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Chen F, Ritter M, Xu Y, Tu K, Koch SM, Yan W, Bian H, Ding Y, Sun J, Burgert I. Lightweight, Strong, and Transparent Wood Films Produced by Capillary Driven Self-Densification. Small 2024:e2311966. [PMID: 38770995 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Wood delignification and densification enable the production of high strength and/or transparent wood materials with exceptional properties. However, processing needs to be more sustainable and besides the chemical delignification treatments, energy intense hot-pressing calls for alternative approaches. Here, this study shows that additional softening of delignified wood via a mild swelling process using an ionic liquid-water mixture enables the densification of tube-line wood cells into layer-by-layer sheet structures without hot-pressing. The natural capillary force induces self-densification in a simple drying process resulting in a transparent wood film. The as-prepared films with ≈150 µm thickness possess an optical transmittance ≈70%, while maintaining optical haze >95%. Due to the densely packed sheet structure with a large interfacial area, the reassembled wood film is fivefold stronger and stiffer than the delignified wood in fiber direction. Owing to a low density, the specific tensile strength and elastic modulus are as high as 282 MPa cm3 g-1 and 31 GPa cm3 g-1. A facile and highly energy efficient wood nanotechnology approach are demonstrated toward more sustainable materials and processes by directly converting delignified wood into transparent wood omitting polymeric matrix infiltration or mechanical pressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Surface and Interface Regulation Technology and Equipment for Renewable Energy Materials, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices-Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
- Wood Materials Science Group, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Ritter
- Wood Materials Science Group, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Yifan Xu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Surface and Interface Regulation Technology and Equipment for Renewable Energy Materials, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices-Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Kunkun Tu
- Wood Materials Science Group, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221008, China
| | - Sophie Marie Koch
- Wood Materials Science Group, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Wenqing Yan
- Wood Materials Science Group, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Huiyang Bian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Yong Ding
- Wood Materials Science Group, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Wood Materials Science Group, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science Group, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
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2
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Lukovic M, Ciernik L, Müller G, Kluser D, Pham T, Burgert I, Schubert M. Probing the complexity of wood with computer vision: from pixels to properties. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230492. [PMID: 38626806 PMCID: PMC11023017 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
We use data produced by industrial wood grading machines to train a machine learning model for predicting strength-related properties of wood lamellae from colour images of their surfaces. The focus was on samples of Norway spruce (Picea abies) wood, which display visible fibre pattern formations on their surfaces. We used a pre-trained machine learning model based on the residual network ResNet50 that we trained with over 15 000 high-definition images labelled with the indicating properties measured by the grading machine. With the help of augmentation techniques, we were able to achieve a coefficient of determination (R2) value of just over 0.9. Considering the ever-increasing demand for construction-grade wood, we argue that computer vision should be considered a viable option for the automatic sorting and grading of wood lamellae in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Lukovic
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, WoodTec Group, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Laure Ciernik
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zürich-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gauthier Müller
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, WoodTec Group, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dan Kluser
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zürich-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tuan Pham
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zürich-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, WoodTec Group, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Schubert
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, WoodTec Group, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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3
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Koch SM, Goldhahn C, Müller FJ, Yan W, Pilz-Allen C, Bidan CM, Ciabattoni B, Stricker L, Fratzl P, Keplinger T, Burgert I. Anisotropic wood-hydrogel composites: Extending mechanical properties of wood towards soft materials' applications. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100772. [PMID: 37674781 PMCID: PMC10477686 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Delignified wood (DW) offers a versatile platform for the manufacturing of composites, with material properties ranging from stiff to soft and flexible by preserving the preferential fiber directionality of natural wood through a structure-retaining production process. This study presents a facile method for fabricating anisotropic and mechanically tunable DW-hydrogel composites. These composites were produced by infiltrating delignified spruce wood with an aqueous gelatin solution followed by chemical crosslinking. The mechanical properties could be modulated across a broad strength and stiffness range (1.2-18.3 MPa and 170-1455 MPa, respectively) by varying the crosslinking time. The diffusion-led crosslinking further allowed to manufacture mechanically graded structures. The resulting uniaxial, tubular structure of the anisotropic DW-hydrogel composite enabled the alignment of murine fibroblasts in vitro, which could be utilized in future studies on potential applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marie Koch
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Goldhahn
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florence J. Müller
- Soft Materials Group, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wenqing Yan
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christine Pilz-Allen
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cécile M. Bidan
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Beatrice Ciabattoni
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Stricker
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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4
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Bourdon M, Lyczakowski JJ, Cresswell R, Amsbury S, Vilaplana F, Le Guen MJ, Follain N, Wightman R, Su C, Alatorre-Cobos F, Ritter M, Liszka A, Terrett OM, Yadav SR, Vatén A, Nieminen K, Eswaran G, Alonso-Serra J, Müller KH, Iuga D, Miskolczi PC, Kalmbach L, Otero S, Mähönen AP, Bhalerao R, Bulone V, Mansfield SD, Hill S, Burgert I, Beaugrand J, Benitez-Alfonso Y, Dupree R, Dupree P, Helariutta Y. Ectopic callose deposition into woody biomass modulates the nano-architecture of macrofibrils. Nat Plants 2023; 9:1530-1546. [PMID: 37666966 PMCID: PMC10505557 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomass plays an increasingly important role in the circular bioeconomy, replacing non-renewable fossil resources. Genetic engineering of this lignocellulosic biomass could benefit biorefinery transformation chains by lowering economic and technological barriers to industrial processing. However, previous efforts have mostly targeted the major constituents of woody biomass: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Here we report the engineering of wood structure through the introduction of callose, a polysaccharide novel to most secondary cell walls. Our multiscale analysis of genetically engineered poplar trees shows that callose deposition modulates cell wall porosity, water and lignin contents and increases the lignin-cellulose distance, ultimately resulting in substantially decreased biomass recalcitrance. We provide a model of the wood cell wall nano-architecture engineered to accommodate the hydrated callose inclusions. Ectopic polymer introduction into biomass manifests in new physico-chemical properties and offers new avenues when considering lignocellulose engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Bourdon
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jan J Lyczakowski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Sam Amsbury
- Centre for Plant Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Nadège Follain
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, Rouen, France
| | - Raymond Wightman
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chang Su
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Conacyt-Unidad de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Maximilian Ritter
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa Wood Tec, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Liszka
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Oliver M Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anne Vatén
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Stomatal Development and Plasticity group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Production systems / Tree Breeding Department, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gugan Eswaran
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan Alonso-Serra
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- UMR 5667 Reproduction et Développement Des Plantes, ENS de Lyon, France
| | - Karin H Müller
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Pal Csaba Miskolczi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lothar Kalmbach
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sofia Otero
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Science and Technology Office of the Congress of Deputies, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rishikesh Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stefan Hill
- Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa Wood Tec, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Johnny Beaugrand
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages (BIA), INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- The Centre for Plant Science, The Bragg Centre, The Astbury Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Abstract
Wood is a renewable resource with excellent qualities and the potential to become a key element of a future bioeconomy. The increasing environmental awareness and drive to achieve sustainability is leading to a resurgence of research on wood materials. Nevertheless, the global climate changes and associated consequences will soon challenge the wood-value chains in several regions (e.g., central Europe). To cope with these challenges, it is necessary to rethink the current practice of wood sourcing and transformation. The goal of this review is to address the intrinsic natural diversity of wood, from its origin to its technological consequences for the present and future manufacturing of wood products. So far, industrial processes have been optimized to repress the variability of wood properties, enabling more efficient processing and production of reliable products. However, the need to preserve biodiversity and the impact of climate change on forests call for new wood processing techniques and green chemistry protocols for wood modification as enabling factors necessary for managing a more diverse wood provision in the future. This article discusses the past developments that have resulted in the current wood value chains and provides a perspective about how natural variability could be turned into an asset for making truly sustainable wood products. After briefly introducing the chemical and structural complexity of wood, the methods conventionally adopted for industrial homogenization and modification of wood are discussed in relation to their evolution toward increased sustainability. Finally, a perspective is given on technological potentials of machine learning techniques and of novel functional wood materials. Here the main message is that through a combination of sustainable forestry, adherence to green chemistry principles and adapted processes based on machine learning, the wood industry could not only overcome current challenges but also thrive in the near future despite the awaiting challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Schubert
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Ding Y, Pang Z, Lan K, Yao Y, Panzarasa G, Xu L, Lo Ricco M, Rammer DR, Zhu JY, Hu M, Pan X, Li T, Burgert I, Hu L. Emerging Engineered Wood for Building Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1843-1888. [PMID: 36260771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The building sector, including building operations and materials, was responsible for the emission of ∼11.9 gigatons of global energy-related CO2 in 2020, accounting for 37% of the total CO2 emissions, the largest share among different sectors. Lowering the carbon footprint of buildings requires the development of carbon-storage materials as well as novel designs that could enable multifunctional components to achieve widespread applications. Wood is one of the most abundant biomaterials on Earth and has been used for construction historically. Recent research breakthroughs on advanced engineered wood products epitomize this material's tremendous yet largely untapped potential for addressing global sustainability challenges. In this review, we explore recent developments in chemically modified wood that will produce a new generation of engineered wood products for building applications. Traditionally, engineered wood products have primarily had a structural purpose, but this review broadens the classification to encompass more aspects of building performance. We begin by providing multiscale design principles of wood products from a computational point of view, followed by discussion of the chemical modifications and structural engineering methods used to modify wood in terms of its mechanical, thermal, optical, and energy-related performance. Additionally, we explore life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis tools for guiding future research toward environmentally friendly and economically feasible directions for engineered wood products. Finally, this review highlights the current challenges and perspectives on future directions in this research field. By leveraging these new wood-based technologies and analysis tools for the fabrication of carbon-storage materials, it is possible to design sustainable and carbon-negative buildings, which could have a significant impact on mitigating climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Zhenqian Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Kai Lan
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
| | - Yuan Yao
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093Zürich, Switzerland.,WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Marco Lo Ricco
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin53726, United States
| | - Douglas R Rammer
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin53726, United States
| | - J Y Zhu
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin53726, United States
| | - Ming Hu
- School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093Zürich, Switzerland.,WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States.,Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
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7
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Wenig C, Reppe F, Horbelt N, Spener J, Berendt F, Cremer T, Frey M, Burgert I, Eder M. Adhesives free bark panels: An alternative application for a waste material. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280721. [PMID: 36689441 PMCID: PMC9870117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The proportion of bark in tree trunks is in the range of ~ 10-20%. This large amount of material is currently mainly considered as a by- or even waste-product by the timber processing industry. Recently, efforts towards the use of bark have been made, e.g. as a raw material to harvest different chemical compounds or as an additive for wood particle boards. Our motivation for this work was to keep the bark in an almost natural state and explore alternative processes and applications for use. The traditional method of de-barking tree trunks by peeling was used to harvest large bark pieces. Two pieces of peeled bark were placed crosswise, with the rhytidom side (outer bark) facing each other. After different conditioning steps, bark pieces were hot pressed to panels without adding adhesives. These experiments on bark samples of different Central European tree species suggest that production of panels with species dependent properties is possible and feasible. This is a step towards producing sustainable panels by using a natural waste material, while retaining its beneficial structure and its natural chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlett Wenig
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friedrich Reppe
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nils Horbelt
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jaromir Spener
- Department of Forest Utilization and Timber Markets, Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Ferréol Berendt
- Department of Forest Utilization and Timber Markets, Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Tobias Cremer
- Department of Forest Utilization and Timber Markets, Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Marion Frey
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Eder
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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8
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Ding Y, Dreimol CH, Zboray R, Tu K, Stucki S, Keplinger T, Panzarasa G, Burgert I. Passive climate regulation with transpiring wood for buildings with increased energy efficiency. Mater Horiz 2023; 10:257-267. [PMID: 36409220 PMCID: PMC9810104 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01016j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Buildings are significant end-users of global energy. About 20% of the energy consumption worldwide is used for maintaining a comfortable indoor climate. Therefore, passive systems for indoor temperature and humidity regulation that can respond to environmental changes are very promising to reduce buildings' energy consumption. We developed a process to improve the responsiveness of wood to humidity changes by laser-drilling microscopic holes and incorporating a hygroscopic salt (calcium chloride). The resulting "transpiring wood" displays superior water adsorption capacity and high moisture exchange rate, allowing regulation of humidity and temperature by the exchange of moisture with the surrounding air. We proved that the hygrothermal performance of transpiring wood can be used to regulate indoor climate, with associated energy savings, for various climate types, thus favoring its application in the building sector. The reduction of temperature fluctuations, thanks to the buffering of temperature peaks, can lead to an indirect energy saving of about 10% for cooling and between 4-27% for heating depending on the climate. Furthermore, our transpiring wood meets different sustainability criteria, from raw materials to the fabrication process, resulting in a product with a low overall environmental impact and that is easy to recycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ding
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christopher H Dreimol
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Robert Zboray
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kunkun Tu
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Stucki
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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9
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Müller LA, Zingg A, Arcifa A, Zimmermann T, Nyström G, Burgert I, Siqueira G. Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals as Active Reinforcements for Light-Actuated 3D-Printed Structures. ACS Nano 2022; 16:18210-18222. [PMID: 36256903 PMCID: PMC9706808 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional manufacturing techniques allow the production of photoresponsive cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)-based composites that can reversibly modify their optical, mechanical, or chemical properties upon light irradiation. However, such materials are often limited to 2D films or simple shapes and do not benefit from spatial tailoring of mechanical properties resulting from CNC alignment. Herein, we propose the direct ink writing (DIW) of 3D complex structures that combine CNC reinforcement effects with photoinduced responses. After grafting azobenzene photochromes onto the CNC surfaces, up to 15 wt % of modified nanoparticles can be introduced into a polyurethane acrylate matrix. The influence of CNC on rheological properties allows DIW of self-standing 3D structures presenting local shear-induced alignment of the active reinforcements. The printed composites, with longitudinal elastic modulus of 30 MPa, react to visible-light irradiation with 30-50% reversible softening and present a shape memory behavior. The phototunable energy absorption of 3D complex structures is demonstrated by harnessing both geometrical and photoresponsive effects, enabling dynamic mechanical responses to environmental stimuli. Functionalized CNC in 3D printable inks have the potential to allow the rapid prototyping of several devices with tailored mechanical properties, suitable for applications requiring dynamic responses to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca A.
E. Müller
- Cellulose
and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anita Zingg
- Cellulose
and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Arcifa
- Surface
Science & Coating Technologies, Empa, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Zimmermann
- Cellulose
and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Cellulose
and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Cellulose
and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gilberto Siqueira
- Cellulose
and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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10
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Koch SM, Pillon M, Keplinger T, Dreimol CH, Weinkötz S, Burgert I. Intercellular Matrix Infiltration Improves the Wet Strength of Delignified Wood Composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:31216-31224. [PMID: 35767702 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Delignified wood (DW) represents a promising bio-based fibrous material as a reinforcing component in high-performance composites. These cellulose composites possess excellent strength and stiffness in the dry state, which are significantly higher than for natural wood. However, in the wet state, a penetrating water layer enters the intercellular regions and disrupts the stress transfer mechanisms between cell fibers in fully DW. This water layer initially facilitates complex shaping of the material but imparts DW composites with very low wet stiffness and strength. Therefore, a sufficient stress transfer in the wet state necessitates a resin impregnation of these intercellular regions, establishing bonding mechanisms between adjacent fibers. Here, we utilize a water-based dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea thermosetting matrix (DMDHEU) and compare it with a non-water-based epoxy matrix. We infiltrate these resins into DW and investigate their spatial distribution by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and confocal Raman spectroscopy. The water-based resin impregnates the intercellular areas and generates an artificial compound middle lamella, while the epoxy infiltrates only the cell lumina of the dry DW. Tensile tests in the dry and wet states show that the DMDHEU matrix infiltration of the intercellular areas and the cell wall results in a higher tensile strength and stiffness compared to the epoxy resin. Here, the artificial compound middle lamella made of DMDHEU bonds adjacent fibers together and substantially increases the composites' wet strength. This study elucidates the importance of the interaction and spatial distribution of the resin system within the DW structure to improve mechanical properties, particularly in the wet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marie Koch
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Pillon
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Hubert Dreimol
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Weinkötz
- BASF, Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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11
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Spies PA, Keplinger T, Horbelt N, Reppe F, Scoppola E, Eder M, Fratzl P, Burgert I, Rüggeberg M. Cellulose lattice strains and stress transfer in native and delignified wood. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Ding Y, Panzarasa G, Stucki S, Burgert I, Keplinger T. Thermoresponsive Smart Gating Wood Membranes. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2022; 10:5517-5525. [PMID: 35528199 PMCID: PMC9066405 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Smart membranes that can open and/or close their pores in a controlled manner by external stimuli possess potential in various applications, such as water flow manipulation, indoor climate regulation, and sensing. The design of smart gating membranes with high flux, immediate response, and mechanical robustness is still an open challenge, limiting their versatility and practical applicability. Inspired by the controlled opening and closure of plant stomata, we have developed a smart gating wood membrane, taking advantage of the unique wood scaffold with its hierarchical porous structure to carry thermoresponsive hydrogel gates. Laser drilling was applied to cut channels in the wood scaffold with well-aligned pores to incorporate the smart gating membranes. In situ polymerization of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) above its lower critical solution temperature inside the channels resulted in a hydrogel with a heterogeneous microstructure acting as a thermoresponsive gate. The wood-based smart gating membranes exhibited reversible and stable pore opening/closing under heating/cooling stimuli. The achieved rapid response and feasibility of scale-up open the venue for various practical applications. In this work, we demonstrated their potential for indoor light regulation and as a water flow manipulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ding
- Wood
Materials Science, Institute for Building
Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- WoodTec
Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Wood
Materials Science, Institute for Building
Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- WoodTec
Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Stucki
- Wood
Materials Science, Institute for Building
Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- WoodTec
Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood
Materials Science, Institute for Building
Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- WoodTec
Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood
Materials Science, Institute for Building
Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- WoodTec
Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
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13
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Müller LAE, Demongeot A, Vaucher J, Leterrier Y, Avaro J, Liebi M, Neels A, Burgert I, Zimmermann T, Nyström G, Siqueira G. Photoresponsive Movement in 3D Printed Cellulose Nanocomposites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:16703-16717. [PMID: 35377597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive soft liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) transform light's energy into dynamic shape changes and are considered promising candidates for production of soft robotic or muscle-like devices. 3D printing allows access to elaborated geometries as well as control of the photoactuated movements; however, this development is still in its infancy and only a limited choice of LCE is yet available. Herein, we propose to introduce biocompatible and sustainable cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) into an LCE in order to facilitate the printing process by direct ink writing (DIW) and to benefit from the anisotropic mechanical properties resulting from the extrusion-induced alignment of such nanoparticles. After a first printing step where the rheological influence of CNC allows the production of self-standing structures, a doping process introduces the azobenzene photoswitches in the composite, conferring photomechanical behaviors to the printed material. This approach results in soft composites, with an elastic modulus around 20-30 MPa, that present fully reversible photosoftening of 35% and photomechanical actuation occurring less than 3 s after illumination. The presence of CNC as reinforcement particles allows precise tailoring of mechanical properties, rendering such phototriggered materials suitable candidates for the production of actuators and 3D structures with particular and dynamic load cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca A E Müller
- Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Demongeot
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMX-LPAC, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Vaucher
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMX-LPAC, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yves Leterrier
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMX-LPAC, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Avaro
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Liebi
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Neels
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Zimmermann
- Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gilberto Siqueira
- Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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14
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Tu K, Büchele S, Mitchell S, Stricker L, Liu C, Goldhahn C, Allaz J, Ding Y, Günther R, Zhang Z, Sun J, Stucki S, Panzarasa G, Zeeman SC, Burgert I, Pérez-Ramírez J, Keplinger T. Natural Wood-Based Catalytic Membrane Microreactors for Continuous Hydrogen Generation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:8417-8426. [PMID: 35107245 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of controlled processes for continuous hydrogen generation from solid-state storage chemicals such as ammonia borane is central to integrating renewable hydrogen into a clean energy mix. However, to date, most reported platforms operate in batch mode, posing a challenge for controllable hydrogen release, catalyst reusability, and large-scale operation. To address these issues, we developed flow-through wood-based catalytic microreactors, characterized by inherent natural oriented microchannels. The prepared structured catalysts utilize silver-promoted palladium nanoparticles supported on metal-organic framework (MOF)-coated wood microreactors as the active phase. Catalytic tests demonstrate their highly controllable hydrogen production in continuous mode, and by adjusting the ammonia borane flow and wood species, we reach stable productivities of up to 10.4 cmH23 min-1 cmcat-3. The modular design of the structured catalysts proves readily scalable. Our versatile approach is applicable for other metals and MOF combinations, thus comprising a sustainable and scalable platform for catalytic dehydrogenations and applications in the energy-water nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunkun Tu
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Büchele
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Stricker
- Soft Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chun Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Goldhahn
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Julien Allaz
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yong Ding
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Günther
- Laboratory of Adhesives and Polymer Materials, Institute of Materials and Process Engineering, Zürich University of Applied Sciences, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Durability of Engineering Materials, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Stucki
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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15
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Saikia E, Läubli NF, Vogler H, Rüggeberg M, Herrmann HJ, Burgert I, Burri JT, Nelson BJ, Grossniklaus U, Wittel FK. Correction to: Mechanical factors contributing to the Venus flytrap's rate-dependent response to stimuli. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:2299. [PMID: 34674080 PMCID: PMC8595170 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eashan Saikia
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nino F. Läubli
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS UK
| | - Hannes Vogler
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich‑Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Hans J. Herrmann
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, École Supérieur de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology-EMPA, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jan T. Burri
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J. Nelson
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich‑Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Falk K. Wittel
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Xiao S, Chen C, Xia Q, Liu Y, Yao Y, Chen Q, Hartsfield M, Brozena A, Tu K, Eichhorn SJ, Yao Y, Li J, Gan W, Shi SQ, Yang VW, Lo Ricco M, Zhu JY, Burgert I, Luo A, Li T, Hu L. Lightweight, strong, moldable wood via cell wall engineering as a sustainable structural material. Science 2021; 374:465-471. [PMID: 34672741 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg9556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chaoji Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Qinqin Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yuan Yao
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Qiongyu Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Matt Hartsfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alexandra Brozena
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kunkun Tu
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Eichhorn
- Bristol Composites Institute, CAME School of Engineering, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Yonggang Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jianguo Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Wentao Gan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sheldon Q Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Vina W Yang
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Marco Lo Ricco
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - J Y Zhu
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alan Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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17
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Chen Q, Razi H, Schlepütz CM, Fang C, Ma X, Fei B, Burgert I. Bamboo's tissue structure facilitates large bending deflections. Bioinspir Biomim 2021; 16:065005. [PMID: 34608869 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac253b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo is becoming increasingly popular as an engineering material and source of bio-inspiration for instance in architecture and for the manufacture of a variety of woven products. Besides the properties of bamboo products for construction purposes, the bending deformability of thin bamboo slivers is of interest, as it appears that extraordinary large deflection can be achieved. To unravel the underlying mechanisms that may contribute to the high deformability at the tissue and cell level, bending deflection tests and additionalin situexperiments were performed to record the deflection of bamboo slivers in dependence of the tissue composition and the deformations of individual cells. For the latter, a simple bending deflection setup was used employing micro-CT measurements to analyze the deformation of individual parenchyma cells (PCs), fiber bundles and vessel elements at different stages of bending deformation of the bamboo slivers. The results showed that the degree of displacement and the characteristic fracture behavior strongly depend on the volume fractions of PCs and fibres determined by the position in the bamboo culm. For slivers with a sufficiently high fibre volume content, the very high bending deformability could be facilitated by the deformation of PCs, which are squeezed between the fibre bundles during increasing bending deflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology of the State Forestry Administration, Department of Bio-Materials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hajar Razi
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Changhua Fang
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology of the State Forestry Administration, Department of Bio-Materials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology of the State Forestry Administration, Department of Bio-Materials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Benhua Fei
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology of the State Forestry Administration, Department of Bio-Materials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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18
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Saikia E, Läubli NF, Vogler H, Rüggeberg M, Herrmann HJ, Burgert I, Burri JT, Nelson BJ, Grossniklaus U, Wittel FK. Mechanical factors contributing to the Venus flytrap's rate-dependent response to stimuli. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:2287-2297. [PMID: 34431032 PMCID: PMC8595191 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The sensory hairs of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis) detect mechanical stimuli imparted by their prey and fire bursts of electrical signals called action potentials (APs). APs are elicited when the hairs are sufficiently stimulated and two consecutive APs can trigger closure of the trap. Earlier experiments have identified thresholds for the relevant stimulus parameters, namely the angular displacement \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\omega $$\end{document}ω. However, these experiments could not trace the deformation of the trigger hair’s sensory cells, which are known to transduce the mechanical stimulus. To understand the kinematics at the cellular level, we investigate the role of two relevant mechanical phenomena: viscoelasticity and intercellular fluid transport using a multi-scale numerical model of the sensory hair. We hypothesize that the combined influence of these two phenomena and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\omega $$\end{document}ω contribute to the flytrap’s rate-dependent response to stimuli. In this study, we firstly perform sustained deflection tests on the hair to estimate the viscoelastic material properties of the tissue. Thereafter, through simulations of hair deflection tests at different loading rates, we were able to establish a multi-scale kinematic link between \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\omega $$\end{document}ω and the cell wall stretch \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\delta $$\end{document}δ. Furthermore, we find that the rate at which \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\delta $$\end{document}δ evolves during a stimulus is also proportional to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\omega $$\end{document}ω. This suggests that mechanosensitive ion channels, expected to be stretch-activated and localized in the plasma membrane of the sensory cells, could be additionally sensitive to the rate at which stretch is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eashan Saikia
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Nino F Läubli
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Hannes Vogler
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | | | - Hans J Herrmann
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, École Supérieur de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology-EMPA, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, 8600, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jan T Burri
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Falk K Wittel
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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19
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Keplinger T, Wittel FK, Rüggeberg M, Burgert I. Wood Derived Cellulose Scaffolds-Processing and Mechanics. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2001375. [PMID: 32797688 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Wood-derived cellulose materials obtained by structure-retaining delignification are attracting increasing attention due to their excellent mechanical properties and great potential to serve as renewable and CO2 storing cellulose scaffolds for advanced hybrid materials with embedded functionality. Various delignification protocols and a multitude of further processing steps including polymer impregnation and densification are applied resulting in a large range of properties. However, treatment optimization requires a more comprehensive characterization of the developed materials in terms of structure, chemical composition, and mechanical properties for faster progress in the field. Herein, the current protocols for structure-retaining delignification are reviewed and the emphasis is placed on the mechanical characterization at different hierarchical levels of the cellulose scaffolds by experiments and modeling to reveal the underlying structure-property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Keplinger
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Building Materials, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Falk K Wittel
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Building Materials, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Building Materials, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Building Materials, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoji Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lars Berglund
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Empa, Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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21
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Abstract
Wood is a prototypical biological material, which adapts to mechanical requirements. The microarchitecture of cellulose fibrils determines the mechanical properties of woody materials, as well as their actuation properties, based on absorption and desorption of water. Herein it is argued that cellulose fiber orientation corresponds to an analog code that determines the response of wood to humidity as an active material. Examples for the harvesting of wood activity, as well as bioinspiration, are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Eder
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schäffner
- Institute of Cultural History and Theory, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Ingo Burgert
- ETH Zürich, Wood Materials Science, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- Empa, Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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22
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Sun J, Guo H, Schädli GN, Tu K, Schär S, Schwarze FWMR, Panzarasa G, Ribera J, Burgert I. Enhanced mechanical energy conversion with selectively decayed wood. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/11/eabd9138. [PMID: 33692104 PMCID: PMC7946366 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Producing electricity from renewable sources and reducing its consumption by buildings are necessary to meet energy and climate change challenges. Wood is an excellent "green" building material and, owing to its piezoelectric behavior, could enable direct conversion of mechanical energy into electricity. Although this phenomenon has been discovered decades ago, its exploitation as an energy source has been impaired by the ultralow piezoelectric output of native wood. Here, we demonstrate that, by enhancing the elastic compressibility of balsa wood through a facile, green, and sustainable fungal decay pretreatment, the piezoelectric output is increased over 55 times. A single cube (15 mm by 15 mm by 13.2 mm) of decayed wood is able to produce a maximum voltage of 0.87 V and a current of 13.3 nA under 45-kPa stress. This study is a fundamental step to develop next-generation self-powered green building materials for future energy supply and mitigation of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Sun
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Huizhang Guo
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gian Nutal Schädli
- Institute for Biomechanics, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kunkun Tu
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Styfen Schär
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Guido Panzarasa
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Javier Ribera
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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23
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Sun J, Guo H, Ribera J, Wu C, Tu K, Binelli M, Panzarasa G, Schwarze FWMR, Wang ZL, Burgert I. Sustainable and Biodegradable Wood Sponge Piezoelectric Nanogenerator for Sensing and Energy Harvesting Applications. ACS Nano 2020; 14:14665-14674. [PMID: 32936611 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Developing low-cost and biodegradable piezoelectric nanogenerators is of great importance for a variety of applications, from harvesting low-grade mechanical energy to wearable sensors. Many of the most widely used piezoelectric materials, including lead zirconate titanate (PZT), suffer from serious drawbacks such as complicated synthesis, poor mechanical properties (e.g., brittleness), and toxic composition, limiting their development for biomedical applications and posing environmental problems for their disposal. Here, we report a low-cost, biodegradable, biocompatible, and highly compressible piezoelectric nanogenerator based on a wood sponge obtained with a simple delignification process. Thanks to the enhanced compressibility of the wood sponge, our wood nanogenerator (15 × 15 × 14 mm3, longitudinal × radial × tangential) can generate an output voltage of up to 0.69 V, 85 times higher than that generated by native (untreated) wood, and it shows stable performance under repeated cyclic compression (≥600 cycles). Our approach suggests the importance of increased compressibility of bulk materials for improving their piezoelectric output. We demonstrate the versatility of our nanogenerator by showing its application both as a wearable movement monitoring system (made with a single wood sponge) and as a large-scale prototype with increased output (made with 30 wood sponges) able to power simple electronic devices (a LED light, a LCD screen). Moreover, we demonstrate the biodegradability of our wood sponge piezoelectric nanogenerator by studying its decomposition with cellulose-degrading fungi. Our results showcase the potential application of a wood sponge as a sustainable energy source, as a wearable device for monitoring human motions, and its contribution to environmental sustainability by electronic waste reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Sun
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Hengyu Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Javier Ribera
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Changsheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kunkun Tu
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Marco Binelli
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Francis W M R Schwarze
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland
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24
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Fu Q, Tu K, Goldhahn C, Keplinger T, Adobes-Vidal M, Sorieul M, Burgert I. Luminescent and Hydrophobic Wood Films as Optical Lighting Materials. ACS Nano 2020; 14:13775-13783. [PMID: 32986407 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most materials used for optical lighting applications need to produce a uniform illumination and require high mechanical and hydrophobic properties. However, they are rarely eco-friendly. Herein, a bio-based, polymer matrix-free, luminescent, and hydrophobic film with excellent mechanical properties for optical lighting purposes is demonstrated. A template is prepared by turning a wood veneer into porous scaffold from which most of the lignin and half of the hemicelluloses are removed. The infiltration of quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS) into the porous template prior to densification resulted in almost uniform luminescence (isotropic light scattering) and could be extended to various quantum dot particles, generating different light colors. In a subsequent step, the luminescent wood film is coated with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) via chemical vapor deposition. The presence of the quantum dots coupled with the HDTMS coating renders the film hydrophobic (water contact angle ≈ 140°). This top-down process strongly eliminates lumen cavities and preserves the orientation of the original cellulose fibrils to create luminescent and polymer matrix-free films with high modulus and strength in the direction of fibers. The proposed optical lighting material could be attractive for interior designs (e.g., lamps and laminated cover panels), photonics, and laser devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Fu
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Kunkun Tu
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Goldhahn
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maria Adobes-Vidal
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Sorieul
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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25
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Tu K, Puértolas B, Adobes‐Vidal M, Wang Y, Sun J, Traber J, Burgert I, Pérez‐Ramírez J, Keplinger T. Green Synthesis of Hierarchical Metal-Organic Framework/Wood Functional Composites with Superior Mechanical Properties. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:1902897. [PMID: 32274302 PMCID: PMC7141016 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of advanced composite materials with hierarchical structure that conjugate metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with macroporous materials is commonly limited by their inferior mechanical properties. Here, a universal green synthesis method for the in situ growth of MOF nanocrystals within wood substrates is introduced. Nucleation sites for different types of MOFs are readily created by a sodium hydroxide treatment, which is demonstrated to be broadly applicable to different wood species. The resulting MOF/wood composite exhibits hierarchical porosity with 130 times larger specific surface area compared to native wood. Assessment of the CO2 adsorption capacity demonstrates the efficient utilization of the MOF loading along with similar adsorption ability to that of pure MOF. Compression and tensile tests reveal superior mechanical properties, which surpass those obtained for polymer substrates. The functionalization strategy offers a stable, sustainable, and scalable platform for the fabrication of multifunctional MOF/wood-derived composites with potential applications in environmental- and energy-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunkun Tu
- Wood Materials ScienceInstitute for Building MaterialsETH ZürichZürich8093Switzerland
- WoodTec GroupCellulose & Wood MaterialsEMPADübendorf8600Switzerland
| | - Begoña Puértolas
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Maria Adobes‐Vidal
- Wood Materials ScienceInstitute for Building MaterialsETH ZürichZürich8093Switzerland
- WoodTec GroupCellulose & Wood MaterialsEMPADübendorf8600Switzerland
| | - Yaru Wang
- Wood Materials ScienceInstitute for Building MaterialsETH ZürichZürich8093Switzerland
- WoodTec GroupCellulose & Wood MaterialsEMPADübendorf8600Switzerland
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Wood Materials ScienceInstitute for Building MaterialsETH ZürichZürich8093Switzerland
- WoodTec GroupCellulose & Wood MaterialsEMPADübendorf8600Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Traber
- EawagSwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorf8600Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials ScienceInstitute for Building MaterialsETH ZürichZürich8093Switzerland
- WoodTec GroupCellulose & Wood MaterialsEMPADübendorf8600Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez‐Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials ScienceInstitute for Building MaterialsETH ZürichZürich8093Switzerland
- WoodTec GroupCellulose & Wood MaterialsEMPADübendorf8600Switzerland
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26
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Han L, Tian X, Keplinger T, Zhou H, Li R, Svedström K, Burgert I, Yin Y, Guo J. Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Are Chemically Deteriorated and Mechanically Fragile: A Case of a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051113. [PMID: 32138153 PMCID: PMC7179126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). Cell wall mechanical properties were examined by nanoindentation without prior embedding. WAW showed more than 25% decrease of both hardness and elastic modulus. Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. This was accompanied by a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls. Even VICWs in WAW were severely deteriorated at the nanoscale with impact on mechanics, which has strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Han
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xingling Tian
- Heritage Conservation and Restoration Institute, Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Haibin Zhou
- Pilot Base, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 102300, China
| | - Ren Li
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Kirsi Svedström
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yafang Yin
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62889463; Fax: +86-10-62881937
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27
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Keplinger T, Burgert I. Analyzing Plant Cell Wall Ultrastructure by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM). Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2149:239-249. [PMID: 32617939 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0621-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The importance of lignocellulosic materials in various research areas including for example biorefinery processes and new biomaterials is constantly rising. Therefore, a detailed knowledge on the macromolecular assembly of plant cell walls is needed. However, despite the tremendous progress in the structural and chemical analysis of plant cell walls there are still uncertainties concerning the ultrastructure. This is either due to Rayleigh criterion based limitations of the analytical methods or the relatively low chemical information gained with high spatial resolution techniques. In this chapter scanning near field optical microscopy (SNOM) is presented as a powerful tool for the subdiffraction limited chemical and structural characterization of plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Keplinger
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Goldhahn C, Taut JA, Schubert M, Burgert I, Chanana M. Enzyme immobilization inside the porous wood structure: a natural scaffold for continuous-flow biocatalysis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20608-20619. [PMID: 35517771 PMCID: PMC9054300 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10633b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are often immobilized on solid supports to enable their recovery from reaction solutions, facilitate their reuse and hence increase cost-effectiveness in their application. Immobilized enzymes may even be used for flow-through applications in continuous processes. However, the synthesis of traditional immobilization scaffolds and immobilization techniques lack sustainability as they are often based on fuel-based materials and tedious synthesis- and immobilization approaches. Here, we present the natural material wood as a green alternative for enzyme immobilization. Its natural structure provides a mechanically stable porous scaffold with a high inner surface area that allows for directional flow-through of liquids. Enzymes were immobilized by nanoparticle-mediated adsorption, a simple, versatile and completely water-based process. The resulting wood–enzyme hybrids were intensely investigated for the model enzyme laccase. Reaction kinetics, as well as catalytic activities at various pH-values, temperatures, and ionic strengths were determined. The wood–enzyme hybrids could quickly and completely be removed from the reaction solution. Hence, they allow for multifold reusability. We show a series of 25 consecutive reaction cycles with a remaining activity in the last cycle of 90% of the maximal activity. Moreover, the anisotropic porosity of wood enabled the application of the hybrid material as a biocatalytic flow-through reactor. Flow-rate dependent productivity of a single-enzyme reaction was determined. Moreover, we show a two-step reaction cascade in continuous flow by the immobilization of the enzymes glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase. Therefore, the natural material wood proved to be a promising material for application in continuous-flow biocatalysis. Green biocatalytic systems for continuous-flow cascade reactions are realized by enzyme immobilization inside the porous wood structure.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Goldhahn
- ETH Zürich
- Institute for Building Materials
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology
| | - Josef A. Taut
- ETH Zürich
- Institute for Building Materials
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Mark Schubert
- ETH Zürich
- Institute for Building Materials
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology
| | - Ingo Burgert
- ETH Zürich
- Institute for Building Materials
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology
| | - Munish Chanana
- ETH Zürich
- Institute for Building Materials
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
- Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology
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29
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Frey M, Zirkelbach M, Dransfeld C, Faude E, Trachsel E, Hannus M, Burgert I, Keplinger T. Fabrication and Design of Wood-Based High-Performance Composites. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31762457 DOI: 10.3791/60327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber reinforced composites, due to its excellent mechanical properties. Delignified wood, however, is rather fragile in a wet state, which makes handling and shaping challenging. Here we present two fabrication processes, closed-mold densification and vacuum densification, to produce high-performance cellulose composites based on delignified wood, including an assessment of their advantages and limitations. Further, we suggest strategies for how the composites can be re-used or decomposed at the end-of-life cycle. Closed-mold densification has the advantage that no elaborate lab equipment is needed. Simple screw clamps or a press can be used for densification. We recommend this method for small parts with simple geometries and large radii of curvature. Vacuum densification in an open-mold process is suitable for larger objects and complex geometries, including small radii of curvature. Compared to the closed-mold process, the open-mold vacuum approach only needs the manufacture of a single mold cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Frey
- Wood Materials Science, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich; Cellulose & Wood Materials, Functional Materials, EMPA;
| | - Meri Zirkelbach
- Design and Arts, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts
| | - Clemens Dransfeld
- Aerospace Manufacturing Technologies, Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology
| | - Eric Faude
- Wood Materials Science, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich
| | - Etienne Trachsel
- Wood Materials Science, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich
| | | | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich; Cellulose & Wood Materials, Functional Materials, EMPA
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich; Cellulose & Wood Materials, Functional Materials, EMPA;
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Frey M, Schneider L, Masania K, Keplinger T, Burgert I. Delignified Wood-Polymer Interpenetrating Composites Exceeding the Rule of Mixtures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:35305-35311. [PMID: 31454224 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wood is increasingly considered in sustainable structural materials development due to its hierarchical structure, including an oriented reinforcing cellulose phase combined with carbon capturing and renewability. Top-down manufacturing techniques can provide direct access to this hierarchical cellulose scaffold for use in new functional materials. For high-performance load-bearing wood-based materials, the volume content of the reinforcing phase needs to be increased to much higher fiber volume contents (FVCs). This has been achieved by structure-retaining delignification followed by densification. The obtained matrix-free materials possess high tensile stiffness due to preservation of hierarchical fiber alignment; however, they demonstrate low mechanical properties in bending and cannot be used in moist conditions due to their propensity for water absorption. In order to address these two challenges, an interpenetrating wood polymer phase composite is developed using a delignified wood scaffold as a continuous reinforcing phase and epoxy resin as the interconnected matrix phase. We utilize the continuous flow channels in delignified wood for vacuum-assisted matrix infiltration in a condition of open continuous porosity in the wood scaffold. Prior to matrix curing, the material is densified in order to increase the FVC, decrease porosity, and reduce density variations in the wood scaffold. Due to the compressibility of delignified cellulose fibers, interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) with very high FVCs of up to 80% could be produced, leading to exceptionally high tensile stiffness and strength of up to 70 GPa and 600 MPa. The obtained stiffness values far exceed the upper limit of the rule of mixtures due to an enhanced stress transfer through mechanically interlocked fiber-fiber interfaces combined with the stiffness providing matrix phase that further aids stress transfer between neighboring wood cells via their pits. This new approach paves the way for an efficient production of high-performance sustainable materials that can be used as alternative for glass fiber reinforced composites or natural fiber composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frey
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials , EMPA , CH-8600 , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - L Schneider
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials , EMPA , CH-8600 , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | | | - T Keplinger
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials , EMPA , CH-8600 , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - I Burgert
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials , EMPA , CH-8600 , Dübendorf , Switzerland
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31
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Özparpucu M, Gierlinger N, Cesarino I, Burgert I, Boerjan W, Rüggeberg M. Significant influence of lignin on axial elastic modulus of poplar wood at low microfibril angles under wet conditions. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:4039-4047. [PMID: 31187131 PMCID: PMC6685656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wood is extensively used as a construction material. Despite increasing knowledge of its mechanical properties, the contribution of the cell-wall matrix polymers to wood mechanics is still not well understood. Previous studies have shown that axial stiffness correlates with lignin content only for cellulose microfibril angles larger than around 20°, while no influence is found for smaller angles. Here, by analysing the wood of poplar with reduced lignin content due to down-regulation of CAFFEOYL SHIKIMATE ESTERASE, we show that lignin content also influences axial stiffness at smaller angles. Micro-tensile tests of the xylem revealed that axial stiffness was strongly reduced in the low-lignin transgenic lines. Strikingly, microfibril angles were around 15° for both wild-type and transgenic poplars, suggesting that cellulose orientation is not responsible for the observed changes in mechanical behavior. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the decrease in stiffness was almost completely related to the variation in both density and lignin content. We suggest that the influence of lignin content on axial stiffness may gradually increase as a function of the microfibril angle. Our results may help in building up comprehensive models of the cell wall that can unravel the individual roles of the matrix polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Özparpucu
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Wood Research Munich, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Wien, Austria
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cellulose and Wood Materials, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cellulose and Wood Materials, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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32
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Grönquist P, Frey M, Keplinger T, Burgert I. Mesoporosity of Delignified Wood Investigated by Water Vapor Sorption. ACS Omega 2019; 4:12425-12431. [PMID: 31460361 PMCID: PMC6682004 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Wood represents a highly suitable biobased scaffold for the development of mechanically robust and functional materials. Its functionalizability can be enhanced by means of delignification, resulting in an increase in porosity due to partial or complete removal of lignin and hemicellulose constituents. In this work, the impact of partial and complete delignification on the mesoporous structure is investigated via water vapor sorption isotherms and deuterium exchange. Pore size distributions of wood samples with five different delignification levels were compared to native wood. The derived pore size distributions at the water swollen state reveal an increase in porosity with decreasing lignin content. However, after complete lignin removal, drying causes a nonreversible collapse of the cell wall, which results in reduced porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Grönquist
- Laboratory
for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marion Frey
- Laboratory
for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Laboratory
for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Laboratory
for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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33
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Frey M, Biffi G, Adobes‐Vidal M, Zirkelbach M, Wang Y, Tu K, Hirt AM, Masania K, Burgert I, Keplinger T. Tunable Wood by Reversible Interlocking and Bioinspired Mechanical Gradients. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1802190. [PMID: 31131194 PMCID: PMC6524091 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201802190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Elegant design principles in biological materials such as stiffness gradients or sophisticated interfaces provide ingenious solutions for an efficient improvement of their mechanical properties. When materials such as wood are directly used in high-performance applications, it is not possible to entirely profit from these optimizations because stiffness alterations and fiber alignment of the natural material are not designed for the desired application. In this work, wood is turned into a versatile engineering material by incorporating mechanical gradients and by locally adapting the fiber alignment, using a shaping mechanism enabled by reversible interlocks between wood cells. Delignification of the renewable resource wood, a subsequent topographic stacking of the cellulosic scaffolds, and a final densification allow fabrication of desired 3D shapes with tunable fiber architecture. Additionally, prior functionalization of the cellulose scaffolds allows for obtaining tunable functionality combined with mechanical gradients. Locally controllable elastic moduli between 5 and 35 GPa are obtained, inspired by the ability of trees to tailor their macro- and micro-structure. The versatility of this approach has significant relevance in the emerging field of high-performance materials from renewable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Frey
- Wood Materials ScienceDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic EngineeringETH Zürich8093ZürichSwitzerland
- Cellulose & Wood MaterialsFunctional MaterialsEMPA8600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Giulia Biffi
- Wood Materials ScienceDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic EngineeringETH Zürich8093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Maria Adobes‐Vidal
- Wood Materials ScienceDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic EngineeringETH Zürich8093ZürichSwitzerland
- Cellulose & Wood MaterialsFunctional MaterialsEMPA8600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Meri Zirkelbach
- Wood Materials ScienceDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic EngineeringETH Zürich8093ZürichSwitzerland
- Design and ArtsLucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts6020EmmenSwitzerland
| | - Yaru Wang
- Wood Materials ScienceDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic EngineeringETH Zürich8093ZürichSwitzerland
- Cellulose & Wood MaterialsFunctional MaterialsEMPA8600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Kunkun Tu
- Wood Materials ScienceDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic EngineeringETH Zürich8093ZürichSwitzerland
- Cellulose & Wood MaterialsFunctional MaterialsEMPA8600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Ann M. Hirt
- Institute for GeophysicsDepartment of Earth SciencesETH Zürich8093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Kunal Masania
- Complex MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH Zürich8093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials ScienceDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic EngineeringETH Zürich8093ZürichSwitzerland
- Cellulose & Wood MaterialsFunctional MaterialsEMPA8600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials ScienceDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic EngineeringETH Zürich8093ZürichSwitzerland
- Cellulose & Wood MaterialsFunctional MaterialsEMPA8600DübendorfSwitzerland
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34
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Guo H, Luković M, Mendoza M, Schlepütz CM, Griffa M, Xu B, Gaan S, Herrmann H, Burgert I. Bioinspired Struvite Mineralization for Fire-Resistant Wood. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:5427-5434. [PMID: 30623641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-performance wood materials have attracted significant attention in recent years because of excellent property profiles achieved by relatively easy top-down processing of a renewable resource. A crucial flaw of the renewable wood scaffolds is the low flame retardancy, which we tackled by bioinspired mineralization in an eco-friendly processing step. The formation of the biomineral struvite, commonly found in urinary tract stones, was used for the infiltration of hierarchical wood structures with the necessary ions followed by an in situ synthesis of struvite by ammonium steam fumigation. Struvite decomposes prior to wood, which absorbs heat and releases nonflammable gas and amorphous MgHPO4 resulting from the degradation, which promotes insulating char formation. As a result, the mineralized wood can hardly be ignited and the treatment strongly suppresses the heat release rate and smoke production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Advanced Fibers , Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
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Segmehl JS, Keplinger T, Krasnobaev A, Berg JK, Willa C, Burgert I. Facilitated delignification in CAD deficient transgenic poplar studied by confocal Raman spectroscopy imaging. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 206:177-184. [PMID: 30099316 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass represents the only renewable carbon resource which is available in sufficient amounts to be considered as an alternative for our fossil-based carbon economy. However, an efficient biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks is hindered by the natural recalcitrance of the biomass as a result of a dense network of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. These polymeric interconnections make a pretreatment of the biomass necessary in order to enhance the susceptibility of the polysaccharides. Here, we report on a detailed analysis of the favourable influence of genetic engineering for two common delignification protocols for lignocellulosic biomass, namely acidic bleaching and soda pulping, on the example of CAD deficient poplar. The altered lignin structure of the transgenic poplar results in a significantly accelerated and more complete lignin removal at lower temperatures and shorter reaction times compared to wildtype poplar. To monitor the induced chemical and structural alterations at the tissue level, confocal Raman spectroscopy imaging, FT-IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana S Segmehl
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Artem Krasnobaev
- Department of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - John K Berg
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Willa
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Hybrid Nanostructures and Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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36
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Kostić S, Meier S, Cabane E, Burgert I. Enhancing the performance of beech-timber concrete hybrids by a wood surface pre-treatment using sol-gel chemistry. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00762. [PMID: 30211330 PMCID: PMC6129679 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Timber-concrete composites require reliable connections between both components, which are usually obtained by metal fasteners or slots in the wood. In this study, an alternative approach is presented based on a fully glued connection in combination with a primer treated wood surface, to enhance the compatibility and the adhesion properties at the interface between beech wood and concrete. Prior to the gluing and the concrete application in a wet-on-wet process, the wood surface was functionalised with a xerogel obtained by means of a sol-gel process, consisting of two layers of silane nanofilms, with different functional groups, which are capable of undergoing further chemical crosslinking reactions with the adhesive. The coating with its functionalities allows for reducing the penetration of the epoxy adhesives into the wood structure and an additional chemical connection to the adhesive can be established. The main objective of this study was to analyse the effect of the surface treatment on the mechanical properties of such composites in 3-point and 4-point bending tests as well as push-out-tests. The results showed that the pre-treatment can improve the load bearing capacity of the timber-concrete composites, but that a ductile behaviour cannot be achieved with the tested adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Kostić
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Applied Wood Materials, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Meier
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Cabane
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Applied Wood Materials, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Applied Wood Materials, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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37
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Guo H, Büchel M, Li X, Wäckerlin A, Chen Q, Burgert I. Dictating anisotropic electric conductivity of a transparent copper nanowire coating by the surface structure of wood. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:rsif.2017.0864. [PMID: 29743269 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, a robust, air-stable, flexible and transparent copper (Cu) nanowire (NW) network coating on the surface of the wood is presented, based on a fusion welding of the Cu NWs by photonic curing. Thereby, an anisotropic conductivity can be achieved, which is originating from the structural organization of the wood body and its surface. Furthermore, the Cu NWs are protected from oxidation or wear by a commercially available paraffin wax-polyolefin, which also results in surface water repellency. The developed processing steps present a facile and flexible routine for applying Cu NW transparent conductors to abundant biomaterials and solve current manufacturing obstacles for corrosion-resistant circuits while keeping the natural appearance of the substrate. It may open a venue for more extensive utilization of materials from renewable resources such as wood for electronic devices in smart buildings or mobility applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhang Guo
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland .,Applied Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Büchel
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xing Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Aneliia Wäckerlin
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland .,Applied Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Casdorff K, Keplinger T, Rüggeberg M, Burgert I. A close-up view of the wood cell wall ultrastructure and its mechanics at different cutting angles by atomic force microscopy. Planta 2018; 247:1123-1132. [PMID: 29380141 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
AFM measurements on spruce sample cross-sections reveal that the structural appearance of the S2 layer changes from a network structure to a concentric lamellar texture depending on the cutting angle. The structural assembly of wood constituents within the secondary cell wall has been subject of numerous studies over the last decades, which has resulted in contradicting models on the spatial arrangement and orientation of the wood macromolecules. Here, we use multichannel atomic force microscopy by means of quantitative imaging, to gain new insights into the macromolecular assembly. Cross-sections of spruce wood, which had been cut at different angles ranging from 0° to 30° were investigated. Strikingly, depending on the cutting angle, the structural appearance of the S2 layer changed from a network-like structure to a distinct concentric lamellar texture. This makes us conclude that the often visualized lamellar organization of the secondary cell wall is not the consequence of a continuous inherent ring pattern, but rather a result of the specific surface cross-section appearance of cellulose aggregates at larger cutting angles. By analyzing the recorded force distance curves in every pixel, a nano-mechanical characterization of the secondary cell wall was conducted. Substantially lower indentation modulus values were obtained compared to nanoindentation values reported in the literature. This is potentially due to a smaller interaction volume of the probe with a by far less deep indentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Casdorff
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Abstract
It is a challenging task to realize the vision of hierarchically structured nanomaterials for large-scale applications. Herein, the biomaterial wood as a large-scale biotemplate for functionalization at multiple scales is discussed, to provide an increased property range to this renewable and CO2 -storing bioresource, which is available at low cost and in large quantities. The Progress Report reviews the emerging field of functional wood materials in view of the specific features of the structural template and novel nanotechnological approaches for the development of wood-polymer composites and wood-mineral hybrids for advanced property profiles and new functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars A Berglund
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingo Burgert
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Building Materials, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- EMPA-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Applied Wood Research Laboratory, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
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40
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Özparpucu M, Gierlinger N, Burgert I, Van Acker R, Vanholme R, Boerjan W, Pilate G, Déjardin A, Rüggeberg M. The effect of altered lignin composition on mechanical properties of CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD) deficient poplars. Planta 2018; 247:887-897. [PMID: 29270675 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
CAD-deficient poplars enabled studying the influence of altered lignin composition on mechanical properties. Severe alterations in lignin composition did not influence the mechanical properties. Wood represents a hierarchical fiber-composite material with excellent mechanical properties. Despite its wide use and versatility, its mechanical behavior has not been entirely understood. It has especially been challenging to unravel the mechanical function of the cell wall matrix. Lignin engineering has been a useful tool to increase the knowledge on the mechanical function of lignin as it allows for modifications of lignin content and composition and the subsequent studying of the mechanical properties of these transgenics. Hereby, in most cases, both lignin composition and content are altered and the specific influence of lignin composition has hardly been revealed. Here, we have performed a comprehensive micromechanical, structural, and spectroscopic analysis on xylem strips of transgenic poplar plants, which are downregulated for cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) by a hairpin-RNA-mediated silencing approach. All parameters were evaluated on the same samples. Raman microscopy revealed that the lignin of the hpCAD poplars was significantly enriched in aldehydes and reduced in the (relative) amount of G-units. FTIR spectra indicated pronounced changes in lignin composition, whereas lignin content was not significantly changed between WT and the hpCAD poplars. Microfibril angles were in the range of 18°-24° and were not significantly different between WT and transgenics. No significant changes were observed in mechanical properties, such as tensile stiffness, ultimate stress, and yield stress. The specific findings on hpCAD poplar allowed studying the specific influence of lignin composition on mechanics. It can be concluded that the changes in lignin composition in hpCAD poplars did not affect the micromechanical tensile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Özparpucu
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Segmehl JS, Studer V, Keplinger T, Burgert I. Characterization of Wood Derived Hierarchical Cellulose Scaffolds for Multifunctional Applications. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:ma11040517. [PMID: 29597312 PMCID: PMC5951363 DOI: 10.3390/ma11040517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional materials of high porosity and hierarchical structure, based on renewable building blocks, are highly demanded for material applications. In this regard, substantial progress has been made by functionalizing micro- and nano-sized cellulose followed by its reassembly via bottom-up approaches. However, bottom-up assembly processes are still limited in terms of upscaling and the utilization of these building blocks presupposes the disassembly of the plant feedstock inherit hierarchical cellulose scaffold. To maintain the three-dimensional structure, delignification processes from pulp and paper production were recently adapted for the treatment of bulk wood. Yet, a detailed chemical analysis and the determination of macroscopic swelling/shrinkage parameters for the scaffolds, necessary for a systematic design of cellulose scaffold based materials, are still missing. Here, acidic bleaching and soda pulping were used for producing cellulose scaffolds, for functional materials under retention of their inherent hierarchical structure. Spatially resolved chemical investigations on thin sections by Raman microscopy provided detailed information on the induced alterations at the cell wall level, revealing significant differences in dependence of the chemistry of the pre-treatment. An adaption to bulk wood samples proved the applicability of these treatments at larger scales and volumetric alterations at different atmospheric conditions indicated the effect of the altered porosity of the scaffolds on their hygroscopic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana S Segmehl
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
- Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Vanessa Studer
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
- Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
- Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
- Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Segmehl JS, Lauria A, Keplinger T, Berg JK, Burgert I. Tracking of Short Distance Transport Pathways in Biological Tissues by Ultra-Small Nanoparticles. Front Chem 2018; 6:28. [PMID: 29629368 PMCID: PMC5876598 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, ultra-small europium-doped HfO2 nanoparticles were infiltrated into native wood and used as trackers for studying penetrability and diffusion pathways in the hierarchical wood structure. The high electron density, laser induced luminescence, and crystallinity of these particles allowed for a complementary detection of the particles in the cellular tissue. Confocal Raman microscopy and high-resolution synchrotron scanning wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements were used to detect the infiltrated particles in the native wood cell walls. This approach allows for simultaneously obtaining chemical information of the probed biological tissue and the spatial distribution of the integrated particles. The in-depth information about particle distribution in the complex wood structure can be used for revealing transport pathways in plant tissues, but also for gaining better understanding of modification treatments of plant scaffolds aiming at novel functionalized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana S Segmehl
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Bio-inspired Wood Materials, Applied Wood Materials, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Lauria
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Bio-inspired Wood Materials, Applied Wood Materials, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - John K Berg
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Bio-inspired Wood Materials, Applied Wood Materials, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Bio-inspired Wood Materials, Applied Wood Materials, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Frey M, Widner D, Segmehl JS, Casdorff K, Keplinger T, Burgert I. Delignified and Densified Cellulose Bulk Materials with Excellent Tensile Properties for Sustainable Engineering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:5030-5037. [PMID: 29373784 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Today's materials research aims at excellent mechanical performance in combination with advanced functionality. In this regard, great progress has been made in tailoring the materials by assembly processes in bottom-up approaches. In the field of wood-derived materials, nanocellulose research has gained increasing attention, and materials with advanced properties were developed. However, there are still unresolved issues concerning upscaling for large-scale applications. Alternatively, the sophisticated hierarchical scaffold of wood can be utilized in a top-down approach to upscale functionalization, and one can profit at the same time from its renewable nature, CO2 storing capacity, light weight, and good mechanical performance. Nevertheless, for bulk wood materials, a wider multipurpose industrial use is so far impeded by concerns regarding durability, natural heterogeneity as well as limitations in terms of functionalization, processing, and shaping. Here, we present a novel cellulose bulk material concept based on delignification and densification of wood resulting in a high-performance material. A delignification process using hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid was optimized to delignify the entire bulk wooden blocks and to retain the highly beneficial structural directionality of wood. In a subsequent step, these cellulosic blocks were densified in a process combining compression and lateral shear to gain a very compact cellulosic material with entangled fibers while retaining unidirectional fiber orientation. The cellulose bulk materials obtained by different densification protocols were structurally, chemically, and mechanically characterized revealing superior tensile properties compared to native wood. Furthermore, after delignification, the cellulose bulk material can be easily formed into different shapes, and the delignification facilitates functionalization of the bioscaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Frey
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich , Stefano-Franscini Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Bio-Inspired Wood Materials, Applied Wood Materials, EMPA , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Widner
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich , Stefano-Franscini Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Bio-Inspired Wood Materials, Applied Wood Materials, EMPA , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jana S Segmehl
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich , Stefano-Franscini Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Bio-Inspired Wood Materials, Applied Wood Materials, EMPA , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Casdorff
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich , Stefano-Franscini Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Bio-Inspired Wood Materials, Applied Wood Materials, EMPA , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich , Stefano-Franscini Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Bio-Inspired Wood Materials, Applied Wood Materials, EMPA , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich , Stefano-Franscini Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Bio-Inspired Wood Materials, Applied Wood Materials, EMPA , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Guo H, Klose D, Hou Y, Jeschke G, Burgert I. Highly Efficient UV Protection of the Biomaterial Wood by A Transparent TiO 2/Ce Xerogel. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:39040-39047. [PMID: 29028300 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide is widely used in sunscreens because of its strong ultraviolet (UV) light absorbing capabilities and its resistance to discoloration under UV exposure. However, when deposited as a thin film, the high refractive index of titanium dioxide typically results in whiteness and opacity, which limits the use of titanium dioxide for material surfaces, for which long-term natural appearance is of high relevance. Since the whitish appearance is due to the strong light scattering and reflection on the interface of oxide particles and air, one can increase the transparency of TiO2 coatings by forming a continuous TiO2 layer. The purpose of the present article is 2-fold. First, we show that, in the presence of cerium ammonium nitrate, titanium dioxide can be turned from a white powder into a TiO2/Ce xerogel via a facile bottom-up fabrication process. Second, we demonstrate that the transparent TiO2/Ce xerogel can diminish surface deterioration induced by UV light and preserve the natural appearance of the highly abundant biomaterial wood. Furthermore, EPR spectroscopy revealed that the TiO2/Ce xerogel coating suppresses free radical generation on wood surfaces upon UV irradiation. Our research expands the applicability of the protective effect of titanium dioxide to coatings for natural engineering materials, which will become increasingly important in future bioeconomies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhang Guo
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich , Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Klose
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuhui Hou
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich , Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Özparpucu M, Rüggeberg M, Gierlinger N, Cesarino I, Vanholme R, Boerjan W, Burgert I. Unravelling the impact of lignin on cell wall mechanics: a comprehensive study on young poplar trees downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD). Plant J 2017; 91:480-490. [PMID: 28440915 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin engineering is a promising tool to reduce the energy input and the need of chemical pre-treatments for the efficient conversion of plant biomass into fermentable sugars for downstream applications. At the same time, lignin engineering can offer new insight into the structure-function relationships of plant cell walls by combined mechanical, structural and chemical analyses. Here, this comprehensive approach was applied to poplar trees (Populus tremula × Populus alba) downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD) in order to gain insight into the impact of lignin reduction on mechanical properties. The downregulation of CAD resulted in a significant decrease in both elastic modulus and yield stress. As wood density and cellulose microfibril angle (MFA) did not show any significant differences between the wild type and the transgenic lines, these structural features could be excluded as influencing factors. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman imaging were performed to elucidate changes in the chemical composition directly on the mechanically tested tissue sections. Lignin content was identified as a mechanically relevant factor, as a correlation with a coefficient of determination (r²) of 0.65 between lignin absorbance (as an indicator of lignin content) and tensile stiffness was found. A comparison of the present results with those of previous investigations shows that the mechanical impact of lignin alteration under tensile stress depends on certain structural conditions, such as a high cellulose MFA, which emphasizes the complex relationship between the chemistry and mechanical properties in plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Özparpucu
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, Empa, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, Empa, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, Empa, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Casdorff K, Keplinger T, Bellanger H, Michen B, Schön S, Burgert I. High-Resolution Adhesion Mapping of the Odd-Even Effect on a Layer-by-Layer Coated Biomaterial by Atomic-Force-Microscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:13793-13800. [PMID: 28345851 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion behavior of polyelectrolyte multilayers consisting of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), PDDA, and poly(styrenesulfonate), PSS, toward a silicon AFM tip was studied during their build-up on wood, a chemically heterogeneous, micrometer rough biomaterial and compared with a nanometer rough substrate, namely quartz. The atomic force microscopy-based force mapping approach generated high-resolution topography-, and adhesion maps within the first bilayers, which point toward a homogeneous layer-by-layer build-up on the biomaterial surface, and therefore indicate an even charge distribution. By analyzing the force-distance curves in every pixel of the mapping, new insights into the specific interactions of the polyelectrolyte multilayers at the surface were achieved. The characteristic odd-even effect of polyelectrolyte multilayers cannot only be determined on quartz, but also on the biomaterial wood, however, only after an offset of two bilayers. This is potentially due to the specific roughness and charge of wood in comparison to commonly used quartz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Casdorff
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich , Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich , Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Bellanger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich , Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Michen
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich , Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Silke Schön
- FIRST Laboratory, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich , Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Bellanger H, Casdorff K, Muff LF, Ammann R, Burgert I, Michen B. Layer-by-layer deposition on a heterogeneous surface: Effect of sorption kinetics on the growth of polyelectrolyte multilayers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 500:133-141. [PMID: 28407597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalization by means of controlled deposition of charged polymers or nanoparticles using the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach has been used to modify mostly engineered materials with well-defined surface chemistry and morphology. In this regard, natural and inhomogeneous interfaces have gained very little attention. Furthermore, natural substrates are susceptible to alterations by factors commonly used to control the growth of multilayers, such as pH, temperature and ionic strength. Here, we study the impact of sorption kinetics of a bilayer system (Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS)) on a natural heterogeneous wood surface at neutral pH, without salt addition, on the multilayer buildup. To overcome analytical limitations we introduce a complementary approach based on UV reflectance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and zeta potential measurements. Compared to immersion times used for ideal substrates, we found that a high surface coverage requires relatively long immersion, approximately 30min, into polyelectrolyte solutions, while a sufficient removal of polyelectrolyte excess during the washing step, requires even longer, about 100min. Based on these findings, we show that film growth can be controlled kinetically. Long immersion times provide well-defined and regular multilayers. The obtained data points to specific requirements to be considered when LbL treatments are applied to rough, porous and heterogeneous surfaces, and thereby sets a basis for a successful transfer of various surface functionalization approaches already shown on ideal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Bellanger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Kirstin Casdorff
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Livius F Muff
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Rebecca Ammann
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin Michen
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Casdorff K, Keplinger T, Burgert I. Nano-mechanical characterization of the wood cell wall by AFM studies: comparison between AC- and QI™ mode. Plant Methods 2017; 13:60. [PMID: 28769995 PMCID: PMC5526263 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the arrangement and mechanical properties of wood polymers within the plant cell wall is the basis for unravelling its underlying structure-property relationships. As state of the art Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been used to visualize cell wall layers in contact resonance- and amplitude controlled mode (AC) on embedded samples. Most of the studies have focused on the structural arrangement of the S2 layer and its lamellar structure. RESULTS In this work, a protocol for AFM is proposed to characterize the entire cell wall mechanically by quantitative imaging (QI™) at the nanometer level, without embedding the samples. It is shown that the applied protocol allows for distinguishing between the cell wall layers of the compound middle lamella, S1, and S2 of spruce wood based on their Young's Moduli. In the transition zone, S12, a stiffness gradient is measured. CONCLUSIONS The QI™ mode pushes the limit of resolution for mechanical characterization of the plant cell wall to the nanometer range. Comparing QI™- against AC images reveals that the mode of operation strongly influences the visualization of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Casdorff
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Saxe F, Weichold S, Reinecke A, Lisec J, Döring A, Neumetzler L, Burgert I, Eder M. Age Effects on Hypocotyl Mechanics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167808. [PMID: 27977698 PMCID: PMC5158002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies deal with composition and molecular processes involved in primary cell wall formation and alteration in Arabidopsis. However, it still remains difficult to assess the relation between physiological properties and mechanical function at the cell wall level. The thin and fragile structure of primary cell walls and their large biological variability, partly related to structural changes during growth, make mechanical experiments challenging. Since, to the best of our knowledge, there is no reliable data in the literature about how the properties of the fully elongated zone of hypocotyls change with age. We studied in a series of experiments on two different seed batches the tensile properties the region below the growth zone of 4 to 7 day old etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyls. Additionally, we analysed geometrical parameters, hypocotyl density and cellulose content as individual traits and their relation to tissue mechanics. No significant differences of the mechanical parameters of the non-growing region between 5–7 day old plants could be found whereas in 4 day old plants both tensile stiffness and ultimate tensile stress were significantly lower than in the older plants. Furthermore hypocotyl diameters and densities remain almost the same for 5, 6 and 7 day old seedlings. Naturally, hypocotyl lengths increase with age. The evaluation whether the choice–age or length—influences the mechanical properties showed that both are equally applicable sampling parameters. Additionally, our detailed study allows for the estimation of biological variability, connections between mechanics and hypocotyl age could be established and complement the knowledge on biochemistry and genetics affecting primary plant cell wall growth. The application of two different micromechanical devices for testing living Arabidopsis hypocotyls allows for emphasizing and discussing experimental limitations and for presenting a wide range of possibilities to address current and future questions related to plant cell wall mechanics, synthesis and growth in combination with molecular biology methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Saxe
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence »Image Knowledge Gestaltung«, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (FS); (ME)
| | - Susann Weichold
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antje Reinecke
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jan Lisec
- Plant Cell Wall Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Charite´-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum (MKFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anett Döring
- Plant Cell Wall Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- targenomix GmbH, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lutz Neumetzler
- Plant Cell Wall Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Building Materials, Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Eder
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail: (FS); (ME)
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Abstract
Implementing programmable actuation into materials and structures is a major topic in the field of smart materials. In particular the bilayer principle has been employed to develop actuators that respond to various kinds of stimuli. A multitude of small scale applications down to micrometer size have been developed, but up-scaling remains challenging due to either limitations in mechanical stiffness of the material or in the manufacturing processes. Here, we demonstrate the actuation of wooden bilayers in response to changes in relative humidity, making use of the high material stiffness and a good machinability to reach large scale actuation and application. Amplitude and response time of the actuation were measured and can be predicted and controlled by adapting the geometry and the constitution of the bilayers. Field tests in full weathering conditions revealed long-term stability of the actuation. The potential of the concept is shown by a first demonstrator. With the sensor and actuator intrinsically incorporated in the wooden bilayers, the daily change in relative humidity is exploited for an autonomous and solar powered movement of a tracker for solar modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rüggeberg
- Institute for Building Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laoratories of Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Institute for Building Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
- Applied Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laoratories of Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Dübendorf, Switzerland
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