1
|
Jasmine S, Mandl A, Krueger TEG, Dalrymple SL, Antony L, Dias J, Celatka CA, Tapper AE, Kleppe M, Kanayama M, Jing Y, Speranzini V, Wang YZ, Luo J, Trock BJ, Denmeade SR, Carducci MA, Mattevi A, Rienhoff HY, Isaacs JT, Nathaniel Brennen W. Characterization of structural, biochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of the LSD1 inhibitor bomedemstat in preclinical models. Prostate 2024. [PMID: 38619005 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is emerging as a critical mediator of tumor progression in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is increasingly recognized as an adaptive mechanism of resistance in mCRPC patients failing androgen receptor axis-targeted therapies. Safe and effective LSD1 inhibitors are necessary to determine antitumor response in prostate cancer models. For this reason, we characterize the LSD1 inhibitor bomedemstat to assess its clinical potential in NEPC as well as other mCRPC pathological subtypes. METHODS Bomedemstat was characterized via crystallization, flavine adenine dinucleotide spectrophotometry, and enzyme kinetics. On-target effects were assessed in relevant prostate cancer cell models by measuring proliferation and H3K4 methylation using western blot analysis. In vivo, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of bomedemstat are also described. RESULTS Structural, biochemical, and PK/PD properties of bomedemstat, an irreversible, orally-bioavailable inhibitor of LSD1 are reported. Our data demonstrate bomedemstat has >2500-fold greater specificity for LSD1 over monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and -B. Bomedemstat also demonstrates activity against several models of advanced CRPC, including NEPC patient-derived xenografts. Significant intra-tumoral accumulation of orally-administered bomedemstat is measured with micromolar levels achieved in vivo (1.2 ± 0.45 µM at the 7.5 mg/kg dose and 3.76 ± 0.43 µM at the 15 mg/kg dose). Daily oral dosing of bomedemstat at 40 mg/kg/day is well-tolerated, with on-target thrombocytopenia observed that is rapidly reversible following treatment cessation. CONCLUSIONS Bomedemstat provides enhanced specificity against LSD1, as revealed by structural and biochemical data. PK/PD data display an overall safety profile with manageable side effects resulting from LSD1 inhibition using bomedemstat in preclinical models. Altogether, our results support clinical testing of bomedemstat in the setting of mCRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumer Jasmine
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adel Mandl
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy E G Krueger
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan L Dalrymple
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Dias
- Imago Biosciences Inc., A Subsidiary of Merck & Co, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cassandra A Celatka
- Imago Biosciences Inc., A Subsidiary of Merck & Co, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy E Tapper
- Imago Biosciences Inc., A Subsidiary of Merck & Co, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maria Kleppe
- Imago Biosciences Inc., A Subsidiary of Merck & Co, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mayuko Kanayama
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuezhou Jing
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Yuzhuo Z Wang
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Vancouver Prostate Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruce J Trock
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A Carducci
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hugh Y Rienhoff
- Imago Biosciences Inc., A Subsidiary of Merck & Co, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mandl A, Jasmine S, Krueger T, Kumar R, Coleman IM, Dalrymple SL, Antony L, Rosen DM, Jing Y, Hanratty B, Patel RA, Jin-Yih L, Dias J, Celatka CA, Tapper AE, Kleppe M, Kanayama M, Speranzini V, Wang YZ, Luo J, Corey E, Sena LA, Casero RA, Lotan T, Trock BJ, Kachhap SK, Denmeade SR, Carducci MA, Mattevi A, Haffner MC, Nelson PS, Rienhoff HY, Isaacs JT, Brennen WN. LSD1 inhibition suppresses ASCL1 and de-represses YAP1 to drive potent activity against neuroendocrine prostate cancer. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.17.576106. [PMID: 38328141 PMCID: PMC10849473 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.576106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1 or KDM1A ) has emerged as a critical mediator of tumor progression in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Among mCRPC subtypes, neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an exceptionally aggressive variant driven by lineage plasticity, an adaptive resistance mechanism to androgen receptor axis-targeted therapies. Our study shows that LSD1 expression is elevated in NEPC and associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. Using genetic approaches, we validated the on-target effects of LSD1 inhibition across various models. We investigated the therapeutic potential of bomedemstat, an orally bioavailable, irreversible LSD1 inhibitor with low nanomolar potency. Our findings demonstrate potent antitumor activity against CRPC models, including tumor regressions in NEPC patient-derived xenografts. Mechanistically, our study uncovers that LSD1 inhibition suppresses the neuronal transcriptional program by downregulating ASCL1 through disrupting LSD1:INSM1 interactions and de-repressing YAP1 silencing. Our data support the clinical development of LSD1 inhibitors for treating CRPC - especially the aggressive NE phenotype. Statement of Significance Neuroendocrine prostate cancer presents a clinical challenge due to the lack of effective treatments. Our research demonstrates that bomedemstat, a potent and selective LSD1 inhibitor, effectively combats neuroendocrine prostate cancer by downregulating the ASCL1- dependent NE transcriptional program and re-expressing YAP1.
Collapse
|
3
|
Labrecque MP, Brown LG, Coleman IM, Nguyen HM, Dalrymple S, Brennen WN, Isaacs JT, Li D, Lakely B, DeLucia DC, Lee JK, Schweizer MT, Lin DW, Corey E, Nelson PS, Morrissey C. Targeting the fibroblast growth factor pathway in molecular subtypes of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2024; 84:100-110. [PMID: 37796107 PMCID: PMC10851871 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibition remains the cornerstone for prostate cancer therapies. However, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) tumors can resist AR signaling inhibitors through AR amplification and AR splice variants in AR-positive CRPC (ARPC), and conversion to AR-null phenotypes, such as double-negative prostate cancer (DNPC) and small cell or neuroendocrine prostate cancer (SCNPC). We have shown previously that DNPC can bypass AR-dependence through fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling. However, the role of the FGFR pathway in other CRPC phenotypes has not been elucidated. METHODS RNA-Seq analysis was conducted on patient metastases, LuCaP patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, and CRPC cell lines. Cell lines (C4-2B, VCaP, and 22Rv1) and ex vivo LuCaP PDX tumor cells were treated with enzalutamide (ENZA) and FGFR inhibitors (FGFRi) alone or in combination and sensitivity was determined using cell viability assays. In vivo efficacy of FGFRi in ARPC, DNPC, and SCNPC were evaluated using PDX models. RESULTS RNA-Seq analysis of FGFR signaling in metastatic specimens, LuCaP PDX models, and CRPC cell lines revealed significant FGF pathway activation in AR-low PC (ARLPC), DNPC, and SCNPC tumors. In vitro/ex vivo analysis of erdafitinib and CH5183284 demonstrated robust and moderate growth suppression of ARPC, respectively. In vivo studies using four ARPC PDX models showed that combination ENZA and CH5183284 significantly suppressed tumor growth. Additional in vivo studies using four ARPC PDX models revealed that erdafitinib monotherapy was as effective as ENZA in suppressing tumor growth, and there was limited combination benefit. Furthermore, two of three DNPC models and two of four SCNPC models responded to CH5183284 monotherapy, suggesting FGFRi responses were model dependent. RNA-Seq and gene set enrichment analysis of end-of-study ARPC tumors treated with FGFRi displayed decreased expression of E2F and MYC target genes and suppressed G2M checkpoint genes, whereas end-of-study SCNPC tumors had heterogeneous transcriptional responses. CONCLUSIONS Although FGFRi treatments suppressed tumor growth across CRPC phenotypes, our analyses did not identify a single pathway or biomarker that would identify tumor response to FGFRi. This is very likely due to the array of FGFR1-4 expression and tumor phenotypes present in CRPC. Nevertheless, our data nominate the FGFR pathway as a clinically actionable target that promotes tumor growth in diverse phenotypes of treatment-refractory metastatic CRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Labrecque
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisha G. Brown
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ilsa M. Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Holly M. Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Susan Dalrymple
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - W. Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - John T. Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Dapei Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bryce Lakely
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Diana C. DeLucia
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John K. Lee
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Schweizer
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Lin
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Isaacs JT, Dalrymple SL, Antony L, Rosen DM, Coleman IM, Nelson PS, Kostova M, Murray IA, Perdew GH, Denmeade SR, Akinboye ES, Brennen WN. Third generation quinoline-3-carboxamide transcriptional disrupter of HDAC4, HIF-1α, and MEF-2 signaling for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2023; 83:1470-1493. [PMID: 37559436 PMCID: PMC10559933 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quinoline-3-carboxamide, Tasquinimod (TasQ), is orally active as a maintenance therapy with an on-target mechanism-of-action via allosteric binding to HDAC4. This prevents formation of the HDAC4/NCoR1/HDAC3 complex, disrupting HIF-1α transcriptional activation and repressing MEF-2 target genes needed for adaptive survival signaling in the compromised tumor micro environment. In phase 3 clinical testing against metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer(mCRPC), TasQ (1 mg/day) increased time-to-progression, but not overall survival. METHODS TasQ analogs were chemically synthesized and tested for activity compared to the parental compound. These included HDAC4 enzymatic assays, qRT-PCR and western blot analyses of gene and protein expression following treatment, in vitro and in vivo efficacy against multiple prostate cancer models including PDXs, pharmacokinetic analyses,AHR binding and agonist assays, SPR analyses of binding to HDAC4 and NCoR1, RNAseq analysis of in vivo tumors, 3D endothelial sprouting assays, and a targeted kinase screen. Genetic knockout or knockdown controls were used when appropriate. RESULTS Here, we document that, on this regimen (1 mg/day), TasQ blood levels are 10-fold lower than the optimal concentration (≥2 μM) needed for anticancer activity, suggesting higher daily doses are needed. Unfortunately, we also demonstrate that TasQ is an arylhydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist, which binds with an EC50 of 1 μM to produce unwanted off-target side effects. Therefore, we screened a library of TasQ analogsto maximize on-target versus off-target activity. Using this approach, we identified ESATA-20, which has ~10-fold lower AHR agonism and 5-fold greater potency against prostate cancer patient-derived xenografts. CONCLUSION This increased therapeuticindex nominates ESATA-20 as a lead candidate forclinical development as an orally active third generation quinoline-3-carboxamide analog thatretains its on-target ability to disrupt HDAC4/HIF-1α/MEF-2-dependent adaptive survival signaling in the compromisedtumor microenvironment found in mCRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T. Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan L. Dalrymple
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - D. Marc Rosen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ilsa M. Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maya Kostova
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Iain A. Murray
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Gary H. Perdew
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Samuel R. Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emmanuel S. Akinboye
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W. Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Isaacs JT. Consequence of evolutionary loss of seasonal breeding by humans for prostate cancer chemoprevention. Am J Clin Exp Urol 2023; 11:194-205. [PMID: 37441442 PMCID: PMC10333130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian evolution, circulating levels of gonadotropins [i.e., luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)] acquired regulation by environmental (e.g., light, temperature, water, food, predators, etc.), and social (e.g., sound, sight, aggression, crowding, etc.) inputs that determine the level of testosterone production and secretion by the testis and systemic levels in the blood. This regulation became coordinated by interaction between the retinohypothalamic-pineal and the hypothalamic-pituitary neural axes, which resulted in androgen levels and its ligand-dependent transducing receptor being the master downstream determinant of male reproduction. A major factor in this selection of androgen levels relates to the unique danger of mammalian reproduction for survival of the individual. During mammalian evolution, breeding needed for survival of the species became episodically (i.e., seasonally) timed by androgen levels. Seasonal breeding has great reproductive advantage in restricting energy requirements for reproduction and limiting dangers associated with procreation (i.e., survival of the species) at the expense of suppression of the flight instinct (i.e., survival of the individual) to the minimal time frame of the breeding season. Human males evolved away from strict seasonal breeding by chronically maintaining androgen levels, enabling human males to reproduce year-round and worldwide, rather than "locking" them into specific indigenous breeding ranges, like other mammals. The price for the reproductive "freedom" that arises from the loss of seasonal breeding is an increased probability of developing prostate cancer as a result of chronically maintaining a hyperplastic state in the prostate. In human males, this results in the loss of episodic pruning of genetically-mutated prostate cancer precursors that normally occurs during seasonal breeding. Instead, the continuous androgen-dependent stimulation of the growth of such precursors occurs during prostate carcinogenesis. This review provides the rationale for the development of a therapeutic approach using PSA-activated prodrugs to selectively deplete prostate-specific AR protein for chemoprevention of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lawrence MG, Taylor RA, Cuffe GB, Ang LS, Clark AK, Goode DL, Porter LH, Le Magnen C, Navone NM, Schalken JA, Wang Y, van Weerden WM, Corey E, Isaacs JT, Nelson PS, Risbridger GP. The future of patient-derived xenografts in prostate cancer research. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:371-384. [PMID: 36650259 PMCID: PMC10789487 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are generated by engrafting human tumours into mice. Serially transplantable PDXs are used to study tumour biology and test therapeutics, linking the laboratory to the clinic. Although few prostate cancer PDXs are available in large repositories, over 330 prostate cancer PDXs have been established, spanning broad clinical stages, genotypes and phenotypes. Nevertheless, more PDXs are needed to reflect patient diversity, and to study new treatments and emerging mechanisms of resistance. We can maximize the use of PDXs by exchanging models and datasets, and by depositing PDXs into biorepositories, but we must address the impediments to accessing PDXs, such as institutional, ethical and legal agreements. Through collaboration, researchers will gain greater access to PDXs representing diverse features of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G Lawrence
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Urological Research Alliance, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Melbourne Urological Research Alliance, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgia B Cuffe
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa S Ang
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ashlee K Clark
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - David L Goode
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura H Porter
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clémentine Le Magnen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nora M Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jack A Schalken
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Urological Research Alliance, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alexandre CG, Hicks J, Jones T, Isaacs JT, Bowers K, Skist A, Sena L, Meyers J, Antonarakis E, Sanin D, Qi H, Denmeade S, Markowski M, Yegnasubramanian S, De Marzo A. Abstract 4345: Molecular pathology studies reveal PD1+ CD8 T cell density correlates with response to supraphysiological testosterone treatment in pre-treatment biopsies and MYC mRNA and protein correlate with response after treatment. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
While most patients with metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma respond initially, nearly all develop resistance to multiple lines of androgen deprivation therapies. This is related to overexpression of the androgen receptor (AR), which is frequently driven by AR amplification. In some patients, increased AR renders tumor cells sensitive to high dose androgens which paradoxically inhibits their growth. Bipolar Androgen Therapy (BAT) was introduced in which patients with castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are treated intermittently with high dose testosterone. This produces biochemical and objective responses, and may re-sensitize prostate cancer to subsequent second generation AR inhibitors. This study utilizes samples from a recently performed clinical trial for patients with CRPC that included sequential biopsies of soft tissue metastases before BAT and after 3 cycles of BAT and before patients were treated with nivolumab.Tumor cells were present in FFPE blocks for both the pretreatment and C4D1 time points for 24 of the patients. These FFPE samples were stained using a recently validated iterative multiplex IHC assay containing 6 antibodies including: CD3 (T cells), CD4 (Helper T Cells), CD8 (Cytotoxic T Cells), PD1 (T Cell Checkpoint), FOXP3 (T-Reg cells), and Keratin 8 (epithelial cell marker). Biopsy slides were scanned after each round of staining and whole slide scans were imported into the HALO image analysis where they underwent color deconvolution, image registration and fusion. Regions of tumor were demarcated manually, and computerized automated image analysis was used to determine cell densities for 8 cell phenotypes (total CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD3+CD4+Foxp3+, CD3+CD4+PD1+, CD3+CD8+PD1+, CD3+CD4+PD1-, CD3+CD8+PD1-). There was a higher density of CD3+CD8+PD1+ cells in the pretreatment biopsies of men who responded (R) (to BAT) as compared with those who did not respond (NR)(p=0.015 Wilcoxon rank-sum test; mean 92.7 [R] vs 13.9 [NR]). The difference in R vs. NR was less and not significant in the CD3+CD8+PD1- population. There was a trend towards a higher density of CD3+CD4+PD1+ cells in the pretreatment samples in responders, but less so in the CD3+CD4+PD1- population. In the C4D1 biopsies, only CD3+ total cells were significantly higher in the R vs. NR (P=0.02), but the other phenotypes were not. We conclude that increased density of CD3+C8+PD1+, but not CD3+CD8+PD1- cells was present in pre-treatment biopsies in responders as compared with non-responders to BAT. These results indicate that men who are likely to respond to high dose testosterone treatment harbor tumors that are immunologically distinct prior to treatment than those men unlikely to respond. Additional spatial analysis and comparisons with RNAseq data will be presented.
Citation Format: Carolina Gomes Alexandre, Jessica Hicks, Tracy Jones, John T Isaacs, Kiara Bowers, Alyza Skist, Laura Sena, Jennifer Meyers, Emmanuel Antonarakis, David Sanin, Hanfei Qi, Samuel Denmeade, Mark Markowski, Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, Angelo De Marzo. Molecular pathology studies reveal PD1+ CD8 T cell density correlates with response to supraphysiological testosterone treatment in pre-treatment biopsies and MYC mRNA and protein correlate with response after treatment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4345.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Hicks
- 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tracy Jones
- 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - John T Isaacs
- 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kiara Bowers
- 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alyza Skist
- 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura Sena
- 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - David Sanin
- 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hanfei Qi
- 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Mark Markowski
- 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Patterson JC, Varkaris A, Croucher PJP, Ridinger M, Dalrymple S, Nouri M, Xie F, Varmeh S, Jonas O, Whitman MA, Chen S, Rashed S, Makusha L, Luo J, Isaacs JT, Erlander MG, Einstein DJ, Balk SP, Yaffe MB. Plk1 Inhibitors and Abiraterone Synergistically Disrupt Mitosis and Kill Cancer Cells of Disparate Origin Independently of Androgen Receptor Signaling. Cancer Res 2023; 83:219-238. [PMID: 36413141 PMCID: PMC9852064 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abiraterone is a standard treatment for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) that slows disease progression by abrogating androgen synthesis and antagonizing the androgen receptor (AR). Here we report that inhibitors of the mitotic regulator polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1), including the clinically active third-generation Plk1 inhibitor onvansertib, synergizes with abiraterone in vitro and in vivo to kill a subset of cancer cells from a wide variety of tumor types in an androgen-independent manner. Gene-expression analysis identified an AR-independent synergy-specific gene set signature upregulated upon abiraterone treatment that is dominated by pathways related to mitosis and the mitotic spindle. Abiraterone treatment alone caused defects in mitotic spindle orientation, failure of complete chromosome condensation, and improper cell division independently of its effects on AR signaling. These effects, although mild following abiraterone monotherapy, resulted in profound sensitization to the antimitotic effects of Plk1 inhibition, leading to spindle assembly checkpoint-dependent mitotic cancer cell death and entosis. In a murine patient-derived xenograft model of abiraterone-resistant metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), combined onvansertib and abiraterone resulted in enhanced mitotic arrest and dramatic inhibition of tumor cell growth compared with either agent alone. Overall, this work establishes a mechanistic basis for the phase II clinical trial (NCT03414034) testing combined onvansertib and abiraterone in mCRPC patients and indicates this combination may have broad utility for cancer treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Abiraterone treatment induces mitotic defects that sensitize cancer cells to Plk1 inhibition, revealing an AR-independent mechanism for this synergistic combination that is applicable to a variety of cancer types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse C. Patterson
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Departments of Biology and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andreas Varkaris
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Susan Dalrymple
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mannan Nouri
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fang Xie
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shohreh Varmeh
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Departments of Biology and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Oliver Jonas
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew A. Whitman
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Departments of Biology and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sen Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Saleh Rashed
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Departments of Biology and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lovemore Makusha
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Departments of Biology and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - John T. Isaacs
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - David J. Einstein
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Steven P. Balk
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael B. Yaffe
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Departments of Biology and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sena LA, Kumar R, Sanin DE, Thompson EA, Rosen DM, Dalrymple SL, Antony L, Yang Y, Gomes-Alexandre C, Hicks JL, Jones T, Bowers KA, Eskra JN, Meyers J, Gupta A, Skaist A, Yegnasubramanian S, Luo J, Brennen WN, Kachhap SK, Antonarakis ES, De Marzo AM, Isaacs JT, Markowski MC, Denmeade SR. Androgen receptor activity in prostate cancer dictates efficacy of bipolar androgen therapy through MYC. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e162396. [PMID: 36194476 PMCID: PMC9711876 DOI: 10.1172/jci162396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone is the canonical growth factor of prostate cancer but can paradoxically suppress its growth when present at supraphysiological levels. We have previously demonstrated that the cyclical administration of supraphysiological androgen (SPA), termed bipolar androgen therapy (BAT), can result in tumor regression and clinical benefit for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, predictors and mechanisms of response and resistance have been ill defined. Here, we show that growth inhibition of prostate cancer models by SPA required high androgen receptor (AR) activity and were driven in part by downregulation of MYC. Using matched sequential patient biopsies, we show that high pretreatment AR activity predicted downregulation of MYC, improved clinical response, and prolonged progression-free and overall survival for patients on BAT. BAT induced strong downregulation of AR in all patients, which is shown to be a primary mechanism of acquired resistance to SPA. Acquired resistance was overcome by alternating SPA with the AR inhibitor enzalutamide, which induced adaptive upregulation of AR and resensitized prostate cancer to SPA. This work identifies high AR activity as a predictive biomarker of response to BAT and supports a treatment paradigm for prostate cancer involving alternating between AR inhibition and activation.
Collapse
|
10
|
Alexandre CG, Jones T, Hicks JL, Isaacs JT, Gupta A, Skaist A, Sena L, Meyers J, Antonarakis E, Markowski M, Denmeade S, Yegnasubramanian S, De Marzo AM. Abstract 653: Molecular pathology of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma treated with bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) reveals a correlation between MYC mRNA and protein. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Molecular analysis of tissue samples from metastatic cancer lesions can improve our understanding of drug response and resistance. Since prostate cancer cells initially require androgen signaling through the androgen receptor (AR) for proliferation, the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer involves surgical or chemical castration. While most patients respond initially, nearly all develop acquired resistance to combined androgen blockade using both first and second line agents. This resistance is often related to overexpression of AR, which is frequently driven by AR gene amplification. In some patients, this increased AR appears to render tumor cells sensitive to high dose androgens in a manner that paradoxically inhibits their growth. Bipolar Androgen Therapy (BAT) was introduced several years ago at our institution in which patients with castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are treated intermittently with high dose testosterone. Prior clinical trials have shown that BAT can produce biochemical and objective responses, and may re-sensitize prostate cancer to subsequent second generation AR inhibitors. To define the mechanism(s) by which BAT results in tumor regression, we performed a clinical trial (NCT03554317) for patients with CRPC that included biopsies of soft tissue metastases before BAT and after 3 cycles of BAT (C4D1). Up to four tissue cores were taken per biopsy with two cores for formalin fixation and paraffin embedding (FFPE) and the others snap frozen. Histologically viable tumor cells were present for both the pretreatment and C4D1 time points for 24 of the 42 enrolled patients. The FFPE samples were stained for H&E and by IHC for AR, MYC and Ki67. MYC and Ki67 IHC stained slides were subjected to quantitative image analysis using HALO software (Indica Labs). Adequate frozen tumor tissue was available for laser capture microdissection and adequate amounts of RNA were obtained from 15 patients with paired pretreatment and C4D1 biopsies. RNAseq libraries were prepared using the NuGEN Ovation RNA-Seq System V2 and barcoded libraries were sequenced to an average depth of > 100 million reads per sample on an Illumina NovaSeq. Gene expression values were obtained with RSEM using Star aligner with GRCh38 (human). When comparing the C4D1 samples to the pretreatment samples, there were marked decreases in tumor MYC protein levels in approximately half of the treated patients, which was associated with decreased Ki67, decreased tumor volume, and prolonged progression-free survival on BAT. Using an image analysis computed H-SCORE for MYC, there was a strong correlation between MYC protein levels and MYC mRNA using RNAseq (r=0.81, p = 2.3 x 10-7). This indicates that MYC protein levels correlate with MYC mRNA and that reductions of MYC protein by BAT are likely related to reductions of MYC mRNA in clinical metastatic tissue samples.
Citation Format: Carolina Gomes Alexandre, Tracy Jones, Jessica L. Hicks, John T. Isaacs, Anuj Gupta, Alyza Skaist, Laura Sena, Jennifer Meyers, Emmanuel Antonarakis, Mark Markowski, Samuel Denmeade, Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, Angelo Michael De Marzo. Molecular pathology of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma treated with bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) reveals a correlation between MYC mRNA and protein [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 653.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy Jones
- 1The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - John T. Isaacs
- 1The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Anuj Gupta
- 1The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alyza Skaist
- 1The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura Sena
- 1The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer Meyers
- 1The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Mark Markowski
- 1The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Samuel Denmeade
- 1The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sena LA, Brennen WN, Isaacs JT. There are gremlins in prostate cancer. Nat Cancer 2022; 3:530-531. [PMID: 35624340 PMCID: PMC9202482 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The lethality of prostate cancer (PCa) is driven by its progression to a castration-resistant state. A new study identifies Gremlin 1 (GREM1) as an agonist of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) that drives such progression when androgen receptor (AR) signaling is low. This nominates GREM1 as a novel target for metastatic castration-resistant PCa with low AR activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Sena
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kumar R, Mendonca J, Owoyemi O, Boyapati K, Thomas N, Kanacharoen S, Coffey M, Topiwala D, Gomes C, Ozbek B, Jones T, Rosen M, Dong L, Wiens S, Brennen WN, Isaacs JT, De Marzo AM, Markowski MC, Antonarakis ES, Qian DZ, Pienta KJ, Pardoll DM, Carducci MA, Denmeade SR, Kachhap SK. Supraphysiologic Testosterone Induces Ferroptosis and Activates Immune Pathways through Nucleophagy in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5948-5962. [PMID: 34645612 PMCID: PMC8639619 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that androgens play an important role in the progression of prostate cancer led to the development of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as a first line of treatment. However, paradoxical growth inhibition has been observed in a subset of prostate cancer upon administration of supraphysiologic levels of testosterone (SupraT), both experimentally and clinically. Here we report that SupraT activates cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensors and induces growth inhibition of SupraT-sensitive prostate cancer cells. This was initiated by the induction of two parallel autophagy-mediated processes, namely, ferritinophagy and nucleophagy. Consequently, autophagosomal DNA activated nucleic acid sensors converge on NFκB to drive immune signaling pathways. Chemokines and cytokines secreted by the tumor cells in response to SupraT resulted in increased migration of cytotoxic immune cells to tumor beds in xenograft models and patient tumors. Collectively, these findings indicate that SupraT may inhibit a subset of prostate cancer by activating nucleic acid sensors and downstream immune signaling. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that supraphysiologic testosterone induces two parallel autophagy-mediated processes, ferritinophagy and nucleophagy, which then activate nucleic acid sensors to drive immune signaling pathways in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Kumar
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Janet Mendonca
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Olutosin Owoyemi
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kavya Boyapati
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Naiju Thomas
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Suthicha Kanacharoen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Max Coffey
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Deven Topiwala
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carolina Gomes
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Busra Ozbek
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tracy Jones
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marc Rosen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Liang Dong
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sadie Wiens
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Portland, Oregon
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T Isaacs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark C Markowski
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Z Qian
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael A Carducci
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sushant K Kachhap
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu Y, Dalrymple SL, Coleman I, Zheng SL, Xu J, Hooper JE, Antonarakis ES, De Marzo AM, Meeker AK, Nelson PS, Isaacs WB, Denmeade SR, Luo J, Brennen WN, Isaacs JT. Correction: Role of androgen receptor splice variant-7 (AR-V7) in prostate cancer resistance to 2nd-generation androgen receptor signaling inhibitors. Oncogene 2021; 40:3914-3916. [PMID: 33958727 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yezi Zhu
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Susan L Dalrymple
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jody E Hooper
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Department of Medicine and Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brennen WN, Zhu Y, Coleman IM, Dalrymple SL, Antony L, Patel RA, Hanratty B, Chikarmane R, Meeker AK, Zheng SL, Hooper JE, Luo J, De Marzo AM, Corey E, Xu J, Yegnasubramanian S, Haffner MC, Nelson PS, Nelson WG, Isaacs WB, Isaacs JT. Resistance to androgen receptor signaling inhibition does not necessitate development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. JCI Insight 2021; 6:146827. [PMID: 33724955 PMCID: PMC8119192 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to AR signaling inhibitors (ARSis) in a subset of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers (mCRPCs) occurs with the emergence of AR– neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) coupled with mutations/deletions in PTEN, TP53, and RB1 and the overexpression of DNMTs, EZH2, and/or SOX2. To resolve whether the lack of AR is the driving factor for the emergence of the NE phenotype, molecular, cell, and tumor biology analyses were performed on 23 xenografts derived from patients with PC, recapitulating the full spectrum of genetic alterations proposed to drive NE differentiation. Additionally, phenotypic response to CRISPR/Cas9-mediated AR KO in AR+ CRPC cells was evaluated. These analyses document that (a) ARSi-resistant NEPC developed without androgen deprivation treatment; (b) ARS in ARSi-resistant AR+/NE+ double-positive “amphicrine” mCRPCs did not suppress NE differentiation; (c) the lack of AR expression did not necessitate acquiring a NE phenotype, despite concomitant mutations/deletions in PTEN and TP53, and the loss of RB1 but occurred via emergence of an AR–/NE– double-negative PC (DNPC); (d) despite DNPC cells having homogeneous genetic driver mutations, they were phenotypically heterogeneous, expressing basal lineage markers alone or in combination with luminal lineage markers; and (e) AR loss was associated with AR promoter hypermethylation in NEPCs but not in DNPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yezi Zhu
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ilsa M Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan L Dalrymple
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Radhika A Patel
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian Hanratty
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Roshan Chikarmane
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jody E Hooper
- Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Urology and
| | - William G Nelson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhu Y, Dalrymple SL, Coleman I, Zheng SL, Xu J, Hooper JE, Antonarakis ES, De Marzo AM, Meeker AK, Nelson PS, Isaacs WB, Denmeade SR, Luo J, Brennen WN, Isaacs JT. Correction to: Role of androgen receptor splice variant-7 (AR-V7) in prostate cancer resistance to 2nd-generation androgen receptor signaling inhibitors. Oncogene 2021; 40:2148. [PMID: 33564077 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yezi Zhu
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Susan L Dalrymple
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jody E Hooper
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Department of Medicine and Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sena LA, Wang H, Lim ScM SJ, Rifkind I, Ngomba N, Isaacs JT, Luo J, Pratz C, Sinibaldi V, Carducci MA, Paller CJ, Eisenberger MA, Markowski MC, Antonarakis ES, Denmeade SR. Bipolar androgen therapy sensitizes castration-resistant prostate cancer to subsequent androgen receptor ablative therapy. Eur J Cancer 2021; 144:302-309. [PMID: 33383350 PMCID: PMC9844588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclical, high-dose testosterone administration, termed bipolar androgen therapy (BAT), can induce clinical responses and restore sensitivity to androgen signalling inhibition in patients with previously treated castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) (CRPC). This trial evaluated whether BAT is a safe and effective first-line hormonal therapy for patients with CRPC. PATIENTS AND METHODS In cohort C of this single-centre, open-label, phase II, multi-cohort trial (RE-sensitizing with Supraphysiologic Testosterone to Overcome REsistance study), 29 patients with CRPC received first-line hormonal therapy with 400 mg of testosterone cypionate intramuscularly every 28 days concurrent with a luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist/antagonist. The primary end-point of the study was the PSA50 response rate to BAT treatment. RESULTS After treatment with BAT, four of 29 patients (14%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4-32%) experienced a PSA50 response. The median radiographic progression-free survival to BAT was 8.5 months (95% CI: 6.9-15.1) for patients with metastatic CRPC. After progression on BAT, 17 of 18 patients (94%; 95% CI: 73-100%) achieved a PSA50 response and 15 of 18 patients (83%; 95% CI: 59-96) achieved a PSA90 response on abiraterone or enzalutamide. Twelve of 15 patients (80%; 95% CI: 52-96) with metastatic CRPC remain on abiraterone or enzalutamide with a median duration of follow-up of 11.2 months. CONCLUSION As first-line hormonal treatment for CRPC, BAT was well tolerated and resulted in prolonged disease stabilisation. After progression on BAT, patients had favourable responses to second-generation androgen receptor-targeted therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02090114.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Sena
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Su J Lim ScM
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irina Rifkind
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nduku Ngomba
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline Pratz
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Victoria Sinibaldi
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael A Carducci
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Channing J Paller
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mario A Eisenberger
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark C Markowski
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Christensen SB, Simonsen HT, Engedal N, Nissen P, Møller JV, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT. From Plant to Patient: Thapsigargin, a Tool for Understanding Natural Product Chemistry, Total Syntheses, Biosynthesis, Taxonomy, ATPases, Cell Death, and Drug Development. Prog Chem Org Nat Prod 2021; 115:59-114. [PMID: 33797641 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64853-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thapsigargin, the first representative of the hexaoxygenated guaianolides, was isolated 40 years ago in order to understand the skin-irritant principles of the resin of the umbelliferous plant Thapsia garganica. The pronounced cytotoxicity of thapsigargin is caused by highly selective inhibition of the intracellular sarco-endoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) situated on the membrane of the endo- or sarcoplasmic reticulum. Thapsigargin is selective to the SERCA pump and to a minor extent the secretory pathway Ca2+/Mn2+ ATPase (SPCA) pump. Thapsigargin has become a tool for investigation of the importance of SERCA in intracellular calcium homeostasis. In addition, complex formation of thapsigargin with SERCA has enabled crystallization and structure determination of calcium-free states by X-ray crystallography. These results led to descriptions of the mechanism of action and kinetic properties of SERCA and other ATPases. Inhibition of SERCA depletes Ca2+ from the sarco- and endoplasmic reticulum provoking the unfolded protein response, and thereby has enabled new studies on the mechanism of cell death. Development of protocols for selective transformation of thapsigargin disclosed the chemistry and facilitated total synthesis of the molecule. Conversion of trilobolide into thapsigargin offered an economically feasible sustainable source of thapsigargin, which enables a future drug production. Principles for prodrug development were used by conjugating a payload derived from thapsigargin with a hydrophilic peptide selectively cleaved by proteases in the tumor. Mipsagargin was developed in order to obtain a drug for treatment of cancer diseases characterized by the presence of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in the neovascular tissue of the tumors. Even though mipsagargin showed interesting clinical effects the results did not encourage funding and consequently the attempt to register the drug has been abandoned. In spite of this disappointing fact, the research performed to develop the drug has resulted in important scientific discoveries concerning the chemistry, biosynthesis and biochemistry of sesquiterpene lactones, the mechanism of action of ATPases including SERCA, mechanisms for cell death caused by the unfolded protein response, and the use of prodrugs for cancer-targeting cytotoxins. The presence of toxins in only some species belonging to Thapsia also led to a major revision of the taxonomy of the genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Brøgger Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Bld 223, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolai Engedal
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Poul Nissen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Vuust Møller
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, Bld 1182, Room 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Maryland, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, The Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Maryland, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, The Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brennen WN, J Thorek DL, Jiang W, Krueger TE, Antony L, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT. Overcoming stromal barriers to immuno-oncological responses via fibroblast activation protein-targeted therapy. Immunotherapy 2020; 13:155-175. [PMID: 33148078 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment contributes to disease progression through multiple mechanisms, including immune suppression mediated in part by fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-expressing cells. Herein, a review of FAP biology is presented, supplemented with primary data. This includes FAP expression in prostate cancer and activation of latent reservoirs of TGF-β and VEGF to produce a positive feedback loop. This collectively suggests a normal wound repair process subverted during cancer pathophysiology. There has been immense interest in targeting FAP for diagnostic, monitoring and therapeutic purposes. Until recently, this development has outpaced an understanding of the biology; impeding optimal translation into the clinic. A summary of these applications is provided with an emphasis on eliminating tumor-infiltrating FAP-positive cells to overcome stromal barriers to immuno-oncological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63310, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63310, USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Timothy E Krueger
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rogers OC, Antony L, Levy O, Joshi N, Simons BW, Dalrymple SL, Rosen DM, Pickering A, Lan H, Kuang H, Ranganath SH, Zheng L, Karp JM, Howard SP, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT, Brennen WN. Microparticle Encapsulation of a Prostate-targeted Biologic for the Treatment of Liver Metastases in a Preclinical Model of Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2353-2362. [PMID: 32943549 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRX302 is a highly potent, mutant bacterial pore-forming biologic protoxin engineered for selective activation by PSA, a serine protease expressed by benign and malignant prostate epithelial cells. Although being developed as a local therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia and localized prostate cancer, PRX302 cannot be administered systemically as a treatment for metastatic disease due to binding to ubiquitously expressed glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins, which leads to poor accumulation within the tumor microenvironment. To overcome this limitation, poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microparticles encapsulating the protoxin were developed, which are known to accumulate in the liver, a major site of metastasis for prostate cancer and other solid tumors. A highly sensitive and reproducible sandwich ELISA to quantify PRX302 released from microparticles was developed. Utilizing this assay, PRX302 release from different microparticle formulations was assessed over multiple days. Hemolysis assays documented PSA-dependent pore formation and lytic potential (i.e., function) of the released protoxin. MTT assays demonstrated that conditioned supernatant from PRX302-loaded, but not blank (i.e., unloaded), PLGA microparticles was highly cytotoxic to PC3 and DU145 human prostate cancer cells in the presence of exogenous PSA. Microparticle encapsulation prevented PRX302 from immediately interacting with GPI-anchored proteins as demonstrated in a competition assay, which resulted in an increased therapeutic index and significant antitumor efficacy following a single dose of PRX302-loaded microparticles in a preclinical model of prostate cancer liver metastasis with no obvious toxicity. These results document that PRX302 released from PLGA microparticles demonstrate in vivo antitumor efficacy in a clinically relevant preclinical model of metastatic prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Rogers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Oren Levy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nitin Joshi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Brian W Simons
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan L Dalrymple
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - D Marc Rosen
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew Pickering
- Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Haoyue Lan
- Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Heidi Kuang
- Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sudhir H Ranganath
- Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Bio-INvENT Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Center for Nanomedicine and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - S Peter Howard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Isaacs JT, Brennen WN, Denmeade SR. Serial bipolar androgen therapy (sBAT) using cyclic supraphysiologic testosterone (STP) to treat metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Ann Transl Med 2019; 7:S311. [PMID: 32016030 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.10.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins and The Brady Urologic Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins and The Brady Urologic Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins and The Brady Urologic Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The prostate is the only organ in a man that continues to grow with age. John McNeal proposed, 40 years ago, that this BPH is characterized by an age-related reinitiation of benign neoplastic growth selectively in developmentally abortive distal ducts within the prostate transition-periurethral zone (TPZ), owing to a reawakening of inductive stroma selectively within these zones. An innovative variant of this hypothesis is that, owing to its location, the TPZ is continuously exposed to urinary components and/or autoantigens, which produces an inflammatory TPZ microenvironment that promotes recruitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and generates a paracrine-inductive stroma that reinitiates benign neoplastic nodular growth. In support of this hypothesis, MSCs infiltrate human BPH tissue and have the ability to stimulate epithelial stem cell growth. These results provide a framework for defining both the aetiology of BPH in ageing men and insights into new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Porter LH, Lawrence MG, Wang H, Clark AK, Bakshi A, Obinata D, Goode D, Papargiris M, Clouston D, Ryan A, Norden S, Corey E, Nelson PS, Isaacs JT, Grummet J, Kourambas J, Sandhu S, Murphy DG, Pook D, Frydenberg M, Taylor RA, Risbridger GP. Establishing a cryopreservation protocol for patient-derived xenografts of prostate cancer. Prostate 2019; 79:1326-1337. [PMID: 31212368 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serially transplantable patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are invaluable preclinical models for studying tumor biology and evaluating therapeutic agents. As these models are challenging to establish from prostate cancer specimens, the ability to preserve them through cryopreservation has several advantages for ongoing research. Despite this, there is still uncertainty about the ability to cryopreserve PDXs of prostate cancer. This study compared three different cryopreservation protocols to identify a method that can be used to reproducibly cryopreserve a diverse cohort of prostate cancer PDX models. METHODS One serially transplantable prostate cancer PDX from the Melbourne Urological Research Alliance cohort was used to compare three cryopreservation protocols: slow freezing in fetal calf serum (FCS) with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), FCS with 10% DMSO supplemented with the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 and vitrification. The efficiency of the slow freezing protocols was then assessed in 17 additional prostate cancer PDXs. Following cryopreservation, PDXs were re-established in host mice that were either intact and supplemented with testosterone or castrated. Graft take rate, tumor growth, histological features, and transcriptome profiles before and after cryopreservation were compared. RESULTS Slow freezing maintained the viability and histological features of prostate cancer PDXs, and the addition of a ROCK inhibitor increased their growth following cryopreservation. Using the slow freezing method, we re-established 100% of PDXs grown in either testosterone-supplemented or castrated host mice. Importantly, the long-term tumor growth rate and transcriptome profile were maintained following cryopreservation. CONCLUSION This study has identified a protocol to reliably cryopreserve and re-establish a diverse cohort of serially transplantable PDXs of prostate cancer. This study has the potential to significantly improve the practicality of maintaining PDX models. Cryopreservation may also increase the accessibility of these important resources and provide new opportunities for preclinical studies on a broader spectrum of prostate tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Porter
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mitchell G Lawrence
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashlee K Clark
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daisuke Obinata
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Goode
- Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Papargiris
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Bioresource, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria Node, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Ryan
- TissuPath, Mount Waverley, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sam Norden
- TissuPath, Mount Waverley, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeremy Grummet
- Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Kourambas
- Department of Medicine, Monash Health, Casey Hospital, Berwick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Tissue Collection After Death (CASCADE) Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Pook
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Urology Associates, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hughes RM, Simons BW, Khan H, Miller R, Kugler V, Torquato S, Theodros D, Haffner MC, Lotan T, Huang J, Davicioni E, An SS, Riddle RC, Thorek DLJ, Garraway IP, Fertig EJ, Isaacs JT, Brennen WN, Park BH, Hurley PJ. Asporin Restricts Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Differentiation, Alters the Tumor Microenvironment, and Drives Metastatic Progression. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3636-3650. [PMID: 31123087 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor progression to metastasis is not cancer cell autonomous, but rather involves the interplay of multiple cell types within the tumor microenvironment. Here we identify asporin (ASPN) as a novel, secreted mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) factor in the tumor microenvironment that regulates metastatic development. MSCs expressed high levels of ASPN, which decreased following lineage differentiation. ASPN loss impaired MSC self-renewal and promoted terminal cell differentiation. Mechanistically, secreted ASPN bound to BMP-4 and restricted BMP-4-induced MSC differentiation prior to lineage commitment. ASPN expression was distinctly conserved between MSC and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). ASPN expression in the tumor microenvironment broadly impacted multiple cell types. Prostate tumor allografts in ASPN-null mice had a reduced number of tumor-associated MSCs, fewer cancer stem cells, decreased tumor vasculature, and an increased percentage of infiltrating CD8+ T cells. ASPN-null mice also demonstrated a significant reduction in lung metastases compared with wild-type mice. These data establish a role for ASPN as a critical MSC factor that extensively affects the tumor microenvironment and induces metastatic progression. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that asporin regulates key properties of mesenchymal stromal cells, including self-renewal and multipotency, and asporin expression by reactive stromal cells alters the tumor microenvironment and promotes metastatic progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hughes
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian W Simons
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hamda Khan
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca Miller
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Valentina Kugler
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samantha Torquato
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Debebe Theodros
- The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael C Haffner
- The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tamara Lotan
- The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessie Huang
- The Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elai Davicioni
- Genome Dx Biosciences, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven S An
- The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ryan C Riddle
- The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- The Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Isla P Garraway
- The Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elana J Fertig
- The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T Isaacs
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ben H Park
- The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paula J Hurley
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brennen WN, Schweizer MT, Wang H, Bivalacqua TJ, Partin AW, Lim SJ, Chapman C, Abdallah R, Levy O, Bhowmick NA, Karp JM, De Marzo A, Isaacs JT, Denmeade SR. In Reply. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:739-740. [PMID: 30925030 PMCID: PMC6591553 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael T Schweizer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Trinity J Bivalacqua
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan W Partin
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Su Jin Lim
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn Chapman
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rehab Abdallah
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oren Levy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Center for Nanomedicine and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angelo De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schweizer MT, Wang H, Bivalacqua TJ, Partin AW, Lim SJ, Chapman C, Abdallah R, Levy O, Bhowmick NA, Karp JM, De Marzo A, Isaacs JT, Brennen WN, Denmeade SR. A Phase I Study to Assess the Safety and Cancer-Homing Ability of Allogeneic Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Men with Localized Prostate Cancer. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:441-449. [PMID: 30735000 PMCID: PMC6477003 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models show that systemically administered bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) home to sites of primary and metastatic prostate cancer (PC)—making them candidates to selectively deliver cytotoxic agents. To further assess this potential as a cell‐based therapeutic vehicle, a phase I study testing homing of systemically infused allogeneic MSCs preprostatectomy was conducted. The primary objective was to assess safety and feasibility and to determine if MSCs accumulate within primary PC tissue. MSCs were quantified using beads, emulsion, amplification, magnetics digital polymerase chain reaction (limit of detection: ≥0.01% MSCs) to measure allogeneic MSC DNA relative to recipient DNA. MSCs were harvested from healthy donors and expanded ex vivo using standard protocols by the Johns Hopkins Cell Therapy Laboratory. PC patients planning to undergo prostatectomy were eligible for MSC infusion. Enrolled subjects received a single intravenous infusion 4–6 days prior to prostatectomy. The first three subjects received 1 x 106 cells per kilogram (maximum 1 x 108 cells), and subsequent four patients received 2 x 106 cells per kilogram (maximum 2 x 108 cells). No dose‐limiting toxicities were observed and all patients underwent prostatectomy without delay. Pathologic assessment of prostate cores revealed ≥70% tumor involvement in cores from four subjects, with benign tissue in the others. MSCs were undetectable in all subjects, and the study was stopped early for futility. MSC infusions appear safe in PC patients. Although intended for eventual use in metastatic PC patients, in this study, MSCs did not home primary tumors in sufficient levels to warrant further development as a cell‐based therapeutic delivery strategy using standard ex vivo expansion protocols. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:441–449
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Schweizer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Trinity J Bivalacqua
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan W Partin
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Su Jin Lim
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn Chapman
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rehab Abdallah
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oren Levy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Center for Nanomedicine and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angelo De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gupta S, Krug S, Pokkali S, Leanderson T, Isaacs JT, Srikrishna G, Bishai WR. Pharmacologic Exhaustion of Suppressor Cells with Tasquinimod Enhances Bacterial Clearance during Tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:386-389. [PMID: 30395729 PMCID: PMC6363972 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201805-0820le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Gupta
- Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland
- Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Supriya Pokkali
- Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIHBethesda, Marylandand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Krueger TE, Thorek DLJ, Meeker AK, Isaacs JT, Brennen WN. Tumor-infiltrating mesenchymal stem cells: Drivers of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer? Prostate 2019; 79:320-330. [PMID: 30488530 PMCID: PMC6549513 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is characterized by T-cell exclusion, which is consistent with their poor responses to immunotherapy. In addition, T-cells restricted to the adjacent stroma and benign areas are characterized by anergic and immunosuppressive phenotypes. In order for immunotherapies to produce robust anti-tumor responses in prostate cancer, this exclusion barrier and immunosuppressive microenvironment must first be overcome. We have previously identified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in primary and metastatic human prostate cancer tissue. METHODS An Opal Multiplex immunofluorescence assay based on CD73, CD90, and CD105 staining was used to identify triple-labeled MSCs in human prostate cancer tissue. T-cell suppression assays and flow cytometry were used to demonstrate the immunosuppressive potential of primary MSCs expanded from human bone marrow and prostate cancer tissue from independent donors. RESULTS Endogenous MSCs were confirmed to be present at sites of human prostate cancer. These prostate cancer-infiltrating MSCs suppress T-cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner similar to their bone marrow-derived counterparts. Also similar to bone marrow-derived MSCs, prostate cancer-infiltrating MSCs upregulate expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on their cell surface in the presence of IFNγ and TNFα. CONCLUSION Prostate cancer-infiltrating MSCs suppress T-cell proliferation similar to canonical bone marrow-derived MSCs, which have well-documented immunosuppressive properties with numerous effects on both innate and adaptive immune system function. Thus, we hypothesize that selective depletion of MSCs infiltrating sites of prostate cancer should restore immunologic recognition and elimination of malignant cells via broad re-activation of cytotoxic pro-inflammatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Krueger
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel L. J. Thorek
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Alan K. Meeker
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T. Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - W. Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Navone NM, van Weerden WM, Vessella RL, Williams ED, Wang Y, Isaacs JT, Nguyen HM, Culig Z, van der Pluijm G, Rentsch CA, Marques RB, de Ridder CMA, Bubendorf L, Thalmann GN, Brennen WN, Santer FR, Moser PL, Shepherd P, Efstathiou E, Xue H, Lin D, Buijs J, Bosse T, Collins A, Maitland N, Buzza M, Kouspou M, Achtman A, Taylor RA, Risbridger G, Corey E. Movember GAP1 PDX project: An international collection of serially transplantable prostate cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Prostate 2018; 78:1262-1282. [PMID: 30073676 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it has been challenging to establish prostate cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), with a take rate of 10-40% and long latency time, multiple groups throughout the world have developed methods for the successful establishment of serially transplantable human prostate cancer PDXs using a variety of immune deficient mice. In 2014, the Movember Foundation launched a Global Action Plan 1 (GAP1) project to support an international collaborative prostate cancer PDX program involving eleven groups. Between these Movember consortium members, a total of 98 authenticated human prostate cancer PDXs were available for characterization. Eighty three of these were derived directly from patient material, and 15 were derived as variants of patient-derived material via serial passage in androgen deprived hosts. A major goal of the Movember GAP1 PDX project was to provide the prostate cancer research community with a summary of both the basic characteristics of the 98 available authenticated serially transplantable human prostate cancer PDX models and the appropriate contact information for collaborations. Herein, we report a summary of these PDX models. METHODS PDX models were established in immunocompromised mice via subcutaneous or subrenal-capsule implantation. Dual-label species (ie, human vs mouse) specific centromere and telomere Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and immuno-histochemical (IHC) staining of tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing replicates of the PDX models were used for characterization of expression of a number of phenotypic markers important for prostate cancer including AR (assessed by IHC and FISH), Ki67, vimentin, RB1, P-Akt, chromogranin A (CgA), p53, ERG, PTEN, PSMA, and epithelial cytokeratins. RESULTS Within this series of PDX models, the full spectrum of clinical disease stages is represented, including androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant primary and metastatic prostate adenocarcinomas as well as prostate carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation. The annotated clinical characteristics of these PDXs were correlated with their marker expression profile. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the clinical relevance of this series of PDXs as a platform for both basic science studies and therapeutic discovery/drug development. The present report provides the prostate cancer community with a summary of the basic characteristics and a contact information for collaborations using these models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Queensland University of Technology and Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Brisbane City, Australia
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Cancer Centre, Department of Urological Sciences, UBC, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - Zoran Culig
- Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Xue
- Vancouver Prostate Cancer Centre, Department of Urological Sciences, UBC, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- Vancouver Prostate Cancer Centre, Department of Urological Sciences, UBC, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jeroen Buijs
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tjalling Bosse
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mark Buzza
- Movember Foundation, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Eva Corey
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Akinboye ES, Brennen WN, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT. Albumin-linked prostate-specific antigen-activated thapsigargin- and niclosamide-based molecular grenades targeting the microenvironment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2018; 6:99-108. [PMID: 30775253 PMCID: PMC6363604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized prostate cancer is curable via annihilation of the entire cancer neighborhood by surgery or local radiation. Unfortunately, once metastatic, no available therapy is curative. The vast majority will die despite aggressive systemic combinational androgen-ablation therapies. Thus, there is an urgent need for effective systemic therapeutics that sterilize the entire microenvironment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). To accomplish this goal, advantage can be taken of the unique biology of mCRPC cells. Like their normal cell of origin, mCRPCs retain expression of the prostate-specific differentiation protein, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which they abundantly secrete into their extracellular fluid (ECF). This unique, and essentially universal, secretion of enzymatically active PSA into the ECF by mCRPCs creates an exploitable therapeutic index for activation of systemically delivered highly lipophilic toxins as “molecular grenades” covalently linked to cysteine-34 of human serum albumin (HSA) via a stable maleimide containing PSA cleavable peptide such that PSA-dependent hydrolysis (i.e., “detonation”) releases the grenades restrictively within the ECF of mCRPC. This approach decreases dose-limiting host toxicity while enhancing plasma half-life from minutes to days (i.e., pharmacokinetic effect) and increasing the tissue concentration of the maleimide coupled albumin delivery (MAD) in the ECF at sites of cancer due to the enhanced permeability of albumin at these sites (i.e., enhanced permeability and retention effect). This allows the MAD-PSA detonated grenades to circulate throughout the body in a non-toxic form. Only within sites of mCRPC is there a sufficiently high level of enzymatically active PSA to efficiently “pull the pin” on the grenades releasing their lipophilic cell-penetrant toxins from HSA. Thus, if a sufficient level of “detonation” occurs, this will kill mCRPC cells, and sterilize the entire PSA-rich metastatic sites via a bystander effect. In this review, two examples of such MAD-PSA detonated molecular grenades are presented—one based upon thapsigagin and the other on niclosamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Akinboye
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Isaacs JT. Checks and balances occur not only in government, but also in biology. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33054-33055. [PMID: 30237847 PMCID: PMC6145691 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
31
|
Krueger TEG, Thorek DLJ, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT, Brennen WN. Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Drug Delivery: The Good, the Bad, the Ugly, and the Promise. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:651-663. [PMID: 30070053 PMCID: PMC6127224 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as cell‐based drug delivery vectors for numerous clinical indications, including cancer, has significant promise. However, a considerable challenge for effective translation of these approaches is the limited tumor tropism and broad biodistribution observed using conventional MSCs, which raises concerns for toxicity to nontarget peripheral tissues (i.e., the bad). Consequently, there are a variety of synthetic engineering platforms in active development to improve tumor‐selective targeting via increased homing efficiency and/or specificity of drug activation, some of which are already being evaluated clinically (i.e., the good). Unfortunately, the lack of robust quantification and widespread adoption of standardized methodologies with high sensitivity and resolution has made accurate comparisons across studies difficult, which has significantly impeded progress (i.e., the ugly). Herein, we provide a concise review of active and passive MSC homing mechanisms and biodistribution postinfusion; in addition to in vivo cell tracking methodologies and strategies to enhance tumor targeting with a focus on MSC‐based drug delivery strategies for cancer therapy. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2018;1–13
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E G Krueger
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC) at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC) at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC) at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC) at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presently, ∼85 serially transplantable human prostate cancer xenografts spanning the phenotypic, epigenetic, and genetic heterogeneity seen clinically are available in a variety of laboratories throughout the world. If distributed to the prostate cancer research community, these can provide an experimental platform for resolving the specificity versus generalizability of basic cancer biology principles (eg, credentialing of therapeutic molecular targets) and for validating translational approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Thus, there is an urgent need to distribute the already established serially transplantable human prostate cancer xenografts and to develop robust methods for establishing new ones. METHODS To accelerate the development of such additional xenografts, particularly from patients treated with the newer standard of care agents (ie, abiraterone, enzalutamide, cabazitaxel, alpharadin, etc), a historic review of the field will be presented. RESULTS Over the last 50 years, multiple groups throughout the world have developed methods for the successful establishment of serially transplantable human prostate cancer xenografts using a variety of immune deficient mice. These are summarized chronologically. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE With the ever growing appreciation of the value of personalized medicine (aka precision medicine), methods need to be developed that allow efficient and timely growth of primary patient derived prostate cancer xenografts (PDXs), which can be used as "avatars" for defining optimal therapy for that specific patient. Such development should be based upon the leads obtained from the successful establishment of serially transplantable prostate cancer xenografts described in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Akinboye ES, Rogers OC, Isaacs JT. 2-fluoro-5-maleimidobenzoic acid-linked albumin drug (MAD) delivery for selective systemic targeting of metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate 2018; 78:655-663. [PMID: 29572902 PMCID: PMC6404533 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SH-group at Cys-34 of human serum albumin (HSA) is a unique and accessible functional group that can be exploited for efficient linkage of a maleimide containing cytotoxic drug derivative to albumin. The specific maleimide chemistry used for production of the maleimide-linked albumin drug (MAD) is critical, however, to minimize the plasma concentration of "free" cytotoxic drug spontaneously released from albumin carrier thus decreasing dose-limiting host toxicity while enhancing the plasma half-life from minutes to days (ie, pharmacokinetic effect) and tissue concentration of the MAD in the extracellular cellular fluid at sites of cancer (ie, EPR effect). METHODS To accomplish this goal, a chemical synthesis was developed using 2-fluoro-5-maleimidobenzoic acid to stably link the potent cytotoxic chemically modified analogue of the naturally occurring sesquiterpene γ-lactone, thapsigargin, 8-O-(12-aminododecanoyl)-8-O-debutanoyl thapsigargin (12ADT), to Cys-34 of albumin to produce 12ADT-MAD. RESULTS Using FITC-labeling, LC/MS analysis, and in vitro growth and clonogenic survival assays on a series of 6 human prostate cancer lines (LNCaP, LAPC-4, VCap, CWR22Rv 1, PC3, and Du145), we documented that 12ADT-MAD is endocytosed by prostate cancer cells where it is degraded into its amino acids liberating cysteinyl-maleimide-12ADT which is both chemically stable at the acidic pH of 5.5 present in the endosome while retaining its high killing ability (IC50 50 nM) via SERCA inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Based upon these positive in vitro validation results, the in vivo efficacy versus host toxicity of this 12-ADT-MAD approach is presently being evaluated against a series of patient derived androgen responsive and castration resistant human xenografts in immune-deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Akinboye
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Oliver C Rogers
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Brennen WN, Zhang B, Kulac I, Kisteman LN, Antony L, Wang H, Meeker AK, De Marzo AM, Garraway IP, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT. Mesenchymal stem cell infiltration during neoplastic transformation of the human prostate. Oncotarget 2018; 8:46710-46727. [PMID: 28493842 PMCID: PMC5564518 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have been identified in prostate cancer, raising the critical question of their physical and temporal source. Therefore, MSCs were quantified and characterized in benign and malignant prostate tissue representing different disease states and a wide range of age groups from fetal development through adult death using analytical and functional methodologies. In contrast to lineage-restricted Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells (MPCs) found in normal prostate tissue, MSCs with tri-lineage differentiation potential (adipogenesis, osteogenesis, and chondrogenesis) are identified in prostate tissue from a subset of men with prostate cancer, consistent with an influx of more stem-like progenitors (i.e. MSCs) from the bone marrow. Additionally, prostate tissue from a subset of these patients is highly enriched in MSCs, suggesting their enumeration may have prognostic value for identifying men with aggressive disease. This influx is an ongoing process continuing throughout disease progression as documented by the presence of MSCs in metastatic lesions from multiple organ sites harvested at the time of death in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. This infiltration of MSCs from systemic circulation provides the rationale for their use as a cell-based vector to deliver therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Baohui Zhang
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Kulac
- Department of Pathology at the SKCCC at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Nelleke Kisteman
- Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology at the SKCCC at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology at the SKCCC at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Isla P Garraway
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Isaacs JT. Resolving the Coffey Paradox: what does the androgen receptor do in normal vs. malignant prostate epithelial cells? Am J Clin Exp Urol 2018; 6:55-61. [PMID: 29666833 PMCID: PMC5902723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Donald Straley Coffey completed his 85 year life's journey on November 9, 2017. In his wake, he left a legion of inspired and loyal students, fellows, and faculty colleagues from all over the world to carry on his passion both for life in general and his 50 year quest to conquer cancer. Early in his career, Dr. Coffey developed a series of animal models to study how androgen regulates the growth of both normal and abnormal prostatic epithelium. As part of these early studies, Dr. Coffey uncovered a paradox in that anti-androgen treatment given at the "wrong" time paradoxically enhanced, not inhibited, normal prostate growth. Advances over the last several years concerning the paracrine-dependent stem cell organization of the prostate provide a mechanistic explanation for this "Coffey Paradox". This is based upon the realization that the normal function of the Androgen Receptor (AR) in the paracrine-dependent stem cell organization of the prostate is to induce terminal differentiation of normal prostate epithelial cells while suppressing their growth, despite the presence of high levels of stromal cell-derived paracrine growth factors. Such growth suppression involves ligand-dependent AR binding to the Tcf-4/β-catenin 3'c-Myc enhancer in prostate epithelial cells, which inhibits c-Myc transcription needed for proliferation. Therefore, if anti-androgen is given at the wrong time, it prevents such AR-dependent c-Myc down regulation, and thus paradoxically enhances epithelial regrowth (i.e. the Coffey Paradox) induced by exogenous androgen replacement in the castration regressed prostate. In contrast to the normal prostate epithelium, in prostate cancer cells retaining AR expression, androgen-induced AR signaling no longer reduces c-Myc transcription but instead up-regulates c-Myc translation and protein stability to stimulate malignant growth. Thus, in these AR expressing prostate cancer cells, AR signaling is converted from a growth suppressor to an oncogene, which involves a gain of function to upregulate c-Myc protein expression. Such a gain of function "addicts" these prostate cancer cells to AR signaling for their proliferation and survival, which provides the rationale for therapy targeted at inhibiting such AR signaling. While therapies targeted at maximally decreasing the level of androgen ligand are the most commonly used, recent studies have documented that a subset of patients progressing on such androgen ablation (i.e. castration-resistant disease) due to their adaptive increase in AR protein expression respond positively to rapid cycling between pharmacologically high and castration low levels of circulating androgen. [i.e. Bipolar Androgen Therapy (BAT)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns HopkinsBaltimore, MD 21231, USA
- The Brady Urologic Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD 21231, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Cell, Bluemn et al. report that ∼20% of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers express neither AR nor neuroendocrine genes and show AR pathway-independent growth, driven instead by a FGFR/MAPK/ID1 signaling cascade. These results provide a strong rationale for co-targeting AR bypass pathways with initial AR antagonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- John T Isaacs
- a The Prostate Cancer Program, The Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Brady Urological Institute, The Department of Urology , The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- a The Prostate Cancer Program, The Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Brady Urological Institute, The Department of Urology , The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- a The Prostate Cancer Program, The Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Brady Urological Institute, The Department of Urology , The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Graham MK, Principessa L, Antony L, Meeker AK, Isaacs JT. Low p16 INK4a Expression in Early Passage Human Prostate Basal Epithelial Cells Enables Immortalization by Telomerase Expression Alone. Prostate 2017; 77:374-384. [PMID: 27859428 PMCID: PMC5548187 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are two principal senescence barriers that must be overcome to successfully immortalize primary human epithelial cells in culture, stress-induced senescence, and replicative senescence. The p16INK4a /retinoblastoma protein (p16/Rb) pathway mediates stress-induced senescence, and is generally upregulated by primary epithelial cells in response to the artificial conditions from tissue culture. Replicative senescence is associated with telomere loss. Following each round of cell division, telomeres progressively shorten. Once telomeres shorten to a critical length, the DNA damage response pathway is activated, and the tumor suppressor p53 pathway triggers replicative senescence. Exogenous expression of telomerase in normal human epithelial cells extends the replicative capacity of cells, and in some cases, immortalizes cells. However reliable immortalization of epithelial cells usually requires telomerase activity coupled with inactivation of the p16/Rb pathway. METHODS A lentiviral vector, pLOX-TERT-iresTK (Addgene #12245), containing a CMV promoter upstream of a bicistronic coding cassette that includes loxP sites flanking the catalytic subunit of human telomerase gene (TERT) and herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase gene (HSV1-tk) was used to transduce normal prostate basal epithelial cells (PrECs) initiated in cell culture from prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomies. RESULTS Transduction of early (i.e., <7) passage PrECs with TERT led to successful immortalization. However, attempts to immortalize late (i.e., >7) passage PrECs were unsuccessful. Late passage PrECs, which acquired elevated p16, were unable to overcome the senescence barrier. Immortalized PrECs (TERT-PrECs) retained a normal male karyotype and low p16 expression. Additionally, TERT-PrECs were non-tumorigenic when inoculated into intact male immunodeficient NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS The present studies document that early passage human PrECs have sufficiently low p16 to permit immortalization by TERT expression alone. TERT-PrECs developed using this transduction approach provides an appropriate and experimentally facile model for clarifying the molecular mechanism(s) involved in both immortalization of human PrECs, as well as identifying genetic/epigenetic "drivers" for conversion of these immortalized non-tumorigenic cells into fully lethal prostate cancers. Notably, loxP sites flank the exogenous TERT gene in the TERT-PrECs. Cre recombinase can be used to excise TERT, and resolve whether TERT expression is required for these cells to be fully transformed into lethal cancer. Prostate 77: 374-384, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Kim Graham
- Department of Pathology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lorenzo Principessa
- Chemical Therapeutic Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Chemical Therapeutic Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan K. Meeker
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology and Urology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T. Isaacs
- Chemical Therapeutic Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence to: Dr. John T. Isaacs, Chemical Therapeutic Program, Bunting-Blaustein CRB1, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Guedes LB, Morais CL, Almutairi F, Haffner MC, Zheng Q, Isaacs JT, Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Tsai H, Luo J, De Marzo AM, Lotan TL. Analytic Validation of RNA In Situ Hybridization (RISH) for AR and AR-V7 Expression in Human Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4651-63. [PMID: 27166397 PMCID: PMC5026571 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE RNA expression of androgen receptor splice variants may be a biomarker of resistance to novel androgen deprivation therapies in castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We analytically validated an RNA in situ hybridization (RISH) assay for total AR and AR-V7 for use in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used prostate cell lines and xenografts to validate chromogenic RISH to detect RNA containing AR exon 1 (AR-E1, surrogate for total AR RNA species) and cryptic exon 3 (AR-CE3, surrogate for AR-V7 expression). RISH signals were quantified in FFPE primary tumors and CRPC specimens, comparing to known AR and AR-V7 status by IHC and RT-PCR. RESULTS The quantified RISH results correlated significantly with total AR and AR-V7 levels by RT-PCR in cell lines, xenografts, and autopsy metastases. Both AR-E1 and AR-CE3 RISH signals were localized in nuclear punctae in addition to the expected cytoplasmic speckles. Compared with admixed benign glands, AR-E1 expression was significantly higher in primary tumor cells with a median fold increase of 3.0 and 1.4 in two independent cohorts (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.04, respectively). While AR-CE3 expression was detectable in primary prostatic tumors, levels were substantially higher in a subset of CRPC metastases and cell lines, and were correlated with AR-E1 expression. CONCLUSIONS RISH for AR-E1 and AR-CE3 is an analytically valid method to examine total AR and AR-V7 RNA levels in FFPE tissues. Future clinical validation studies are required to determine whether AR RISH is a prognostic or predictive biomarker in specific clinical contexts. Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4651-63. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liana B Guedes
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carlos L Morais
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fawaz Almutairi
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qizhi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Changxue Lu
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Harrison Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Brennen WN, Kisteman LN, Isaacs JT. Rapid selection of mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells in primary prostate stromal cultures. Prostate 2016; 76:552-64. [PMID: 26732992 PMCID: PMC4856028 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a dominant component of the tumor microenvironment with pro-tumorigenic properties. Despite this knowledge, their physiologic origins remain poorly understood. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be recruited from the bone marrow to areas of tissue damage and inflammation, including prostate cancer. MSCs can generate and have many overlapping properties with CAFs in preclinical models. METHODS Multiparameter flow cytometry and multipotent differentiation assays used to define MSCs in primary prostate stromal cultures derived from young (<25 yrs) organ donors and prostate cancer patients compared with bone marrow-derived stromal cultures. Population doubling times, population doublings, cell size, and differentiation potential determined under multiple culture conditions, including normoxia, hypoxia, and a variety of media. TGF-β measured by ELISA. RESULTS MSCs and stromal progenitors are not only present in normal and malignant prostate tissue, but are quickly selected for in primary stromal cultures derived from these tissues; becoming the dominant population within just a few passages. Growth potential inversely associated with TGF-β concentrations. All conditions generated populations with an average cell diameter >15 µm. All cultures tested had the ability to undergo osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, but unlike bone marrow-derived MSCs, primary stromal cultures derived from normal prostate tissue lack adipogenic differentiation potential. In contrast, a subset of stromal cultures derived from prostate cancer patients retain the ability to differentiate into adipocytes; a property that is significantly suppressed under hypoxic conditions in both bone marrow- and prostate-derived MSCs. CONCLUSIONS Primary prostate stromal cultures are highly enriched in cells with an MSC or stromal progenitor phenotype. The use of primary cultures such as these to study CAFs raises interesting implications when considering their overlapping properties. The lack of adipogenesis in stromal cultures derived from normal prostates suggests they have a lineage-restricted progenitor phenotype. The retention of adipogenic differentiation in cultures from a subset of prostate cancer patients suggests the active recruitment of less committed progenitors or MSCs from the bone marrow as a function of disease progression. This recruitment can potentially be exploited for prognostic purposes or a cell-based platform for the systemic delivery of cytotoxic agents to sites of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. Nathaniel Brennen
- Correspondence to: W. Nathaniel Brennen, Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans St., CRB-I, Rm 1M87, Baltimore, MD 21287.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Levy O, Brennen WN, Han E, Rosen DM, Musabeyezu J, Safaee H, Ranganath S, Ngai J, Heinelt M, Milton Y, Wang H, Bhagchandani SH, Joshi N, Bhowmick N, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT, Karp JM. A prodrug-doped cellular Trojan Horse for the potential treatment of prostate cancer. Biomaterials 2016; 91:140-150. [PMID: 27019026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in prostate cancer research, there is a major need for a systemic delivery platform that efficiently targets anti-cancer drugs to sites of disseminated prostate cancer while minimizing host toxicity. In this proof-of-principle study, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were loaded with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) that encapsulate the macromolecule G114, a thapsigargin-based prostate specific antigen (PSA)-activated prodrug. G114-particles (∼950 nm in size) were internalized by MSCs, followed by the release of G114 as an intact prodrug from loaded cells. Moreover, G114 released from G114 MP-loaded MSCs selectively induced death of the PSA-secreting PCa cell line, LNCaP. Finally, G114 MP-loaded MSCs inhibited tumor growth when used in proof-of-concept co-inoculation studies with CWR22 PCa xenografts, suggesting that cell-based delivery of G114 did not compromise the potency of this pro-drug in-vitro or in-vivo. This study demonstrates a potentially promising approach to assemble a cell-based drug delivery platform, which inhibits cancer growth in-vivo without the need of genetic engineering. We envision that upon achieving efficient homing of systemically infused MSCs to cancer sites, this MSC-based platform may be developed into an effective, systemic 'Trojan Horse' therapy for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to sites of metastatic PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Levy
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, United States
| | - Edward Han
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - David Marc Rosen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, United States
| | - Juliet Musabeyezu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Helia Safaee
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Sudhir Ranganath
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Jessica Ngai
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Martina Heinelt
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Yuka Milton
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, United States
| | - Sachin H Bhagchandani
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Nitin Joshi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Neil Bhowmick
- The Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, United States
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, United States.
| | - John T Isaacs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, United States.
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hedayati M, Haffner MC, Coulter JB, Raval RR, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Mian O, Knight EJ, Razavi N, Dalrymple S, Isaacs JT, Santos A, Hales R, Nelson WG, Yegnasubramanian S, DeWeese TL. Androgen Deprivation Followed by Acute Androgen Stimulation Selectively Sensitizes AR-Positive Prostate Cancer Cells to Ionizing Radiation. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3310-3319. [PMID: 26831716 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current standard of care for patients with locally advanced prostate cancer is a combination of androgen deprivation and radiation therapy. Radiation is typically given with androgen suppression when testosterone levels are at their nadir. Recent reports have shown that androgen stimulation of androgen-deprived prostate cancer cells leads to formation of double-strand breaks (DSB). Here, we exploit this finding and investigate the extent and timing of androgen-induced DSBs and their effect on tumor growth following androgen stimulation in combination with ionizing radiation (IR). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Androgen-induced DNA damage was assessed by comet assays and γH2A.X foci formation. Effects of androgen stimulation and radiation were determined in vitro and in vivo with xenograft models. RESULTS We document that androgen treatment of androgen-deprived prostate cancer cell lines resulted in a dose- and time-dependent induction of widespread DSBs. Generation of these breaks was dependent on androgen receptor and topoisomerase II beta but not on cell-cycle progression. In vitro models demonstrated a synergistic interaction between IR and androgen stimulation when IR is given at a time point corresponding with high levels of androgen-induced DSB formation. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed a significant improvement in tumor growth delay when radiation was given shortly after androgen repletion in castrated mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a potential cooperative effect and improved tumor growth delay with androgen-induced DSBs and radiation with implications for improving the therapeutic index of prostate cancer radiation therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 22(13); 3310-9. ©2016 AACRSee related commentary by Chua and Bristow, p. 3124.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hedayati
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jonathan B Coulter
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Raju R Raval
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Haoming Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Omar Mian
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Emma J Knight
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nina Razavi
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Susan Dalrymple
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Aileen Santos
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Russell Hales
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - William G Nelson
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Theodore L DeWeese
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Isaacs JT, Dalrymple SL, Rosen DM, Hammers H, Olsson A, Leanderson T. Anti-cancer potency of tasquinimod is enhanced via albumin-binding facilitating increased uptake in the tumor microenvironment. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8093-106. [PMID: 25193858 PMCID: PMC4226669 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tasquinimod, an orally active quinoline-3-carboxamide, binds with high affinity to HDAC4 and S100A9 in cancer and infiltrating host cells within compromised tumor microenvironment inhibiting adaptive survival pathways needed for an angiogenic response. Clinical trials document that as low as 0.5-1mg tasquinimod/day is therapeutic against castrate resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Tasquinimod is metabolized via cytochrome P4503A4, but ketoconazole at a dose which completely inhibits CYP3A metabolism does not affect tasquinimod's ability to inhibit endothelial “sprouting” in vitro or anti-cancer efficacy against human prostate cancer xenografts in vivo. Tasquinimod's potency is facilitated by its reversible binding (Kd < 35 μM) to the IIA subdomain of albumin (Sudlow's site I). As blood vessels within the compromised cancer microenvironment are characterized by a higher degree of leakiness than those in normal tissues, this results in an enhanced uptake of tasquinimod bound to albumin in cancer tissue via a tumor specific process known as the “enhanced permeability and retention” (i.e., EPR) effect. Thus, despite plasma levels of < 1 μM, the EPR effect results in intracellular drug concentrations of 2-3 μM, levels several-fold higher than needed for inhibition of endothelial sprouting (IC50 ~ 0.5 μM) or for inhibition of HDAC4 and S100A9 mediated tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T Isaacs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins ,Baltimore, MD; The Brady Urological Institute-Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ,Baltimore, MD
| | - Susan L Dalrymple
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins ,Baltimore, MD
| | - D Marc Rosen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins ,Baltimore, MD
| | - Hans Hammers
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins ,Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Tomas Leanderson
- Active Biotech, AB Lund, Sweden; Immunology group, Lund University, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Doan NTQ, Paulsen ES, Sehgal P, Møller JV, Nissen P, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT, Dionne CA, Christensen SB. Targeting thapsigargin towards tumors. Steroids 2015; 97:2-7. [PMID: 25065587 PMCID: PMC4696022 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The skin irritating principle from Thapsia garganica was isolated, named thapsigargin and the structure elucidated. By inhibiting the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA) thapsigargin provokes apoptosis in almost all cells. By conjugating thapsigargin to peptides, which are only substrates for either prostate specific antigen (PSA) or prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) prodrugs were created, which selectively affect prostate cancer cells or neovascular tissue in tumors. One of the prodrug is currently tested in clinical phase II. The prodrug under clinical trial has been named mipsagargin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nhu Thi Quynh Doan
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Eleonora Sandholdt Paulsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Pankaj Sehgal
- Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Allé 6, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Vuust Møller
- Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Allé 6, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Poul Nissen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- The Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- The Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Craig A Dionne
- GenSpera, 2511 N Loop 1604 W, Suite 204, San Antonio, TX 78258, USA
| | - Søren Brøgger Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Isaacs JT. Lessons learned about prostatic transformation from the age-related methylation of 5α-reductase type 2 gene. Am J Pathol 2015; 185:614-6. [PMID: 25700984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This commentary highlights the article by Ge et al, which proposes the use of methylation and expression of SRD5A2 as a gene signature to tailor therapies for prostatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T Isaacs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins and The Brady Urologic Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Schweizer MT, Antonarakis ES, Wang H, Ajiboye AS, Spitz A, Cao H, Luo J, Haffner MC, Yegnasubramanian S, Carducci MA, Eisenberger MA, Isaacs JT, Denmeade SR. Effect of bipolar androgen therapy for asymptomatic men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from a pilot clinical study. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:269ra2. [PMID: 25568070 PMCID: PMC4507510 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Targeting androgen receptor (AR) axis signaling by disrupting androgen-AR interactions remains the primary treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. Unfortunately, all men develop resistance to primary castrating therapy and secondary androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs). Resistance develops in part because castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells adaptively up-regulate AR levels through overexpression, amplification, and expression of ligand-independent variants in response to chronic exposure to a low-testosterone environment. However, preclinical models suggest that AR overexpression represents a therapeutic liability that can be exploited via exposure to supraphysiologic testosterone to promote CRPC cell death. Preclinical data supported a pilot study in which 16 asymptomatic CRPC patients with low to moderate metastatic burden were treated with testosterone cypionate (400 mg intramuscular; day 1 of 28) and etoposide (100 mg oral daily; days 1 to 14 of 28). After three cycles, those with a declining prostate-specific antigen (PSA) continued on intermittent testosterone therapy monotherapy. Castrating therapy was continued to suppress endogenous testosterone production, allowing for rapid cycling from supraphysiologic to near-castrate serum testosterone levels, a strategy termed bipolar androgen therapy (BAT). BAT was well tolerated and resulted in high rates of PSA (7 of 14 evaluable patients) and radiographic responses (5 of 10 evaluable patients). Although all men showed eventual PSA progression, four men remained on BAT for ≥1 year. All patients (10 of 10) demonstrated PSA reductions upon receiving androgen-ablative therapies after BAT, suggesting that BAT may also restore sensitivity to ADTs. BAT shows promise as treatment for CRPC and should be further evaluated in larger trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Schweizer
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - A Seun Ajiboye
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Avery Spitz
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Haiyi Cao
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael A Carducci
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mario A Eisenberger
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Roy-Burman P, Tindall DJ, Robins DM, Greenberg NM, Hendrix MJC, Mohla S, Getzenberg RH, Isaacs JT, Pienta KJ. Letter to the Editor: Androgens and Prostate Cancer: Are the Descriptors Valid? Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 4:4-5. [PMID: 16052746 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.4.1.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The term androgen-independent cancer has now become a misnomer. Given that the androgen receptor can be activated by even low androgen concentrations or via protein modifications or other protein-protein interactions, a growing prostate cancer has the chance of assuming an androgen depletion-independent state, without necessarily bypassing the androgen signaling processes. It is thus suggested that "androgen-independent (AI)" cancer should be more accurately termed "androgen depletion-independent (ADI)" cancer.
Collapse
|
48
|
Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Wang H, Luber B, Nakazawa M, Roeser JC, Chen Y, Mohammad TA, Chen Y, Fedor HL, Lotan TL, Zheng Q, De Marzo AM, Isaacs JT, Isaacs WB, Nadal R, Paller CJ, Denmeade SR, Carducci MA, Eisenberger MA, Luo J. AR-V7 and resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1028-38. [PMID: 25184630 PMCID: PMC4201502 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1315815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1975] [Impact Index Per Article: 197.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen-receptor isoform encoded by splice variant 7 lacks the ligand-binding domain, which is the target of enzalutamide and abiraterone, but remains constitutively active as a transcription factor. We hypothesized that detection of androgen-receptor splice variant 7 messenger RNA (AR-V7) in circulating tumor cells from men with advanced prostate cancer would be associated with resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone. METHODS We used a quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assay to evaluate AR-V7 in circulating tumor cells from prospectively enrolled patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who were initiating treatment with either enzalutamide or abiraterone. We examined associations between AR-V7 status (positive vs. negative) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rates (the primary end point), freedom from PSA progression (PSA progression-free survival), clinical or radiographic progression-free survival, and overall survival. RESULTS A total of 31 enzalutamide-treated patients and 31 abiraterone-treated patients were enrolled, of whom 39% and 19%, respectively, had detectable AR-V7 in circulating tumor cells. Among men receiving enzalutamide, AR-V7-positive patients had lower PSA response rates than AR-V7-negative patients (0% vs. 53%, P=0.004) and shorter PSA progression-free survival (median, 1.4 months vs. 6.0 months; P<0.001), clinical or radiographic progression-free survival (median, 2.1 months vs. 6.1 months; P<0.001), and overall survival (median, 5.5 months vs. not reached; P=0.002). Similarly, among men receiving abiraterone, AR-V7-positive patients had lower PSA response rates than AR-V7-negative patients (0% vs. 68%, P=0.004) and shorter PSA progression-free survival (median, 1.3 months vs. not reached; P<0.001), clinical or radiographic progression-free survival (median, 2.3 months vs. not reached; P<0.001), and overall survival (median, 10.6 months vs. not reached, P=0.006). The association between AR-V7 detection and therapeutic resistance was maintained after adjustment for expression of full-length androgen receptor messenger RNA. CONCLUSIONS Detection of AR-V7 in circulating tumor cells from patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer may be associated with resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone. These findings require large-scale prospective validation. (Funded by the Prostate Cancer Foundation and others.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- From the Departments of Oncology (E.S.A., H.W., B.L., J.T.I., R.N., C.J.P., S.R.D., M.A.C., M.A.E.), Pathology (H.L.F., T.L.L., Q.Z., A.M.D.M.), and Urology (C.L., M.N., J.C.R., Yan Chen, W.B.I., J.L.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute (T.A.M., Yidong Chen) and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Yidong Chen), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Brennen WN, Rosen DM, Chaux A, Netto GJ, Isaacs JT, Denmeade SR. Pharmacokinetics and toxicology of a fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-activated prodrug in murine xenograft models of human cancer. Prostate 2014; 74:1308-19. [PMID: 25053236 PMCID: PMC4130904 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As carcinoma progresses, the stroma undergoes a variety of phenotypic changes, including the presence of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that express fibroblast activation protein (FAP). FAP is a post-prolyl endopeptidase whose expression in a healthy adult is largely restricted to the cancer-associated stroma. FAP-targeted prodrugs with a 100-fold greater therapeutic window over the parent compound were previously generated. METHODS Prodrugs and non-cleavable controls were incubated in the presence of FAP. Plasma and tumor half-lives (t1/2) of the full-length and active forms of the prodrugs were determined using LCMS. Biodistribution studies of prodrug activation were performed. Histopathological analysis of tissues from treated animals were compared to vehicle-treated controls. Toxicity and efficacy studies were performed in human breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and prostate (LNCaP) cancer xenografts models. RESULTS These FAP-activated prodrugs have a significantly slower clearance from tumor tissue than the circulation (∼12 vs. ∼4.5 hr). Micromolar concentrations of active drug persist in the tumor. Active drug is detected in non-target tissues; however, histopathologic evaluation reveals no evidence of drug-induced toxicity. A FAP-activated prodrug (ERGETGP-S12ADT) inhibits tumor growth in multiple human breast and prostate cancer xenograft models. The anti-tumor effect is comparable to that observed with docetaxel, but results in significantly less toxicity. CONCLUSION FAP-activated prodrugs are a viable strategy for the management of prostate and other cancers. These prodrugs exhibit less toxicity than a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. Further refinement of the FAP cleavage site for greater specificity may reduce prodrug activation in non-target tissues and enhance clinical benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. Nathaniel Brennen
- Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - D. Marc Rosen
- Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Alcides Chaux
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Department of Pathology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - George J. Netto
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Department of Pathology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - John T. Isaacs
- Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Samuel R. Denmeade
- Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Antony L, van der Schoor F, Dalrymple SL, Isaacs JT. Androgen receptor (AR) suppresses normal human prostate epithelial cell proliferation via AR/β-catenin/TCF-4 complex inhibition of c-MYC transcription. Prostate 2014; 74:1118-31. [PMID: 24913829 PMCID: PMC4856018 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physiologic testosterone continuously stimulates prostate stromal cell secretion of paracrine growth factors (PGFs), which if unopposed would induce hyperplastic overgrowth of normal prostate epithelial cells (PrECs). METHODS Lentiviral shRNA stable knock down of c-MYC, β-catenin, or TCF-4 completely inhibits normal (i.e., non-transformed) human PrECs growth. c-MYC enhancer driven reporter expression and growth is inhibited by two chemically distinct molecules, which prevent β-catenin signaling either by blocking TCF-4 binding (i.e., toxoflavin) or by stimulating degradation (i.e., AVX939). Recombinant DKK1 protein at a dose, which inhibits activation of canonical Wnt signaling does not inhibit PrEC growth. Nuclear β-catenin translocation and PrEC growth is prevented by both lack of PGFs or Akt inhibitor-I. Growth inhibition induced by lack of PGFs, toxoflavin, or Akt inhibitor-I is overcome by constitutive c-MYC transcription. RESULTS In the presence of continuous PGF signaling, PrEC hyperplasia is prevented by androgen binding to AR suppressing c-MYC transcription, resulting in G0 arrest/terminal differentiation independent of Rb, p21, p27, FoxP3, or down regulation of growth factors receptors and instead involves androgen-induced formation of AR/β-catenin/TCF-4 complexes, which suppress c-MYC transcription. Such suppression does not occur when AR is mutated in its zinc-finger binding domain. DISCUSSION Proliferation of non-transformed human PrECs is dependent upon c-MYC transcription via formation/binding of β-catenin/TCF-4 complexes at both 5' and 3' c-MYC enhancers stimulated by Wnt-independent, PGF induced Akt signaling. In the presence of continuous PGF signaling, PrEC hyperplasia is prevented by androgen-induced formation of AR/β-catenin/TCF-4 complexes, which retains binding to 3' c-MYC enhancer, but now suppresses c-MYC transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizamma Antony
- Chemical Therapeutics Program and Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence to: Lizamma Antony, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, 1650 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD 21287.
| | - Freek van der Schoor
- Chemical Therapeutics Program and Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan L. Dalrymple
- Chemical Therapeutics Program and Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T. Isaacs
- Chemical Therapeutics Program and Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, The Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|