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Jennen DGJ, van Leeuwen DM, Hendrickx DM, Gottschalk RWH, van Delft JHM, Kleinjans JCS. Bayesian Network Inference Enables Unbiased Phenotypic Anchoring of Transcriptomic Responses to Cigarette Smoke in Humans. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1936-48. [PMID: 26360787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microarray-based transcriptomic analysis has been demonstrated to hold the opportunity to study the effects of human exposure to, e.g., chemical carcinogens at the whole genome level, thus yielding broad-ranging molecular information on possible carcinogenic effects. Since genes do not operate individually but rather through concerted interactions, analyzing and visualizing networks of genes should provide important mechanistic information, especially upon connecting them to functional parameters, such as those derived from measurements of biomarkers for exposure and carcinogenic risk. Conventional methods such as hierarchical clustering and correlation analyses are frequently used to address these complex interactions but are limited as they do not provide directional causal dependence relationships. Therefore, our aim was to apply Bayesian network inference with the purpose of phenotypic anchoring of modified gene expressions. We investigated a use case on transcriptomic responses to cigarette smoking in humans, in association with plasma cotinine levels as biomarkers of exposure and aromatic DNA-adducts in blood cells as biomarkers of carcinogenic risk. Many of the genes that appear in the Bayesian networks surrounding plasma cotinine, and to a lesser extent around aromatic DNA-adducts, hold biologically relevant functions in inducing severe adverse effects of smoking. In conclusion, this study shows that Bayesian network inference enables unbiased phenotypic anchoring of transcriptomics responses. Furthermore, in all inferred Bayesian networks several dependencies are found which point to known but also to new relationships between the expression of specific genes, cigarette smoke exposure, DNA damaging-effects, and smoking-related diseases, in particular associated with apoptosis, DNA repair, and tumor suppression, as well as with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyel G J Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Danitsja M van Leeuwen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diana M Hendrickx
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph W H Gottschalk
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H M van Delft
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Jetten MJA, Ruiz-Aracama A, Coonen MLJ, Claessen SM, van Herwijnen MHM, Lommen A, van Delft JHM, Peijnenburg AACM, Kleinjans JCS. Interindividual variation in gene expression responses and metabolite formation in acetaminophen-exposed primary human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1103-15. [PMID: 26104854 PMCID: PMC4830893 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a readily available over-the-counter drug and is one of the most commonly used analgesics/antipyretics worldwide. Large interindividual variation in susceptibility toward APAP-induced liver failure has been reported. However, the exact underlying factors causing this variability in susceptibility are still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to better understand this variability in response to APAP by evaluating interindividual differences in gene expression changes and APAP metabolite formation in primary human hepatocytes (PHH) from several donors (n = 5) exposed in vitro to a non-toxic to toxic APAP dose range. To evaluate interindividual variation, gene expression data/levels of metabolites were plotted against APAP dose/donor. The correlation in APAP dose response between donors was calculated by comparing data points from one donor to the data points of all other donors using a Pearson-based correlation analysis. From that, a correlation score/donor for each gene/metabolite was defined, representing the similarity of the omics response to APAP in PHH of a particular donor to all other donors. The top 1 % highest variable genes were selected for further evaluation using gene set overrepresentation analysis. The biological processes in which the genes with high interindividual variation in expression were involved include liver regeneration, inflammatory responses, mitochondrial stress responses, hepatocarcinogenesis, cell cycle, and drug efficacy. Additionally, the interindividual variation in the expression of these genes could be associated with the variability in expression levels of hydroxyl/methoxy-APAP and C8H13O5N-APAP-glucuronide. The before-mentioned metabolites or their derivatives have also been reported in blood of humans exposed to therapeutic APAP doses. Possibly these findings can contribute to elucidating the causative factors of interindividual susceptibility toward APAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon J A Jetten
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Room 4.112 UNS 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ainhoa Ruiz-Aracama
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten L J Coonen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Room 4.112 UNS 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra M Claessen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Room 4.112 UNS 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel H M van Herwijnen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Room 4.112 UNS 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Lommen
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H M van Delft
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Room 4.112 UNS 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A C M Peijnenburg
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Room 4.112 UNS 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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3
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Van den Hof WFPM, Ruiz-Aracama A, Van Summeren A, Jennen DGJ, Gaj S, Coonen MLJ, Brauers K, Wodzig WKWH, van Delft JHM, Kleinjans JCS. Integrating multiple omics to unravel mechanisms of Cyclosporin A induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:489-501. [PMID: 25562108 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve attrition rates of candidate-drugs there is a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying drug-induced hepatotoxicity. We aim to further unravel the toxicological response of hepatocytes to a prototypical cholestatic compound by integrating transcriptomic and metabonomic profiling of HepG2 cells exposed to Cyclosporin A. Cyclosporin A exposure induced intracellular cholesterol accumulation and diminished intracellular bile acid levels. Performing pathway analyses of significant mRNAs and metabolites separately and integrated, resulted in more relevant pathways for the latter. Integrated analyses showed pathways involved in cell cycle and cellular metabolism to be significantly changed. Moreover, pathways involved in protein processing of the endoplasmic reticulum, bile acid biosynthesis and cholesterol metabolism were significantly affected. Our findings indicate that an integrated approach combining metabonomics and transcriptomics data derived from representative in vitro models, with bioinformatics can improve our understanding of the mechanisms of action underlying drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, we showed that integrating multiple omics and thereby analyzing genes, microRNAs and metabolites of the opposed model for drug-induced cholestasis can give valuable information about mechanisms of drug-induced cholestasis in vitro and therefore could be used in toxicity screening of new drug candidates at an early stage of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim F P M Van den Hof
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ainhoa Ruiz-Aracama
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke Van Summeren
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Danyel G J Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Stan Gaj
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten L J Coonen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Karen Brauers
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Will K W H Wodzig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost H M van Delft
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Bloch KM, Yaqoob N, Sharma S, Evans A, Aschauer L, Radford R, Jennings P, Ryan MP, van Delft JHM, Lock EA. Transcriptomic alterations induced by Monuron in rat and human renal proximal tubule cells in vitro and comparison to rat renal-cortex in vivo. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00113c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monuron (1,1-dimethyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea) is a widely used herbicide in developing countries although concerns have been raised about its toxicity and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M. Bloch
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Noreen Yaqoob
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Sikander Sharma
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Andrew Evans
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Lydia Aschauer
- Division of Physiology
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics
- Innsbruck Medical University
- Innsbruck
- Austria
| | - Robert Radford
- Renal Disease Research Group
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science
- UCD Conway Institute
- University College Dublin
- Ireland
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Physiology
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics
- Innsbruck Medical University
- Innsbruck
- Austria
| | - Michael P. Ryan
- Renal Disease Research Group
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science
- UCD Conway Institute
- University College Dublin
- Ireland
| | - Joost H. M. van Delft
- Department of Health Risk Analyses and Toxicology
- Faculty of Health
- Medicine and Life Sciences
- Maastricht University
- Maastricht
| | - Edward A. Lock
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Liverpool
- UK
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5
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Merlo DF, Agramunt S, Anna L, Besselink H, Botsivali M, Brady NJ, Ceppi M, Chatzi L, Chen B, Decordier I, Farmer PB, Fleming S, Fontana V, Försti A, Fthenou E, Gallo F, Georgiadis P, Gmuender H, Godschalk RW, Granum B, Hardie LJ, Hemminki K, Hochstenbach K, Knudsen LE, Kogevinas M, Kovács K, Kyrtopoulos SA, Løvik M, Nielsen JK, Nygaard UC, Pedersen M, Rydberg P, Schoket B, Segerbäck D, Singh R, Sunyer J, Törnqvist M, van Loveren H, van Schooten FJ, Vande Loock K, von Stedingk H, Wright J, Kleinjans JC, Kirsch-Volders M, van Delft JHM. Micronuclei in cord blood lymphocytes and associations with biomarkers of exposure to carcinogens and hormonally active factors, gene polymorphisms, and gene expression: the NewGeneris cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2014; 122:193-200. [PMID: 24252472 PMCID: PMC3914866 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukemia incidence has increased in recent decades among European children, suggesting that early-life environmental exposures play an important role in disease development. OBJECTIVES We investigated the hypothesis that childhood susceptibility may increase as a result of in utero exposure to carcinogens and hormonally acting factors. Using cord blood samples from the NewGeneris cohort, we examined associations between a range of biomarkers of carcinogen exposure and hormonally acting factors with micronuclei (MN) frequency as a proxy measure of cancer risk. Associations with gene expression and genotype were also explored. METHODS DNA and protein adducts, gene expression profiles, circulating hormonally acting factors, and GWAS (genome-wide association study) data were investigated in relation to genomic damage measured by MN frequency in lymphocytes from 623 newborns enrolled between 2006 and 2010 across Europe. RESULTS Malondialdehyde DNA adducts (M1dG) were associated with increased MN frequency in binucleated lymphocytes (MNBN), and exposure to androgenic, estrogenic, and dioxin-like compounds was associated with MN frequency in mononucleated lymphocytes (MNMONO), although no monotonic exposure-outcome relationship was observed. Lower frequencies of MNBN were associated with a 1-unit increase expression of PDCD11, LATS2, TRIM13, CD28, SMC1A, IL7R, and NIPBL genes. Gene expression was significantly higher in association with the highest versus lowest category of bulky and M1dG-DNA adducts for five and six genes, respectively. Gene expression levels were significantly lower for 11 genes in association with the highest versus lowest category of plasma AR CALUX® (chemically activated luciferase expression for androgens) (8 genes), ERα CALUX® (for estrogens) (2 genes), and DR CALUX® (for dioxins). Several SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) on chromosome 11 near FOLH1 significantly modified associations between androgen activity and MNBN frequency. Polymorphisms in EPHX1/2 and CYP2E1 were associated with MNBN. CONCLUSION We measured in utero exposure to selected environmental carcinogens and circulating hormonally acting factors and detected associations with MN frequency in newborns circulating T lymphocytes. The results highlight mechanisms that may contribute to carcinogen-induced leukemia and require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Franco Merlo
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Clinical Trials, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) San Martino-Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro (IST), Genoa, Italy
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Van den Hof WFPM, Coonen MLJ, van Herwijnen M, Brauers K, Wodzig WKWH, van Delft JHM, Kleinjans JCS. Classification of Hepatotoxicants Using HepG2 Cells: A Proof of Principle Study. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:433-42. [DOI: 10.1021/tx4004165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wim F. P. M. Van den Hof
- Department
of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Toxicogenomics
Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten L. J. Coonen
- Department
of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Toxicogenomics
Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Herwijnen
- Department
of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Brauers
- Department
of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Will K. W. H. Wodzig
- Department
of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Toxicogenomics
Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H. M. van Delft
- Department
of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Toxicogenomics
Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos C. S. Kleinjans
- Department
of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Toxicogenomics
Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Rieswijk L, Lizarraga D, Brauers KJJ, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Characterisation of cisplatin-induced transcriptomics responses in primary mouse hepatocytes, HepG2 cells and mouse embryonic stem cells shows conservation of regulating transcription factor networks. Mutagenesis 2013; 29:17-26. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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8
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De Coster S, van Leeuwen DM, Jennen DGJ, Koppen G, Den Hond E, Nelen V, Schoeters G, Baeyens W, van Delft JHM, Kleinjans JCS, van Larebeke N. Gender-specific transcriptomic response to environmental exposure in Flemish adults. Environ Mol Mutagen 2013; 54:574-588. [PMID: 23653218 DOI: 10.1002/em.21774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Flanders, Belgium, is one of the most densely populated areas in Europe. The Flemish Environment and Health Survey (2002-2006) aimed at determining exposure to pollutants of neonates, adolescents, and older adults and to assess associated biological and health effects. This study investigated genome wide gene expression changes associated with a range of environmental pollutants, including cadmium, lead, PCBs, dioxin, hexachlorobenzene, p,p'-DDE, benzene, and PAHs. Gene expression levels were measured in peripheral blood cells of 20 adults with relatively high and 20 adults with relatively low combined internal exposure levels, all non-smokers aged 50-65. Pearson correlation was used to analyze associations between pollutants and gene expression levels, separately for both genders. Pollutant- and gender-specific correlation analysis results were obtained. For organochlorine pollutants, analysis within genders revealed that genes were predominantly regulated in opposite directions in males and females. Significantly modulated pathways were found to be associated with each of the exposure biomarkers measured. Pathways and/or genes related to estrogen and STAT5 signaling were correlated to organochlorine exposures in both genders. Our work demonstrates that gene expression in peripheral blood is influenced by environmental pollutants. In particular, gender-specific changes are associated with organochlorine pollutants, including gender-specific modulation of endocrine related pathways and genes. These pathways and genes have previously been linked to endocrine disruption related disorders, which in turn have been associated with organochlorine exposure. Based on our results, we recommend that males and females be considered separately when analyzing gene expression changes associated with exposures that may include chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam De Coster
- Study Centre for Carcinogenesis and Primary Prevention of Cancer, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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Van Summeren A, Renes J, Lizarraga D, Bouwman FG, Noben JP, van Delft JHM, Kleinjans JCS, Mariman ECM. Screening for drug-induced hepatotoxicity in primary mouse hepatocytes using acetaminophen, amiodarone, and cyclosporin a as model compounds: an omics-guided approach. OMICS 2013; 17:71-83. [PMID: 23308384 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2012.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a leading cause of attrition for candidate pharmaceuticals in development. New preclinical screening methods are crucial to predict drug toxicity prior to human studies. Of all in vitro hepatotoxicity models, primary human hepatocytes are considered as 'the gold standard.' However, their use is hindered by limited availability and inter-individual variation. These barriers may be overcome by using primary mouse hepatocytes. We used differential in gel electrophoresis (DIGE) to study large-scale protein expression of primary mouse hepatocytes. These hepatocytes were exposed to three well-defined hepatotoxicants: acetaminophen, amiodarone, and cyclosporin A. Each hepatotoxicant induces a different hepatotoxic phenotype. Based on the DIGE results, the mRNA expression levels of deregulated proteins from cyclosporin A-treated cells were also analyzed. We were able to distinguish cyclosporin A from controls, as well as acetaminophen and amiodarone-treated samples. Cyclosporin A induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and altered the ER-Golgi transport. Moreover, liver carboxylesterase and bile salt sulfotransferase were differentially expressed. These proteins were associated with a protective adaptive response against cyclosporin A-induced cholestasis. The results of this study are comparable with effects in HepG2 cells. Therefore, we suggest both models can be used to analyze the cholestatic properties of cyclosporin A. Furthermore, this study showed a conserved response between primary mouse hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. These findings collectively lend support for use of omics strategies in preclinical toxicology, and might inform future efforts to better link preclinical and clinical research in rational drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Van Summeren
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Tsamou M, Jennen DGJ, Claessen SMH, Magkoufopoulou C, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Performance of in vitro γH2AX assay in HepG2 cells to predict in vivo genotoxicity. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:645-52. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Lizarraga D, Gaj S, Brauers KJ, Timmermans L, Kleinjans JC, van Delft JHM. Benzo[a]pyrene-induced changes in microRNA-mRNA networks. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:838-49. [PMID: 22316170 DOI: 10.1021/tx2003799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological studies assessing the safety of compounds for humans frequently use in vitro systems to characterize toxic responses in combination with transcriptomic analyses. Thus far, changes have mostly been investigated at the mRNA level. Recently, microRNAs have attracted attention because they are powerful negative regulators of mRNA levels and, thus, may be responsible for the modulation of important mRNA networks implicated in toxicity. This study aimed to identify possible microRNA-mRNA networks as novel interactions on the gene expression level after a genotoxic insult. We used benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, as a model genotoxic/carcinogenic compound. We analyzed time-dependent effects on mRNA and microRNA profiles in HepG2 cells, a widely used human liver cell line that expresses active p53 and is competent for the biotransformation of BaP. Changes in microRNA expression in response to BaP, in combination with multiple alterations of mRNA levels, were observed. Many of these altered mRNAs are targets of altered microRNAs. Using pathway analysis, we evaluated the relevance of such microRNA deregulations to genotoxicity. This revealed eight microRNAs that appear to participate in specific BaP-responsive pathways relevant to genotoxicity, such as apoptotic signaling, cell cycle arrest, DNA damage response, and DNA damage repair. Our results particularly highlight the potential of microRNA-29b, microRNA-26a-1*, and microRNA-122* as novel players in the BaP response. Therefore, this study demonstrates the added value of an integrated microRNA-mRNA approach for identifying molecular mechanisms induced by BaP in an in vitro human model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daneida Lizarraga
- Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht University , P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Jetten MJA, Gaj S, Ruiz-Aracama A, de Kok TM, van Delft JHM, Lommen A, van Someren EP, Jennen DGJ, Claessen SM, Peijnenburg AACM, Stierum RH, Kleinjans JCS. 'Omics analysis of low dose acetaminophen intake demonstrates novel response pathways in humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 259:320-8. [PMID: 22285215 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen is the primary cause of acute liver toxicity in Europe/USA, which led the FDA to reconsider recommendations concerning safe acetaminophen dosage/use. Unfortunately, the current tests for liver toxicity are no ideal predictive markers for liver injury, i.e. they only measure acetaminophen exposure after profound liver toxicity has already occurred. Furthermore, these tests do not provide mechanistic information. Here, 'omics techniques (global analysis of metabolomic/gene-expression responses) may provide additional insight. To better understand acetaminophen-induced responses at low doses, we evaluated the effects of (sub-)therapeutic acetaminophen doses on metabolite formation and global gene-expression changes (including, for the first time, full-genome human miRNA expression changes) in blood/urine samples from healthy human volunteers. Many known and several new acetaminophen-metabolites were detected, in particular in relation to hepatotoxicity-linked, oxidative metabolism of acetaminophen. Transcriptomic changes indicated immune-modulating effects (2g dose) and oxidative stress responses (4g dose). For the first time, effects of acetaminophen on full-genome human miRNA expression have been considered and confirmed the findings on mRNA level. 'Omics techniques outperformed clinical chemistry tests and revealed novel response pathways to acetaminophen in humans. Although no definitive conclusion about potential immunotoxic effects of acetaminophen can be drawn from this study, there are clear indications that the immune system is triggered even after intake of low doses of acetaminophen. Also, oxidative stress-related gene responses, similar to those seen after high dose acetaminophen exposure, suggest the occurrence of possible pre-toxic effects of therapeutic acetaminophen doses. Possibly, these effects are related to dose-dependent increases in levels of hepatotoxicity-related metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon J A Jetten
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universitiessingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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13
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Bloch KM, Yaqoob N, Evans A, Radford R, Jennings P, Boei JJWA, McMorrow T, Slattery C, Ryan MP, Gmuender H, van Delft JHM, Lock EA. Detection of genotoxic and non-genotoxic renal carcinogens in vitro in NRK-52E cells using a transcriptomics approach. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tx20023f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Stølevik SB, Nygaard UC, Namork E, Haugen M, Kvalem HE, Meltzer HM, Alexander J, van Delft JHM, Loveren HV, Løvik M, Granum B. Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins is associated with increased risk of wheeze and infections in infants. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1843-8. [PMID: 21571030 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The birth cohort BraMat (n = 205; a sub-cohort of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health) was established to study whether prenatal exposure to toxicants from the maternal diet affects immunological health outcomes in children. We here report on the environmental pollutants polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, as well as acrylamide generated in food during heat treatment. The frequency of common infections, eczema or itchiness, and periods of more than 10 days of dry cough, chest tightness or wheeze (called wheeze) in the children during the first year of life was assessed by questionnaire data (n = 195). Prenatal dietary exposure to the toxicants was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire from MoBa. Prenatal exposure to PCBs and dioxins was found to be associated with increased risk of wheeze and exanthema subitum, and also with increased frequency of upper respiratory tract infections. We found no associations between prenatal exposure to acrylamide and the health outcomes investigated. Our results suggest that prenatal dietary exposure to dioxins and PCBs may increase the risk of wheeze and infectious diseases during the first year of life.
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Bolleyn J, Fraczek J, Vinken M, Lizarraga D, Gaj S, van Delft JHM, Rogiers V, Vanhaecke T. Effect of Trichostatin A on miRNA expression in cultures of primary rat hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1173-82. [PMID: 21513791 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, was investigated on the microRNA (miR, miRNA) expression profile in cultured primary rat hepatocytes by means of microarray analysis. Simultaneously, albumin secretory capacity and morphological features of the hepatocytes were evaluated throughout the culture time. In total, 25 out of 348 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed between freshly isolated hepatocytes and 7-day cultured cells. Nineteen of these miRNAs were connected with 'general metabolism'. miR-21 and miR-126 were shown to be the most up and down regulated miRs upon cultivation and could be linked to the proliferative response triggered in the hepatocytes upon their isolation from the liver. miR-379 and miR-143, on the other hand, were found to be the most up and down regulated miRs upon TSA treatment. Together with the higher expression of miR-122 observed in TSA-treated versus non-treated cultures, we hypothesize that the changes observed for miR-122, miR-143 and miR-379 could be related to the inhibitory effects of TSA on hepatocellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Van Summeren A, Renes J, Mariman ECM, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Response to Pathophysiological Relevance of Proteomics Investigations of Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity in HepG2 Cells. Toxicol Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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17
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Van Summeren A, Renes J, Bouwman FG, Noben JP, van Delft JHM, Kleinjans JCS, Mariman ECM. Proteomics Investigations of Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity in HepG2 Cells. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120:109-22. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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18
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Kienhuis AS, Bessems JGM, Pennings JLA, Driessen M, Luijten M, van Delft JHM, Peijnenburg AACM, van der Ven LTM. Application of toxicogenomics in hepatic systems toxicology for risk assessment: acetaminophen as a case study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 250:96-107. [PMID: 20970440 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic systems toxicology is the integrative analysis of toxicogenomic technologies, e.g., transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, in combination with traditional toxicology measures to improve the understanding of mechanisms of hepatotoxic action. Hepatic toxicology studies that have employed toxicogenomic technologies to date have already provided a proof of principle for the value of hepatic systems toxicology in hazard identification. In the present review, acetaminophen is used as a model compound to discuss the application of toxicogenomics in hepatic systems toxicology for its potential role in the risk assessment process, to progress from hazard identification towards hazard characterization. The toxicogenomics-based parallelogram is used to identify current achievements and limitations of acetaminophen toxicogenomic in vivo and in vitro studies for in vitro-to-in vivo and interspecies comparisons, with the ultimate aim to extrapolate animal studies to humans in vivo. This article provides a model for comparison of more species and more in vitro models enhancing the robustness of common toxicogenomic responses and their relevance to human risk assessment. To progress to quantitative dose-response analysis needed for hazard characterization, in hepatic systems toxicology studies, generation of toxicogenomic data of multiple doses/concentrations and time points is required. Newly developed bioinformatics tools for quantitative analysis of toxicogenomic data can aid in the elucidation of dose-responsive effects. The challenge herein is to assess which toxicogenomic responses are relevant for induction of the apical effect and whether perturbations are sufficient for the induction of downstream events, eventually causing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Kienhuis
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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19
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Hockley SL, Mathijs K, Staal YCM, Brewer D, Giddings I, van Delft JHM, Phillips DH. Interlaboratory and interplatform comparison of microarray gene expression analysis of HepG2 cells exposed to benzo(a)pyrene. OMICS 2010; 13:115-25. [PMID: 19245359 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2008.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microarray technology is being used increasingly to study gene expression of biological systems on a large scale. Both interlaboratory and interplatform differences are known to contribute to variability in microarray data. In this study we have investigated data from different platforms and laboratories on the transcriptomic profile of HepG2 cells exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). RNA samples generated in two different laboratories were analyzed using both Agilent oligonucleotide microarrays and Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) cDNA microarrays. Comparability of the expression profiles was assessed at various levels including correlation and overlap between the data, clustering of the data and affected biological processes. Overlap and correlation occurred, but it was not possible to deduce whether choice of platform or interlaboratory differences contributed more to the data variation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering of the expression profiles indicated that the data were most clearly defined by duration of exposure to BaP, suggesting that laboratory and platform variability does not mask the biological effects. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to validate the two array platforms and indicated that false negatives, rather than false positives, are obtained with both systems. All together these results suggest that data from similar biological experiments analyzed on different microarray platforms can be combined to give a more complete transcriptomic profile. Each platform gives a slight variation in the BaP-gene expression response and, although it cannot be stated which is more correct, combining the two data sets is more informative than considering them individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Hockley
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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20
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Hochstenbach K, van Leeuwen DM, Gmuender H, Stølevik SB, Nygaard UC, Løvik M, Granum B, Namork E, van Delft JHM, van Loveren H. Transcriptomic profile indicative of immunotoxic exposure: in vitro studies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:19-30. [PMID: 20702593 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the immunotoxic effects of exposure to chemicals usually comprises evaluation of weight and histopathology of lymphoid tissues, various lymphocyte parameters in the circulation, and immune function. Immunotoxicity assessment is time consuming in humans or requires a high number of animals, making it expensive. Furthermore, reducing the use of animals in research is an important ethical and political issue. Immunotoxicogenomics represents a novel approach to investigate immunotoxicity able of overcoming these limitations. The current research, embedded in the European Union project NewGeneris, aimed to retrieve gene expression profiles that are indicative of exposure to immunotoxicants. To this end, whole-genome gene expression was investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to in vitro exposure to a range of immunotoxic chemicals (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, aflatoxin B1, benzo[a]pyrene, deoxynivalenol, ethanol, malondialdehyde, polychlorinated biphenyl 153, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) and nonimmunotoxic chemicals (acrylamide, dimethylnitrosamine, 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-F]quinoline, and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine). Using Agilent oligonucleotide microarrays, whole-genome gene expression profiles were generated, which were analyzed using Genedata's Expressionist software. Using Recursive Feature Elimination and Support Vector Machine, a set of 48 genes was identified that distinguishes the immunotoxic from the nonimmunotoxic compounds. Analysis for enrichment of biological processes showed the gene set to be highly biologically and immunologically relevant. We conclude that we have identified a promising transcriptomic profile indicative of immunotoxic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hochstenbach
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Jennen DGJ, Gaj S, Giesbertz PJ, van Delft JHM, Evelo CT, Kleinjans JCS. Biotransformation pathway maps in WikiPathways enable direct visualization of drug metabolism related expression changes. Drug Discov Today 2010; 15:851-8. [PMID: 20708095 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, our knowledge of the genetics and functional genomics of drug-metabolizing enzymes has increased and a wealth of data on drug-related 'omics' has become available. Despite the availability of large amounts of biological information on xenobiotic biotransformation, the number of available biotransformation pathway maps that can easily be used for visualization of multiple omics data is limited. Here, we created integrated biotransformation pathway maps suitable for multiple omics analysis using PathVisio. The ease of visualizing data on these maps was demonstrated by using published microarray data from human hepatocyte-like cell models, exemplifying - where a sufficient capacity for metabolizing chemicals is a prerequisite for a suited model - how the biotransformation pathway maps can be used for model selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyel G J Jennen
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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22
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van Delft JHM, Mathijs K, Staal YCM, van Herwijnen MHM, Brauers KJJ, Boorsma A, Kleinjans JCS. Time Series Analysis of Benzo[A]Pyrene-Induced Transcriptome Changes Suggests That a Network of Transcription Factors Regulates the Effects on Functional Gene Sets. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:381-92. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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23
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Jennen DGJ, Magkoufopoulou C, Ketelslegers HB, van Herwijnen MHM, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Comparison of HepG2 and HepaRG by Whole-Genome Gene Expression Analysis for the Purpose of Chemical Hazard Identification. Toxicol Sci 2010; 115:66-79. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Mathijs K, Brauers KJJ, Jennen DGJ, Boorsma A, van Herwijnen MHM, Gottschalk RWH, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Discrimination for Genotoxic and Nongenotoxic Carcinogens by Gene Expression Profiling in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes Improves with Exposure Time. Toxicol Sci 2009; 112:374-84. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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25
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Mathijs K, Kienhuis AS, Brauers KJJ, Jennen DGJ, Lahoz A, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Assessing the metabolic competence of sandwich-cultured mouse primary hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1305-11. [PMID: 19251822 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.025775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary human and rat hepatocyte cultures are well established in vitro systems used in toxicological studies. However, whereas transgenic mouse models provide an opportunity for studying mechanisms of toxicity, mouse primary hepatocyte cultures are less well described. The potential usefulness of a mouse hepatocyte-based in vitro model was assessed in this study by investigating time-dependent competence for xenobiotic metabolism and gene expression profiles. Primary mouse hepatocytes, isolated using two-step collagenase perfusion, were cultured in a collagen sandwich configuration. Gene expression profiles and the activities of various cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes were determined after 0, 42, and 90 h in culture. Principal component analysis of gene expression profiles shows that replicates per time point are similar. Gene expression levels of most phase I biotransformation enzymes decrease to approximately 69 and 57% of the original levels at 42 and 90 h, respectively, whereas enzyme activities for most of the studied P450s decrease to 59 and 34%. The decrease for phase II gene expression is only to 96 and 92% of the original levels at 42 and 90 h, respectively. Pathway analysis reveals initial effects at the level of proteins, external signaling pathways, and energy production. Later effects are observed for transcription, translation, membranes, and cell cycle-related gene sets. These results indicate that the sandwich-cultured primary mouse hepatocyte system is robust and seems to maintain its metabolic competence better than that of the rat hepatocyte system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Mathijs
- Department of Health Risk Analyses and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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26
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Kienhuis AS, van de Poll MCG, Wortelboer H, van Herwijnen M, Gottschalk R, Dejong CHC, Boorsma A, Paules RS, Kleinjans JCS, Stierum RH, van Delft JHM. Parallelogram Approach Using Rat-Human In Vitro and Rat In Vivo Toxicogenomics Predicts Acetaminophen-induced Hepatotoxicity in Humans. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:544-52. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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27
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van Leeuwen DM, Gottschalk RWH, Schoeters G, van Larebeke NA, Nelen V, Baeyens WF, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Transcriptome analysis in peripheral blood of humans exposed to environmental carcinogens: a promising new biomarker in environmental health studies. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116:1519-25. [PMID: 19057705 PMCID: PMC2592272 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human carcinogenesis is known to be initiated and/or promoted by exposure to chemicals that occur in the environment. Molecular cancer epidemiology is used to identify human environmental cancer risks by applying a range of effect biomarkers, which tend to be nonspecific and do not generate insights into underlying modes of action. Toxicogenomic technologies may improve on this by providing the opportunity to identify molecular biomarkers consisting of altered gene expression profiles. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to monitor the expression of selected genes in a random sample of adults in Flanders selected from specific regions with (presumably) different environmental burdens. Furthermore, associations of gene expression with blood and urinary measures of biomarkers of exposure, early phenotypic effects, and tumor markers were investigated. RESULTS Individual gene expression of cytochrome p450 1B1, activating transcription factor 4, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, superoxide dismutase 2 (Mn), chemokine (C-X-C motif) lig-and 1 (melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase homolog 2 (mouse), tigger transposable element derived 3, and PTEN-induced putative kinase1 were measured by means of quantitative polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood cells of 398 individuals. After correction for the confounding effect of tobacco smoking, inhabitants of the Olen region showed the highest differences in gene expression levels compared with inhabitants from the Gent and fruit cultivation regions. Importantly, we observed multiple significant correlations of particular gene expressions with blood and urinary measures of various environmental carcinogens. CONCLUSIONS Considering the observed significant differences between gene expression levels in inhabitants of various regions in Flanders and the associations of gene expression with blood or urinary measures of environmental carcinogens, we conclude that gene expression profiling appears promising as a tool for biological monitoring in relation to environmental exposures in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danitsja M van Leeuwen
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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28
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van Delft JHM, Luiten-Schuite A, Souliotis VL, Kyrtopoulos SA, Ouwerkerk J, Keizer HJ, Baan RA. N7-Methylguanine andO6-methylguanine levels in DNA of white blood cells from cancer patients treated with dacarbazine. Biomarkers 2008; 1:94-8. [DOI: 10.3109/13547509609088676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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29
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Staal YCM, Pushparajah DS, van Herwijnen MHM, Gottschalk RWH, Maas LM, Ioannides C, van Schooten FJ, van Delft JHM. Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in binary mixtures: effects on gene expression and DNA adduct formation in precision-cut rat liver slices. Mutagenesis 2008; 23:491-9. [PMID: 18711122 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurs mostly through mixtures, hazard and risk assessment are mostly based on the effects caused by individual compounds. The objective of the current study was to investigate whether interactions between PAHs occur, focusing on gene expression (as measured by cDNA microarrays) and DNA adduct formation. The effects of benzo[a]pyrene or dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DB[a,h]A) alone and in binary mixtures with another PAH (DB[a,h]A, benzo[b]fluoranthene, fluoranthene or dibenzo[a,l]pyrene) were investigated using precision-cut rat liver slices. All compounds significantly modulated the expression of several genes, but overlap between genes affected by the mixture and by the individual compounds was relatively small. All mixtures showed an antagonistic response on total gene expression profiles. Moreover, at the level of individual genes, mostly antagonism was evident, with additivity and synergism observed for only a few genes. As far as DNA adduct formation is concerned, the binary mixtures generally caused antagonism. The effects in liver slices suggest a lower carcinogenic potency of PAH mixtures than estimated based on additivity of individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne C M Staal
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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30
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van Breda SGJ, de Kok TMCM, van Delft JHM. Mechanisms of colorectal and lung cancer prevention by vegetables: a genomic approach. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:139-57. [PMID: 17651960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) and lung cancer (LC) occur at high incidence, and both can be effectively prevented by dietary vegetable consumption. This makes these two types of cancer highly suitable for elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention. Numerous studies have shown that vegetables exert their beneficial effects through various different mechanisms, but effects on the genome level remain mostly unclear. This review evaluates current knowledge on the mechanisms of CRC and LC prevention by vegetables, thereby focusing on the modulation of gene and protein expressions. The majority of the effects found in the colon are changes in the expression of genes and proteins involved in apoptosis, cell cycle, cell proliferation and intracellular defense, in favor of reduced CRC risk. Furthermore, vegetables and vegetable components changed the expression of many more genes and proteins involved in other pathways for which biologic meaning is less clear. The number of studies investigating gene and protein expression changes in the lungs is limited to only a few in vitro and animal studies. Data from these studies show that mostly genes involved in biotransformation, apoptosis and cell cycle regulation are affected. In both colon and lungs, genomewide analyses of gene and protein expression changes by new genomics and proteomics technologies, as well as the investigation of whole vegetables, are few in number. Further studies applying these 'omics' approaches are needed to provide more insights on affected genetic/biologic pathways and, thus, in molecular mechanisms by which different chemopreventive compounds can protect against carcinogenesis. Particularly studies with combinations of phytochemicals and whole vegetables are needed to establish gene expression changes in the colon, but especially in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone G J van Breda
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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31
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Staal YCM, Hebels DGAJ, van Herwijnen MHM, Gottschalk RWH, van Schooten FJ, van Delft JHM. Binary PAH mixtures cause additive or antagonistic effects on gene expression but synergistic effects on DNA adduct formation. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:2632-40. [PMID: 17690111 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) cover a wide range of structurally related compounds which differ greatly in their carcinogenic potency. PAH exposure usually occurs through mixtures rather than individual compounds. Therefore, we assessed whether the effects of binary PAH mixtures on gene expression, DNA adduct formation, apoptosis and cell cycle are additive compared with the effects of the individual compounds in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). Equimolar and equitoxic mixtures of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) with either dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DB[a,h]A), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), fluoranthene (FA) or 1-methylphenanthrene (1-MPA) were studied. DB[a,l]P, B[a]P, DB[a,h]A and B[b]F dose-dependently increased apoptosis and blocked cells cycle in S-phase. PAH mixtures showed an additive effect on apoptosis and on cell cycle blockage. DNA adduct formation in mixtures was higher than expected based on the individual compounds, indicating a synergistic effect of PAH mixtures. Equimolar mixtures of B[a]P and DB[a,l]P (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 microM) were assessed for their effects on gene expression. Only at 1.0 microM, the mixture showed antagonism. All five compounds were also tested as a binary mixture with B[a]P in equitoxic concentrations. The combinations of B[a]P with B[b]F, DB[a,h]A or FA showed additivity, whereas B[a]P with DB[a,l]P or 1-MPA showed antagonism. Many individual genes showed additivity in mixtures, but some genes showed mostly antagonism or synergism. Our results show that the effects of binary mixtures of PAHs on gene expression are generally additive or slightly antagonistic, suggesting no effect or decreased carcinogenic potency, whereas the effects on DNA adduct formation show synergism, which rather indicates increased carcinogenic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne C M Staal
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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32
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Arbillaga L, Azqueta A, van Delft JHM, López de Cerain A. In vitro gene expression data supporting a DNA non-reactive genotoxic mechanism for ochratoxin A. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 220:216-24. [PMID: 17316727 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin often found in cereals and agricultural products. There is unequivocal evidence of renal carcinogenicity of OTA in male rats, although the mechanism of action is unknown. At present, available data support an epigenetic mechanism (DNA non-reactive) resulting from oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, because a direct OTA interaction with DNA has not been demonstrated. Genotoxic mechanism (DNA-reactive vs. DNA non-reactive) may have implications on human risk assessment. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to identify biological pathways modulated by OTA in vitro in a human renal cell line (HK-2) to contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of OTA toxicity. For that purpose, cells were exposed to 50 microM OTA during 6 and 24 h, and gene expression profiles were analyzed using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 A 2.0 Gene Chips. Under the same experimental conditions, genotoxicity was evaluated by the modified comet assay using FPG and Endo III to detect oxidative DNA damage, and intracellular ROS level by the H(2)DCF assay. After 6 h, with slight cytotoxicity (83% survival), genes involved in mitochondrial electron transport chain were up-regulated; and after 24 h, with a more pronounced cytotoxicity (51% survival), genes implicated in oxidative stress response were also up-regulated. Increase in intracellular ROS level and oxidative DNA damage was evident at both exposure times being more pronounced with high cytotoxicity. On the contrary, up-regulation of genes implicated in DNA damage response, as cell cycle control or apoptosis, was not detected at any exposure time. In conclusion, these results support a DNA non-reactive mechanism of OTA genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Arbillaga
- Department of Food Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Staal YCM, van Herwijnen MHM, Pushparajah DS, Umachandran M, Ioannides C, van Schooten FJ, van Delft JHM. Modulation of gene expression and DNA-adduct formation in precision-cut liver slices exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of different carcinogenic potency. Mutagenesis 2007; 22:55-62. [PMID: 17151004 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gel058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) differ markedly in their carcinogenic potencies. Differences in transcriptomic responses upon PAH exposures might improve our current understanding of the differences in carcinogenicity, and therefore gene expression modulation by six PAHs in precision-cut rat liver slices was investigated. Gene expression modulation by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), fluoranthene (FA), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DB[a,h]A) and 1-methylphenanthrene (1-MPA) was assessed after 6- (B[a]P, DB[a,l]P) and 24-h (all compounds) exposure, using oligonucleotide arrays. DNA-adduct formation was determined using (32)P-post-labelling. The effects of PAHs on gene expression and on DNA-adduct formation were much more pronounced after 24-h exposure than after a 6-h exposure. Each compound induced gene expression changes dose-dependently and gene expression profiles were generally compound-specific. B[a]P, B[b]F and DB[a,h]A displayed comparable gene expression profiles, and so did DB[a,l]P, FA and 1-MPA. Only the carcinogenic PAHs (B[a]P, B[b]F, DB[a,l]P and DB[a,h]A) induced the oxidative stress pathway. DNA-adduct levels were: DB[a,l]P >> B[a]P > B[b]F > or = DB[a,h]A > FA > or = 1-MPA. The expression of only a few genes was found to correlate significantly with DNA-adduct formation, carcinogenic potency or Ah-receptor binding capacity (the last two taken from literature). These genes differed between the parameters. Our results indicate that PAHs generally induce a compound-specific response on gene expression and that discrimination of carcinogenic from non-carcinogenic compounds is partly feasible using this approach. Only at a specific pathway level, namely oxidative stress response, PAHs with high and low carcinogenic potency could be discriminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne C M Staal
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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34
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van Leeuwen DM, van Agen E, Gottschalk RWH, Vlietinck R, Gielen M, van Herwijnen MHM, Maas LM, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Cigarette smoke-induced differential gene expression in blood cells from monozygotic twin pairs. Carcinogenesis 2006; 28:691-7. [PMID: 17056606 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgl199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical carcinogenesis induced by lifestyle factors like cigarette smoking is a major research area in molecular epidemiology. Gene expression analysis of large numbers of genes simultaneously using microarrays holds the opportunity to study the effects of such an exposure at the genome level yielding more mechanism-based information. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate multiple gene expressions in blood, indicative for the effects caused by cigarette smoke. Smoking-discordant monozygotic twin pairs (n=9) were studied to diminish influences of genetic background. Using a dedicated microarray containing 600 toxicologically relevant genes, we investigated which genes are differentially expressed in smokers compared to non-smokers. We also looked for genes of which the expression changes correlated with DNA adducts, a biomarker of effective dose for exposure to cigarette smoke carcinogens. The mean DNA adduct level in smokers differed significantly from that in non-smokers (mean +/- standard error 1.96 +/- 0.24 versus 1.17 +/- 0.16 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides, respectively; P=0.04). The genes of which the expression differed most significantly between smokers and non-smokers are ATF4, MAPK14, SOD2, CYP1B1 and SERPINB2. CYP1B1 and SOD2 can directly be linked to cigarette smoke exposure, whereas the other genes are associated with stress or environmentally induced response. Main functions of the genes influenced by cigarette smoking comprise carcinogen metabolism, oxidative stress response and anti-apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danitsja M van Leeuwen
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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35
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Kienhuis AS, Wortelboer HM, Hoflack JC, Moonen EJ, Kleinjans JCS, van Ommen B, van Delft JHM, Stierum RH. Comparison of coumarin-induced toxicity between sandwich-cultured primary rat hepatocytes and rats in vivo: a toxicogenomics approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:2083-90. [PMID: 16963487 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.011262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandwich-cultured primary rat hepatocytes are often used as an in vitro model in toxicology and pharmacology. However, loss of liver-specific functions, in particular, the decline of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme activity, limits the value of this model for prediction of in vivo toxicity. In this study, we investigated whether a hepatic in vitro system with improved metabolic competence enhances the predictability for coumarin-induced in vivo toxicity by using a toxicogenomics approach. Therefore, primary rat hepatocytes were cultured in sandwich configuration in medium containing a mixture of low concentrations of P450 inducers, phenobarbital, dexamethasone, and beta-naphthoflavone. The toxicogenomics approach used enabled comparison of similar mechanistic end-points at the molecular level between in vitro and in vivo conditions, namely, compound-induced changes in multiple genes and signaling pathways. Toxicant-induced cytotoxic effects and gene expression profiles observed in hepatocytes cultured in modified medium and hepatocytes cultured in standard medium (without inducers) were compared with results from a rat in vivo study. Coumarin was used as a model compound because its toxicity depends on bioactivation by P450 enzymes. Metabolism of coumarin toward active metabolites, coumarin-induced cytotoxicity, and gene expression modulation were more pronounced in hepatocytes cultured in modified medium compared with hepatocytes cultured in standard medium. In addition, more genes and biological pathways were similarly affected by coumarin in hepatocytes cultured in modified medium and in vivo. In conclusion, these experiments showed that for coumarin-induced toxicity, sandwich-cultured hepatocytes maintained in modified medium better represent the situation in vivo compared with hepatocytes cultured in standard medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Kienhuis
- Business Unit Biosciences, TNO Quality of Life (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), Physiological Genomics, Zeist, The Netherlands
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36
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Breikers G, van Breda SGJ, Bouwman FG, van Herwijnen MHM, Renes J, Mariman ECM, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Potential protein markers for nutritional health effects on colorectal cancer in the mouse as revealed by proteomics analysis. Proteomics 2006; 6:2844-52. [PMID: 16596712 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It is suggested that colorectal cancer might be prevented by changes in diet, and vegetable consumption has been demonstrated to have a protective effect. Until now, little is known about the effects of vegetable consumption at the proteome level. Therefore, the effect of increased vegetable intake on the protein expression in the colonic mucosa of healthy mice was studied. Aim was to identify the proteins that are differentially expressed by increased vegetable consumption and to discriminate their possible role in the protection against colorectal cancer. Mice were fed four different vegetable diets, which was followed by analysis of total cellular protein from colonic mucosal cells by a combination of 2-DE and MS. We found 30 proteins that were differentially expressed in one or more diets as compared to the control diet. Six could be identified by MALDI-TOF MS: myosin regulatory light chain 2, carbonic anhydrase I, high-mobility group protein 1, pancreatitis-associated protein 3, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ATP synthase oligomycin sensitivity conferral protein. Alterations in the levels of these proteins agree with a role in the protection against colon cancer. We conclude that these proteins are suitable markers for the health effect of food on cancer. The observed altered protein levels therefore provide support for the protective effects of vegetables against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Githa Breikers
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Ketelslegers HB, Gottschalk RWH, Godschalk RWL, Knaapen AM, van Schooten FJ, Vlietinck RFMH, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Interindividual Variations in DNA Adduct Levels Assessed by Analysis of Multiple Genetic Polymorphisms in Smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:624-9. [PMID: 16614101 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in processes that affect DNA damage may explain part of the large interindividual variation in DNA adduct levels in smokers. We investigated the effect of 19 polymorphisms in 12 genes involved in carcinogen metabolism, DNA repair, and oxidant metabolism on DNA adduct levels (determined by (32)P post-labeling) in lymphocytes of 63 healthy Caucasian smokers. The total number of alleles that were categorized as putatively high-risk alleles seemed associated with bulky DNA adduct levels (P = 0.001). Subsequently, to investigate which polymorphisms may have the highest contribution to DNA adduct levels in these smokers, discriminant analysis was done. In the investigated set of polymorphisms, GSTM1*0 (P < 0.001), mEH*2 (P = 0.001), and GPX1*1 (P < 0.001) in combination with the level of exposure (P < 0.001) were found to be key effectors. DNA adduct levels in subjects with a relatively high number of risk alleles of these three genes were >2-fold higher than in individuals not having these risk alleles. Noteworthy, all three genes are involved in deactivation of reactive carcinogenic metabolites. This study shows that analysis of multiple genetic polymorphisms may predict the interindividual variation in DNA adduct levels upon exposure to cigarette smoke. It is concluded that discriminant analysis presents an important statistical tool for analyzing the effect of multiple genotypes on molecular biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans B Ketelslegers
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
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Staal YCM, van Herwijnen MHM, van Schooten FJ, van Delft JHM. Modulation of gene expression and DNA adduct formation in HepG2 cells by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with different carcinogenic potencies. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:646-55. [PMID: 16269432 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can occur in relatively high concentrations in the air, and many PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. In order to better understand differences in carcinogenic potency between PAHs, we investigated modulation of gene expression in human HepG2 cells after 6 h incubation with varying doses of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), fluoranthene (FA), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DB[a,h]A), 1-methylphenanthrene (1-MPA) or dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P), by using cDNA microarrays containing 600 toxicologically relevant genes. Furthermore, DNA adduct levels induced by the compounds were assessed with (32)P-post-labeling, and carcinogenic potency was determined by literature study. All tested PAHs, except 1-MPA, induced gene expression changes in HepG2 cells, although generally no dose-response relationship could be detected. Clustering and principal component analysis showed that gene expression changes were compound specific, since for each compound all concentrations grouped together. Furthermore, it showed that the six PAHs can be divided into three groups, first FA and 1-MPA, second B[a]P, B[b]F and DB[a,h]A, and third DB[a,l]P. This grouping corresponds with the carcinogenic potencies of the individual compounds. Many of the modulated genes are involved in biological pathways like apoptosis, cholesterol biosynthesis and fatty acid synthesis. The order of DNA adduct levels induced by the PAHs was: B[a]P >> DB[a,l]P > B[b]F > DB[a,h]A > 1-MPA >/= FA. When comparing the expression change of individual genes with DNA adduct levels, carcinogenic potency or Ah-receptor antagonicity (the last two were taken from literature), several highly correlated genes were found, of which CYP1A1, PRKCA, SLC22A3, NFKB1A, CYP1A2 and CYP2D6 correlated with all parameters. Our data indicate that discrimination of high and low carcinogenic PAHs by gene expression profiling is feasible. Also, the carcinogenic PAHs induce several pathways that were not affected by the least carcinogenic PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne C M Staal
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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39
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Sarrif A, van Delft JHM, van Schooten FJ, Gant TW, Elliott BM, van Ravenzwaay B, van Steeg H, Vrijhof H. Toxicogenomics in genetic toxicology and hazard determination: introduction and overview. Mutat Res 2005; 575:1-3. [PMID: 15924883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2004] [Revised: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sarrif A, van Delft JHM, Gant TW, Kleinjans JCS, van Vliet E. Toxicogenomics in genetic toxicology and hazard determination--concluding remarks. Mutat Res 2005; 575:116-7. [PMID: 15924887 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Awni Sarrif
- European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4, Box 6, 1160 Brussels, Belgium.
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van Breda SGJ, van Agen E, van Sanden S, Burzykowski T, Kienhuis AS, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Vegetables affect the expression of genes involved in anticarcinogenic processes in the colonic mucosa of C57BL/6 female mice. J Nutr 2005; 135:1879-88. [PMID: 16046712 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.8.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is abundant epidemiological evidence that vegetable consumption decreases colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, the molecular targets in the genome are mostly unknown. The present study investigated the effects of vegetable consumption on gene expression in the colon mucosa of female C57Bl/6 mice using cDNA microarray technology. Mice were fed one of 8 diets: a control diet containing no vegetables (diet 1); a diet containing 100 g/kg (diet 2, 10% dose), 200 g/kg (diet 3, 20% dose), or 400 g/kg (diet 4, 40% dose) of a vegetable mixture; or a diet containing 70 g/kg of cauliflower (diet 5, 7% dose), 73 g/kg of carrots (diet 6, 7.3% dose), 226 g/kg of peas (diet 7, 22.6% dose); or 31 g/kg of onions (diet 8, 3.1% dose). The vegetable mixture used in diets 2 to 4 consisted of the 4 individual vegetables used in diets 5 to 8: cauliflower (30% wet wt), carrots (30% wet wt), peas (30% wet wt), and onions (10% wet wt). To assess gene expression changes, colonic mucosal cells were collected after the mice were killed. Total RNA was isolated and microarray technology was used to measure the expression levels of 602 genes simultaneously. For 39 genes, significant dose-dependent effects were found, although in general the relations were not linear. For 15 genes, the altered expression could indeed explain reduced cancer risk at various stages of CRC development. Eleven genes were modulated by the vegetable mixture as well as by one or more of the individual vegetables. For 7 of the genes, the modulation by the mixture was due to the effect of a particular vegetable. These genes are of particular interest because they were consistently affected and could be involved in the prevention of CRC by vegetable consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone G J van Breda
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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42
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van Leeuwen DM, Gottschalk RWH, van Herwijnen MH, Moonen EJ, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Differential gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by cigarette smoke and its constituents. Toxicol Sci 2005; 86:200-10. [PMID: 15829617 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In current molecular epidemiology studies, a wide range of methods are used to monitor early biological effects after exposure to xenobiotic agents. Gene expression profiling is considered a promising tool that may provide more sensitive, mechanism-based biomarkers. As a first step toward obtaining information on the applicability of gene expression profiles as a biomarker for early biological effects of carcinogen exposure, we conducted in vitro studies on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We used cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and a selection of its genotoxic constituents as model agents, applying cDNA microarray technology to investigate modulated gene expression. In independent experiments using cells from several donors, quiescent PBMC were exposed for 18 h, followed by gene expression analyses on a microarray containing 600 toxicologically relevant genes. The search for candidate biomarker genes was binomial: first we looked for genes responding similarly to all agents; second, for agent-specific genes. Many genes were significantly deregulated by all compounds, but as the direction of deregulation frequently differed per agent, they are not useful as generic biomarkers. Cigarette smoke condensate modulated the expression of many more genes than any of its constituents, with the largest effect in SERPINB2. The affected genes are involved in immune or stress responses, but surprisingly no genes involved in DNA damage response were modulated, and only a few in DNA repair. In conclusion, several genes have been identified as potential biomarkers for population studies on early biological effects caused by cigarette smoke exposure, but no genes were identified that represent a generic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danitsja M van Leeuwen
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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43
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van Breda SGJ, van Agen E, Engels LGJB, Moonen EJC, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Altered vegetable intake affects pivotal carcinogenesis pathways in colon mucosa from adenoma patients and controls. Carcinogenesis 2004; 25:2207-16. [PMID: 15271855 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgh241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies that vegetables reduce the risk of colorectal cancer is convincing. However, the involved genes and genetic pathways are not clear. The aim of this study was to identify genes that are modulated in vivo in colorectal mucosa by vegetables, and to investigate whether colon adenoma patients respond differently compared with healthy controls. Twenty female adenoma patients and eight healthy controls were randomly split into two groups of ten and four persons, respectively, receiving either a 50% decreased (=75 g/day) or doubled (=300 g/day) intake of vegetables for 2 weeks. In order to assess the effects on gene expression at the target level, colorectal biopsies were collected before and after the intervention. Total RNA was isolated from the biopsies to measure gene expression of 597 genes relevant for responses to xenobiotics by microarray technology, followed by confidence analyses to identify differentially expressed genes. Mainly genes related to cell cycle control and genes for oxidoreductase activities were over-represented in the list of modulated genes. Twenty genes were modulated, which are known to be related to (colon)carcinogenesis. Seven genes were similarly modulated in patients and controls, for example fos proto-oncogene and ornithine decarboxylase. Thirteen genes were modulated differently in patients compared with controls, including cyclooxygenase-2 and human mdm2-A in patients and cytochrome P45027B1, -2C19, -2D6, -2C9 and -3A4 in controls. Almost all the effects on modulating the expression of genes by altering vegetable intake can be mechanistically linked to cellular processes that explain either prevention of colorectal cancer risk by high vegetable intake or increased colorectal cancer risk by low vegetable intake. Furthermore, it seems that vegetables in patients affect genes involved in the late stage of colorectal cancer, whereas in controls genes involved in the initiation phase are modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone G J van Breda
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Mientjes EJ, van Delft JHM, op't Hof BM, Gossen JA, Vijg J, Lohman PHM, Baan RA. An improved selection method for λlacZ − phages based on galactose sensitivity. Transgenic Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01976029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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