogenic conversion of NIH3T3 cells by exogenous MyoD family members: dissociation of terminal differentiation from myotube formation. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 ( Pt 6):691-700. [PMID: 9471998 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111.6.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) of the MyoD family regulate the skeletal muscle differentiation program. Non-muscle cells transfected with exogenous MRF either are converted to the myogenic lineage or fail to express the muscle phenotype, depending on the cell type analysed. We report here that MRF-induced myogenic conversion of NIH3T3 cells results in an incomplete reprogramming of these cells. Transfected cells withdrew from the cell cycle and underwent biochemical differentiation but, surprisingly, terminally differentiated myocytes absolutely failed to fuse into multinucleated myotubes. Analysis of muscle regulatory and structural gene expression failed to provide an explanation for the fusion defectiveness. However, myogenic derivatives of NIH3T3 cells were shown to be unable to accumulate the transcripts encoding muscle-specific isoforms of the integrin subunit beta1D and the transcription factor MEF2D1b2, that depend on muscle-specific alternative splicing. Our results suggest that the fusion into myotubes is under a distinct genetic control that might depend, at least partially, on differential splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Russo
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Italy
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33
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Brancaccio M, Cabodi S, Belkin AM, Collo G, Koteliansky VE, Tomatis D, Altruda F, Silengo L, Tarone G. Differential onset of expression of alpha 7 and beta 1D integrins during mouse heart and skeletal muscle development. Cell Adhes Commun 1998; 5:193-205. [PMID: 9686317 DOI: 10.3109/15419069809040291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
beta 1D is a recently identified isoform of the beta 1 integrin subunit selectively expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. In the present study we determined the temporal expression of beta 1D and its association with alpha subunits during mouse development. By immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis we demonstrated that beta 1D begins to be expressed in skeletal muscles of 17 days embryo (stage E17). Its level progressively increases reaching maximal values few days after birth and remaining high in adult mice. At earlier stages of development (E11-E17) the beta 1A isoform is expressed in skeletal muscle cells. After E17 beta 1A is downregulated and disappears from muscle fibers few days after birth. In cardiac muscle the regulation of the beta 1D expression is different: beta 1D and beta 1A are coexpressed in the heart of E11 embryo. Subsequently expression of beta 1A declines, while beta 1D increases until it becomes the unique beta 1 isoform in cardiomyocytes few days after birth. Previous studies (Belkin et al J. Cell Biol. 132: 211-226, 1996) demonstrated that beta 1D in adult mouse cardiomyocytes is exclusively associated with alpha 7B. Western blot analysis shows that alpha 7B starts to be expressed in the heart only at stage E17, while beta 1D is expressed already at E11 embryo, indicating that alpha subunits other than alpha 7 should associate with beta 1D in early developmental stages. To investigate this aspect, beta 1 associated alpha subunits were identified by western blotting from cardiomyocytes integrin complexes immunoprecipitated with alpha subunit specific antibodies. We found that, during cardiomyocyte development, beta 1D associates with several alpha subunits namely with alpha 5, alpha 6A and alpha 7B. In conclusion these data show that the expression of the beta 1D muscle specific integrin during development occurs much earlier in heart than in skeletal muscle and it can dimerize with different alpha subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brancaccio
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Medical Chemistry, University of Torino, Italy
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34
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Abstract
Microglial cells are known to express purinergic receptors for extracellular ATP of both the P2Y and P2X subtypes. Functional studies have shown that both primary mouse microglial cells and the N9 and N13 microglial cell lines express the pore-forming P2Z/P2X7 receptor. Here we identify the presence of this receptor in N9 and N13 cells with a specific polyclonal Ab and show that microglial cells expressing the P2Z/P2X7 receptor are exquisitively sensitive to ATP-mediated cytotoxicity while clones selected for the lack of this receptor are resistant. Transfection of HEK293 cells with P2X7 (but not P2X2) receptor cDNA confers susceptibility to ATP-mediated cytotoxicity. Morphological and biochemical analysis suggests that ATP-dependent cell death in microglial cells occurs by apoptosis. Finally, microglial cells release ATP via a non-lytic mechanism when activated by bacterial endotoxin, thus suggesting the operation of a purinergic autocrine/paracrine loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ferrari
- Institute of General Pathology, University of Ferrara, Italy
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35
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Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a bifunctional molecule. The binding of ATP induces within milliseconds the opening of a channel selective for small cations, and within seconds a larger pore opens which allows permeation by molecules as large as propidium dyes (629 Da). In situ hybridization using a digoxigenin-labelled riboprobe, and immunohistochemistry using an antibody raised against a C-terminal peptide sequence, were used to determine the distribution of the P2X7 receptor mRNA and protein in rat and mouse tissues and cell lines. The brain of newborn rats showed a 6 kb RNA by Northern blotting, but this was not detectable in adult brain. By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, there was heavy labelling of ependymal cells in both newborn and adult brain, but the brain parenchyma showed no labelling. However, P2X7 receptor-immunoreactive cells appeared in the penumbral region around an area of necrosis evoked by prior occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, suggesting expression of the receptor by activated microglia. NTW8 cells, a mouse microglial cell line, strongly expressed the P2X7 receptor mRNA and protein. The P2X7 receptor mRNA and protein were also observed in the majority of bone marrow cells, including those separately identified by their expression of other antigens as granulocytes, monocyte/macrophages and B lymphocytes. The expression of P2X7 receptor by brain macrophages rather than neurons would be consistent with a role in brain repair following inflammation, infarction or immune insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Collo
- Geneva Biomedical Research Institute, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Switzerland
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36
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Chiozzi P, Sanz JM, Ferrari D, Falzoni S, Aleotti A, Buell GN, Collo G, Di Virgilio F. Spontaneous cell fusion in macrophage cultures expressing high levels of the P2Z/P2X7 receptor. J Cell Biol 1997; 138:697-706. [PMID: 9245796 PMCID: PMC2141639 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.138.3.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse and human macrophages express a plasma membrane receptor for extracellular ATP named P2Z/P2X7. This molecule, recently cloned, is endowed with the intriguing property of forming an aqueous pore that allows transmembrane fluxes of hydrophylic molecules of molecular weight below 900. The physiological function of this receptor is unknown. In a previous study we reported experiments suggesting that the P2Z/P2X7 receptor is involved in the formation of macrophage-derived multinucleated giant cells (MGCs; Falzoni, S., M. Munerati, D. Ferrari, S. Spisani, S. Moretti, and F. Di Virgilio. 1995. J. Clin. Invest. 95:1207- 1216). We have selected several clones of mouse J774 macrophages that are characterized by either high or low expression of the P2Z/P2X7 receptor and named these clones P2Zhyper or P2Zhypo, respectively. P2Zhyper, but not P2Zhypo, cells grown to confluence in culture spontaneously fuse to form MGCs. As previously shown for human macrophages, fusion is inhibited by the P2Z/P2X7 blocker oxidized ATP. MGCs die shortly after fusion through a dramatic process of cytoplasmic sepimentation followed by fragmentation. These observations support our previous hypothesis that the P2Z/P2X7 receptor is involved in macrophage fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chiozzi
- Institute of General Pathology, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
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37
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Rassendren F, Buell GN, Virginio C, Collo G, North RA, Surprenant A. The permeabilizing ATP receptor, P2X7. Cloning and expression of a human cDNA. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:5482-6. [PMID: 9038151 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.9.5482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A cDNA was isolated from a human monocyte library that encodes the P2X7 receptor; the predicted protein is 80% identical to the rat receptor. Whole cell recordings were made from human embryonic kidney cells transfected with the human cDNA and from human macrophages. Brief applications (1-3 s) of ATP and 2', 3'-(4-benzoyl)-benzoyl-ATP elicited cation-selective currents. When compared with the rat P2X7 receptor, these effects required higher concentrations of agonists, were more potentiated by removal of extracellular magnesium ions, and reversed more rapidly on agonist removal. Longer applications of agonists permeabilized the cells, as evidenced by uptake of the propidium dye YO-PRO1, but this was less marked than for cells expressing the rat P2X7 receptor. Expression of chimeric molecules indicated that some of the differences between the rat and human receptor could be reversed by exchanging the intracellular C-terminal domain of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rassendren
- Geneva Biomedical Research Institute, GlaxoWellcome Research and Development, Plan-les-Ouates, 1228 Geneva, Switzerland.
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38
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Velling T, Collo G, Sorokin L, Durbeej M, Zhang H, Gullberg D. Distinct alpha 7A beta 1 and alpha 7B beta 1 integrin expression patterns during mouse development: alpha 7A is restricted to skeletal muscle but alpha 7B is expressed in striated muscle, vasculature, and nervous system. Dev Dyn 1996; 207:355-71. [PMID: 8950511 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199612)207:4<355::aid-aja1>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The laminin binding alpha 7 beta 1 integrin has been described as a major integrin in skeletal muscle. The RNA coding for the cytoplasmic domain of alpha 7 integrin undergoes alternative splicing to generate two major forms, denoted alpha 7A and alpha 7B. In the current paper, we have examined the developmental expression patterns of the alpha 7A and alpha 7B splice variants in the mouse. The alpha 7 integrin expression is compared to that of the nonintegrin laminin receptor dystroglycan and to that of laminin-alpha 1 and laminin-alpha 2 chains. Alpha 7A integrin was found by in situ hybridization to be specific to skeletal muscle. Antibodies specific for alpha 7B integrin and in situ hybridization revealed the presence of alpha 7 mRNA and alpha 7B protein in the E10 myotome and later in primary and secondary myotubes. In the heart, alpha 7B integrin was not detectable in the endocardium or myocardium during embryonic and fetal heart development. Northern blot analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed a postnatal induction of alpha 7B in the myocardium. In addition to striated muscle, alpha 7B integrin was localized to previously unreported nonmuscle locations such as a subset of vascular endothelia and restricted sites in the nervous system. Comparison of the alpha 7 integrin expression pattern with that of different laminin isoforms and dystroglycan revealed a coordinated temporal expression of dystroglycan, alpha 7 integrin, and laminin-alpha 2, but not laminin-alpha 1, in the forming skeletal muscle. We conclude that the alpha 7A and alpha 7B integrin variants are expressed in a developmentally regulated, tissue-specific pattern suggesting different functions for the two splice forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Velling
- Department of Animal Physiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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39
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Dunwiddie TV, Abbracchio MP, Bischofberger N, Brundege JM, Buell G, Collo G, Corsi C, Diao L, Kawashima E, Jacobson KA, Latini S, Lin RCS, North RA, Pazzagli M, Pedata F, Pepeu GC, Proctor WR, Rassendren F, Surprenant A, Cattabeni F. Purinoceptors in the Central Nervous System. Drug Dev Res 1996; 39:361-370. [PMID: 38283105 PMCID: PMC10821783 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199611/12)39:3/4<361::aid-ddr17>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
New exciting developments on the occurrence and functional role of purinoceptors in mammalian brain were presented at the session "Purinoceptors in the central nervous system" chaired by Flaminio Cattabeni and Tom Dunwiddie at the Purines '96 international conference. The focus of the session were topics of recent interest, including the sources and mechanisms involved in ATP and adenosine release during physiological neurotransmission in hippocampus, the brain expression of the recently cloned P2 receptors, and the role of the various adenosine receptor subtypes in brain protection from neurodegeneration associated with trauma-, ischemia-and excessive excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. New important insights into the mechanisms responsible for the formation and release of adenosine into the extracellular space were provided by data obtained by Dunwiddie and coworkers in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. These data may have functional implications for the role of purines in modulation of synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation in this brain area, and hence in cognitive functions. Buell provided an updated overview on the cloning, molecular characteristics and brain expression of various ligand-gated P2X purinoceptors; although the functional role of these receptors in mammalian brain still awaits elucidation, their widespread distribution in the nervous system strongly suggests that ATP-mediated events are more prevalent and important in brain than expected. Pedata presented data on the functional interrelationships between adenosine and glutamate in the brain, and also provided evidence for alterations of the reciprocal regulation between these two systems in aged brain, which may have important implications for both ischemia-and trauma-associated neurodegenerative events and senescence-associated cognitive impairment. Finally, von Lubitz provided novel data on the molecular mechanisms likely to be at the basis of the brain protective effects associated with the chronic stimulation of the adenosine A3 receptor, further confirming that this receptor represents a crucial target for the development of new antiischemic and antineurodegenerative therapeutic agents.
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- G Buell
- Geneva Biomedical Research Institute, Switzerland
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41
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Pellegrini G, Collo G, Barbi M, Binda A, Masarone M. [Interstitial pulmonitis due to the cytomegalovirus in an immunocompetent adolescent: treatment with ganciclovir]. Pediatr Med Chir 1996; 18:315-7. [PMID: 8966135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial pneumonia is the most common disease caused by infection from cytomegalovirus (CMV) in immunodepressed patients, whereas it is a rare complication in immunocompetent patients. With reference to the second group of patients, little literature has been produced as for the therapy to choose when symptoms are serious. We report the case of immunocompetent adolescent with CMV pneumonitis who responded dramatically to therapy with ganciclovir. For a week B. M., a 15-year-old girl, has been showing fever, cough and boring pain at her left thoracic base. When hospitalized, the girl was suffering and dyspneic, cardio-thoracic conditions were bad. Spleen and liver were palpable two fingers far form costal arch. Hematochemical tests showed an increase in phlogosis and transaminase value. Thoracic X-ray was negative, as well as cultures. Among the serological tests high response of anti-CMV IgM was remarkable. Virological blood test confirmed active CMV infection. On the fifth day, a thoracic radiography showed widespread interstitial infiltrates. Treatment with ganciclovir--i.v. 6 mg/kg/day, twice a day for twelve days--has been then adopted. After two day treatment, the girls was apyretic and eupneic. After ten day treatment, thoracic radiography was negative and a great decrease in CMV antigenic response was given by blood tests. No side effect were observed. According to our experience we can say that treatment with ganciclovir may positively shorten the course of pneumonia caused by CMV in immunocompetent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pellegrini
- Divisione Pediatrica, Ospedale Fatebenefratelli e Oftalmico, Milano, Italia
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42
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Collo G, North RA, Kawashima E, Merlo-Pich E, Neidhart S, Surprenant A, Buell G. Cloning OF P2X5 and P2X6 receptors and the distribution and properties of an extended family of ATP-gated ion channels. J Neurosci 1996; 16:2495-507. [PMID: 8786426 PMCID: PMC6578782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new P2X receptor cDNAs (P2X5 and P2X6) were isolated and expressed. All six proteins are 36-48 percent identical and seem to have two transmembrane segments with a large extracellular loop. Functionally, P2X5 and P2X6 receptors most resemble P2X2 and P2X4; they desensitize only slowly and do not respond to alpha beta methylene-ATP. P2X6 receptors, like P2X4, receptors, are not blocked by the antagonists suramin and pyridoxal-5-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid. P2X6 and P2X5 receptors express at lower levels than P2X1-P2X4 receptors do, perhaps indicating that they do not normally form homomultimeric channels. P2X6 and P2X4 are the receptors expressed most heavily in brain, where their RNAs have a widespread and extensively overlapping distribution. The spinal cord expresses all receptors except P2X3. P2X2, P2X4, and P2X6, are the most abundant in the dorsal horn. Sensory neurons of the trigeminal, dorsal root, and nodose ganglia express all six RNAs; P2X3 is found only there. The functional properties and tissue distribution of these six P2X receptors indicate new roles for ATP-gated ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Collo
- Glaxo Institute for Molecular Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
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Buell G, Michel AD, Lewis C, Collo G, Humphrey PP, Surprenant A. P2X1 receptor activation in HL60 cells. Blood 1996; 87:2659-64. [PMID: 8639881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent cloning of the human P2X1 receptor revealed high levels of its messenger RNA in differentiated promyelocytes (HL60 cells). We found expression of P2X1 receptor protein in HL60 cells by radioligand binding, by immunohistochemistry, using a receptor specific antibody, and by electrophysiology. The currents elicited by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) had the expected properties of P2X1 receptors (rapid desensitization, mimicked by alpha,beta-methylene-ATP). However, these currents were only observed in cells that were pretreated with apyrase, which destroys extracellular ATP, or with suramin, a P2X receptor antagonist. This implies that HL60 cells release ATP, which chronically desensitizes the receptor. ATP release was detected by direct measurement, using the luciferin-luciferase assay. It is concluded that functional P2X1 receptors are present in the membrane of differentiated HL60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Buell
- Glaxo Institute for Molecular Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
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Buell G, Lewis C, Collo G, North RA, Surprenant A. An antagonist-insensitive P2X receptor expressed in epithelia and brain. EMBO J 1996; 15:55-62. [PMID: 8598206 PMCID: PMC449917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A cDNA was cloned which encodes a new ATP-gated ion channel (P2X4 receptor). ATP induces a cationic current in HEK293 cells transfected with the P2X4 receptor. However, the current is almost completely insensitive to antagonists effective at other P2X receptors. Sensitivity to two of these antagonists (pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid and pyridoxal 5-phosphate) is restored by replacement of Glu249 by lysine, which occurs at the equivalent position in P2X1 and P2X2 receptors. P2X4 RNA is found by in situ hybridization in the brain, peripheral ganglia and epithelia including serosal cells of salivary glands. Recordings from rat submandibular gland cells showed ATP-induced currents that are also insensitive to antagonists. These results define a further member of P2X receptor family, and they identify an amino acid residue involved in antagonist binding. They also introduce a new phenotype for ATP responses at P2X receptors--insensitivity to currently known antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Buell
- Glaxo Institute for Molecular Biology, Plan-les-Ouates, 1228 Geneva, Switzerland
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Collo G, Domanico SZ, Klier G, Quaranta V. Gradient of integrin alpha 6A distribution in the myocardium during early heart development. Cell Adhes Commun 1995; 3:101-13. [PMID: 7583004 DOI: 10.3109/15419069509081280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of cells with extracellular matrices (ECM)1 are likely to be key determinants of embryonic development. Integrin adhesion receptors are ideally positioned to mediate some of these interactions since, in addition to mechanical adhesion, they transduce signals affecting cell proliferation and differentiation. We investigated expression of the integrin alpha 6 beta 1, a receptor for the ECM component, laminin in the early mouse embryo. An intriguing feature of this integrin is the existence of alpha 6 subunit isoforms. The A and B isoforms, which differ in the cytoplasmic tails, are expressed in cell-type specific fashion, and are likely to implement distinct cellular interactions with laminin. By RT-PCR, alpha 6B but not alpha 6A mRNA was detectable in embryo extracts from fertilized oocytes to 6.5 d.p.c. In subsequent stages, up to 11.5 d.p.c., alpha 6A mRNA was observed in mRNA extracts from whole embryos, but still in significantly lower amounts than alpha 6B. However, in extracts from isolated heart (9.5 to 11.5 d.p.c.), alpha 6A was the predominant alpha 6 isoform, while in extracts from other embryo parts no alpha 6A mRNA was detectable. At the protein level, immunostaining with specific antibodies showed alpha 6A protein in myocardial cells, at the early stage of heart tube development (8.5 d.p.c.). Localization to the myocardium was tightly restricted, since other structures of the embryonic heart, e.g., endocardium, or of the remaining embryo did not stain with anti-alpha 6A antibody. In the ventricular myocardium, expression of alpha 6A appeared more intense than in the subendocardial layer. Quantitation by confocal microscopy unveiled a gradient of expression of alpha 6A, increasing from the outer to the inner layers of the myocardium. This is the first demonstration of a gradient distribution of integrin molecules in a tissue, which appears to be directly connected with the process of organogenesis. The mechanism underlying our observations is not the turning on of a gene, rather it is the activation of a splicing mechanism that substitutes the cytoplasmic domain of a laminin receptor. Because integrin cytoplasmic domains are thought to be an important functional end of the molecule, this may be a mechanism to modulate cellular responses to laminin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Collo
- Department of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Collo G, Starr L, Quaranta V. A new isoform of the laminin receptor integrin alpha 7 beta 1 is developmentally regulated in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:19019-24. [PMID: 8360188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the integrin family, there are two groups of receptors that bind laminin. One of these groups comprises the heterodimers alpha 3 beta 1, alpha 6 beta 1, and alpha 7 beta 1, all of which bind the E8 fragment of laminin, and whose alpha subunits show significant homology at the amino acid sequence level. alpha 3 and alpha 6 exist as isoforms with distinct cytoplasmic domains (termed A and B), suggesting that they may couple laminin adhesion to distinct cellular responses. We report the identification of a new alpha 7 mRNA which encodes an alpha 7 protein isoform with an alternative cytoplasmic domain. Based on homology with alpha 3 and alpha 6 isoforms, this new isoform is classified as alpha 7A and the previously published one as alpha 7B. This result extends the similarity between alpha 3, alpha 6, and alpha 7 laminin receptor subunits and suggests a common ancestral gene. The alpha 7 beta 1 laminin receptor was proposed to be involved in myogenic differentiation. However, alpha 7 isoforms were not investigated in that context. We detected the alpha 7B isoform mRNA in all tissues and cell types tested, including myocardial and skeletal muscle. In contrast, the alpha 7A isoform was detectable exclusively in skeletal muscle, not in myocardial muscle or cells or any other tissues or cell lines tested. Furthermore, the differentiating skeletal muscle cell line C2C12 expressed only alpha 7B at the replicating myoblast stage and acquired alpha 7A expression upon induction of differentiation and fusion. Splicing of alpha 7B mRNA in C2C12 occurred shortly after myogenin expression and could be an indicator of progression through the program of skeletal muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Collo
- Department of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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Masarone M, Collo G, Massari F, Mazzocca M, Maldera U. [A critical review of the problem of children at audiological and phoniatric risk in the first year of life]. Minerva Pediatr 1993; 45:99-106. [PMID: 8341234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The "M. L. Marenzi" Centre of Infantile Otophoniatrics, in collaboration with the Department of Neonatal Pathology of the Fatebenefratelli Hospital in Milan, performed longitudinal controls of an audiological and phoniatric type in 252 children. In the present study attention is focused in particular on audiological evaluations made in a group of 71 infants aged from 6-9 months old. During audiological tests the evaluation of auditory capacity and the type of response to acoustic stimulus were taken into account. The behavioural observation of selective attention to sound is a very important index of the maturity of sensorial patterns. The retarded development of response to an acoustic stimulus may indicate future communication disorders. The type of response to acoustic stimulus obtained in 71 infants were compared with those in a further two groups of children: the first comprised 3822 children with no audiological risk, and the second 3755 children at audiological risk according to Feinmeser and Telly's expanded list. This comparison highlighted a significant persistence of an archaic-type response in the group of infants from the Department of Neonatal Pathology. It is therefore essential that these children are examined further from a phoniatric point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Masarone
- Ospedale Fatebenefratelli e Oftalmico Reparto Pediatria, Università degli Studi di Milano
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Abstract
The integrin heterodimers composed of the alpha 6 subunit with the beta 1 or beta 4 subunit (alpha 6 beta 1 and alpha 6 beta 4) are receptors for laminin and basement membrane components, respectively. The alpha 3 beta 1 integrin recognizes laminin, collagen, fibronectin, or epiligrin. We report the identification of structural variants (A and B) of the alpha 6 and alpha 3 subunits, containing distinct cytoplasmic domains. The expression of one cytoplasmic domain or the other, based probably on alternative exon usage, is cell-type dependent. Most transformed cell lines express both alpha 6A and alpha 6B isoforms, as determined by mRNA amplification or antibody immunoprecipitation. In contrast, embryonic fibroblasts express exclusively alpha 6A, and embryonic stem cells express exclusively alpha 6B. In most normal tissues, both alpha 6 isoforms are detectable, but several tissues express either alpha 6A or alpha 6B. The alpha 3B mRNA was amplified from heart and brain, while all other tissues and cell lines tested contained only alpha 3A mRNA. Alternative cytoplasmic domains may provide a means for varying the cellular responses to the ligands of alpha 6 and alpha 3 integrins according to the cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Tamura
- Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Collo G, Checchini M, Masarone M. [Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Report of two clinical cases]. Minerva Pediatr 1990; 42:355-61. [PMID: 2287323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cases of two sisters suffering from stature and weight retardation, skeletal changes and phosphocalcic homeostasis are reported. Objective examination and laboratory data suggested a hypothesis of pseudohypoparathyroidism. After three years treatment with vitamin D and thyroxin, the haematochemical parameters normalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Collo
- Divisione di Pediatria, Presidio Multizonale Ospedaliero Fatebenefratelli e Oftalmico, Milano
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