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Merrigan JJ, Stone JD, Kraemer WJ, Friend C, Lennon K, Vatne EA, Hagen JA. Analysis of Sleep, Nocturnal Physiology, and Physical Demands of NCAA Women's Ice Hockey Across a Championship Season. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:694-703. [PMID: 38513177 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Merrigan, JJ, Stone, JD, Kraemer, WJ, Friend, C, Lennon, K, Vatne, EA, and Hagen, JA. Analysis of sleep, nocturnal physiology, and physical demands of NCAA women's ice hockey across a championship season. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 694-703, 2024-The aims of this study were to evaluate the (a) relationships between daily physical demands and nighttime sleep, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV); (b) weekly changes in physical demands and sleep; and (c) differences among positions and between training and competition during a competitive season in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) women's ice hockey. Twenty-five NCAA Division I women's ice hockey athletes wore a sensor at night to monitor sleep quantity or quality (e.g., time asleep and sleep efficiency) and physiology (e.g., HR and HRV). During training and competitions (31 regular season and 7 postseason), athletes wore performance monitoring systems to assess workload demands (e.g., training impulse and TRIMP). As internal workload (TRIMP, Time >80% of HRmax, Average HR) during training or competition increased, nocturnal HRV decreased, HR increased, and Sleep Duration, Sleep Score, and Readiness Score decreased that night. Across the season, athletes experienced lower HRV, but exhibited longer sleep durations. Training Distance, Duration, Time >80% HRmax, Average HR, and TRIMP decreased, whereas competition Total Distance, Duration, and TRIMP increased across weeks throughout the season. There were differences across positions and season blocks when evaluating these data at the mesocycle level. Athletes slept longer before competition compared with training, but physiological data did not differ. Competitions had greater physiological demands than training. We speculate that the increased focus on sleep hygiene, as evidenced by the increase in sleep over the season, may have served as a recovery aid to combat physiological stress of accumulated demands of competitions that increased over time into postseason tournaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Merrigan
- Human Performance Collaborative, Office of Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - William J Kraemer
- Human Performance Collaborative, Office of Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Athletics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Kevin Lennon
- Department of Athletics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Emaly A Vatne
- Human Performance Collaborative, Office of Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Athletics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Josh A Hagen
- Human Performance Collaborative, Office of Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Merrigan JJ, Stone JD, Kraemer WJ, Vatne EA, Onate J, Hagen JA. Female National Collegiate Athletic Association Division-I Athlete Injury Prediction by Vertical Countermovement Jump Force-Time Metrics. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:783-786. [PMID: 38513181 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Merrigan, JJ, Stone, JD, Kraemer, WJ, Vatne, EA, Onate, J, and Hagen, JA. Female National Collegiate Athletic Association Division-I athlete injury prediction by vertical countermovement jump force-time metrics. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 783-786, 2024-Vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) assessments on force plates have been purported to screen for musculoskeletal injury risk (MSKI) but with little scientific support. Thus, this study aimed to identify associations and noncontact lower-body injury predictability with CMJ force-time metrics in female athletes. The study entailed a retrospective analysis of routine injury and performance monitoring from 155 female National Collegiate Athletics Association Division I athletes. Noncontact lower-body injuries included in analysis were confirmed by medical staff, occurred during competition or training, resulted in time loss from training, and occurred within 3 months following CMJ testing (2 maximal effort, no arm swing, jumps on dual force plates). A total of 44 injuries occurred within 3 months following CMJ baseline testing and resulted in an average of 24.5 missed days from training. Those who sustained an injury were more likely to sustain another injury (15 of 44 injuries [33.1%]; odds ratio = 3.05 [95% CI = 1.31-6.99]). For every 1-unit increase from the mean in eccentric mean power and minimum eccentric force, there was a decrease in odds of sustaining a MSKI. Despite high overall model accuracy (85.6%), the receiving operating characteristic area under the curve (65.9%) was unacceptable and the true positive rate (recall) was 0.0%. Thus, no injuries in the testing data set were correctly classified by the logistic regression model with CMJ force-time metrics as predictors. Baseline CMJ assessment may not be useful for noncontact lower-body musculoskeletal injury screening or predictability in National Collegiate Athletics Association female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Merrigan
- Human Performance Collaborative, Office of Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - William J Kraemer
- Human Performance Collaborative, Office of Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Emaly A Vatne
- Human Performance Collaborative, Office of Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James Onate
- James Crane Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
- Division of Athletic Training, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Josh A Hagen
- Human Performance Collaborative, Office of Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Forsey JD, Merrigan JJ, Stone JD, Stephenson MD, Ramadan J, Galster SM, Bryner RW, Hagen JA. Whole-body photobiomodulation improves post-exercise recovery but does not affect performance or physiological response during maximal anaerobic cycling. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:111. [PMID: 37099210 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to examine the effects of acute whole-body photobiomodulation (wbPBM), applied pre-exercise, on bouts of anaerobic cycling (Wingate) performances. Forty-eight healthy, active males and females participated in this single-blind, randomized, crossover study. Participants visited the laboratory three times to complete repeat (4 ×) Wingate testing, with one week between each visit. All participants completed baseline testing during their first visit and randomly received either the wbPBM or placebo condition before testing on the second visit, followed by the opposite condition on the third visit. There were no significant condition × time interactions for any variable (peak power, average power, power decrement, lactate, heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, heart rate variability (HRV), root-mean square of differences between R-R intervals (rMSSD), power in the high-frequency range (HF) average, power in the low-frequency range (LF) average, total power, LF/HF, or power in the very-low-frequency range average). A main condition effect was only noted for heart rate, where peak heart rate was significantly higher for wbPBM (145, 141-148 bpm) than placebo (143, 139-146 bpm; p = 0.006) and baseline testing (143, 140-146; p = 0.049) throughout the entire testing session (i.e., collapsed across all timepoints). Furthermore, HRV (rMSSD) the following morning after testing was significantly higher for the wbPBM session compared to placebo (p = 0.043). There were no differences in perceived recovery (p = 0.713) or stress (p = 0.978) scores between wbPBM and placebo. Implementing 20 min of wbPBM immediately prior to maximal bouts of anaerobic cycling did not improve performance (i.e., power output) or physiological responses (e.g., lactate). However, wbPBM elicited the ability to work at a higher heart rate throughout testing and seemed to enhance recovery through improved HRV the following morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian D Forsey
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Justin J Merrigan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Human Performance Collaborative, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jason D Stone
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Human Performance Collaborative, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mark D Stephenson
- Center for Sports Performance and Research, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jad Ramadan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Scott M Galster
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Mile Two, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Randall W Bryner
- Exercise Physiology Department, West Virginia University, WV, Morgantown, USA
| | - Joshua A Hagen
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Human Performance Collaborative, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Merrigan JJ, Stone JD, Galster SM, Hagen JA. Analyzing Force-Time Curves: Comparison of Commercially Available Automated Software and Custom MATLAB Analyses. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2387-2402. [PMID: 35916879 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Merrigan, JJ, Stone, JD, Galster, SM, and Hagen, JA. Analyzing force-time curves: Comparison of commercially available automated software and custom MATLAB analyses. J Strength Cond Res 36(9): 2387-2402, 2022-With the growing prevalence of commercial force plate solutions providing automated force-time curve analysis, it is critical to understand the level of agreement across techniques. Thus, this study directly compared commercial and custom software analyses across force-time curves. Twenty-four male and female subjects completed 6 trials of countermovement, squat, and drop jumps, and isometric mid-thigh pulls on the same force plate. Vertical ground reaction forces were analyzed by automated software from Vald Performance, Hawkin Dynamics, and custom MATLAB scripts. Trials were visually assessed to verify proper landmark identifications. Systematic and proportional bias among analyses were compared via least products regressions, Bland-Altman plots, and percent error. Hawkin Dynamics had subtle differences in analysis procedures and demonstrated low percent errors across all tests (<3% error), despite demonstrating systematic and proportional bias for several metrics. ForceDecks demonstrated larger percent differences and greater biases for several metrics. These errors likely result from different identification of movement initiation, system weight, and integration techniques, which causes error to subsequent landmark identifications (e.g., braking/propulsive phases) and respective force-time metrics. Many metrics were in agreement between devices, such as isometric mid-thigh pull peak force consistently within 1 N across analyses, but some metrics are difficult and incomparable across software analyses (i.e., rate of force development). Overall, many metrics were in agreement across each commercial software and custom MATLAB analyses after visually confirming landmarks. However, because of inconsistencies, it is important to only compare metrics that are in agreement across software analyses when absolutely necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Merrigan
- Human Performance Collaborative, Office of Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jason D Stone
- Human Performance Collaborative, Office of Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Athletics Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
| | | | - Joshua A Hagen
- Human Performance Collaborative, Office of Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Stone JD, Merrigan JJ, Ramadan J, Brown RS, Cheng GT, Hornsby WG, Smith H, Galster SM, Hagen JA. Simplifying External Load Data in NCAA Division-I Men's Basketball Competitions: A Principal Component Analysis. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:795897. [PMID: 35252854 PMCID: PMC8888863 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.795897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose was to simplify external load data obtained during Division-I (DI) basketball competitions via principal component analysis (PCA). A secondary purpose was to determine if the PCA results were sensitive to load demands of different positional groups (POS). Data comprised 229 observations obtained from 10 men's basketball athletes participating in NCAA DI competitions. Each athlete donned an inertial measurement unit that was affixed to the same location on their shorts prior to competition. The PCA revealed two factors that possessed eigenvalues >1.0 and explained 81.42% of the total variance. The first factor comprised total decelerations (totDEC, 0.94), average speed (avgSPD, 0.90), total accelerations (totACC, 0.85), total mechanical load (totMECH, 0.84), and total jump load (totJUMP, 0.78). Maximum speed (maxSPD, 0.94) was the lone contributor to the second factor. Based on the PCA, external load variables were included in a multinomial logistic regression that predicted POS (Overall model, p < 0.0001; AUCcenters = 0.93, AUCguards = 0.88, AUCforwards = 0.80), but only maxSPD, totDEC, totJUMP, and totMECH were significant contributors to the model's success (p < 0.0001 for each). Even with the high significance, the model still had some issues differentiating between guards and forwards, as in-game demands often overlap between the two positions. Nevertheless, the PCA was effective at simplifying a large external load dataset collected on NCAA DI men's basketball athletes. These data revealed that maxSPD, totDEC, totJUMP, and totMECH were the most sensitive to positional differences during competitions. To best characterize competition demands, such variables may be used to individualize training and recovery regimens most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Stone
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Men's Basketball, Athletics Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- *Correspondence: Jason D. Stone
| | - Justin J. Merrigan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Jad Ramadan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Robert Shaun Brown
- Men's Basketball, Athletics Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Gerald T. Cheng
- Men's Basketball, Athletics Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - W. Guy Hornsby
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Holden Smith
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Scott M. Galster
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Joshua A. Hagen
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Merrigan JJ, Rentz LE, Hornsby WG, Wagle JP, Stone JD, Smith HT, Galster SM, Joseph M, Hagen JA. Comparisons of Countermovement Jump Force-Time Characteristics Among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I American Football Athletes: Use of Principal Component Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:411-419. [PMID: 34798642 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Merrigan, JJ, Rentz, LE, Hornsby, WG, Wagle, JP, Stone, JD, Smith, HT, Galster, SM, Joseph, M, and Hagen, JA. Comparisons of countermovement jump force-time characteristics among NCAA Division I American football athletes: use of principal component analysis. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 411-419, 2022-This study aimed to reduce the dimensionality of countermovement jump (CMJ) force-time characteristics and evaluate differences among positional groups (skills, hybrid, linemen, and specialists) within National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) division I American football. Eighty-two football athletes performed 2 maximal effort, no arm-swing, CMJs on force plates. The average absolute and relative (e.g., power/body mass) metrics were analyzed using analysis of variance and principal component analysis procedures (p < 0.05). Linemen had the heaviest body mass and produced greater absolute forces than hybrid and skills but had lower propulsive abilities demonstrated by longer propulsive phase durations and greater eccentric to concentric mean force ratios. Skills and hybrid produced the most relative concentric and eccentric forces and power, as well as modified reactive strength indexes (RSIMOD). Skills (46.7 ± 4.6 cm) achieved the highest jump height compared with hybrid (42.8 ± 5.5 cm), specialists (38.7 ± 4.0 cm), and linemen (34.1 ± 5.3 cm). Four principal components explained 89.5% of the variance in force-time metrics. Dimensions were described as the (a) explosive transferability to concentric power (RSIMOD, concentric power, and eccentric to concentric forces) (b) powerful eccentric loading (eccentric power and velocity), (c) countermovement strategy (depth and duration), and (d) jump height and power. The many positional differences in CMJ force-time characteristics may inform strength and conditioning program designs tailored to each position and identify important explanatory metrics to routinely monitor by position. The overwhelming number of force-time metrics to select from may be reduced using principal component analysis methods, although practitioners should still consider the various metric's applicability and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Merrigan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Lauren E Rentz
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - William Guy Hornsby
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | - Jason D Stone
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Holden T Smith
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Scott M Galster
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael Joseph
- Athletic Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Joshua A Hagen
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Merrigan JJ, Stone JD, Wagle JP, Hornsby WG, Ramadan J, Joseph M, Galster SM, Hagen JA. Using Random Forest Regression to Determine Influential Force-Time Metrics for Countermovement Jump Height: A Technical Report. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:277-283. [PMID: 34941613 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Merrigan, JJ, Stone, JD, Wagle, JP, Hornsby, WG, Ramadan, J, Joseph, M, and Hagen, JA. Using random forest regression to determine influential force-time metrics for countermovement jump height: a technical report. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 277-283, 2022-The purpose of this study was to indicate the most influential force-time metrics on countermovement jump (CMJ) height using multiple statistical procedures. Eighty-two National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I American football players performed 2 maximal-effort, no arm-swing, CMJs on force plates. The average absolute and relative (i.e., power/body mass) metrics were included as predictor variables, whereas jump height was the dependent variable within regression models (p < 0.05). Best subsets regression (8 metrics, R2 = 0.95) included less metrics compared with stepwise regression (18 metrics, R2 = 0.96), while explaining similar overall variance in jump height (p = 0.083). Random forest regression (RFR) models included 8 metrics, explained ∼93% of jump height variance, and were not significantly different than best subsets regression models (p > 0.05). Players achieved higher CMJs by attaining a deeper, faster, and more forceful countermovement with lower eccentric-to-concentric force ratios. An additional RFR was conducted on metrics scaled to body mass and revealed relative mean and peak concentric power to be the most influential. For exploratory purposes, additional RFR were run for each positional group and suggested that the most influential variables may differ across positions. Thus, developing power output capabilities and providing coaching to improve technique during the countermovement may maximize jump height capabilities. Scientists and practitioners may use best subsets or RFR analyses to help identify which force-time metrics are of interest to reduce the selectable number of multicollinear force-time metrics to monitor. These results may inform their training programs to maximize individual performance capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Merrigan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jason D Stone
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | - W G Hornsby
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jad Ramadan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael Joseph
- Athletic Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Scott M Galster
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Joshua A Hagen
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Heileson JL, Anzalone AJ, Carbuhn AF, Askow AT, Stone JD, Turner SM, Hillyer LM, Ma DWL, Luedke JA, Jagim AR, Oliver JM. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on a biomarker of head trauma in NCAA football athletes: a multi-site, non-randomized study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:65. [PMID: 34579748 PMCID: PMC8477477 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background American-style football (ASF) athletes are at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and exhibit elevated levels of serum neurofilament light (Nf-L), a biomarker of axonal injury that is associated with repetitive head impact exposure over the course of a season of competition. Supplementation with the w-3 fatty acid (FA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) attenuates serum Nf-L elevations and improves aspects of CVD, such as the omega-3 index (O3I). However, the effect of combining the w-3 FA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) with DHA on, specifically, serum Nf-L in ASF athletes is unknown. Therefore, this study assessed the effect of supplemental w-3 FA (EPA+DPA+DHA) on serum Nf-L, plasma w-3 FAs, the O3I, and surrogate markers of inflammation over the course of a season. Methods A multi-site, non-randomized design, utilizing two American football teams was employed. One team (n = 3 1) received supplementation with a highly bioavailablew-3 FA formulation (2000mg DHA, 560mg EPA, 320mg DPA, Mindset®, Struct Nutrition, Missoula, MT) during pre-season and throughout the regular season, while the second team served as the control (n = 35) and did not undergo supplementation. Blood was sampled at specific times throughout pre- and regular season coincident w ith changes in intensity, physical contact, and changes in the incidence and severity of head impacts. Group differences were determined via a mixed-model between-within subjects ANOVA. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen’s dfor all between-group differences. Significance was set a priori at p< .05. Results Compared to the control group, ASF athletes in the treatment group experienced large increases in plasma EPA (p < .001, d = 1.71) and DHA (p < .001, d = 2.10) which contributed to increases in the O3I (p < .001, d = 2.16) and the EPA:AA ratio (p = .001, d = 0.83) and a reduction in the w-6: w-3 ratio (p < .001, d = 1.80). w-3 FA supplementation attenuated elevations in Nf-L (p = .024). The control group experienced a significant increase in Nf-L compared to baseline at several measurement time points (T2, T3, and T4 [p range < .001 – .005, drange = 0.59-0.85]). Conclusions These findings suggest a cardio- and neuroprotective effect of combined EPA+DPA+DHA w-3 FA supplementation in American-style football athletes. Trial registration This trial was registered with the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN90306741).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L Heileson
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew T Askow
- Nutrition and Exercise Performance Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jason D Stone
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephanie M Turner
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Lyn M Hillyer
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Joel A Luedke
- Athletics Department, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health Systems, Onalaska, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Stephenson MD, Thompson AG, Merrigan JJ, Stone JD, Hagen JA. Applying Heart Rate Variability to Monitor Health and Performance in Tactical Personnel: A Narrative Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:8143. [PMID: 34360435 PMCID: PMC8346173 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human performance optimization of tactical personnel requires accurate, meticulous, and effective monitoring of biological adaptations and systemic recovery. Due to an increased understanding of its importance and the commercial availability of assessment tools, the use of heart rate variability (HRV) to address this need is becoming more common in the tactical community. Measuring HRV is a non-invasive, practical method for objectively assessing a performer's readiness, workload, and recovery status; when combined with additional data sources and practitioner input, it provides an affordable and scalable solution for gaining actionable information to support the facilitation and maintenance of operational performance. This narrative review discusses the non-clinical use of HRV for assessing, monitoring, and interpreting autonomic nervous system resource availability, modulation, effectiveness, and efficiency in tactical populations. Broadly, HRV metrics represent a complex series of interactions resulting from internal and external stimuli; therefore, a general overview of HRV applications in tactical personnel is discussed, including the influence of occupational specific demands, interactions between cognitive and physical domains, and recommendations on implementing HRV for training and recovery insights into critical health and performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Stephenson
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (A.G.T.); (J.J.M.); (J.D.S.); (J.A.H.)
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10
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Stone JD, Ulman HK, Tran K, Thompson AG, Halter MD, Ramadan JH, Stephenson M, Finomore VS, Galster SM, Rezai AR, Hagen JA. Assessing the Accuracy of Popular Commercial Technologies That Measure Resting Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:585870. [PMID: 33733234 PMCID: PMC7956986 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.585870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial off-the shelf (COTS) wearable devices continue development at unprecedented rates. An unfortunate consequence of their rapid commercialization is the lack of independent, third-party accuracy verification for reported physiological metrics of interest, such as heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). To address these shortcomings, the present study examined the accuracy of seven COTS devices in assessing resting-state HR and root mean square of successive differences (rMSSD). Five healthy young adults generated 148 total trials, each of which compared COTS devices against a validation standard, multi-lead electrocardiogram (mECG). All devices accurately reported mean HR, according to absolute percent error summary statistics, although the highest mean absolute percent error (MAPE) was observed for CameraHRV (17.26%). The next highest MAPE for HR was nearly 15% less (HRV4Training, 2.34%). When measuring rMSSD, MAPE was again the highest for CameraHRV [112.36%, concordance correlation coefficient (CCC): 0.04], while the lowest MAPEs observed were from HRV4Training (4.10%; CCC: 0.98) and OURA (6.84%; CCC: 0.91). Our findings support extant literature that exposes varying degrees of veracity among COTS devices. To thoroughly address questionable claims from manufacturers, elucidate the accuracy of data parameters, and maximize the real-world applicative value of emerging devices, future research must continually evaluate COTS devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Stone
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Hana K. Ulman
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Kaylee Tran
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew G. Thompson
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Manuel D. Halter
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Jad H. Ramadan
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Mark Stephenson
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- National Football League, Detroit Lions, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Victor S. Finomore
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Scott M. Galster
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ali R. Rezai
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Joshua A. Hagen
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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11
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Hornsby WG, Tice AL, Stone JD, Merrigan JJ, Hagen J, Wagle JP, Cunanan AJ, Stone MH. Changes in Maximal Strength and Home Run Performance in NCAA Division I Baseball Players Across 3 Competitive Seasons: A Descriptive Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:E4. [PMID: 33462166 PMCID: PMC7838908 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this longitudinal, descriptive study was to observe changes in maximal strength measured via isometric clean grip mid-thigh pull and home runs (total and home runs per game) across three years of training and three competitive seasons for four National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 baseball players. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, revealing significant univariate effects of time for peak force (PF) (p = 0.003) and peak force allometrically scaled (PFa) (p = 0.002). Increases in PF were noted from season 1 to season 2 (p = 0.031) and season 3 (p = 0.004), but season 2 was not significantly different than season 3 (p = 0.232). Additionally, increases in PFa were noted from season 1 to season 2 (p = 0.010) and season 3 (p < 0.001), but season 2 was not significantly different than season 3 (p = 0.052). Home runs per game rose from the 2009 (0.32) to 2010 season (1.35) and dropped during the 2011 season (1.07). A unique aspect of the study involves 2010 being the season in which ball-bat coefficient of restitution (BBCOR) bats were introduced to the NCAA competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Guy Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (J.J.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Abigail L. Tice
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Jason D. Stone
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (J.J.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Justin J. Merrigan
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (J.J.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Joshua Hagen
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (J.J.M.); (J.H.)
| | | | | | - Michael H. Stone
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee University, Johnson City, TN 37604, USA;
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12
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Merrigan JJ, Stone JD, Thompson AG, Hornsby WG, Hagen JA. Monitoring Neuromuscular Performance in Military Personnel. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E9147. [PMID: 33297554 PMCID: PMC7730580 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A necessarily high standard for physical readiness in tactical environments is often accompanied by high incidences of injury due to overaccumulations of neuromuscular fatigue (NMF). To account for instances of overtraining stimulated by NMF, close monitoring of neuromuscular performance is warranted. Previously validated tests, such as the countermovement jump, are useful means for monitoring performance adaptations, resiliency to fatigue, and risk for injury. Performing such tests on force plates provides an understanding of the movement strategy used to obtain the resulting outcome (e.g., jump height). Further, force plates afford numerous objective tests that are valid and reliable for monitoring upper and lower extremity muscular strength and power (thus sensitive to NMF) with less fatiguing and safer methods than traditional one-repetition maximum assessments. Force plates provide numerous software and testing application options that can be applied to military's training but, to be effective, requires the practitioners to have sufficient knowledge of their functions. Therefore, this review aims to explain the functions of force plate testing as well as current best practices for utilizing force plates in military settings and disseminate protocols for valid and reliable testing to collect key variables that translate to physical performance capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Merrigan
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (A.G.T.); (W.G.H.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Jason D. Stone
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (A.G.T.); (W.G.H.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Andrew G. Thompson
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (A.G.T.); (W.G.H.); (J.A.H.)
| | - W. Guy Hornsby
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (A.G.T.); (W.G.H.); (J.A.H.)
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Joshua A. Hagen
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (A.G.T.); (W.G.H.); (J.A.H.)
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13
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Stone JD, Rentz LE, Forsey J, Ramadan J, Markwald RR, Finomore VS, Galster SM, Rezai A, Hagen JA. Evaluations of Commercial Sleep Technologies for Objective Monitoring During Routine Sleeping Conditions. Nat Sci Sleep 2020; 12:821-842. [PMID: 33149712 PMCID: PMC7603649 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s270705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The commercial market is saturated with technologies that claim to collect proficient, free-living sleep measurements despite a severe lack of independent third-party evaluations. Therefore, the present study evaluated the accuracy of various commercial sleep technologies during in-home sleeping conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data collection spanned 98 separate nights of ad libitum sleep from five healthy adults. Prior to bedtime, participants utilized nine popular sleep devices while concurrently wearing a previously validated electroencephalography (EEG)-based device. Data collected from the commercial devices were extracted for later comparison against EEG to determine degrees of accuracy. Sleep and wake summary outcomes as well as sleep staging metrics were evaluated, where available, for each device. RESULTS Total sleep time (TST), total wake time (TWT), and sleep efficiency (SE) were measured with greater accuracy (lower percent errors) and limited bias by Fitbit Ionic [mean absolute percent error, bias (95% confidence interval); TST: 9.90%, 0.25 (-0.11, 0.61); TWT: 25.64%, -0.17 (-0.28, -0.06); SE: 3.49%, 0.65 (-0.82, 2.12)] and Oura smart ring [TST: 7.39%, 0.19 (0.04, 0.35); TWT: 36.29%, -0.18 (-0.31, -0.04); SE: 5.42%, 1.66 (0.17, 3.15)], whereas all other devices demonstrated a propensity to over or underestimate at least one if not all of the aforementioned sleep metrics. No commercial sleep technology appeared to accurately quantify sleep stages. CONCLUSION Generally speaking, commercial sleep technologies displayed lower error and bias values when quantifying sleep/wake states as compared to sleep staging durations. Still, these findings revealed that there is a remarkably high degree of variability in the accuracy of commercial sleep technologies, which further emphasizes that continuous evaluations of newly developed sleep technologies are vital. End-users may then be able to determine more accurately which sleep device is most suited for their desired application(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Stone
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lauren E Rentz
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jillian Forsey
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jad Ramadan
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rachel R Markwald
- Sleep, Tactical Efficiency, and Endurance Laboratory, Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Victor S Finomore
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Scott M Galster
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ali Rezai
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Joshua A Hagen
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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14
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Hagen J, Stone JD, Hornsby WG, Stephenson M, Mangine R, Joseph M, Galster S. COVID-19 Surveillance and Competition in Sport: Utilizing Sport Science to Protect Athletes and Staff during and after the Pandemic. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5030069. [PMID: 33467284 PMCID: PMC7739263 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing Coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) pandemic abruptly halted athletic competition and standard training practices, consequently generating great confusion surrounding when and how to safely reintroduce sports. Therefore, tangible solutions disseminated to performance staff, coaches, and athletes are warranted to ensure optimal levels of health and physical performance for all personnel during both the current social distancing standards as well as the impending return of competition despite continued risks. In this commentary, we offer strategies for utilizing technology and data tools as components of longitudinal COVID-19 surveillance based on ongoing research efforts as well as current guidance from governing bodies, while also serving the performance needs of the athletes and staff. Recommended data sources include digital symptom and well-being surveys, standardized and routine physical performance testing, sleep and sleep physiology monitoring, cognitive applications, and temperature. This system is flexible to numerous commercially available products and is designed for easy implementation that permits instant feedback provided directly to the athlete as well as their support staff for early intervention, ultimately mitigating COVID-19 risks. We will discuss multiple options, including examples of data, data visualizations and recommendations for data interpretation and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hagen
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jason D. Stone
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (S.G.)
| | - W. Guy Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA;
| | | | - Robert Mangine
- Athletic Department, University of Cincinnati, NovaCare Rehabilitation, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA;
| | - Michael Joseph
- Athletic Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA;
| | - Scott Galster
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (S.G.)
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15
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Stone JD, Kreutzer A, Mata JD, Nystrom MG, Jagim AR, Jones MT, Oliver JM. Changes in Creatine Kinase and Hormones Over the Course of an American Football Season. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2481-2487. [PMID: 28394834 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stone, JD, Kreutzer, A, Mata, JD, Nystrom, MG, Jagim, AR, Jones, MT, and Oliver, JM. Changes in creatine kinase and hormones over the course of an American Football Season. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2481-2487, 2019-The purpose of this study was to examine changes in creatine kinase and hormones over the course of an entire season of American football. A secondary purpose was to determine differences between starters and nonstarters. Fasting blood samples were obtained from 19 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I (n = 19; 20 ± 1 years) football athletes over the course of a season beginning before the start of summer off-season conditioning (T1), before (T2) and after preseason (T3) football camp, with remaining samples taken throughout the competitive season (T4-T8). A magnitude-based inference approach was used to define outcomes. Testosterone was higher in starters before the start of the season (T1, Effect Size [ES] = 0.8) and during preconference (T4; ES = 0.7). Postcamp (T3) testosterone was lower in all players, though greater in starters (starters, 0.0%/0.3%/99.7%; nonstarters, 0.2%/2.9%/96.9%). An increase cortisol relative to baseline (T1) was observed in starters early in season (T4, ES = 0.7; T5, ES = 0.5). Creatine kinase was elevated at all time points in all athletes, with starters having higher circulating levels throughout season. These data demonstrate that changes in hormonal markers may be experienced over a season of football and differ by playing status. Differences between starters and nonstarters may be indicative of greater damage and stress experienced by starters, which may result from a greater number of repetitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Stone
- Exercise and Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Andreas Kreutzer
- Exercise and Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - John D Mata
- Exercise and Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Mason G Nystrom
- Exercise and Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Health and Human Performance, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Exercise and Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
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16
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Askow AT, Merrigan JJ, Neddo JM, Oliver JM, Stone JD, Jagim AR, Jones MT. Effect of Strength on Velocity and Power During Back Squat Exercise in Resistance-Trained Men and Women. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1-7. [PMID: 30431534 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Askow, AT, Merrigan, JJ, Neddo, JM, Oliver, JM, Stone, JD, Jagim, AR, and Jones, MT. Effect of strength on velocity and power during back squat exercise in resistance-trained men and women. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 1-7, 2019-The purpose was to examine load-velocity and load-power relationships of back squat in resistance-trained men (n = 20, 21.3 ± 1.4 years, 183.0 ± 8.0 cm, 82.6 ± 8.0 kg, 11.5 ± 5.0% total body fat) and women (n = 18; 20.0 ± 1.0 years; 166.5 ± 6.9 cm; 63.9 ± 7.9 kg, 20.3 ± 5.0% body fat). Body composition testing was performed followed by determination of back squat 1 repetition maximum (1RM). After at least 72 hours of recovery, subjects returned to the laboratory and completed 2 repetitions at each of 7 separate loads (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% 1RM) in a random order. During each repetition, peak and average velocity and power were quantified using a commercially available linear position transducer. Men produced higher absolute peak and average power and velocity at all loads. When power output was normalized for body mass, significant differences remained. However, when normalizing for strength, no significant differences were observed between sexes. Furthermore, when subjects were subdivided into strong and weak groups, those above the median 1RM produced higher peak power, but only at loads greater than 60% 1RM. It was concluded that differences between men and women may be a result of strength rather than biological sex. Furthermore, training for maximal strength may be an appropriate method to augment maximal power output in those athletes who exhibit low levels of strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology, The Sport Science Center at Texas Christian University, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Justin J Merrigan
- Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Division of Health and Human Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Jonathan M Neddo
- Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Division of Health and Human Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Department of Kinesiology, The Sport Science Center at Texas Christian University, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Jason D Stone
- Department of Kinesiology, The Sport Science Center at Texas Christian University, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Department of Exercise Science, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Division of Health and Human Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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17
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Abstract
Kreutzer, A, Martinez, CA, Kreutzer, M, Stone, JD, Mitchell, JB, and Oliver, JM. Effect of ACTN3 polymorphism on self-reported running times. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 80-88, 2019-This investigation examined the effect of ACTN3 genotype on self-reported distance running personal records (PRs). Of 94 (n = 94) recreationally active men and women, 82 (f = 42, m = 40; age: 22.6 ± 4.5 years; body mass index [BMI]: 23.5 ± 3.4 kg·m) reported 1-mile running PRs, whereas 57 (f = 33, m = 24; age: 23.4 ± 5.3 years; BMI: 22.9 ± 9.3 kg·m) reported 5K running PRs. Subjects were grouped by the presence (ACTN3) or absence (ACTN3) of α-actinin-3, as well as by individual genotype (RR, RX, and XX). Among female participants, ACTN3 reported 64.5 seconds faster (p = 0.048) 1-mile PRs compared with their ACTN3 counterparts. No differences were observed when comparing 5K PRs between genotypes. Two one-sided test equivalence testing revealed that none of the effects observed when comparing ACTN3 and ACTN3 were equivalent to zero. Our study confirms a reportedly greater prevalence of XX benefits for endurance performance in females when compared with males but fails to strongly link ACTN3 genotype to endurance performance. Practitioners should continue to be cautious when using genetic information for talent identification and sport selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kreutzer
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Christopher A Martinez
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - McKensie Kreutzer
- Beutler Lab, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jason D Stone
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Joel B Mitchell
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
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18
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Merrigan JJ, White JB, Hu YE, Stone JD, Oliver JM, Jones MT. Differences in elbow extensor muscle characteristics between resistance-trained men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2359-2366. [PMID: 30097710 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscular strength is suggested to be dependent upon muscle characteristics. Yet, sex-specific relationships of muscle characteristics to strength in the resistance-trained require investigation. Therefore, the purpose was to evaluate sex differences in muscle characteristics and isometric strength in the elbow extensors, as well as their respective associations. METHODS Resistance-trained men (n = 15, mean ± SD 22 ± 4 years, 87.5 ± 12.8 kg, 16.9 ± 2.9% body fat) and women (n = 15, mean ± SD 25 ± 5 years, 59.3 ± 7.3 kg, 22.4 ± 4.2% body fat) were tested. B-mode ultrasound images assessed muscle thickness, pennation angle, and echo intensity. Muscle volume and fascicle length were estimated from previously validated equations. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction measured elbow extensors isometric strength. Independent samples t-tests and Fisher's r-to-z test examined differences between sexes. RESULTS Sex differences existed in all muscle characteristics (p < 0.05). Men's absolute strength (27.86 ± 3.55 kg) was significantly greater than women (16.15 ± 3.15 kg), but no differences were noted when controlling for muscle volume (men 0.069 ± 0.017, women 0.077 ± 0.022 kg/cm3). Sex differences did not exist in the relationships of muscle characteristics to strength with muscle size having the largest correlations. However, the relationship between echo intensity and body fat was different in men (r = - 0.311) and women (r = 0.541, p = 0.0143). CONCLUSIONS Sex differences in isometric elbow extensor strength are eliminated when expressed relative to muscle volume. Relationships of echo intensity and body fat were different between men and women and may be indicative of greater adipose infiltration in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Merrigan
- Division of Health and Human Performance, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, MS 4E5, Manassas, VA, 20110-2203, USA
| | - Jason B White
- Division of Health and Human Performance, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, MS 4E5, Manassas, VA, 20110-2203, USA
- Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Y Eliot Hu
- Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jason D Stone
- Exercise and Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Exercise and Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Division of Health and Human Performance, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, MS 4E5, Manassas, VA, 20110-2203, USA.
- Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
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19
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Oliver JM, Anzalone AJ, Stone JD, Turner SM, Blueitt D, Garrison JC, Askow AT, Luedke JA, Jagim AR. Fluctuations in blood biomarkers of head trauma in NCAA football athletes over the course of a season. J Neurosurg 2018; 130:1655-1662. [PMID: 29807487 DOI: 10.3171/2017.12.jns172035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Repetitive subconcussive head trauma is a consequence of participation in contact sports and may be linked to neurodegenerative diseases. The degree of neurological injury caused by subconcussive head trauma is not easily detectible, and this injury does not induce readily identifiable clinical signs or symptoms. Recent advancements in immunoassays make possible the detection and quantification of blood biomarkers linked to head trauma. Identification of a blood biomarker that can identify the extent of neurological injury associated with subconcussive head trauma may provide an objective measure for informed decisions concerning cumulative exposure to subconcussive head trauma. The purpose of the current study was to examine changes in the blood biomarkers of subconcussive head trauma over the course of an American football season. METHODS Thirty-five National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) American football athletes underwent blood sampling throughout the course of a football season. Serial samples were obtained throughout the 2016 season, during which the number and magnitude of head impacts changed. Blood samples were analyzed for plasma concentrations of tau and serum concentrations of neurofilament light polypeptide (NF-L). Athletes were grouped based on their starter status, because athletes identified as starters are known to sustain a greater number of impacts. Between-group differences and time-course differences were assessed. RESULTS In nonstarters, plasma concentrations of tau decreased over the course of the season, with lower values observed in starters; this resulted in a lower area under the curve (AUC) (starters: 416.78 ± 129.17 pg/ml/day; nonstarters: 520.84 ± 163.19 pg/ml/day; p = 0.050). Plasma concentrations of tau could not be used to discern between starters and nonstarters. In contrast, serum concentrations of NF-L increased throughout the season as head impacts accumulated, specifically in those athletes categorized as starters. The higher serum concentrations of NF-L observed in starters resulted in a larger AUC (starters: 1605.03 ± 655.09 pg/ml/day; nonstarters: 1067.29 ± 272.33 pg/ml/day; p = 0.007). The AUC of the receiver operating characteristic curve analyses displayed fair to modest accuracy to identify athletes who were starters with the use of serum NF-L following periods of repetitive impacts. CONCLUSIONS The different patterns observed in serum NF-L and plasma tau concentrations provide preliminary evidence for the use of blood biomarkers to detect the neurological injury associated with repetitive subconcussive head trauma. Although further investigation is necessary, such findings might lay the foundation for the further development of an objective measure for the detection of neurological injury caused by subconcussive head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Oliver
- 1Sports Concussion Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University
- 2Texas Health Sports Medicine Concussion Center; and
- 3Texas Health Sports Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas; and
| | - Anthony J Anzalone
- 1Sports Concussion Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University
- 2Texas Health Sports Medicine Concussion Center; and
- 3Texas Health Sports Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas; and
| | - Jason D Stone
- 1Sports Concussion Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University
- 2Texas Health Sports Medicine Concussion Center; and
- 3Texas Health Sports Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas; and
| | - Stephanie M Turner
- 1Sports Concussion Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University
- 2Texas Health Sports Medicine Concussion Center; and
- 3Texas Health Sports Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas; and
| | - Damond Blueitt
- 1Sports Concussion Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University
- 2Texas Health Sports Medicine Concussion Center; and
- 3Texas Health Sports Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas; and
| | - J Craig Garrison
- 1Sports Concussion Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University
- 2Texas Health Sports Medicine Concussion Center; and
- 3Texas Health Sports Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas; and
| | - Andrew T Askow
- 1Sports Concussion Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University
- 4Exercise & Sport Science Department and
| | - Joel A Luedke
- 5Athletics Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, Wisconsin
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Askow AT, Anzalone AJ, Stone JD, Jennings W, Carbuhn A, Pinson R, Bragg A, Michelle Kirk K, Gable DA, Crouse SF, Harris WS, Oliver JM. Omega-3 Index in Division I Collegiate American FootballAthletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536091.65153.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kirk KM, Gable DA, Stone JD, Anzalone AJ, Turner SM, Asko AT, Luedke JA, Jagim A, Jones MT, Oliver JM. Neuroprotective Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Head Trauma in American Football Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000538391.08920.b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jennings W, Stone JD, Mata JD, Garrison JC, Goto S, Jones MT, Jagim A, King A, Oliver JM. Cluster Sets Attenuate Power Loss at Higher Intensities During the Back Squat Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536465.04851.5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Oliver JM, Stone JD, Holt C, Jenke SC, Jagim AR, Jones MT. The Effect of Physical Readiness Training on Reserve Officers' Training Corps Freshmen Cadets. Mil Med 2017; 182:e1981-e1986. [PMID: 29087868 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-17-00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is the largest commissioning source among all branches. Physical Readiness Training (PRT) is fundamental to ROTC cadet training. However, although studies have evaluated the effectiveness of PRT in cadets with prior PRT experience, no study has examined the early phase adaptations in those cadets with no prior PRT experience. METHODS To determine the effect of PRT over the course of an academic year (9 months) in freshmen ROTC cadets, thirteen (n = 13; 7 male [180.8 ± 4.7 cm, 77.4 ± 10.0 kg; 19.8 ± 6.5 % body fat], 6 female [159.5 ± 12.1 cm; 63.4 ± 8.4 kg; 29.6 ± 6.2% body fat]) cadets with no prior PRT performed laboratory (body composition, 1-repetition maximum [1RM] bench and squat, countermovement vertical jump, maximal aerobic capacity [VO2max]) and field-based ([Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) (2 minutes maximum push-ups and sit-ups, 2-mile run)]) measures of performance before (PRE), mid-year (MID), and at the conclusion of the academic year (POST). PRT was performed 3 times per week in accordance with Army standards. FINDINGS No changes occurred in body composition, VO2max, or countermovement vertical jump. 1RM bench improved at MID in men (PRE, 78.5 ± 8.4 kg; MID, 84.7 ± 8.0 kg) and women (PRE, 42.0 ± 10.2 kg; MID, 46.2 ± 10.9 kg) with no further improvement. Women improved 1RM back squat (PRE, 55.3 ± 13.5 kg; POST, 74.6 ± 14.6 kg) and APFT tests: push-ups (PRE, 27 ± 10; POST, 39 ± 12), sit-ups (PRE, 55 ± 19; POST, 74 ± 12), 2-mile run (PRE, 18.6 ± 2.9; POST, 17.2 ± 1.3 minutes); although men improved in push-ups (PRE, 54 ± 6; POST, 67 ± 8) and sit-ups (PRE, 63 ± 8; POST, 75 ± 9). DISCUSSION/IMPACT/RECOMMENDATIONS Nine months of PRT improved APFT scores of freshmen cadets while minor effects were noted in laboratory-based performance. Given the lack of improvements in strength and power, it would be advisable to provide supplemental strength and power training. Being a large commissioning resource for the Army with greater access to equipment and resources, the time spent in ROTC may be a unique opportunity to improve and educate young commissioning officers on the benefits of proper strength and power training for the use in future commands while units are considerably smaller and equipment is more accessible on university grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Oliver
- Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Kinesiology Department, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX 76109
| | - Jason D Stone
- Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Kinesiology Department, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX 76109
| | - Chris Holt
- Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Kinesiology Department, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX 76109
| | - Shane C Jenke
- Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Kinesiology Department, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX 76109
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 124 Mitchell, La Crosse, WI 54601
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Division of Health and Human Performance, George Mason University, 10890 George Mason Circle, MSN 4E5, Manassas, VA 20110
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Martinez CA, Kreutzer A, Kreutzer M, Stone JD, Mitchell J, Oliver JM. The Effect Of ACTN3 Genotype On Self-reported One-mile Running Time In Young, Recreationally Active Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517226.20648.b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Neddo JM, Oliver JM, Stone JD, Mata JD, Jones MT. Differences In Power And Velocity During The Back Squat In Resistance-trained Men And Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517180.44097.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ramaswamy L, Velraja S, Escalante G, Harvey P, Alencar M, Haddock B, Harvey P, Escalante G, Alencar M, Haddock B, Durkalec-Michalski K, Jeszka J, Zawieja B, Podgórski T, Trussardi Fayh AP, Okano AH, de Jesus Ferreira AM, Jäger R, Purpura M, Harris RC, Krause MM, Lavanger KA, Allen NO, Lieb AE, Mullen KA, Eckerson JM, Lavanger KA, Krause MM, Allen NO, Lieb AE, Mullen KA, Eckerson JM, Morales E, Forsse J, Andre T, McKinley S, Hwang P, Tinsley G, Spillane M, Grandjean P, Willoughby D, Jagim A, Wright G, Kisiolek J, Meinking M, Ochsenwald J, Andre M, Jones MT, Oliver JM, Ferreira VA, de Souza DC, dos Santos VOA, Browne RAV, Costa EC, Fayh APT, Mathews ST, Bishop HD, Bowen CR, Liang Y, West EA, Rogers RR, Marshall MR, Petrella JK, Holland AM, Kephart WC, Mumford PW, Mobley CB, Lowery RP, Wilson JM, Roberts MD, Trexler ET, Hirsch KR, Campbell BI, Mock MG, Smith-Ryan AE, Zemek K, Johnston C, Mobley CB, Mumford PW, Pascoe DD, Lockwood CM, Miller ME, Roberts MD, Sanders GJ, Peveler W, Warning B, Peacock CA, Kephart WC, Mumford PW, Lowery RP, Roberts MD, Wilson JM, Sandler D, Ojalvo SP, Komorowski J, Campbell BI, Aguilar D, Vargas A, Conlin L, Sanders A, Fink-Irizarry P, Norton L, Perry R, McCallum R, Wynn MR, Lenton J, Campbell BI, Gai C, Donelson S, Best S, Bove D, Couvillion K, Dolan J, Xing D, Chernesky K, Pawela M, Toledo AD, Jimenez R, Rabideau M, Walker A, Pellegrino J, Hofacker M, McFadden B, Conway S, Ordway C, Sanders D, Monaco R, Fragala MS, Arent SM, Stone JD, Kreutzer A, Oliver JM, Kisiolek J, Jagim AR, Hofacker M, Walker A, Pellegrino J, Rabideau M, McFadden B, Conway S, Sanders D, Ordway C, Monaco R, Fragala MS, Arent SM, Tok O, Pellegrino JK, Walker AJ, Sanders DJ, McFadden BA, Rabideau MM, Conway SP, Ordway CE, Bello M, Hofacker ML, Mackowski NS, Poyssick AJ, Capone E, Monaco RM, Fragala MS, Arent SM, Mumford PW, Holland AM, Kephart WC, Lowery RP, Mobley CB, Patel RK, Newton A, Beck DT, Roberts MD, Wilson JM, Young KC, Silver T, Ellerbroek A, Buehn R, Vargas L, Tamayo A, Peacock C, Antonio J, Ellerbroek A, Silver T, Buehn R, Vargas L, Tamayo A, Peacock C, Antonio J, Pollock A, Ellerbroek A, Silver T, Peacock C, Antonio J, Kreutzer A, Zavala P, Fleming S, Jones M, Oliver JM, Jagim A, Haun CT, Mumford PW, Hyde PN, Fairman CM, Kephart WC, Beck DT, Moon JR, Roberts MD, Kendall KL, Young KC, Hudson GM, Hannings T, Sprow K, DiPietro L, Kalman D, Ojalvo SP, Komorowski J, Zavala P, Fleming S, Jones M, Oliver J, Jagim A, Wallace B, Bergstrom H, Wallace K, Monsalves-Alvarez M, Oyharçabal S, Espinoza V, VanDusseldorp TA, Escobar KA, Johnson KE, Cole N, Moriarty T, Stratton M, Endito MR, Mermier CM, Kerksick CM, Romero MA, Mobley CB, Linden M, Meers GME, Rector RS, Roberts MD, Gills JL, Lu H, Parker K, Dobbins C, Guillory JN, Romer B, Szymanski D, Glenn J, Newmire DE, Rivas E, Deemer SE, Wildman R, Ben-Ezra V, Kerksick C, Gieske B, Stecker R, Smith C, Witherbee K, Lane MT, Byrd MT, Bell Z, Frith E, Lane LMC, Lane MT, Byrd MT, Bell Z, Frith E, Lane LMC, Peacock CA, Silver TA, Colas M, Mena M, Rodriguez W, Sanders GJ, Antonio J, Vansickle A, DiFiore B, Stepp S, Slack G, Smith B, Ruffner K, Mendel R, Lowery L, Hirsch KR, Mock MG, Blue MMN, Trexler ET, Roelofs EJ, Smith-Ryan AE, Conlin L, Aguilar D, Campbell BI, Norton L, Coles K, Trexler ET, Martinez N, Joy JM, Vogel RM, Hoover TH, Broughton KS, Dalton R, Sowinski R, Grubic T, Collins PB, Colletta A, Reyes A, Sanchez B, Kozehchain M, Jung YP, Rasmussen C, Murano P, Earnest CP, Greenwood M, Kreider RB, Grubic T, Dalton R, Sowinski R, Collins PB, Colletta A, Reyes A, Sanchez B, Kozehchain M, Jung YP, Rasmussen C, Murano P, Earnest CP, Greenwood M, Kreider RB, Sowinski R, Dalton R, Grubic T, Collins PB, Colletta A, Reyes A, Sanchez B, Kozehchain M, Jung YP, Rasmussen C, Murano P, Earnest CP, Greenwood M, Kreider RB, Durkalec-Michalski K, Jeszka J, Podgórski T, Kerksick C, Gieske B, Stecker R, Smith C, Witherbee K, Urbina S, Santos E, Villa K, Olivencia A, Bennett H, Lara M, Foster C, Wilborn C, Taylor L, Cholewa JM, Hewins A, Gallo S, Micensky A, de Angelis C, Carney C, Campbell B, Conlin L, Norton L, Rossi F, Koozehchian MS, Collins PB, Sowinski R, Grubic T, Dalton R, O’Connor A, Shin SY, Jung YP, Sanchez BK, Coletta A, Cho M, Reyes A, Rasmussen C, Earnest CP, Murano PS, Greenwood M, Kreider RB. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016. [PMCID: PMC5025820 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
P1 Impact of antioxidant-enriched nutrient bar supplementation on the serum antioxidant markers and physical fitness components of track and field athletes Lalitha Ramaswamy, Supriya Velraja P2 The effects of phosphatidic acid supplementation on fitness levels in resistance trained women Guillermo Escalante, Phil Harvey, Michelle Alencar, Bryan Haddock P3 The effects of phosphatidic acid supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in resistance trained men Phil Harvey, Guillermo Escalante, Michelle Alencar, Bryan Haddock P4 The efficacy of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on physical capacity and selected biochemical markers in elite wrestlers Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Jan Jeszka, Bogna Zawieja, Tomasz Podgórski P5 Effects of different nutritional strategies in hydration and physical performance in healthy well-trained males Ana Paula Trussardi Fayh, Alexandre Hideki Okano, Amanda Maria de Jesus Ferreira P6 Reduction of plasma creatine concentrations as an indicator of improved bioavailability Ralf Jäger, Martin Purpura, Roger C Harris P7 Effect of three different breakfast meals on energy intake and nutritional status in college-age women Molly M. Krause, Kiley A. Lavanger, Nina O. Allen, Allison E. Lieb, Katie A. Mullen, Joan M. Eckerson P8 Accuracy of the ASA24® Dietary Recall system for assessing actual dietary intake in normal weight college-age women. Kiley A. Lavanger, Molly M. Krause, Nina O. Allen, Allison E. Lieb, Katie A. Mullen, Joan M. Eckerson P9 β-aminoisobutyric acid does not regulate exercise induced UCP-3 expression in skeletal muscle Elisa Morales, Jeffrey Forsse, Thomas Andre, Sarah McKinley, Paul Hwang, Grant Tinsley, Mike Spillane, Peter Grandjean, Darryn Willoughby P10 The ability of collegiate football athletes to adhere to sport-specific nutritional recommendations A. Jagim, G. Wright, J. Kisiolek, M. Meinking, J. Ochsenwald, M. Andre, M.T. Jones, J. M. Oliver P11 A single session of low-volume high intensity interval exercise improves appetite regulation in overweight men Victor Araújo Ferreira, Daniel Costa de Souza, Victor Oliveira Albuquerque dos Santos, Rodrigo Alberto Vieira Browne, Eduardo Caldas Costa, Ana Paula Trussardi Fayh P12 Acute effects of oral peppermint oil ingestion on exercise performance in moderately-active college students Suresh T. Mathews, Haley D. Bishop, Clara R. Bowen, Yishan Liang, Emily A. West, Rebecca R. Rogers, Mallory R. Marshall, John K. Petrella P13 Associations in body fat and liver triglyceride content with serum health markers in sedentary and exercised rats fed a ketogenic diet, Western diet or standard chow over a 6-week period A. Maleah Holland, Wesley C. Kephart, Petey W. Mumford, C. Brooks Mobley, Ryan P. Lowery, Jacob M. Wilson, Michael D. Roberts P14 Physiological changes following competition in male and female physique athletes: A pilot study Eric T. Trexler, Katie R. Hirsch, Bill I. Campbell, Meredith G. Mock, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan P15 Relationship between cognition and hydration status in college students at a large Southwestern university Kate Zemek, Carol Johnston P16 Whey protein-derived exosomes increase protein synthesis in C2C12 myotubes C. Brooks Mobley, Petey W. Mumford, David D. Pascoe, Christopher M. Lockwood, Michael E. Miller, Michael D. Roberts P17 The effect of three different energy drinks on 1.5-mile running performance, oxygen consumption, and perceived exertion Gabriel J. Sanders, Willard Peveler, Brooke Warning, Corey A. Peacock P18 The Ketogenic diet improves rotarod performance in young and older rats Wesley C. Kephart, Petey W. Mumford, Ryan P. Lowery, Michael D. Roberts, Jacob M. Wilson P19 Absorption of bonded arginine silicate compared to individual arginine and silicon components David Sandler, Sara Perez Ojalvo, James Komorowski P20 Effects of a high (2.4 g/kg) vs. low/moderate (1.2 g/kg) protein intake on body composition in aspiring female physique athletes engaging in an 8-week resistance training program Bill I. Campbell, Danielle Aguilar, Andres Vargas, Laurin Conlin, Amey Sanders, Paola Fink-Irizarry, Layne Norton, Ross Perry, Ryley McCallum, Matthew R. Wynn, Jack Lenton P21 Effects of a high (2.4 g/kg) vs. low/moderate (1.2 g/kg) protein intake on maximal strength in aspiring female physique athletes engaging in an 8-week resistance training program Bill I. Campbell, Chris Gai, Seth Donelson, Shiva Best, Daniel Bove, Kaylee Couvillion, Jeff Dolan, Dante Xing, Kyshia Chernesky, Michael Pawela, Andres D. Toledo, Rachel Jimenez P22 Monitoring of female collegiate athletes over a competitive season reveals changes in nutritional biomarkers M. Rabideau, A. Walker, J. Pellegrino, M. Hofacker, B. McFadden, S. Conway, C. Ordway, D. Sanders, R. Monaco, M. S. Fragala, S. M. Arent P23 Comparison of prediction equations to indirect calorimetry in men and women athletes Jason D. Stone, Andreas Kreutzer, Jonathan M. Oliver, Jacob Kisiolek, Andrew R. Jagim P24 Regional variations in sweat-based electrolyte loss and changes in plasma electrolyte content in Division I female athletes over the course of a competitive season M. Hofacker, A. Walker, J. Pellegrino, M. Rabideau, B. McFadden, S. Conway, D. Sanders, C. Ordway, R. Monaco, M. S. Fragala, S. M. Arent P25 In-season changes in plasma amino acid levels in Division I NCAA female athletes Ozlem Tok, Joseph K. Pellegrino, Alan J. Walker, David J. Sanders, Bridget A. McFadden, Meaghan M. Rabideau, Sean P. Conway, Chris E. Ordway, Marissa Bello, Morgan L. Hofacker, Nick S. Mackowski, Anthony J. Poyssick, Eddie Capone, Robert M. Monaco, Maren S. Fragala, Shawn M. Arent P26 Effects of a ketogenic diet with exercise on serum markers of bone metabolism, IGF-1 and femoral bone mass in rats Petey W. Mumford, A. Maleah Holland, Wesley C. Kephart, Ryan P. Lowery, C. Brooks Mobley, Romil K. Patel, Annie Newton, Darren T. Beck, Michael D. Roberts, Jacob M. Wilson, Kaelin C. Young P27 Casein supplementation in trained men and women: morning versus evening Tobin Silver, Anya Ellerbroek, Richard Buehn, Leo Vargas, Armando Tamayo, Corey Peacock, Jose Antonio P28 A high protein diet has no harmful effects: a one-year crossover study in resistance-trained males Anya Ellerbroek, Tobin Silver, Richard Buehn, Leo Vargas, Armando Tamayo, Corey Peacock, Jose Antonio P29 SUP (Stand-up Paddling) athletes: nutritional intake and body composition Adam Pollock, Anya Ellerbroek, Tobin Silver, Corey Peacock, Jose Antonio P30 The effects of 8 weeks of colostrum and bio-active peptide supplementation on body composition in recreational male weight lifters A. Kreutzer, P. Zavala, S. Fleming, M. Jones, J. M. Oliver, A. Jagim P31 Effects of a Popular Women’s Thermogenic Supplement During an Energy-Restricted High Protein Diet on Changes in Body Composition and Clinical Safety Markers Cody T. Haun, Petey W. Mumford, Parker N. Hyde, Ciaran M. Fairman, Wesley C. Kephart, Darren T. Beck, Jordan R. Moon, Michael D. Roberts, Kristina L. Kendall, Kaelin C. Young P32 Three days of caffeine consumption following caffeine withdrawal yields small strength increase in knee flexors Geoffrey M Hudson, Tara Hannings, Kyle Sprow, Loretta DiPietro P33 Comparison of cellular nitric oxide production from various sports nutrition ingredients Doug Kalman, Sara Perez Ojalvo, James Komorowski P34 The effects of 8 weeks of bio-active peptide supplementation on training adaptations in recreational male weight lifters P. Zavala, S. Fleming, M. Jones, J. Oliver, A. Jagim P35 Effects of MusclePharm Assault BlackTM on lower extremity spinal excitability and postactivation potentiation: A pilot study Brian Wallace, Haley Bergstrom, Kelly Wallace P36 Effects of four weeks of Ketogenic Diet alone and combined with High intensity Interval Training or Continuous-Moderate intensity on body composition, lipid profile and physical performance on healthy males Matias Monsalves-Alvarez, Sebastian Oyharçabal, Victoria Espinoza P37 Effect of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on creatine kinase, muscular performance, and perceived muscle soreness following acute eccentric exercise Trisha A. VanDusseldorp, Kurt A. Escobar, Kelly E. Johnson, Nathan Cole, Terence Moriarty, Matthew Stratton, Marvin R. Endito, Christine M. Mermier, Chad M. Kerksick P38 Effects of endurance training on markers of ribosome biogenesis in rodents fed a high fat diet Matthew A. Romero, C. Brooks Mobley, Melissa Linden, Grace Margaret-Eleanor Meers, R. Scott Rector, Michael D. Roberts P39 The effects of acute citrulline-malate on lower-body isokinetic performance in recreationally active individuals Joshua L Gills, Hocheng Lu, Kimberly Parker, Chris Dobbins, Joshua N Guillory, Braden Romer, David Szymanski, Jordan Glenn P40 The effect pre-ingested L-isoleucine and L-leucine on blood glucose responses and glycemic hormones in healthy inactive adults: Preliminary data. Daniel E. Newmire, Eric Rivas, Sarah E. Deemer, Robert Wildman, Victor Ben-Ezra P41 Does protein and source impact substrate oxidation and energy expenditure during and after moderate intensity treadmill exercise? C Kerksick, B Gieske, R Stecker, C Smith, K Witherbee P42 Effects of a pre-workout supplement on peak power and power maintenance during lower and upper body testing Michael T. Lane, M. Travis Byrd, Zachary Bell, Emily Frith, Lauren M.C. Lane P43 Effects of a pre-workout supplement on peak power production during lower and upper body testing in college-age females Michael T. Lane, M. Travis Byrd, Zachary Bell, Emily Frith, Lauren M.C. Lane P44 A comparison of whey versus casein protein supplementation on resting metabolic rate and body composition: a pilot study Corey A. Peacock, Tobin A. Silver, Megan Colas, Mauricio Mena, Winter Rodriguez, Gabriel J. Sanders, Jose Antonio P45 A novel mixed-tocotrienol intervention enhances recovery after eccentric exercise: preliminary findings Andrea Vansickle, Brittany DiFiore, Stephanie Stepp, Grant Slack, Bridget Smith, Kayla Ruffner, Ronald Mendel, Lonnie Lowery P46 The effects of post-exercise ingestion of a high molecular weight glucose on cycle performance in female cyclists Katie R. Hirsch, Meredith G. Mock, Malia M.N. Blue, Eric T. Trexler, Erica J. Roelofs, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan P47 Inclusive vs. exclusive dieting and the effects on body composition in resistance trained individuals Laurin Conlin, Danielle Aguilar, Bill I. Campbell, Layne Norton, Katie Coles, Eric T. Trexler, Nic Martinez P48 A whey protein hydrolysate may positively augment resting metabolism compared to intact whey protein Jordan M. Joy, Roxanne M. Vogel, Thomas H. Hoover, K. Shane Broughton P49 Seven days of high and low dose creatine nitrate supplementation I: hepatorenal, glucose and muscle enzyme function R Dalton, R Sowinski, T Grubic, PB Collins, A Colletta, A Reyes, B Sanchez, M Kozehchain, YP Jung, C Rasmussen, P Murano, CP Earnest, M Greenwood, RB Kreider P50 Seven days of high and low dose creatine nitrate supplementation II: performance T Grubic, R Dalton, R Sowinski, PB Collins, A Colletta, A Reyes, B Sanchez, M Kozehchain, YP Jung, C Rasmussen, P Murano, CP Earnest, M Greenwood, RB Kreider P51 Seven days of high and low dose creatine nitrate supplementation III: hemodynamics R Sowinski, R Dalton, T Grubic, PB Collins, A Colletta, A Reyes, B Sanchez, M Kozehchain, YP Jung, C Rasmussen, P Murano, CP Earnest, M Greenwood, RB Kreider P52 The efficacy of a β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation on physical capacity, body composition and biochemical markers in highly-trained combat sports athletes Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Jan Jeszka, Tomasz Podgórski P53 Does protein and source impact substrate oxidation and energy expenditure during and after moderate intensity treadmill exercise? C Kerksick, B Gieske, R Stecker, C Smith, K Witherbee P54 Effects of 30 days of Cleanse™ supplementation on measure of body composition, waist circumference, and markers of gastrointestinal distress in females Stacie Urbina, Emily Santos, Katelyn Villa, Alyssa Olivencia, Haley Bennett, Marissa Lara, Cliffa Foster, Colin Wilborn, Lem Taylor P55 The effects of moderate- versus high-load training on body composition, muscle growth, and performance in college aged females Jason M Cholewa, Amy Hewins, Samantha Gallo, Ashley Micensky, Christian De Angelis, Christopher Carney, Bill Campbell, Laurin Conlin, Layne Norton, Fabricio Rossi P56 Effect of a multi-ingredient preworkout supplement on cognitive function and perceptions of readiness to perform MS Koozehchian, PB Collins, R Sowinski, T Grubic, R Dalton, A O’Connor, SY Shin, Y Peter Jung, BK Sanchez, A Coletta, M Cho, A Reyes, C Rasmussen, CP Earnest, PS Murano, M Greenwood, RB Kreider
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Chervin AS, Stone JD, Soto CM, Engels B, Schreiber H, Roy EJ, Kranz DM. Design of T-cell receptor libraries with diverse binding properties to examine adoptive T-cell responses. Gene Ther 2012; 20:634-44. [PMID: 23052828 PMCID: PMC5330764 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapies have shown significant promise in the treatment of cancer and viral diseases. One approach, that introduces antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) into ex vivo activated T cells, is designed to overcome central tolerance mechanisms that prevent responses by endogenous T cell repertoires. Studies have suggested that use of higher affinity TCRs against class I MHC antigens could drive the activity of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but the rules that govern the TCR binding optimal for in vivo activity are unknown. Here we describe a high-throughput platform of “reverse biochemistry” whereby a library of TCRs with a wide range of binding properties to the same antigen is introduced into T cells and adoptively transferred into mice with antigen-positive tumors. Extraction of RNA from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes or lymphoid organs allowed high-throughput sequencing to determine which TCRs were selected in vivo. The results showed that CD8+ T cells expressing the highest affinity TCR variants were deleted in both the tumor infiltrating lymphocyte population and in peripheral lymphoid tissues. In contrast, these same high-affinity TCR variants were preferentially expressed within CD4+ T cells in the tumor, suggesting they played a role in antigen-specific tumor control. The findings thus revealed that the affinity of the transduced TCRs controlled the survival and tumor infiltration of the transferred T cells. Accordingly, the TCR library strategy enables rapid assessment of TCR binding properties that promote peripheral T cell survival and tumor elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Chervin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Richman SA, Aggen DH, Stone JD, Weber KS, Dossett ML, Donermeyer DL, Mariuzza RA, Allen PM, Greenberg PD, Kranz DM. Engineering T cell receptors for potential therapeutic applications (48.28). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.48.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Using T cell receptors (TCRs) for potential therapeutic applications provides an opportunity to target an expanded array of antigens, compared to those now targeted with monoclonal antibodies. Relative to antibodies, TCRs typically exhibit reduced solubility and lower affinity, properties that hamper their production and efficacy. To improve these parameters, we have developed strategies using yeast display engineering. Several different TCRs were cloned as single chain (sc) TCRs and VαCα/VβCβ heterodimers, as each of these display scaffolds has unique advantages for engineering and potential applications. Display of scTCRs, unlike that of scFv fragments, required mutagenesis and selection. Analysis of a collection of mutants revealed distinct regions of the scTCR that require mutations to allow yeast surface display, as well as solubility of purified protein. Although the sc format has several potential advantages such as increased tissue penetration, mutagenesis and selection of displayed mutants can present a technical challenge. To overcome this obstacle, we have recently explored the role of the C domains in driving heterodimer association. In addition, we have developed mutagenic strategies to improve the association of engineered, full λετ γη α and β chains.
Supported by grants from NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Richman
- 1Biochemistry, U of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, RAL, Urbana, IL, 61801,
| | - D H Aggen
- 1Biochemistry, U of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, RAL, Urbana, IL, 61801,
| | - J D Stone
- 1Biochemistry, U of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, RAL, Urbana, IL, 61801,
| | - K S Weber
- 1Biochemistry, U of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, RAL, Urbana, IL, 61801,
| | - M L Dossett
- 2Immunology, U of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98109,
- 3Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109,
| | - D L Donermeyer
- 4Pathology and Immunology, Washington U, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110,
| | - R A Mariuzza
- 5CARB, U of Maryland, Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - P M Allen
- 4Pathology and Immunology, Washington U, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110,
| | - P D Greenberg
- 2Immunology, U of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98109,
- 3Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109,
| | - D M Kranz
- 1Biochemistry, U of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, RAL, Urbana, IL, 61801,
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Terry AV, Stone JD, Buccafusco JJ, Sickles DW, Sood A, Prendergast MA. Repeated exposures to subthreshold doses of chlorpyrifos in rats: hippocampal damage, impaired axonal transport, and deficits in spatial learning. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:375-84. [PMID: 12649392 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.041897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are detectable in the environment for years after use and endanger many populations. Although the effects of acutely toxic doses of many OP compounds are well described, much less is known about repeated low-level exposures. The purpose of these studies was to further evaluate potential toxicological effects of the extensively used OP pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) in rats. CPF, across a range of subthreshold doses (i.e., for acute toxicity), reduced rearing and sniffing activity and the magnitude of weight gain over 14 days of repeated exposure. Performance in a spatial learning task was impaired after 14 days of exposure to CPF (18.0 and 25.0 mg/kg) when testing was initiated 24 h after the last injection but not after a 14-day washout. However, inhibition of both fast anterograde and retrograde axonal transport was observed for up to 20 days after exposure to 25.0 mg/kg CPF. Studies using hippocampal cultures indicated that 8 days of continuous exposure to the parent compound, CPF (> or =100 micro M), resulted in cell toxicity and death. Furthermore, a dose (2.5 mg/kg) of CPF that had no effects on weight gain or memory performance when administered 5 days per week over 38 days impaired forelimb grip strength in the later days of testing. Collectively, these results indicate that repeated exposures to subthreshold doses of CPF may lead to growth retardation, behavioral abnormalities, and muscle weakness. Some of these symptoms may be attributed to effects of the OP on axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Terry
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy (Augusta Campus), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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Buccafusco JJ, Jackson WJ, Stone JD, Terry AV. Sex dimorphisms in the cognitive-enhancing action of the Alzheimer's drug donepezil in aged Rhesus monkeys. Neuropharmacology 2003; 44:381-9. [PMID: 12604096 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain acetylcholinesterase has been targeted for the development of novel treatments for memory deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. The long-acting AChE inhibitor donepezil (Aricept) is used to improve memory and other aspects of cognition in AD patients. Because donepezil and other cholinesterase inhibitors are effective in a restricted population of AD patients, this study was to designed to determine whether aged females monkeys receive the same level of benefit to the mnemonic action of donepezil as do males. In this study, six male and six female rhesus monkeys (>20 years) who were proficient in the performance of a delayed matching-to-sample task each received an ascending series of four doses of donepezil (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) over 5 weeks. As a group, male subjects exhibited improvement in task accuracy across the three highest doses, with the maximum effect occurring after the 0.025 mg/kg dose. However, the females exhibited increased task accuracy only after the highest dose. When data were combined for sessions run 10 min after drug administration and for sessions run 24 h later (in the absence of drug), improvements in task accuracy were greater on average for males. Most of this difference was attributed to the fact that task accuracy by females actually declined during sessions run after the two lowest doses of donepezil. When task performance after donepezil was determined as the individualized Best Dose, as a group, males responded maximally to less than half the dose that was maximal for females. These findings support the concept that aged males and females respond differently to this class of agents, perhaps representing fundamental sex-related differences in memory processing, or in the manner that age affects these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Buccafusco
- Alzheimer's Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, and the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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31
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Abstract
T-cell activation is essential for initiation and control of immune system function. T cells are activated by interaction of cell-surface antigen receptors with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on the surface of other cells. Studies using soluble oligomers of MHC-peptide complexes and other types of receptor cross-linking agents have supported an activation mechanism that involves T cell receptor clustering. Receptor clustering induced by incubation of T cells with MHC-peptide oligomers leads to the induction of T-cell activation processes, including downregulation of engaged receptors and upregulation of the cell-surface proteins CD69 and CD25. Dose-response curves for these T-cell activation markers are bell-shaped, with different maxima and midpoints, depending on the valency of the soluble oligomer used. In this study, we have analyzed the activation behavior using a mathematical model that describes the binding of multivalent ligands to cell-surface receptors. We show that a simple equilibrium binding model accurately describes the activation data for CD4(+) T cells treated with MHC-peptide oligomers of varying valency. The model can be used to predict activation and binding behavior for T cells and MHC oligomers with different properties.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Binding Sites/physiology
- Binding, Competitive/physiology
- Cross-Linking Reagents/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/physiology
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation/physiology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/physiology
- Models, Biological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Cameron TO, Stone JD, Cochran JR, Stern LJ. TCR: losing its inhibitions? Trends Immunol 2001; 22:479-80. [PMID: 11556322 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cochran JR, Cameron TO, Stone JD, Lubetsky JB, Stern LJ. Receptor proximity, not intermolecular orientation, is critical for triggering T-cell activation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:28068-74. [PMID: 11384988 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103280200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of antigen receptors on the surface of T-cells with peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins triggers T-cell activation in a mechanism involving receptor oligomerization. Receptor dimerization by soluble MHC oligomers is sufficient to induce several characteristic activation processes in T-cells including internalization of engaged receptors and up-regulation of cell surface proteins. In this work, the influence of intermolecular orientation within the activating receptor dimer was studied. Dimers of class II MHC proteins coupled in a variety of orientations and topologies each were able to activate CD4+ T-cells, indicating that triggering was not dependent on a particular receptor orientation. In contrast to the minimal influence of receptor orientation, T-cell triggering was affected by the inter-molecular distance between MHC molecules, and MHC dimers coupled through shorter cross-linkers were consistently more potent than those coupled through longer cross-linkers. These results are consistent with a mechanism in which intermolecular receptor proximity, but not intermolecular orientation, is the key determinant for antigen-induced CD4+ T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Cochran
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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34
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Stone JD, Peterson AP, Eyer J, Oblak TG, Sickles DW. Neurofilaments are nonessential to the pathogenesis of toxicant-induced axonal degeneration. J Neurosci 2001; 21:2278-87. [PMID: 11264303 PMCID: PMC6762395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2000] [Revised: 12/27/2000] [Accepted: 12/29/2000] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal neurofilament (NF) accumulations occur before development of symptoms and before other pathological changes among idiopathic neurodegenerative diseases and toxic neuropathies, suggesting a cause-effect relationship. The dependence of symptoms and axonal degeneration on neurofilament accumulation has been tested here in a transgenic mouse model (Eyer and Peterson, 1994) lacking axonal NFs and using two prototypic toxicant models. Chronic acrylamide (ACR) or 2,5-hexanedione exposure resulted in progressive and cumulative increases in sensorimotor deficits. Neurobehavioral tests demonstrated similar expression of neurotoxicity in transgenic (T) mice and their nontransgenic (NT) littermates (containing normal numbers of axonal NFs). Axonal lesions were frequently observed after exposure to either toxicant. Quantitation of ACR-induced lesions demonstrated the distal location of pathology and equal susceptibility of T and NT axons. We conclude that axonal NFs have no effect on neurotoxicity and the pattern of pathology in these mammalian toxic neuropathies. These results also suggest that the role of neurofilament accumulation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases requires careful evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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35
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Stone JD, Terry AV, Pauly JR, Prendergast MA, Buccafusco JJ. Protractive effects of chronic treatment with an acutely sub-toxic regimen of diisopropylflurophosphate on the expression of cholinergic receptor densities in rats. Brain Res 2000; 882:9-18. [PMID: 11056179 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals chronically exposed to low levels of organophosphate insecticides may present with subtle impairments in cognition. In addition, low level diisopropylflurophosphate (DFP) exposure (0.25 mg/kg per day for 2 weeks) in rats resulted in protracted working memory impairment [29]. The current studies attempt to show a temporal relationship between the DFP-induced impairment in performance of a spatial memory task and the protracted decrease in the expression of cholinergic receptors and acetylcholinesterase in specific brain regions. Cholinergic receptors labeled with the ligands [(3)H]epibatidine and [(3)H]AFDX-384 were affected to a much greater extent and for a longer period of time than were both acetylcholinesterase activities and cholinergic receptors labeled with [(3)H]QNB. Pre-testing administration of nicotine was shown to completely reverse this DFP-induced impairment in memory-related task performance. Additionally, prophylaxis with pyridostigmine bromide (PB) caused DFP-treated animals to exhibit near normal levels of memory-related task performance. These results are consistent with the development of a protracted phase of learning impairment to sub-acute DFP exposure, which may involve the loss of hippocampal nicotinic receptors, and may be prevented or reversed by PB or nicotine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Alzheimer's Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912-2300, USA
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36
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Stone JD, Peterson AP, Eyer J, Sickles DW. Neurofilaments are non-essential elements of toxicant-induced reductions in fast axonal transport: pulse labeling in CNS neurons. Neurotoxicology 2000; 21:447-57. [PMID: 11022855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) and g-diketones (g-DK) produce distal sensory-motor neuropathy in a variety of species, including humans. The specific molecular site and mechanism of toxicant action leading to specific morphological and behavioral abnormalities requires definition. The relative roles of fast anterograde axonal transport and neurofilaments (NF) are investigated using optic nerves of mice, with and without axonal neurofilaments. Segmental analysis, following pulse labeling with 3H-leucine into the vitreous body, was used to detect changes in fast anterograde transport in the optic nerve and tract. Single injections of ACR significantly reduced the quantity of radiolabeled proteins transported in both transgenic (lacking NF) and non-transgenic (containing NF) mice by 68.4% and 46.2%, respectively. Similarly, single injections of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) reduced the quantity of radiolabeled transport in transgenic and non-transgenic mice by 55.2% and 47.1%, respectively. Equimolar doses of propionamide and 3,4-hexanedione (non-neurotoxic analogues of ACR and 2,5-HD, respectively) produced no changes in the quantity or apparent rate of optic nerve transport. Additionally, no differences in quantity or apparent rate of transport between transgenic and non-transgenic animals were observed under control or experimental conditions. Therefore, ACR and 2,5-HD reduce the quantity of fast anterograde axonal transport in mouse CNS axons in a comparable amount to previously reported reductions in rat PNS axons. The absence of axonal neurofilaments had no effect on normal fast transport. Furthermore, the presence or absence of neurofilaments did not alter the effect of these toxicants on fast axonal transport. We conclude that toxicant-induced reductions in fast axonal transport are unrelated to ACR and g-diketone effects on NF or their accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA
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37
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Stone JD, Peterson AP, Eyer J, Oblak TG, Sickles DW. Axonal neurofilaments are nonessential elements of toxicant-induced reductions in fast axonal transport: video-enhanced differential interference microscopy in peripheral nervous system axons. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 161:50-8. [PMID: 10558923 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1999.8780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurofilament modification and accumulation, occurring in toxicant-induced neuropathies, has been proposed to compromise fast axonal transport and contribute to neurological symptoms or pathology. The current study compares the effects of the neurotoxicants acrylamide (ACR) and 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) on the quantity of fast, bidirectional vesicular traffic within isolated mouse sciatic nerve axons from transgenic mice lacking axonal neurofilaments (Eyer and Peterson, Neuron 12, 1-20, 1994) and nontransgenic littermates possessing neurofilaments. Fast anterograde and retrograde membrane bound organelle (MBO) traffic was quantitated within axons, before and after toxicant exposure, using video-enhanced differential interference contrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy. Addition of 0.7 mM ACR to the buffer bathing the nerve produced a time-dependent reduction in bidirectional transport with a similar time to onset and magnitude in both transgenic and nontransgenic mice. 2,5-HD (4 mM) exposure reduced bidirectional vesicle traffic by a similar amount in both transgenic and nontransgenic animals. The time to onset of the transport reduction was less and the magnitude of the reduction was greater with 2,5-HD compared to ACR. A single 10-min exposure to ACR or 2,5-HD produced a similar reduction in transport to that produced by prolonged (1 h) exposure. Nonneurotoxic propionamide or 3,4-hexanedione (3,4-HD) produced no changes in bidirectional transport in either transgenic or nontransgenic animals. We conclude that ACR or 2,5-HD produces a rapid, saturable, nonreversible, neurotoxicant-specific reduction in fast bidirectional transport within isolated peripheral nerve axons. These actions are mediated through direct modification of axonal component(s), which are independent of toxicant-induced modifications of, or accumulations of, neurofilaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
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38
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Stone JD, Conroy LA, Byth KF, Hederer RA, Howlett S, Takemoto Y, Holmes N, Alexander DR. Aberrant TCR-mediated signaling in CD45-null thymocytes involves dysfunctional regulation of Lck, Fyn, TCR-zeta, and ZAP-70. The Journal of Immunology 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.158.12.5773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD45 is a transmembrane phosphotyrosine phosphatase expressed on all nucleated hemopoietic cells. Targeting of CD45 exon 9 has generated a mouse line completely lacking CD45 expression (CD45-null) in which there are severe abnormalities in T cell development. Defects in TCR-mediated signals underlying these abnormalities have now been investigated using CD45-null T cells. No T cell proliferation was detected in response to a CD3 mAb. In thymocytes the p56(lck) and p59(fyn) tyrosine kinases were hyperphosphorylated, and p56(lck) was in its inactive conformation. Both basal and TCR-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of TCR-zeta and CD3-epsilon were much reduced, and TCR stimulation induced an abnormal p18 phosphoisomer of TCR-zeta previously noted in T cells stimulated by altered peptide ligands. These defects were associated with the failure of ZAP-70 kinase recruitment to the TCR-zeta chain. TCR coupling to the tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins, including HS1 and p120(cbl), was also much reduced. However, TCR-induced signaling was not ablated, and significant inositol phosphate and calcium signals were observed in CD45-null thymocytes. Our molecular analysis suggests that the threshold for TCR signal transduction is greatly increased in CD45-null T cells, thus explaining the profound defects in thymic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Department of Immunology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - L A Conroy
- Department of Immunology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - K F Byth
- Department of Immunology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R A Hederer
- Department of Immunology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - S Howlett
- Department of Immunology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Y Takemoto
- Department of Immunology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - N Holmes
- Department of Immunology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D R Alexander
- Department of Immunology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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39
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Stone JD, Conroy LA, Byth KF, Hederer RA, Howlett S, Takemoto Y, Holmes N, Alexander DR. Aberrant TCR-mediated signaling in CD45-null thymocytes involves dysfunctional regulation of Lck, Fyn, TCR-zeta, and ZAP-70. J Immunol 1997; 158:5773-82. [PMID: 9190928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a transmembrane phosphotyrosine phosphatase expressed on all nucleated hemopoietic cells. Targeting of CD45 exon 9 has generated a mouse line completely lacking CD45 expression (CD45-null) in which there are severe abnormalities in T cell development. Defects in TCR-mediated signals underlying these abnormalities have now been investigated using CD45-null T cells. No T cell proliferation was detected in response to a CD3 mAb. In thymocytes the p56(lck) and p59(fyn) tyrosine kinases were hyperphosphorylated, and p56(lck) was in its inactive conformation. Both basal and TCR-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of TCR-zeta and CD3-epsilon were much reduced, and TCR stimulation induced an abnormal p18 phosphoisomer of TCR-zeta previously noted in T cells stimulated by altered peptide ligands. These defects were associated with the failure of ZAP-70 kinase recruitment to the TCR-zeta chain. TCR coupling to the tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins, including HS1 and p120(cbl), was also much reduced. However, TCR-induced signaling was not ablated, and significant inositol phosphate and calcium signals were observed in CD45-null thymocytes. Our molecular analysis suggests that the threshold for TCR signal transduction is greatly increased in CD45-null T cells, thus explaining the profound defects in thymic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Department of Immunology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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40
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Conroy LA, Stone JD, Frearson JA, Byth KF, Howlett S, Holmes N, Alexander DR. Tyrosine phosphatases in T-cell development and signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 1997; 25:445-51. [PMID: 9191133 DOI: 10.1042/bst0250445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Conroy
- Department of Immunology, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, U.K
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Department of Immunology, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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42
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a case of erythromelalgia in an adolescent patient successfully treated with nitroprusside. CASE SUMMARY A 15-year-old girl with erythromelalgia resistant to aspirin therapy received an infusion of nitroprusside. The response of the erythromelalgia to nitroprusside was dramatic, with complete pain resolution within 17 hours after the start of therapy. No relapse of erythromelalgia was seen when nitroprusside was discontinued and the patient remained well after 6 months. DISCUSSION This case adds to existing literature substantiating the benefit of nitroprusside for the treatment of erythromelalgia in pediatric patients. Erythromelalgia in children may represent a different disease entity than that seen in adults, which is commonly responsive to aspirin therapy. The pathogenesis of erythromelalgia is unclear and precludes formulating a proposed mechanism by which nitroprusside has benefit in children. CONCLUSIONS Nitroprusside is valuable for erythromelalgia resistant to aspirin therapy in pediatric patients. Because of unanswered questions regarding the disease, aspirin remains the agent of first choice in all patients with this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Community Medical Center, Missoula, MT, USA
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Ishibashi Y, Rudy TW, Livesay GA, Stone JD, Fu FH, Woo SL. The effect of anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation site at the tibia on knee stability: evaluation using a robotic testing system. Arthroscopy 1997; 13:177-82. [PMID: 9127075 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-8063(97)90152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite its current popularity and relative success, endoscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) using a bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) graft has not yet been perfected. Using a recently developed robotic/UFS testing system, we assessed the overall stability of porcine knees following ACL reconstruction with different sites of tibial graft fixation--proximal, central, and distal. Testing of the intact knee was performed first to determine the normal anterior-posterior (A-P) displacements and in situ forces of the ACL under 110 N of anterior tibial loading of 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees of knee flexion. The knee was then reconstructed with a BPTB autograft, and the distal end of the graft was fixed sequentially at three different locations in each specimen--proximal, central, distal. A-P testing was repeated for each fixation site, and the resulting knee kinematics and the in situ forces of the grafts were compared to the intact case. The site of tibial fixation was demonstrated to have a significant effect on the resulting anterior displacement and internal rotation of the tibia as well as the in situ forces of the graft. Proximal fixation produced the most stable knee (A-P displacements reduced to 120% of intact at 30 degrees and 170% at 90 degrees), becoming significantly less stable with more distal fixation. These results suggest that proximal graft fixation may provide the most acute stability of the reconstructed knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ishibashi
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15213, USA
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Abstract
We used the information on in situ forces provided by robotics to compare two methods of posterior cruciate ligament graft fixation. Twenty porcine knees were studied using robotic technology to determine and repeat intact, deficient, and reconstructed knee motion under 110 N of posterior tibial loading at 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees of knee flexion. Reconstruction was performed using a bone-patellar tendon-bone graft with the distal end of the graft placed in the posterolateral aspect of the posterior cruciate ligament tibial insertion. Specimens were separated into two groups based on the femoral fixation site: the proximal or anterior aspect of the femoral insertion. Repetition of knee motion allowed measurement of the force in the intact posterior cruciate ligament and graft using the principle of superposition. The forces in the graft and the intact ligament provided additional information to evaluate graft performance. Force in the intact posterior cruciate ligament was significantly greater at 90 degrees than at 30 degrees and 60 degrees of knee flexion. The forces in both graft types were significantly lower than those of the posterior cruciate ligament, but the force in the anteriorly placed graft was significantly greater at 90 degrees than at 30 degrees and 60 degrees of knee flexion, similar to the intact posterior cruciate ligament. Thus, the anteriorly placed graft had a more physiologic increase in tension with knee flexion, when the joint provided less restraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Bunting LD, Fernandez JM, Fornea RJ, White TW, Froetschel MA, Stone JD, Ingawa K. Seasonal effects of supplemental fat or undegradable protein on the growth and metabolism of Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 1996; 79:1611-20. [PMID: 8899528 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
One summer (heat stress) and one winter (neutral conditions) trial were conducted to assess the effects of varied amounts of RUP and fat on the growth and metabolic responses of calves. In each trial, 190-kg Holstein calves (n = 45) were fed a basal diet of corn and cottonseed hulls supplemented with soybean meal (control) or supplemented with raw or roasted whole soybeans or the basal ration plus prilled hydrogenated tallow either with or without a mixture of feather meal and blood meal. Prilled tallow was more detrimental to fiber digestion and growth performance than were whole soybeans, especially during summer. During winter, calves fed a high (49%) percentage of the dietary CP as RUP had similar BW gain and efficiency of feed usage as did calves fed a moderate percentage (39%), but, during summer, calves fed the high percentage of RUP had greater BW gain and efficiency than did calves fed moderate percentages of RUP. Ruminal concentrations of VFA were parallel to digestibilities of fiber in the total tract. Ruminal concentrations of ammonia or blood concentrations of urea were not consistent with the concentrations of RDP fed. Concentrations of glucose, NEFA, insulin, and thyroid hormones in the blood were primarily affected by season. Data suggested that a higher percentage and AA quality of RUP improved the growth of calves during summer but not during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Bunting
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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Stone JD, Heise CC, Canfield DR, Elices MJ, Dandekar S. Differences in viral distribution and cell adhesion molecule expression in the intestinal tract of rhesus macaques infected with pathogenic and nonpathogenic SIV. J Med Primatol 1995; 24:132-40. [PMID: 8751052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1995.tb00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated SIV infection and expression of adhesion molecules in the small intestine of rhesus macaques infected with pathogenic SIV (SIVmac) or nonpathogenic clone (SIV1A11). There was a wider dissemination and marked difference in tissue localization of SIVmac relative to SIV1A11. Our results also indicate that viral pathogenicity is associated with increased migration of inflammatory cells expressing VLA-alpha 4, LFA-1 alpha, Mac-1 alpha, ICAM-1, and beta 2 integrin into the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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Abstract
All patients admitted to a rehabilitation unit with closed-head injury over a 3-year period were reviewed for carbamazepine use exceeding 30 days in the hospital. Nine patients met the study inclusion criteria for age and duration of carbamazepine therapy. On review of the dose:serum concentration relationship, significant changes were noted in four patients. An initial increase in the dose:serum concentration ratio during the first few months of therapy was thought to reflect the well-known auto-induction of carbamazepine metabolism. However, unexplainable decreases in the dose:serum concentration occurred in the following months, and suggested alteration of carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in patients with traumatic brain injury. The finding may be important in determining the optimal approach to therapeutic drug monitoring of carbamazepine in brain-injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Rivey
- Community Medical Center Rehabilitation Unit, Missoula, Montana 59801
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Stone JD, Heise CC, Miller CJ, Halsted CH, Dandekar S. Development of malabsorption and nutritional complications in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. AIDS 1994; 8:1245-56. [PMID: 7802976 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199409000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the development and cause of malabsorption in rhesus macaques following experimental simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and to evaluate its impact on nutritional status. DESIGN Clinical malabsorption tests and serial jejunal aspirates and biopsies were obtained from nine SIV-infected and three uninfected animals prior to infection and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 40 and 52 weeks postinoculation. METHODS Malabsorption was measured by sucrose breath hydrogen (H2) analysis and blood assay of D-xylose. Digestive enzyme activity was determined in jejunal mucosal homogenates. Bacterial and protozoal flora were determined in jejunal aspirates. Nutritional assessment was evaluated using specific blood micronutrient values. Cellular targets of SIV in the jejunum were determined by combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Eight out of nine SIV-infected monkeys, including asymptomatic animals, exhibited malabsorption by either increased breath H2 and/or decreased blood D-xylose. All animals that died of AIDS had diarrhea, D-xylose malabsorption and decreased sucrase activity. Significant changes in nutritional status were associated with malabsorption. Bacterial overgrowth was not considered to be a cause of malabsorption. Histopathological biopsy findings included dilated villus lacteals, excessive cellular debris, lymphoplasmocytic infiltrates and cytoplasmic vacuoles in crypt epithelial cells. SIV-infected T cells and macrophages were detected as early as 1 week postinoculation. CONCLUSIONS SIV-associated malabsorption can occur prior to clinical complications of disease. Severe intestinal complications are associated with malabsorption and malnutrition in the terminal stages of AIDS. The high proportion of macaques experiencing malabsorption without detectable pathogens, suggests an enteropathogenic role for SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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Abstract
In conscious, unrestrained rats, the intracerebroventricular injection of the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, or angiotensin II resulted in the transient stimulation of vasopressin secretion, elevation of mean arterial blood pressure, and reduction of heart rate. After the injection of carbachol (25 ng) into a lateral cerebral ventricle, the plasma vasopressin concentration in male rats was increased to twice that of female rats in each phase of the estrous cycle; mean arterial blood pressure was elevated more in males than females, whereas heart rate fell to the same extent in both sexes. In contrast, the increase in the plasma vasopressin concentration of males after the injection of angiotensin II (20 ng) was one-half that of females, and the hypertensive and bradycardic responses were similar in both sexes. Phase of the female estrous cycle had no effect on the responses to either agent. These findings indicate that central cholinergic and angiotensinergic mechanisms controlling vasopressin release are influenced differently by gender. The role of the gonadal steroid hormones in these mechanisms remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163
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Abstract
Hemorrhage-induced changes in the plasma vasopressin concentration and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) were studied in conscious rats of both sexes with and without central alpha 1-adrenoreceptor blockade. Rats were subjected to two sequential hemorrhages (H1 and H2), each 0.8% of body weight after an intracerebroventricular injection of the alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist corynanthine or of vehicle. H1 stimulated vasopressin secretion more in proestrous females than in males; there were no significant sex-related differences in responses to H2. Corynanthine pretreatment attenuated the vasopressin response to H2 in males, potentiated this response in proestrous females, but had no effect in estrous females. MABP decreased after H1 in all female groups and in corynanthine-pretreated males. After H2, all groups were hypotensive to the same extent. These data indicate that central alpha 1-adrenoreceptor-mediated pathways participate in vasopressin and blood pressure responses to hemorrhage, but their role is complex and is dependent on gender and on the phase of the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163
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