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Gonzalez OA, Kirakodu S, Nguyen L, Ebersole JL. Macrophage-related gingival transcriptomic patterns and microbiome alterations in experimental periodontitis in nonhuman primates. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:1148-1170. [PMID: 37610132 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the microbiome features specifically related to host macrophage polarization in health, initiation and progression of periodontitis, and in resolution samples using a nonhuman primate model of ligature-induced periodontitis. BACKGROUND The oral microbiome is a complex of bacterial phyla, genera, and species acquired early in life into the individual autochthonous oral ecology. The microbiome changes overtime in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic stressors, and transitions to a dysbiotic ecology at sites of periodontal lesions. METHODS Comparisons were made between the microbial and host features in young (≤7 years) and adult (≥12 years) cohorts of animals. Footprints of macrophage-related genes in the gingival tissues were evaluated using expression profiles including M0, M1, and M2 related genes. RESULTS Within the gingival tissues, similar macrophage-related gene patterns were observed with significant increases with disease initiation and continued elevation throughout disease in both age groups. Approximately, 70% of the taxa were similar in relative abundance between the two groups; however, the adults showed a large number of OTUs that were significantly altered compared with the younger animals. Developing a correlation map identified three major node levels of interactions that comprised approximately ⅓ of the Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) that dominated the microbiomes across the samples. Also noted was a much greater frequency of significant correlations of individual OTUs with the macrophage phenotype markers, compared with disease and resolution samples in both age groups, with a greater frequency in the younger group. Moreover, these correlations were assigned to differentially expressed genes representing M0, M1, and M2-related phenotypes. A cluster analyses across the macrophage-related transcriptome and the OTUs demonstrated multiple somewhat distinct bacterial consortia, incorporating both commensal and putative pathogens, linked to the gene responses that differed in health, disease, and resolution samples. Finally, there were minimal alterations in the OTUs in individual clusters with specific macrophage-related responses in the younger group, while in the adult samples substantial variations were noted with genes from all macrophage phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS The results confirmed important features that could reflect macrophage polarization in periodontal lesions, and provided some initial data supporting specific members of the oral microbiome feature prominently related to specific gene response patterns consistent with macrophages in the gingival tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - L Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu SS, Nguyen LM, Gonzalez OA. Periodontitis-resistant and -susceptible matriline regulation of gingival transcriptome in nonhuman primates. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:1171-1187. [PMID: 37638662 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report identified if gingival gene expression transcriptomes demonstrated unique profiles that discriminated periodontitis-susceptible (PDS) and periodontitis-resistant (PDR) animals in health and disease. BACKGROUND Nonhuman primates generally organize their social groups based upon matriline origin. We have used a multi-generational colony of rhesus macaques to identify matrilines presenting with significant differences in periodontitis (e.g., earlier age onset, greater prevalence, and severity). METHODS Animals from 12 to 23 years of age (n = 17; 8 - PDR, 9 - PDS) were entered into a ligature-induced periodontitis trial. Gingival biopsies were taken at baseline and 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 months post-ligation, and microarray analysis was used to quantify gene expression in samples at each time point. RESULTS Over 1000 genes showed significant (p < .01) differences in the PDR versus PDS animals at baseline. The frequency of differences generally decreased during the disease process, and increased with resolution (i.e., 5 months). A nearly 2:1 ratio of elevated gene levels was noted in baseline PDR samples that included up-regulated MMPs, Fc receptors, chemokines, interleukins, and innate immune receptors, and down-regulated genes particularly related to epithelial biology. Most dramatically, there was a skewed differential expression of adaptive immune response genes in the PDR and epithelial cell structure/function genes in PDS samples. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate substantive differences in gingival tissue response capacity/programming in PDR and PDS samples that may contribute to the differences in clinical outcomes related to the heritability of disease risk through matrilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - S S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - L M Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Mejia FH, Ouellet V, Briggs MA, Carlson SM, Casas-Mulet R, Chapman M, Collins MJ, Dugdale SJ, Ebersole JL, Frechette DM, Fullerton AH, Gillis CA, Johnson ZC, Kelleher C, Kurylyk BL, Lave R, Letcher BH, Myrvold KM, Nadeau TL, Neville H, Piégay H, Smith KA, Tonolla D, Torgersen CE. Closing the gap between science and management of cold-water refuges in rivers and streams. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:5482-5508. [PMID: 37466251 PMCID: PMC10615108 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Human activities and climate change threaten coldwater organisms in freshwater ecosystems by causing rivers and streams to warm, increasing the intensity and frequency of warm temperature events, and reducing thermal heterogeneity. Cold-water refuges are discrete patches of relatively cool water that are used by coldwater organisms for thermal relief and short-term survival. Globally, cohesive management approaches are needed that consider interlinked physical, biological, and social factors of cold-water refuges. We review current understanding of cold-water refuges, identify gaps between science and management, and evaluate policies aimed at protecting thermally sensitive species. Existing policies include designating cold-water habitats, restricting fishing during warm periods, and implementing threshold temperature standards or guidelines. However, these policies are rare and uncoordinated across spatial scales and often do not consider input from Indigenous peoples. We propose that cold-water refuges be managed as distinct operational landscape units, which provide a social and ecological context that is relevant at the watershed scale. These operational landscape units provide the foundation for an integrated framework that links science and management by (1) mapping and characterizing cold-water refuges to prioritize management and conservation actions, (2) leveraging existing and new policies, (3) improving coordination across jurisdictions, and (4) implementing adaptive management practices across scales. Our findings show that while there are many opportunities for scientific advancement, the current state of the sciences is sufficient to inform policy and management. Our proposed framework provides a path forward for managing and protecting cold-water refuges using existing and new policies to protect coldwater organisms in the face of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine H. Mejia
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Cascadia Field Station, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Valerie Ouellet
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Martin A. Briggs
- Observing Systems Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Carlson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Roser Casas-Mulet
- Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mollie Chapman
- Department of Geography, URPP Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias J. Collins
- National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Joseph L. Ebersole
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Danielle M. Frechette
- Maine Department of Marine Resources, Bureau of Sea Run Fisheries and Habitat, Augusta, Maine, USA
| | - Aimee H. Fullerton
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Zachary C. Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Christa Kelleher
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Barret L. Kurylyk
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Rebecca Lave
- Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Letcher
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, S.O. Conte Fish Research Center, Turners Falls, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Knut M. Myrvold
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Tracie-Lynn Nadeau
- Region 10, Water Division, Oregon Operations Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Herve Piégay
- UMR 5600 CNRS EVS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Kathryn A. Smith
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Diego Tonolla
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christian E. Torgersen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Cascadia Field Station, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Doyle JM, Hill RA, Leibowitz SG, Ebersole JL. Random Forest models to estimate bankfull and low flow channel widths and depths across the conterminous United States. J Am Water Resour Assoc 2023; 59:1099-1114. [PMID: 37941964 PMCID: PMC10631553 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Channel dimensions (width and depth) at varying flows influence a host of instream ecological processes, as well as habitat and biotic features; they are a major consideration in stream habitat restoration and instream flow assessments. Models of widths and depths are often used to assess climate change vulnerability, develop endangered species recovery plans, and model water quality. However, development and application of such models require specific skillsets and resources. To facilitate acquisition of such estimates, we created a dataset of modeled channel dimensions for perennial stream segments across the conterminous U.S. We used random forest models to predict wetted width, thalweg depth, bankfull width, and bankfull depth from several thousand field measurements of the National Rivers and Streams Assessment. Observed channel widths varied from <5 m to >2000 m and depths varied from <2 m to >125 m. Metrics of watershed area, runoff, slope, land use, and more were used as model predictors. The models had high pseudo R-squared values (0.70 to 0.91) and median absolute errors within ±6% to ±21% of the interquartile range of measured values across ten stream orders. Predicted channel dimensions can be joined to 1.1 million stream segments of the 1:100K resolution National Hydrography Dataset Plus (version 2.1). These predictions, combined with a rapidly growing body of nationally available data, will further enhance our ability to study and protect aquatic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie M Doyle
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education c/o Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division (Doyle), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon USA; Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division (Hill, Leibowitz, Ebersole), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Ryan A Hill
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education c/o Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division (Doyle), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon USA; Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division (Hill, Leibowitz, Ebersole), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Scott G Leibowitz
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education c/o Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division (Doyle), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon USA; Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division (Hill, Leibowitz, Ebersole), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Joseph L Ebersole
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education c/o Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division (Doyle), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon USA; Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division (Hill, Leibowitz, Ebersole), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu SS, Nguyen LM, Gonzalez OA. Sex and Age Effects on Healthy Gingival Transcriptomic Patterns. J Dent Res 2023:220345231166310. [PMID: 37232535 PMCID: PMC10399078 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231166310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many chronic inflammatory diseases demonstrate demographic associations such as sex, age, and race-ethnicity. Periodontitis has been found to be increased with age and in males. This study used nonhuman primates representing a human-like model for periodontitis and examined the gingival transcriptome stratified on sex and age. Thirty-six Macaca mulatta in 4 age groups-young (<3 y), adolescent (3-7 y), adult (12-15 y), and aged (>17 y)-with a healthy periodontium were used to characterize gene expression in healthy gingival tissues. Gene expression was compared to clinical measures of bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing pocket depth (PPD). The results demonstrated sex differences in number of up- and downregulated genes that increased with age. Female animals generally showed elevated expression of genes related to host immunoinflammatory responses, and males showed increased expression of tissue structural genes. Gene expression correlations with BOP and/or PPD showed minimal overlap between the sexes, while male animals demonstrated substantial overlap in genes that correlated with both BOP and PPD clinical features. A cluster analysis of genes significantly different between sexes showed a clear sex and age discrimination in the young and adolescent animals. In the older groups, the genes clustered predominately by sex, irrespective of age group. A pathway analysis identified that significant gene expression patterns were quite similar in adolescent and adult animals, while the young and aged samples were quite distinct. The results confirmed substantial sex related variations in gingival tissue biology that were affected by age and observed even in adolescent animals. This suggests that "programming" of the gingival tissues related to sex can occur rather early in life and presage variations in future risk for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - S S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - L M Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Snyder MN, Schumaker NH, Dunham JB, Ebersole JL, Keefer ML, Halama J, Comeleo RL, Leinenbach P, Brookes A, Cope B, Wu J, Palmer J. Tough places and safe spaces: Can refuges save salmon from a warming climate? Ecosphere 2022; 13:10.1002/ecs2.4265. [PMID: 36505090 PMCID: PMC9728623 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of thermal refuges in a rapidly warming world is particularly evident for migratory species, where individuals encounter a wide range of conditions throughout their lives. In this study, we used a spatially explicit, individual-based simulation model to evaluate the buffering potential of cold-water thermal refuges for anadromous salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) migrating upstream through a warm river corridor that can expose individuals to physiologically stressful temperatures. We considered upstream migration in relation to migratory phenotypes that were defined in terms of migration timing, spawn timing, swim speed, and use of cold-water thermal refuges. Individuals with different migratory phenotypes migrated upstream through riverine corridors with variable availability of cold-water thermal refuges and mainstem temperatures. Use of cold-water refuges (CWRs) decreased accumulated sublethal exposures to physiologically stressful temperatures when measured in degree-days above 20, 21, and 22°C. The availability of CWRs was an order of magnitude more effective in lowering accumulated sublethal exposures under current and future mainstem temperatures for summer steelhead than fall Chinook Salmon. We considered two emergent model outcomes, survival and percent of available energy used, in relation to thermal heterogeneity and migratory phenotype. Mean percent energy loss attributed to future warmer mainstem temperatures was at least two times larger than the difference in energy used in simulations without CWRs for steelhead and salmon. We also found that loss of CWRs reduced the diversity of energy-conserving migratory phenotypes when we examined the variability in entry timing and travel time outside of CWRs in relation to energy loss. Energy-conserving phenotypic space contracted by 7%-23% when CWRs were unavailable under the current thermal regime. Our simulations suggest that, while CWRs do not entirely mitigate for stressful thermal exposures in mainstem rivers, these features are important for maintaining a diversity of migration phenotypes. Our study suggests that the maintenance of diverse portfolios of migratory phenotypes and cool- and cold-water refuges might be added to the suite of policies and management actions presently being deployed to improve the likelihood of Pacific salmonid persistence into a future characterized by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcía N. Snyder
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Nathan H. Schumaker
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason B. Dunham
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Joseph L. Ebersole
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew L. Keefer
- University of Idaho, Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Jonathan Halama
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education/US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Randy L. Comeleo
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Allen Brookes
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Ben Cope
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer Wu
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Palmer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Beyene MT, Leibowitz SG, Snyder M, Ebersole JL, Almquist VW. Variable wildfire impacts on the seasonal water temperatures of western US streams: A retrospective study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268452. [PMID: 35857741 PMCID: PMC9299304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent increases in the burn area and severity of wildfires in the western US have raised concerns about the impact on stream water temperature–a key determinant of cold-water fish habitats. However, the effect on seasonal water temperatures of concern, including winter and summer, are not fully understood. In this study, we assessed the impact of wildfire burns at Boulder Creek (Oregon), Elk Creek (Oregon), and Gibbon River (Wyoming) watersheds on the downstream winter and summer water temperatures for the first three post-fire years. To obtain results independent of the choice of the analytical method, we evaluated the consequence of each burn using three different statistical approaches that utilize local water temperature data. Our results from the three approaches indicated that the response of water temperatures to wildfire burns varied across seasons and sites. Wildfire burns were associated with a median increase of up to 0.56°C (Standard Error; S.E. < 0.23°C) in the summer mean water temperatures (MWT) and 62 degree-day Celsius (DDC; S.E. < 20.7 DDC) in the summer accumulated degree days (ADD) for the three subsequent years across studied stream sites. Interestingly, these burns also corresponded to a median decrease of up to 0.49°C (S.E. < 0.45°C) in the winter MWT and 39 DDC (S.E. < 40.5 DDC) in the winter ADD for the same period across sites. Wildfire effects on the downstream water temperatures diminished with increasing site distance from the burn perimeter. Our analyses demonstrated that analytical methods that utilize local watershed data could be applied to evaluate fire effects on downstream water temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussie T. Beyene
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Post-doc, c/o U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Scott G. Leibowitz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marcia Snyder
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. Ebersole
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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Sergeant CJ, Sexton EK, Moore JW, Westwood AR, Nagorski SA, Ebersole JL, Chambers DM, O'Neal SL, Malison RL, Hauer FR, Whited DC, Weitz J, Caldwell J, Capito M, Connor M, Frissell CA, Knox G, Lowery ED, Macnair R, Marlatt V, McIntyre JK, McPhee MV, Skuce N. Risks of mining to salmonid-bearing watersheds. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn0929. [PMID: 35776798 PMCID: PMC10883362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mining provides resources for people but can pose risks to ecosystems that support cultural keystone species. Our synthesis reviews relevant aspects of mining operations, describes the ecology of salmonid-bearing watersheds in northwestern North America, and compiles the impacts of metal and coal extraction on salmonids and their habitat. We conservatively estimate that this region encompasses nearly 4000 past producing mines, with present-day operations ranging from small placer sites to massive open-pit projects that annually mine more than 118 million metric tons of earth. Despite impact assessments that are intended to evaluate risk and inform mitigation, mines continue to harm salmonid-bearing watersheds via pathways such as toxic contaminants, stream channel burial, and flow regime alteration. To better maintain watershed processes that benefit salmonids, we highlight key windows during the mining governance life cycle for science to guide policy by more accurately accounting for stressor complexity, cumulative effects, and future environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Sergeant
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Erin K Sexton
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- Earth2Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Alana R Westwood
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sonia A Nagorski
- Environmental Science Program, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | | | - David M Chambers
- Center for Science in Public Participation, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
| | - Sarah L O'Neal
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Rachel L Malison
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - F Richard Hauer
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Diane C Whited
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Jill Weitz
- Salmon Beyond Borders, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Jackie Caldwell
- Lands, Resources, and Fisheries, Taku River Tlingit First Nation, Atlin, BC V0W 1A0, Canada
| | | | - Mark Connor
- Lands, Resources, and Fisheries, Taku River Tlingit First Nation, Atlin, BC V0W 1A0, Canada
| | - Christopher A Frissell
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
- Department of Hydrology, Salish Kootenai College, Pablo, MT 59855, USA
| | - Greg Knox
- SkeenaWild Conservation Trust, Terrace, BC V8G 1M9, Canada
| | - Erin D Lowery
- Environment, Land, and Licensing Business Unit, Seattle City Light, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | | | - Vicki Marlatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Megan V McPhee
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Nikki Skuce
- Northern Confluence Initiative, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada
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9
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Jager HI, Long JW, Malison RL, Murphy BP, Rust A, Silva LGM, Sollmann R, Steel ZL, Bowen MD, Dunham JB, Ebersole JL, Flitcroft RL. Resilience of terrestrial and aquatic fauna to historical and future wildfire regimes in western North America. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12259-12284. [PMID: 34594498 PMCID: PMC8462151 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and severe, with changed seasonal patterns. In response, coniferous forest ecosystems will transition toward dominance by fire-adapted hardwoods, shrubs, meadows, and grasslands, which may benefit some faunal communities, but not others. We describe factors that limit and promote faunal resilience to shifting wildfire regimes for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We highlight the potential value of interspersed nonforest patches to terrestrial wildlife. Similarly, we review watershed thresholds and factors that control the resilience of aquatic ecosystems to wildfire, mediated by thermal changes and chemical, debris, and sediment loadings. We present a 2-dimensional life history framework to describe temporal and spatial life history traits that species use to resist wildfire effects or to recover after wildfire disturbance at a metapopulation scale. The role of fire refuge is explored for metapopulations of species. In aquatic systems, recovery of assemblages postfire may be faster for smaller fires where unburned tributary basins or instream structures provide refuge from debris and sediment flows. We envision that more-frequent, lower-severity fires will favor opportunistic species and that less-frequent high-severity fires will favor better competitors. Along the spatial dimension, we hypothesize that fire regimes that are predictable and generate burned patches in close proximity to refuge will favor species that move to refuges and later recolonize, whereas fire regimes that tend to generate less-severely burned patches may favor species that shelter in place. Looking beyond the trees to forest fauna, we consider mitigation options to enhance resilience and buy time for species facing a no-analog future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette I. Jager
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)Oak RidgeTNUSA
| | - Jonathan W. Long
- U.S. Department of AgriculturePacific Southwest Research StationDavisCAUSA
| | - Rachel L. Malison
- Flathead Lake Biological StationThe University of MontanaPolsonMTUSA
| | - Brendan P. Murphy
- School of Environmental ScienceSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Ashley Rust
- Civil and Environmental Engineering DepartmentColorado School of MinesGoldenCOUSA
| | - Luiz G. M. Silva
- Institute for Land, Water and SocietyCharles Sturt UniversityAlburyNSWAustralia
- Department of CivilEnvironmental and Geomatic EngineeringStocker LabInstitute of Environmental EngineeringETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Rahel Sollmann
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation BiologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Zachary L. Steel
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Mark D. Bowen
- Thomas Gast & Associates Environmental ConsultantsArcataCAUSA
| | - Jason B. Dunham
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterCorvallisORUSA
| | - Joseph L. Ebersole
- Center for Public Health and Environmental AssessmentPacific Ecological Systems DivisionU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyCorvallisORUSA
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10
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Fuller MR, Ebersole JL, Detenbeck NE, Labiosa R, Leinenbach P, Torgersen CE. Integrating thermal infrared stream temperature imagery and spatial stream network models to understand natural spatial thermal variability in streams. J Therm Biol 2021; 100:103028. [PMID: 34503775 PMCID: PMC8509081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Under a warmer future climate, thermal refuges could facilitate the persistence of species relying on cold-water habitat. Often these refuges are small and easily missed or smoothed out by averaging in models. Thermal infrared (TIR) imagery can provide empirical water surface temperatures that capture these features at a high spatial resolution (<1 m) and over tens of kilometers. Our study examined how TIR data could be used along with spatial stream network (SSN) models to characterize thermal regimes spatially in the Middle Fork John Day (MFJD) River mainstem (Oregon, USA). We characterized thermal variation in seven TIR longitudinal temperature profiles along the MFJD mainstem and compared them with SSN model predictions of stream temperature (for the same time periods as the TIR profiles). TIR profiles identified reaches of the MFJD mainstem with consistently cooler temperatures across years that were not consistently captured by the SSN prediction models. SSN predictions along the mainstem identified ~80% of the 1-km reach scale temperature warming or cooling trends observed in the TIR profiles. We assessed whether landscape features (e.g., tributary junctions, valley confinement, geomorphic reach classifications) could explain the fine-scale thermal heterogeneity in the TIR profiles (after accounting for the reach-scale temperature variability predicted by the SSN model) by fitting SSN models using the TIR profile observation points. Only the distance to the nearest upstream tributary was identified as a statistically significant landscape feature for explaining some of the thermal variability in the TIR profile data. When combined, TIR data and SSN models provide a data-rich evaluation of stream temperature captured in TIR imagery and a spatially extensive prediction of the network thermal diversity from the outlet to the headwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Fuller
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoc at the U.S. EPA/ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division; 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.
| | - Joseph L Ebersole
- Research Fish Biologist at the U.S. EPA/ORD/CPHEA Pacific Ecological Systems Division; 200 Southwest 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Naomi E Detenbeck
- Watershed and Estuarine Diagnostics Branch Ecologist at the U.S. EPA/ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division; 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Rochelle Labiosa
- Water Quality Scientist at the U.S. EPA; 1200 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-3140, USA
| | - Peter Leinenbach
- Aquatic and Landscape Ecologist at the U.S. EPA; 1200 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-3140, USA
| | - Christian E Torgersen
- Supervisory Research Landscape Ecologist at the U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Cascadia Field Station; University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Box 352100 Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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11
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Armstrong JB, Fullerton AH, Jordan CE, Ebersole JL, Bellmore JR, Arismendi I, Penaluna B, Reeves GH. The importance of warm habitat to the growth regime of cold-water fishes. Nat Clim Chang 2021; 11:354-361. [PMID: 35475125 PMCID: PMC9037341 DOI: 10.1038/s41558-021-00994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A common goal of biological adaptation planning is to identify and prioritize locations that remain suitably cool during summer. This implicitly devalues areas that are ephemerally warm, even if they are suitable most of the year for mobile animals. Here we develop an alternative conceptual framework, the growth regime, which considers seasonal and landscape variation in physiological performance, focusing on riverine fish. Using temperature models for 14 river basins, we show that growth opportunities propagate up and down river networks on a seasonal basis, and that downstream habitats that are suboptimally warm in summer may actually provide the majority of growth potential expressed annually. We demonstrate with an agent-based simulation that shoulder-season use of warmer downstream habitats can fuel annual fish production. Our work reveals a synergy between cold and warm habitats that could be fundamental for supporting coldwater fisheries, highlighting the risk in conservation strategies that underappreciate warm habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B. Armstrong
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 2820 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Corresponding author:
| | | | | | | | - James R. Bellmore
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, US Forest Service, Juneau, AK, USA
| | - Ivan Arismendi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 2820 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Brooke Penaluna
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, US Forest Service, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Gordon H. Reeves
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, US Forest Service, Corvallis, OR, USA
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12
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu SS, Orraca L, Gonzalez Martinez J, Gonzalez OA. Gingival transcriptomics of follicular T cell footprints in progressing periodontitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:373-395. [PMID: 33565609 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) cells have been identified in the circulation and in tertiary lymphoid structures in chronic inflammation. Gingival tissues with periodontitis reflect chronic inflammation, so genomic footprints of Tfh cells should occur in these tissues and may differ related to aging effects. Macaca mulatta were used in a ligature-induced periodontitis model [adult group (aged 12-23 years); young group (aged 3-7 years)]. Gingival tissue and subgingival microbiome samples were obtained at matched healthy ligature-induced disease and clinical resolution sites. Microarray analysis examined Tfh genes (n = 54) related to microbiome characteristics documented using 16S MiSeq. An increase in the major transcription factor of Tfh cells, BCL6, was found with disease in both adult and young animals, while master transcription markers of other T cell subsets were either decreased or showed minimal change. Multiple Tfh-related genes, including surface receptors and transcription factors, were also significantly increased during disease. Specific microbiome patterns were significantly associated with profiles indicative of an increased presence/function of Tfh cells. Importantly, unique microbial complexes showed distinctive patterns of interaction with Tfh genes differing in health and disease and with the age of the animals. An increase in Tfh cell responsiveness occurred in the progression of periodontitis, affected by age and related to specific microbial complexes in the oral microbiome. The capacity of gingival Tfh cells to contribute to localized B cell activation and active antibody responses, including affinity maturation, may be critical for controlling periodontal lesions and contributing to limiting and/or resolving the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - S S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - L Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - J Gonzalez Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, USA
| | - O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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13
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by multiple potential contributing factors such as bacterial biofilm infection of the tissues surrounding the teeth and environmental determinants and a dysregulated host response for modifying and resolving the inflammation. Because periodontal disease is a major public health concern with substantial increases in the prevalence and severity in aging populations, previous studies of periodontitis tended to approach the disease as an age-associated outcome across the life span. However, few investigations have considered that, as a chronic noncommunicable disease, periodontitis may not simply be a disease that increases with age but may contribute to more rapid biologic aging. OBJECTIVES Increasing population data supports the potential disconnect between chronological aging and biologic aging, which would contribute to the heterogeneity of aging phenotypes within chronologic ages across populations. Thus, our aim was to test whether periodontal disease affects biological aging across the life span. METHODS The prevalence of periodontitis in the adult US population is a portion of the assessment of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which has been ongoing since 1971 through 2-y cycles sampling populations across the country. We used NHANES 2001-2002 to test the hypothesis that the presence/severity of periodontal disease as an exposure variable would negatively affect telomere length, a measure of biological aging, and that this relationship is modified by factors that also affect the progression of periodontitis, such as sex, race/ethnicity, and smoking. RESULTS The data demonstrated a significant impact of periodontitis on decreasing telomere lengths across the life span. These differences were modulated by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and smoking within the population. CONCLUSION The findings lay the groundwork for future studies documenting broader effects on biological aging parameters as well as potential intervention strategies for periodontitis in driving unhealthy aging processes. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease and dysregulated host response. Shortening of telomeres is a reflection of biologic aging. Decreased telomere lengths with periodontitis are seemingly related to chronic infection and persistent local and systemic inflammation. These findings suggest that periodontitis is not simply a disease of aging but may also transmit chronic systemic signals that could affect more rapid biological aging. Clinicians can use this outcome to recognize the role of periodontitis in driving unhealthy aging processes in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas-School of Dental Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - J J Chon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas-School of Dental Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - E E Kim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas-School of Dental Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - J C Cheng
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas-School of Dental Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas-School of Dental Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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14
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Snyder MN, Schumaker NH, Dunham JB, Keefer ML, Leinenbach P, Brookes A, Palmer J, Wu J, Keenan D, Ebersole JL. Assessing contributions of cold-water refuges to reproductive migration corridor conditions for adult Chinook Salmon and steelhead trout in the Columbia River, USA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:1-13. [PMID: 33898904 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1855086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diadromous fish populations face multiple challenges along their migratory routes. These challenges include suboptimal water quality, harvest, and barriers to longitudinal and lateral connectivity. Interactions among factors influencing migration success make it challenging to assess management options for improving migratory fish conditions along riverine migration corridors. We describe a spatially explicit simulation model that integrates complex individual behaviors of fall-run Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and summer-run steelhead trout (O. mykiss) during migration, responds to variable habitat conditions over a large extent of the Columbia River, and links migration corridor conditions to fish condition outcomes. The model is built around a mechanistic behavioral decision tree that drives individual interactions of fish within their simulated environments. By simulating several thermalscapes with alternative scenarios of thermal refuge availability, we examined how behavioral thermoregulation in cold-water refuges influenced migrating fish conditions. Outcomes of the migration corridor simulation model show that cold-water refuges can provide relief from exposure to high water temperatures, but do not substantially contribute to energy conservation by migrating adults. Simulated cooling of the Columbia River decreased reliance on cold-water refuges and there were slight reductions in migratory energy expenditure. This modeling of simulated thermalscapes provides a framework for assessing the contribution of cold-water refuges to the success of migrating fishes, but any final determination will depend on analyzing fish survival and health for their entire migration, water temperature management goals and species recovery targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcía N Snyder
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR
| | - Nathan H Schumaker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR
| | - Jason B Dunham
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, OR
| | - Matthew L Keefer
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | | | - Allen Brookes
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR
| | - John Palmer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, WA
| | - Jennifer Wu
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Joseph L Ebersole
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR
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15
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Morelli TL, Barrows CW, Ramirez AR, Cartwright JM, Ackerly DD, Eaves TD, Ebersole JL, Krawchuk MA, Letcher BH, Mahalovich MF, Meigs GW, Michalak JL, Millar CI, Quiñones RM, Stralberg D, Thorne JH. Climate-change refugia: biodiversity in the slow lane. Front Ecol Environ 2020; 18:228-234. [PMID: 33424494 PMCID: PMC7787983 DOI: 10.1002/fee.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Climate-change adaptation focuses on conducting and translating research to minimize the dire impacts of anthropogenic climate change, including threats to biodiversity and human welfare. One adaptation strategy is to focus conservation on climate-change refugia (that is, areas relatively buffered from contemporary climate change over time that enable persistence of valued physical, ecological, and sociocultural resources). In this Special Issue, recent methodological and conceptual advances in refugia science will be highlighted. Advances in this emerging subdiscipline are improving scientific understanding and conservation in the face of climate change by considering scale and ecosystem dynamics, and looking beyond climate exposure to sensitivity and adaptive capacity. We propose considering refugia in the context of a multifaceted, long-term, network-based approach, as temporal and spatial gradients of ecological persistence that can act as "slow lanes" rather than areas of stasis. After years of discussion confined primarily to the scientific literature, researchers and resource managers are now working together to put refugia conservation into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Lyn Morelli
- Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center, US Geological Survey (USGS), Amherst, MA
| | - Cameron W Barrows
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California–Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Aaron R Ramirez
- Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, Reed College, Portland, OR
| | | | - David D Ackerly
- Department of Integrative Biology and Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Tatiana D Eaves
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph L Ebersole
- Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR
| | - Meg A Krawchuk
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | | | - Mary F Mahalovich
- Northern, Rocky Mountain, Southwestern, and Intermountain Regions, US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Moscow, ID
| | - Garrett W Meigs
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Julia L Michalak
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Diana Stralberg
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - James H Thorne
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA
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Ebersole JL, Quiñones RM, Clements S, Letcher BH. Managing climate refugia for freshwater fishes under an expanding human footprint. Front Ecol Environ 2020; 18:271-280. [PMID: 32944010 PMCID: PMC7490791 DOI: 10.1002/fee.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Within the context of climate adaptation, the concept of climate refugia has emerged as a framework for addressing future threats to freshwater fish populations. We evaluated recent climate-refugia management associated with water use and landscape modification by comparing efforts in the US states of Oregon and Massachusetts, for which there are contrasting resource use patterns. Using these examples, we discuss tools and principles that can be applied more broadly. Although many early efforts to identify climate refugia have focused on water temperature, substantial gains in evaluating other factors and processes regulating climate refugia (eg stream flow, groundwater availability) are facilitating refined mapping of refugia and assessment of their ecological value. Major challenges remain for incorporating climate refugia into water-quality standards, evaluating trade-offs among policy options, addressing multiple species' needs, and planning for uncertainty. However, with a procedurally transparent and conceptually sound framework to build upon, recent efforts have revealed a promising path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Ebersole
- Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR
| | | | | | - Benjamin H Letcher
- Conte Anadromous Fish Laboratory, US Geological Survey, Turners Falls, MA
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17
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Ebersole JL, Al-Sabbagh M, Dawson DR. Heterogeneity of human serum antibody responses to P. gingivalis in periodontitis: Effects of age, race/ethnicity, and sex. Immunol Lett 2019; 218:11-21. [PMID: 31863783 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging humans display an increased prevalence and severity of periodontitis, although the mechanisms underlying these findings remain poorly understood. This report examined antigenic diversity of P. gingivalis related to disease presence and patient demographics. Serum IgG antibody to P. gingivalis strains ATCC33277, FDC381, W50 (ATCC53978), W83, A7A1-28 (ATCC53977) and A7436 was measured in 426 participants [periodontally healthy (n = 61), gingivitis (N = 66) or various levels of periodontitis (N = 299)]. We hypothesized that antigenic diversity in P. gingivalis could contribute to a lack of "immunity" in the chronic infections of periodontal disease. Across the strains, the antibody levels in the oldest age group were lower than in the youngest groups, and severe periodontitis patients did not show higher antibody with aging. While 80 % of the periodontitis patients in any age group showed an elevated response to at least one of the P. gingivalis strains, the patterns of individual responses in the older group were also substantially different than the other age groups. Significantly greater numbers of older patients showed strain-specific antibody profiles to only 1 strain. The findings support that P. gingivalis may demonstrate antigenic diversity/drift within patients and could be one factor to help explain the inefficiency/ineffectiveness of the adaptive immune response in managing the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas and Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, United States.
| | - M Al-Sabbagh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas and Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - D R Dawson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas and Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, United States
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18
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Emecen-Huja P, Li HF, Ebersole JL, Lambert J, Bush H. Epidemiologic evaluation of Nhanes for environmental Factors and periodontal disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8227. [PMID: 31160648 PMCID: PMC6547714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation that destroys periodontal tissues caused by the accumulation of bacterial biofilms that can be affected by environmental factors. This report describes an association study to evaluate the relationship of environmental factors to the expression of periodontitis using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (NHANES) from 1999–2004. A wide range of environmental variables (156) were assessed in patients categorized for periodontitis (n = 8884). Multiple statistical approaches were used to explore this dataset and identify environmental variable patterns that enhanced or lowered the prevalence of periodontitis. Our findings indicate an array of environmental variables were different in periodontitis in smokers, former smokers, or non-smokers, with a subset of specific environmental variables identified in each population subset. Discriminating environmental factors included blood levels of lead, phthalates, selected nutrients, and PCBs. Importantly, these factors were found to be coupled with more classical risk factors (i.e. age, gender, race/ethnicity) to create a model that indicated an increased disease prevalence of 2–4 fold across the sample population. Targeted environmental factors are statistically associated with the prevalence of periodontitis. Existing evidence suggests that these may contribute to altered gene expression and biologic processes that enhance inflammatory tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Emecen-Huja
- Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
| | - H-F Li
- Providence St. Joseph Health of Oregon, Medical Data and Research Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - J Lambert
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - H Bush
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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19
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Snyder MN, Schumaker NH, Ebersole JL, Dunham J, Comeleo R, Keefer M, Leinenbach P, Brookes A, Cope B, Wu J, Palmer J, Keenan D. Individual Based Modelling of Fish Migration in a 2-D River System: Model Description and Case Study. Landsc Ecol 2019; 34:737-754. [PMID: 33424124 PMCID: PMC7788051 DOI: 10.1007/s10980-019-00804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diadromous fish populations in the Pacific Northwest face challenges along their migratory routes from declining habitat quality, harvest, and barriers to longitudinal connectivity. These stressors complicate the prioritization of proposed management actions intended to improve conditions for migratory fishes including anadromous salmon and trout. OBJECTIVES We describe a multi-scale hybrid mechanistic-probabilistic simulation model linking migration corridor conditions to fish fitness outcomes. We demonstrate the model's utility using a case study of salmon and steelhead adults in the Columbia River migration corridor exposed to spatially- and temporally-varying stressors. METHODS The migration corridor simulation model is based on a behavioral decision tree that governs individual interactions with the environment, and an energetic submodel that estimates the hourly costs of migration. Emergent properties of the migration corridor simulation model include passage time, energy use, and survival. RESULTS We observed that the simulated fishes' initial energy density, the migration corridor temperatures they experienced, and their history of behavioral thermoregulation were the primary determinants of their fitness outcomes. Insights gained from use of the model might be exploited to identify management interventions that increase successful migration outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This paper describes new methods that extend the suite of tools available to aquatic biologists and conservation practitioners. We have developed a 2-dimensional spatially-explicit behavioral and physiological model and illustrated how it can be used to simulate fish migration within a river system. Our model can be used to evaluate trade-offs between behavioral thermoregulation and fish fitness at population scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcía N. Snyder
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, 200 35 St., Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Nathan H. Schumaker
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, 200 35 St., Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Joseph L. Ebersole
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, 200 35 St., Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Jason Dunham
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Randy Comeleo
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, 200 35 St., Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Matthew Keefer
- University of Idaho, Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, 975 W. Sixth Street, Moscow, Idaho 83844
| | - Peter Leinenbach
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, 1200 6 Ave., Suite 155, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Allen Brookes
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, 200 35 St., Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Ben Cope
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, 1200 6 Ave., Suite 155, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Jennifer Wu
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, 1200 6 Ave., Suite 155, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - John Palmer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, 1200 6 Ave., Suite 155, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Druscilla Keenan
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, 1200 6 Ave., Suite 155, Seattle, WA 98101
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Ebersole JL, Orraca L, Novak MJ, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Gonzalez OA. Comparative Analysis of Gene Expression Patterns for Oral Epithelium-Related Functions with Aging. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019; 1197:143-163. [PMID: 31732940 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells and functions of the epithelium are critical to the health of the oral cavity. We used a nonhuman primate model to profile the transcriptome of gingival tissues in health across the lifespan and hypothesized that in older animals, epithelial-related transcriptome patterns would reflect epithelial cells that are aggressively responsive to the surrounding environment and less able to modulate and resolve the noxious challenge from the bacteria. Rhesus monkeys (n = 34) with a healthy periodontium were distributed into four groups: ≤3 years (young), 3-7 years (adolescent), 12-16 years (adult), and 18-23 years (aged), and a buccal gingival sample from the premolar/molar region of each animal was obtained. RNA was subjected to a microarray analysis (GeneChip® Rhesus Macaque Genome Array, Affymetrix), and 336 genes examined that are linked to epithelium and epithelial cell functions categorized into 9 broad functional groups: extracellular matrix and cell structure; extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes; cell adhesion molecules, cytoskeleton regulation; inflammatory response; growth factors; kinases/cell signaling; cell surface receptors; junction associated molecules; autophagy/apoptosis; antimicrobial peptides; and transcription factors. Total of 255 genes displayed a normalized signal >100, and differences across the age groups were observed primarily in extracellular matrix and cell structure, cell adhesion molecules, and cell surface receptor gene categories with elevations in the aged tissues. Keratins 2, 5, 6B, 13, 16, 17 were all significantly increased in healthy-aged tissues versus adults, and keratins 1 and 2 were significantly decreased in young animals. Approximately 15 integrins are highly expressed in the gingival tissues across the age groups with only ITGA8, ITGAM (CD11b), and ITGB2 significantly increased in the aged tissues. Little impact of aging on desmosomal/hemidesmosomal genes was noted. These results suggest that healthy gingival aging has a relatively limited impact on the broader functions of the epithelium and epithelial cells, with some effects on genes for extracellular matrix and cell adhesion molecules (e.g., integrins). Thus, while there is a substantial impact of aging on immune system targets even in healthy gingiva, it appears that the epithelial barrier remains reasonably molecularly intact in this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - L Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - M J Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Division of Periodontology, University College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Division of Periodontology, University College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J Gonzalez-Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Ebersole JL, Dawson DA, Emecen Huja P, Pandruvada S, Basu A, Nguyen L, Zhang Y, Gonzalez OA. Age and Periodontal Health - Immunological View. Curr Oral Health Rep 2018; 5:229-241. [PMID: 30555774 PMCID: PMC6291006 DOI: 10.1007/s40496-018-0202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Aging clearly impacts a wide array of systems, in particular the breadth of the immune system leading to immunosenescence, altered immunoactivation, and coincident inflammaging processes. The net result of these changes leads to increased susceptibility to infections, increased neoplastic occurrences, and elevated frequency of autoimmune diseases with aging. However, as the bacteria in the oral microbiome that contribute to the chronic infection of periodontitis is acquired earlier in life, the characteristics of the innate and adaptive immune systems to regulate these members of the autochthonous microbiota across the lifespan remains ill defined. RECENT FINDINGS Clear data demonstrate that both cells and molecules of the innate and adaptive immune response are adversely impacted by aging, including in the oral cavity, yielding a reasonable tenet that the increased periodontitis noted in aging populations is reflective of the age-associated immune dysregulation. Additionally, this facet of host-microbe interactions and disease needs to accommodate the population variation in disease onset and progression, which may also reflect an accumulation of environmental stressors and/or decreased protective nutrients that could function at the gene level (ie. epigenetic) or translational level for production and secretion of immune system molecules. SUMMARY Finally, the majority of studies of aging and periodontitis have emphasized the increased prevalence/severity of disease with aging, all based upon chronological age. However, evolving areas of study focusing on "biological aging" to help account for population variation in disease expression, may suggest that chronic periodontitis represents a co-morbidity that contributes to "gerovulnerability" within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - D A Dawson
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - P Emecen Huja
- Department of Periodontics, JBE College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - S Pandruvada
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, JBE College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - A Basu
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - L Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Y Zhang
- Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV
| | - O A Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu S, Novak MJ, Orraca L, Stormberg AJ, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Burgos A, Gonzalez OA. Comparative analysis of expression of microbial sensing molecules in mucosal tissues with periodontal disease. Immunobiology 2018; 224:196-206. [PMID: 30470434 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Host-derived pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are necessary for effective innate immune engagement of pathogens that express microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMP) ligands for these PRRs. This study used a nonhuman primate model to evaluate the expression of these sensing molecules in gingival tissues. Macaca mulatta aged 12-24 with a healthy periodontium (n = 13) or periodontitis (n = 11) provided gingival tissues for assessment of naturally-occurring periodontitis. An additional group of animals (12-23 years; n = 18) was subjected to a 5 month longitudinal study examining the initiation and progression of periodontitis, RNA was isolated and microarray analysis conducted for gene expression of the sensing PRRs. The results demonstrated increased expression of various PRRs in naturally-occurring established periodontitis. Selected PRRs also correlated with both bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket depth (PD) in the animals. The longitudinal model demonstrated multiple TLRs, as well as selected other PRRs that were significantly increased by 2 weeks during initiation of the lesion. While gene expression levels of various PRRs correlated with BOP and PD at baseline and resolution of disease, few correlated with these clinical parameters during initiation and progression of the lesion. These findings suggest that the levels of various PRRs are affected in established periodontitis lesions, and that PRR expression increased most dramatically during the initiation of the disease process, presumably in response to the juxtaposed microbial challenge to the tissues and goal of reestablishing homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
| | - S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - M J Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - L Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - A J Stormberg
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - J Gonzalez-Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - A Burgos
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Kuhn A, Leibowitz SG, Johnson ZC, Lin J, Massie JA, Hollister JW, Ebersole JL, Lake JL, Serbst JR, James J, Bennett MG, Brooks JR, Nietch CT, Smucker NJ, Flotemersch JE, Alexander LC, Compton JE. Performance of National Maps of Watershed Integrity at Watershed Scales. Water (Basel) 2018; 10:1-604. [PMID: 30079254 PMCID: PMC6071426 DOI: 10.3390/w10050604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Watershed integrity, the capacity of a watershed to support and maintain ecological processes essential to the sustainability of services provided to society, can be influenced by a range of landscape and in-stream factors. Ecological response data from four intensively monitored case study watersheds exhibiting a range of environmental conditions and landscape characteristics across the United States were used to evaluate the performance of a national level Index of Watershed Integrity (IWI) at regional and local watershed scales. Using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs ), response variables displayed highly significant relationships and were significantly correlated with IWI and ICI (Index of Catchment Integrity) values at all watersheds. Nitrogen concentration and flux-related watershed response metrics exhibited significantly strong negative correlations across case study watersheds, with absolute correlations (|r|) ranging from 0.48 to 0.97 for IWI values, and 0.31 to 0.96 for ICI values. Nitrogen-stable isotope ratios measured in chironomids and periphyton from streams and benthic organic matter from lake sediments also demonstrated strong negative correlations with IWI values, with |r| ranging from 0.47 to 0.92, and 0.35 to 0.89 for correlations with ICI values. This evaluation of the performance of national watershed and catchment integrity metrics and their strong relationship with site level responses provides weight-of-evidence support for their use in state, local and regionally focused applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kuhn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Scott G. Leibowitz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Zachary C. Johnson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jiajia Lin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
- National Research Council Post-Doctoral Fellow, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Jordan A. Massie
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
- Department of Earth & Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Hollister
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Joseph L. Ebersole
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - James L. Lake
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Serbst
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Jennifer James
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Micah G. Bennett
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - J. Renée Brooks
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Christopher T. Nietch
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Nathan J. Smucker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Joseph E. Flotemersch
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Laurie C. Alexander
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Jana E. Compton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
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Fullerton AH, Torgersen CE, Lawler JJ, Steel EA, Ebersole JL, Lee SY. Longitudinal thermal heterogeneity in rivers and refugia for coldwater species: effects of scale and climate change. Aquat Sci 2018; 80:1-15. [PMID: 29556118 PMCID: PMC5854952 DOI: 10.1007/s00027-017-0557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate-change driven increases in water temperature pose challenges for aquatic organisms. Predictions of impacts typically do not account for fine-grained spatiotemporal thermal patterns in rivers. Patches of cooler water could serve as refuges for anadromous species like salmon that migrate during summer. We used high-resolution remotely sensed water temperature data to characterize summer thermal heterogeneity patterns for 11,308 km of 2nd- to 7th-order rivers throughout the Pacific Northwest and northern California (USA). We evaluated (1) water temperature patterns at different spatial resolutions, (2) the frequency, size, and spacing of cool thermal patches suitable for Pacific salmon (i.e., contiguous stretches ≥0.25 km, ≤15°C and ≥2°C cooler than adjacent water), and (3) potential influences of climate change on availability of cool patches. Thermal heterogeneity was nonlinearly related to the spatial resolution of water temperature data, and heterogeneity at fine resolution (<1 km) would have been difficult to quantify without spatially continuous data. Cool patches were generally >2.7 and <13.0 km long, and spacing among patches was generally >5.7 and <49.4 km. Thermal heterogeneity varied among rivers, some of which had long uninterrupted stretches of warm water ≥20°C, and others had many smaller cool patches. Our models predicted little change in future thermal heterogeneity among rivers, but within-river patterns sometimes changed markedly compared to contemporary patterns. These results can inform long-term monitoring programs as well as near-term climate-adaptation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Fullerton
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle WA, 98112, USA; phone: 206-302-2415; fax: 206-860-3267
| | - C E Torgersen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Cascadia Field Station, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J J Lawler
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E A Steel
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - S Y Lee
- Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Fullerton AH, Burke BJ, Lawler JJ, Torgersen CE, Ebersole JL, Leibowitz SG. Simulated juvenile salmon growth and phenology respond to altered thermal regimes and stream network shape. Ecosphere 2017; 8:1-23. [PMID: 29552374 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that climate change will stress coldwater species like Pacific salmon. However, it is unclear what aspect of altered thermal regimes (e.g., warmer winters, springs, summers, or increased variability) will have the greatest effect, and what role the spatial properties of river networks play. Thermally diverse habitats may afford protection from climate change by providing opportunities for aquatic organisms to find and use habitats with optimal conditions for growth. We hypothesized that climate-altered thermal regimes will change growth and timing of life history events such as emergence or migration but that changes will be moderated in topologically complex stream networks where opportunities to thermoregulate are more readily available to mobile animals. Because climate change effects on populations are spatially variable and contingent upon physiological optima, assessments of risk must take a spatially explicit approach. We developed a spatially-structured individual based model for Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in which movement decisions and growth were governed by water temperature and conspecific density. We evaluated growth and phenology (timing of egg emergence and smolting) under a variety of thermal regimes (each having a different minimum, rate of warming, maximum, and variability) and in three network shapes of increasing spatial complexity. Across networks, fish generally grew faster and were capable of smolting earlier in warmer scenarios where water temperatures experienced by fish were closer to optimal; however, growth decreased for some fish. We found that salmon size and smolt date responded more strongly to warmer springs and summers than to warmer winters or increased variability. Fish in the least complex network grew faster and were ready to smolt earlier than fish in the more spatially complex network shapes in the contemporary thermal regime; patterns were similar but less clear in warmer thermal regimes. Our results demonstrate that network topology may influence how fish respond to thermal landscapes, and this information will be useful for incorporating a spatiotemporal context into conservation decisions that promote long-term viability of salmon in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee H Fullerton
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle WA, 98112, USA
| | - Brian J Burke
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle WA, 98112, USA
| | - Joshua J Lawler
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA, 98195-2100, USA
| | - Christian E Torgersen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Cascadia Field Station, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA, 98195-2100, USA
| | - Joseph L Ebersole
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35 St., Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Scott G Leibowitz
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35 St., Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
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Gonzalez OA, Kirakodu S, Novak MJ, Stromberg AJ, Orraca L, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Burgos A, Ebersole JL. Comparative analysis of microbial sensing molecules in mucosal tissues with aging. Immunobiology 2017; 223:279-287. [PMID: 29066255 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Host-bacterial interactions at mucosal surfaces require recognition of the bacteria by host cells enabling targeted responses to maintain tissue homeostasis. It is now well recognized that an array of host-derived pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), both cell-bound and soluble, are critical to innate immune engagement of microbes via microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMP). This report describes the use of a nonhuman primate model to evaluate changes in the expression of these sensing molecules related to aging in healthy gingival tissues. Macaca mulatta aged 3-24 years were evaluated clinically and gingival tissues obtained, RNA isolated and microarray analysis conducted for gene expression of the sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The results demonstrated increased expression of various PRRs in healthy aging gingiva including extracellular (CD14, CD209, CLEC4E, TLR4), intracellular (NAIP, IFIH1, DAI) and soluble (PTX4, SAA1) PRRs. Selected PRRs were also correlated with both bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket depth (PD) in the animals. These findings suggest that aged animals express altered levels of various PRRs that could affect the ability of the tissues to interact effectively with the juxtaposed microbial ecology, presumably contributing to an enhanced risk of periodontitis even in clinically healthy oral mucosal tissues with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - M J Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - A J Stromberg
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - L Orraca
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - J Gonzalez-Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - A Burgos
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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Morelli TL, Daly C, Dobrowski SZ, Dulen DM, Ebersole JL, Jackson ST, Lundquist JD, Millar CI, Maher SP, Monahan WB, Nydick KR, Redmond KT, Sawyer SC, Stock S, Beissinger SR. Correction: Managing Climate Change Refugia for Climate Adaptation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169725. [PMID: 28046046 PMCID: PMC5207622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Ebersole JL, Kryscio RJ, Campbell C, Kinane DF, McDevitt J, Christodoulides N, Floriano PN, Miller CS. Salivary and serum adiponectin and C-reactive protein levels in acute myocardial infarction related to body mass index and oral health. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:419-427. [PMID: 27549083 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Adiponectin is produced by adipose cells and is considered an anti-inflammatory molecule. In contrast, C-reactive protein (CRP) has been identified as a hallmark of systemic inflammation and used as a risk marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Of interest was the relationship of these two biomarkers to oral health and CVD risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS This investigation examined these two molecules in serum and unstimulated whole saliva of patients within 48 h of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to control subjects. We hypothesized a differential response in these biomolecules resulting from the heart attack that would be affected by both the body mass index and oral health characteristics of the individuals. RESULTS Significantly lower adiponectin levels were observed in the serum of patients with AMI. Serum adiponectin in both groups and salivary adiponectin in patients with AMI decreased with increasing body mass index. Oral health was significantly worse in patients with AMI, and both serum and salivary adiponectin were elevated with better oral health in control subjects. Serum CRP levels were increased in patients with AMI regardless of their oral health, and both serum and salivary CRP were significantly elevated in S-T wave elevated patients with MI. CONCLUSIONS These initial data provide evidence relating obesity and oral health to salivary and serum analyte levels that occur in association with cardiac events. Relationships have been described between CVD risk and periodontal disease. Additionally, various systemic inflammatory biomarkers appear to reflect both the CVD risk and the extent/severity of periodontitis. Our findings indicated that oral health and obesity contribute to altering levels of these salivary and serum analytes in association with cardiac events. The potential that serum and/or salivary biomarkers could aid in evaluating CVD risk requires knowledge regarding how the oral health of the individual would impact the effectiveness of these biological measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Department of Oral Health Practice & Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R J Kryscio
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences and Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C Campbell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D F Kinane
- College of Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J McDevitt
- Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Christodoulides
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P N Floriano
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C S Miller
- Department of Oral Health Practice & Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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29
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Morelli TL, Daly C, Dobrowski SZ, Dulen DM, Ebersole JL, Jackson ST, Lundquist JD, Millar CI, Maher SP, Monahan WB, Nydick KR, Redmond KT, Sawyer SC, Stock S, Beissinger SR. Managing Climate Change Refugia for Climate Adaptation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159909. [PMID: 27509088 PMCID: PMC4980047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Refugia have long been studied from paleontological and biogeographical perspectives to understand how populations persisted during past periods of unfavorable climate. Recently, researchers have applied the idea to contemporary landscapes to identify climate change refugia, here defined as areas relatively buffered from contemporary climate change over time that enable persistence of valued physical, ecological, and socio-cultural resources. We differentiate historical and contemporary views, and characterize physical and ecological processes that create and maintain climate change refugia. We then delineate how refugia can fit into existing decision support frameworks for climate adaptation and describe seven steps for managing them. Finally, we identify challenges and opportunities for operationalizing the concept of climate change refugia. Managing climate change refugia can be an important option for conservation in the face of ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Lyn Morelli
- U.S. Geological Survey, DOI Northeast Climate Science Center, Amherst, MA, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher Daly
- College of Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Solomon Z. Dobrowski
- College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States of America
| | - Deanna M. Dulen
- U.S. National Park Service, Devils Postpile National Monument, Mammoth Lakes, CA, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. Ebersole
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecological Division, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. Jackson
- U.S. Geological Survey, DOI Southwest Climate Science Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Geosciences and School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Jessica D. Lundquist
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Constance I. Millar
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA, United States of America
| | - Sean P. Maher
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United States of America
| | - William B. Monahan
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Koren R. Nydick
- U.S. National Park Service, Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks, Three Rivers, CA, United States of America
| | - Kelly T. Redmond
- Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Sarah C. Sawyer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Vallejo, CA, United States of America
| | - Sarah Stock
- U.S. National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, El Portal, CA, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Beissinger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
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Nagarajan R, Miller CS, Dawson D, Al-Sabbagh M, Ebersole JL. Cross-talk between clinical and host-response parameters of periodontitis in smokers. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:342-352. [PMID: 27431617 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontal diseases are a major public health concern leading to tooth loss and have also been shown to be associated with several chronic systemic diseases. Smoking is a major risk factor for the development of numerous systemic diseases, as well as periodontitis. While it is clear that smokers have a significantly enhanced risk for developing periodontitis leading to tooth loss, the population varies regarding susceptibility to disease associated with smoking. This investigation focused on identifying differences in four broad sets of variables, consisting of: (i) host-response molecules; (ii) periodontal clinical parameters; (iii) antibody responses to periodontal pathogens and oral commensal bacteria; and (iv) other variables of interest, in a population of smokers with (n = 171) and without (n = 117) periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bayesian network structured learning (BNSL) techniques were used to investigate potential associations and cross-talk between the four broad sets of variables. RESULTS BNSL revealed two broad communities with markedly different topology between the populations of smokers, with and without periodontitis. Confidence of the edges in the resulting network also showed marked variations within and between the periodontitis and nonperiodontitis groups. CONCLUSION The results presented validated known associations and discovered new ones with minimal precedence that may warrant further investigation and novel hypothesis generation. Cross-talk between the clinical variables and antibody profiles of bacteria were especially pronounced in the case of periodontitis and were mediated by the antibody response profile to Porphyromonas gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagarajan
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C S Miller
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Oral Health Practice, Division of Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D Dawson
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Oral Health Practice, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M Al-Sabbagh
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Oral Health Practice, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Johnson N, Ebersole JL, Kryscio RJ, Danaher RJ, Dawson D, Al-Sabbagh M, Miller CS. Rapid assessment of salivary MMP-8 and periodontal disease using lateral flow immunoassay. Oral Dis 2016; 22:681-7. [PMID: 27273425 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a novel point-of-care immunoflow device (POCID) for detecting matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 concentrations in oral fluids in comparison with a gold standard laboratory-based immunoassay. METHODS Oral rinse fluid and whole expectorated saliva samples were collected from 41 participants clinically classified as periodontally healthy or diseased. Samples were analyzed for MMP-8 by Luminex immunoassay and POCID. Photographed POCID results were assessed by optical scan and visually by two examiners. Data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation and receiver-operating characteristics. RESULTS MMP-8 was readily detected by the POCID, and concentrations correlated well with Luminex for both saliva and rinse fluids (r = 0.57-0.93). Thresholds that distinguished periodontitis from health were delineated from both the optical scans and visual reads of the POCID (sensitivity: 0.7-0.9, specificity: 0.5-0.7; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Performance of this POCID for detecting MMP-8 in oral rinse fluid or saliva was excellent. These findings help demonstrate the utility of salivary biomarkers for distinguishing periodontal disease from health using a rapid point-of-care approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Johnson
- Department of Oral Health Practice, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- Department of Oral Health Practice, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R J Kryscio
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R J Danaher
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D Dawson
- Department of Oral Health Practice, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M Al-Sabbagh
- Department of Oral Health Practice, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C S Miller
- Department of Oral Health Practice, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Gonzalez OA, Nagarajan R, Novak MJ, Orraca L, Gonzalez-Martinez JA, Kirakodu SS, Ebersole JL. Immune system transcriptome in gingival tissues of young nonhuman primates. J Periodontal Res 2016; 51:152-63. [PMID: 26077888 PMCID: PMC4681702 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Young/adolescent humans harbor many microorganisms associated with periodontal disease in adults and show substantial gingival inflammatory responses. However, younger individuals do not demonstrate the soft- and hard-tissue destruction that hallmark periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study evaluated responses to the oral microbial ecology in gingival tissues from clinically healthy young Macaca mulatta (< 3 years of age) compared with older animals (5-23 years of age). RNA was isolated from the tissues and analyzed for the transcriptome using the Rhesus Macaque GeneChip (Affymetrix). RESULTS Global transcriptional profiling of four age groups revealed a subset of 159 genes that were differentially expressed across at least one of the age comparisons. Correlation metrics generated a relevance network abstraction of these genes. Partitioning of the relevance network revealed seven distinct communities comprising functionally related genes associated with host inflammatory and immune responses. A group of genes was identified that were selectively increased/decreased or positively/negatively correlated with gingival profiles in the animals. A principal components analysis created metagenes of expression profiles for classifying the 23 animals. CONCLUSION The results provide novel system-level insights into gene-expression differences in gingival tissues from healthy young animals, weighted toward host responses associated with anti-inflammatory biomolecules or those linked with T-cell regulation of responses. The combination of the regulated microenvironment may help to explain the apparent 'resistance' of younger individuals to developing periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R Nagarajan
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M J Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - L Orraca
- School of Dentistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - S S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Gonzalez OA, Novak MJ, Kirakodu S, Stromberg A, Nagarajan R, Huang CB, Chen KC, Orraca L, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Ebersole JL. Differential Gene Expression Profiles Reflecting Macrophage Polarization in Aging and Periodontitis Gingival Tissues. Immunol Invest 2015; 44:643-64. [PMID: 26397131 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1070269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has determined a phenotypic and functional heterogeneity for macrophage populations. This plasticity of macrophage function has been related to specific properties of subsets (M1 and M2) of these cells in inflammation, adaptive immune responses and resolution of tissue destructive processes. This investigation hypothesized that targeted alterations in the distribution of macrophage phenotypes in aged individuals, and with periodontitis would be skewed towards M1 inflammatory macrophages in gingival tissues. The study used a non-human primate model to evaluate gene expression profiles as footprints of macrophage variation in healthy and periodontitis gingival tissues from animals 3-23 years of age and in periodontitis tissues in adult and aged animals. Significant increases in multiple genes reflecting overall increases in macrophage activities were observed in healthy aged tissues, and were significantly increased in periodontitis tissues from both adults and aged animals. Generally, gene expression patterns for M2 macrophages were similar in healthy young, adolescent and adult tissues. However, modest increases were noted in healthy aged tissues, similar to those seen in periodontitis tissues from both age groups. M1 macrophage gene transcription patterns increased significantly over the age range in healthy tissues, with multiple genes (e.g. CCL13, CCL19, CCR7 and TLR4) significantly increased in aged animals. Additionally, gene expression patterns for M1 macrophages were significantly increased in adult health versus periodontitis and aged healthy versus periodontitis. The findings supported a significant increase in macrophages with aging and in periodontitis. The primary increases in both healthy aged tissues and, particularly periodontitis tissues appeared in the M1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Gonzalez
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - M J Novak
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - S Kirakodu
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - A Stromberg
- b Department of Statistics , College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - R Nagarajan
- c Department of Biostatistics , College of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico , San Juan , PR , USA
| | - C B Huang
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - K C Chen
- d Microarray Core Facility, College of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico , San Juan , PR , USA
| | - L Orraca
- e School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico , San Juan , PR , USA , and
| | - J Martinez-Gonzalez
- f Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico , San Juan , PR , USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
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Nadeau TL, Leibowitz SG, Wigington PJ, Ebersole JL, Fritz KM, Coulombe RA, Comeleo RL, Blocksom KA. Validation of rapid assessment methods to determine streamflow duration classes in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Environ Manage 2015; 56:34-53. [PMID: 25931296 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
United States Supreme Court rulings have created uncertainty regarding U.S. Clean Water Act (CWA) authority over certain waters, and established new data and analytical requirements for determining CWA jurisdiction. Thus, rapid assessment methods are needed that can differentiate between ephemeral, intermittent, and perennial streams. We report on the validation of several methods. The first (Interim Method) was developed through best professional judgment (BPJ); an alternative (Revised Method) resulted from statistical analysis. We tested the Interim Method on 178 study reaches in Oregon, and constructed the Revised Method based on statistical analysis of the Oregon data. Next, we evaluated the regional applicability of the methods on 86 study reaches across a variety of hydrologic landscapes in Washington and Idaho. During the second phase, we also compared the Revised Method with a similar approach (Combined Method) based on combined field data from Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. We further compared field-based methods with a GIS-based approach (GIS Method) that used the National Hydrography Dataset and a synthetic stream network. Evaluations of all methods compared results with actual streamflow duration classes. The Revised Method correctly determined known streamflow duration 83.9% of the time, versus 62.3% accuracy of the Interim Method and 43.6% accuracy for the GIS-based approach. The Combined Method did not significantly outperform the Revised Method. Analysis showed biological indicators most accurately discriminate streamflow duration classes. While BPJ established a testable hypothesis, this study illustrates the importance of quantitative field testing of rapid assessment methods. Results support a consistent method applicable across the Pacific Northwest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie-Lynn Nadeau
- U.S. EPA, Region 10, 805 SW Broadway, Suite 500, Portland, OR, 97205, USA,
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Miller CS, Foley JD, Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, Ebersole JL, Campbell CL, Bailey AL, Rose BG, Kinane DF, Novak MJ, McDevitt JT, Ding X, Kryscio RJ. Utility of salivary biomarkers for demonstrating acute myocardial infarction. J Dent Res 2014; 93:72S-79S. [PMID: 24879575 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514537522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The comparative utility of serum and saliva as diagnostic fluids for identifying biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was investigated. The goal was to determine if salivary biomarkers could facilitate a screening diagnosis of AMI, especially in cases of non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI), since these cases are not readily identified by electrocardiogram (ECG). Serum and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) collected from 92 AMI patients within 48 hours of chest pain onset and 105 asymptomatic healthy control individuals were assayed for 13 proteins relevant to cardiovascular disease, by Beadlyte technology (Luminex(®)) and enzyme immunoassays. Data were analyzed with concentration cut-points, ECG findings, logistic regression (LR) (adjusted for matching for age, gender, race, smoking, number of teeth, and oral health status), and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by repetition of the CART analysis in 58 cases and 58 controls, each matched by age and gender. Serum biomarkers demonstrated AMI sensitivity and specificity superior to that of saliva, as determined by LR and CART. The predominant discriminators in serum by LR were troponin I (TnI), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and TnI and BNP by CART. In saliva, LR identified C-reactive protein (CRP) as the biomarker most predictive of AMI. A combination of smoking tobacco, UWS CRP, CK-MB, sCD40 ligand, gender, and number of teeth identified AMI in the CART decision trees. When ECG findings, salivary biomarkers, and confounders were included, AMI was predicted with 80.0% sensitivity and 100% specificity. These analyses support the potential utility of salivary biomarker measurements used with ECG for the identification of AMI. Thus, saliva-based tests may provide additional diagnostic screening information in the clinical course for patients suspected of having an AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Miller
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J D Foley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - P N Floriano
- Department of Bioengineering and Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - N Christodoulides
- Department of Bioengineering and Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C L Campbell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - A L Bailey
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - B G Rose
- School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - D F Kinane
- School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - M J Novak
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J T McDevitt
- Department of Bioengineering and Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - X Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R J Kryscio
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Statistics, College of Arts & Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Cunningham LL, Novak MJ, Madsen M, Abadi B, Ebersole JL. A bidirectional relationship of oral-systemic responses: observations of systemic host responses in patients after full-mouth extractions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 117:435-44. [PMID: 24630161 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.11.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This investigation tested the hypothesis that systemic inflammatory responses would be attenuated by minimizing the oral microbial burden in patients with moderate to severe periodontitis. STUDY DESIGN Patients (n = 73) scheduled for full-mouth extractions were categorized as case type I/II (gingivitis/mild periodontitis) or case type III/IV (moderate/severe periodontitis). Serum levels of acute phase proteins (APPs) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody were assessed at baseline and through 1 year after extraction. RESULTS At baseline, the levels of multiple APPs (e.g., fibrinogen, C-reactive protein) and antibodies to periodontal pathogens were significantly higher with case type III/IV vs I/II. These differences were sustained 12 months after extractions for most APPs. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that removal of disease by full-mouth extraction of teeth altered the overall burden of challenge to the host. Continued elevation in various APPs in the III/IV group suggested a potential underlying constitutive difference in systemic response characteristics of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Cunningham
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - M J Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M Madsen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - B Abadi
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Ebersole JL, Steffen MJ, Thomas MV, Al-Sabbagh M. Smoking-related cotinine levels and host responses in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:642-51. [PMID: 24283398 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Smoking has been reported to increase the risk of periodontal disease by disrupting the balance of immune responses and tissue repair processes; however, this risk varies among smokers. Cotinine levels in saliva are routinely used to measure the level of smoking, and reflect the quantity of nicotine, and other smoking-related xenobiotics that challenge host systems. This study delineated characteristics of inflammatory mediators in saliva and serum antibody responses to both periodontal pathogens and commensal bacteria in smokers as they related to cotinine levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS This case-control study (n = 279) examined salivary inflammatory mediator responses [interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-10, prostaglandin E2, myeloperoxidase and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1], and serum IgG antibody responses to three periodontal pathogens (Aggregatibacter actinomyce-temcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola) and five commensal oral microorganisms (Veillonella parvula, Streptococcus sanguis, Prevotella loescheii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Capnocytophaga ochracea). RESULTS The patients were stratified into health (n = 30), gingivitis (n = 55) and periodontitis (n = 184); cotinine levels correlated with reported smoking habits in health, less so with gingivitis, and were not correlated in periodontitis. Of the inflammatory mediators/acute phase proteins, only IL-1ß levels were positively associated (p < 0.001) with the pack years and cotinine levels. As might be predicted, patients with periodontitis smoked more (p < 0.001) and had higher levels of cotinine. IL-1ß and antibody to A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. denticola were significantly higher in the patients with periodontitis than either patients with gingivitis or who were healthy. CONCLUSIONS Generally, antibody to the pathogens and commensals was lower with decreased cotinine levels. Smoking exacerbated differences in both inflammatory mediators and three antibody in periodontal disease compared to healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Ebersole JL, Holt SC, Cappelli D. Periodontitis in pregnant baboons: systemic inflammation and adaptive immune responses and pregnancy outcomes in a baboon model. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:226-36. [PMID: 23710643 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Chronic periodontal infections have been suggested to contribute to the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study describes the relationship of patterns of systemic inflammatory mediators and IgG antibody to 20 oral bacteria in pregnant female baboons (Papio anubis) coupled with clinical features of ligature-induced periodontitis, as risk indicators for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Animals showing a preterm delivery and/or low birth weight newborns, as well as those pregnancies resulting in spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or fetal demise were tabulated as adverse pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS A significantly greater frequency of the periodontitis group neonates had a low birth weight (18.1%; p = 0.008) and decreased gestational age (9.8%). Spontaneous abortion/stillbirth/fetal demise were increased in the periodontitis (8.7%) versus the control group (3.8%) (p = 0.054). The baseline oral clinical presentation of the experimental animals did not relate to the adverse pregnancy outcomes. Animals with the greatest extent/severity of periodontitis progression during the initial ½ of gestation (ie. to mid-pregnancy) had the greatest risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Baseline biological parameters indicating historical responses of the animals to periodontal challenge demonstrated individual variation in selected mediators, some of which became more differential during ligature-induced periodontitis. The relationship of clinical parameters to systemic inflammatory responses was consistent with a temporal contribution to adverse pregnancy outcomes in a subset of the animals. CONCLUSIONS These results support a link between periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the baboons and provide a prospective experimental model for delineating the biologic parameters that contribute to a causal relationship between chronic oral infections and birth events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Abstract
This report describes the use of a novel model of multispecies biofilms to stimulate profiles of cytokines/chemokines from oral epithelial cells that contribute to local inflammation in the periodontium. Streptococcus gordonii (Sg)/S. oralis (So)/S. sanguinis (Ss) and Sg/Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn)/Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) biofilms elicited significantly elevated levels of IL-1α and showed synergistic stimulatory activity compared with an additive effect of the 3 individual bacteria. Only the Sg/Actinomyces naeslundii (An)/Fn multispecies biofilms elicited IL-6 levels above those of control. IL-8 was a primary response to the Sg/An/Fn biofilms, albeit the level was not enhanced compared with a predicted composite level from the monospecies challenges. These results represent some of the first data documenting alterations in profiles of oral epithelial cell responses to multispecies biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Peyyala
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Peyyala R, Ebersole JL. Multispecies biofilms and host responses: "discriminating the trees from the forest". Cytokine 2012; 61:15-25. [PMID: 23141757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases reflect a tissue destructive process of the hard and soft tissues of the periodontium that are initiated by the accumulation of multispecies bacterial biofilms in the subgingival sulcus. This accumulation, in both quantity and quality of bacteria, results in a chronic immunoinflammatory response of the host to control this noxious challenge, leading to collateral damage of the tissues. As knowledge of the characteristics of the host-bacterial interactions in the oral cavity has expanded, new knowledge has become available on the complexity of the microbial challenge and the repertoire of host responses to this challenge. Recent results from the Human Microbiome Project continue to extend the array of taxa, genera, and species of bacteria that inhabit the multiple niches in the oral cavity; however, there is rather sparse information regarding variations in how host cells discriminate commensal from pathogenic species, as well as how the host response is affected by the three-dimensional architecture and interbacterial interactions that occur in the oral biofilms. This review provides some insights into these processes by including existing literature on the biology of nonoral bacterial biofilms, and the more recent literature just beginning to document how the oral cavity responds to multispecies biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Peyyala
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
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Abstract
The 4th Annual AADR Fall Focused Symposium (FFS), "Oral Health Disparities Research and the Future Face of America", took place on November 3-4, 2011 in Washington, DC. The FFS strategy was developed by the AADR to help provide additional opportunities for members to engage in research discussions during the year by identifying specific research topics of interest among the 21 Scientific Groups and 4 Networks of the IADR and targeting a focused topic area for the FFS. The conference attracted an international group of approximately 120 registrants, including participants from Canada, India, Mexico, and China; 4 oral sessions and 32 poster presentations were offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0297, USA.
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González OA, Escamilla C, Danaher RJ, Dai J, Ebersole JL, Mumper RJ, Miller CS. Antibacterial effects of blackberry extract target periodontopathogens. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:80-6. [PMID: 22812456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Antimicrobial agents provide valuable adjunctive therapy for the prevention and the control of oral diseases. Limitations in their prolonged use have stimulated the search for new, naturally occurring agents with more specific activity and fewer adverse effects. Here we sought to determine the antibacterial properties of blackberry extract (BBE) in vitro against oral bacterial commensals and periodontopathogens. MATERIAL AND METHODS The effects of whole and fractionated BBE on the metabolism of 10 different oral bacteria were evaluated using the colorimetric water-soluble tetrazolium-1 assay. The bactericidal effects of whole BBE against Fusobacterium nucleatum were determined by quantitating the numbers of colony-forming units (CFUs). Cytotoxicity was determined in oral epithelial (OKF6) cells. RESULTS BBE at 350-1400 μg/mL reduced the metabolic activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis, F. nucleatum and Streptococcus mutans. The reduced metabolic activity observed for F. nucleatum corresponded to a reduction in the numbers of CFUs following exposure to BBE for as little as 1 h, indicative of its bactericidal properties. An anthocyanin-enriched fraction of BBE reduced the metabolic activity of F. nucleatum, but not of P. gingivalis or S. mutans, suggesting the contribution of species-specific agents in the whole BBE. Oral epithelial cell viability was not reduced following exposure to whole BBE (2.24-1400 μg/mL) for ≤ 6 h. CONCLUSION BBE alters the metabolic activity of oral periodontopathogens while demonstrating a minimal effect on commensals. The specific antibacterial properties of BBE shown in this study, along with its previously demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, make this natural extract a promising target as an adjunct for prevention and/or complementary therapy of periodontal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A González
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0297, USA
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Al-Sabbagh M, Alladah A, Lin Y, Kryscio RJ, Thomas MV, Ebersole JL, Miller CS. Bone remodeling-associated salivary biomarker MIP-1α distinguishes periodontal disease from health. J Periodontal Res 2011; 47:389-95. [PMID: 22126530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The field of salivary diagnostics lacks an accepted and validated biomarker of alveolar bone remodeling. To address this, we examined levels of salivary biomolecules specifically associated with biological aspects of bone remodeling in subjects with chronic periodontitis in a case-control study. MATERIAL AND METHODS Levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), osteoprotegerin, C-telopeptide pyridinoline cross-links of type I collagen and β-C-terminal type I collagen telopeptide in unstimulated whole saliva of 80 subjects (40 subjects with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis and 40 sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects) were measured using enzyme immunosorbent assays. Saliva was collected before clinical examination, which included probing depth, clinical attachment loss and bleeding on probing. RESULTS The mean level of MIP-1α in subjects with periodontitis was 18-fold higher than in healthy subjects (p < 0.0001). Clinical periodontal indices correlated significantly with MIP-1α levels (p < 0.0001). Of the biomolecules examined, MIP-1α demonstrated the greatest ability to discriminate between periodontal disease and health as determined by the area under the curve (0.94) and classification and regression tree analysis (sensitivity 94% and specificity 92.7%). Osteoprotegerin levels were elevated 1.6-fold (p = 0.055), whereas C-telopeptide pyridinoline cross-links of type I collagen and β-C-terminal type I collagen telopeptide levels were below the level of detection in the majority of subjects. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the chemokine MIP-1α may aid in identifying periodontitis. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to determine whether this biomarker can help in ascertaining the progression of bone loss in subjects with periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Al-Sabbagh
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0297, USA
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Bakthavatchalu V, Meka A, Mans JJ, Sathishkumar S, Lopez MC, Bhattacharyya I, Boyce BF, Baker HV, Lamont RJ, Ebersole JL, Kesavalu L. Polymicrobial periodontal pathogen transcriptomes in calvarial bone and soft tissue. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 26:303-20. [PMID: 21896157 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2011.00619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia are consistently associated with adult periodontitis. This study sought to document the host transcriptome to a P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T.forsythia challenge as a polymicrobial infection using a murine calvarial model of acute inflammation and bone resorption. Mice were infected with P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia over the calvaria, after which the soft tissues and calvarial bones were excised. A Murine GeneChip(®) array analysis of transcript profiles showed that 6997 genes were differentially expressed in calvarial bones (P < 0.05) and 1544 genes were differentially transcribed in the inflamed tissues after the polymicrobial infection. Of these genes, 4476 and 1035 genes in the infected bone and tissues were differentially expressed by upregulation. Biological pathways significantly impacted by the polymicrobial infection in calvarial bone included leukocyte transendothelial migration (LTM), cell adhesion molecules, adherens junction, major histocompatibility complex antigen, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, and antigen processing and presentation resulting in inflammatory/cytokine/chemokine transcripts stimulation in bone and soft tissue. Intense inflammation and increased activated osteoclasts were observed in calvarias compared with sham-infected controls. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis confirmed that the mRNA level of selected genes corresponded with the microarray expression. The polymicrobial infection regulated several LTM and extracellular membrane pathway genes in a manner distinct from mono-infection with P. gingivalis, T. denticola, or T. forsythia. To our knowledge, this is the first definition of the polymicrobially induced transcriptome in calvarial bone and soft tissue in response to periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bakthavatchalu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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González OA, Stromberg AJ, Huggins PM, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Novak MJ, Ebersole JL. Apoptotic genes are differentially expressed in aged gingival tissue. J Dent Res 2011; 90:880-6. [PMID: 21471327 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511403744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular and molecular changes of the periodontium associated with a higher prevalence of oral diseases (e.g., chronic periodontitis) in aged populations have received little attention. Since impaired apoptosis during aging appears to be related to chronic inflammatory disorders, we hypothesized that the expression of genes associated with apoptotic processes are altered in aged healthy and periodontitis-affected gingival tissue. Ontology analysis of 88 genes related to apoptotic pathways was performed in gingival biopsies of healthy and periodontitis sites from young, adult, and aged non-human primates (Macaca mulatta), using the GeneChip® Rhesus Macaque Genome Array. Lower expression of anti-apoptotic and higher expression of pro-apoptotic genes were associated with healthy gingival tissue from young compared with aged animals. Few differences in gene expression were observed in healthy gingival tissue between adult and aged animals. Comparison between healthy and periodontitis gingival tissues showed that the up- or down-regulated apoptotic genes in diseased gingival tissue are different in adults compared with aged animals. These results suggest that apoptotic events normally occurring in gingival tissues could be reduced in aging,and unique aspects of apoptotic pathways are potentially involved in the pathophysiology of periodontal disease in adult vs. aged gingival tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A González
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA.
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Ebersole JL, Steffen MJ, Holt SC, Kesavalu L, Chu L, Cappelli D. Systemic inflammatory responses in progressing periodontitis during pregnancy in a baboon model. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 162:550-9. [PMID: 21070210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that pregnant female baboons exhibit increased levels of various inflammatory mediators in serum resulting from ligature-induced periodontitis, and that these profiles would relate to periodontal disease severity/extent in the animals. The animals were sampled at baseline (B), mid-pregnancy (MP; two quadrants ligated) and at delivery (D; four quadrants ligated). All baboons developed increased plaque, gingival inflammation and bleeding, pocket depths and attachment loss following placement of the ligatures. By MP, both prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and bactericidal permeability inducing factor (BPI) were greater than baseline, while increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6 occurred in the experimental animals by the time of delivery. IL-8, MCP-1 and LBP all decreased from baseline through the ligation phase of the study. Stratification of the animals by baseline clinical presentation demonstrated that PGE(2), LBP, IL-8 and MCP-1 levels were altered throughout the ligation interval, irrespective of baseline clinical values. IL-6, IL-8 and LBP were significantly lower in the subset of animals that demonstrated the least clinical response to ligation, indicative of progressing periodontal disease. PGE(2), macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and LBP were decreased in the most diseased subset of animals at delivery. Systemic antibody responses to Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Campylobacter rectus were associated most frequently with variations in inflammatory mediator levels. These results provide a profile of systemic inflammatory mediators during ligature-induced periodontitis in pregnant baboons. The relationship of the oral clinical parameters to systemic inflammatory responses is consistent with a contribution to adverse pregnancy outcomes in a subset of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Huang CB, Alimova YV, Ebersole JL. HIV-1 reactivation in HIV-latently infected dendritic cells by oral microorganisms and LPS. Cell Immunol 2011; 268:105-11. [PMID: 21420664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are critical components of the host defense system that play pivotal role in linking innate immunity to adaptive immune responses. In the role of interfacing with pathogens through the action of surface pattern-recognition receptors, dendritic cells are a potential target for retroviral infection and latency. Dendritic cells are a long-lived reservoir of latent virus in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-infected patients. It is hypothesized that HIV-latently infected dendritic cells would be stimulated by oral bacteria leading to reactivation of HIV. In our HIV-latently infected dendritic cell models, of both promoter activation and HIV production, significant differences were observed among the bacterial species in their ability to stimulate HIV reactivation. The experimental data support the hypothesis that oral bacteria related to periodontal infections could trigger latently infected dendritic cells in gingival tissues and contribute to HIV recrudescence and undermining anti-retroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Huang
- Center for Oral Health Research, HSRB 161, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40503, USA.
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Hayman L, Steffen MJ, Stevens J, Badger E, Tempro P, Fuller B, McGuire A, Al-Sabbagh M, Thomas MV, Ebersole JL. Smoking and periodontal disease: discrimination of antibody responses to pathogenic and commensal oral bacteria. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 164:118-26. [PMID: 21303363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is an independent risk factor for the initiation, extent and severity of periodontal disease. This study examined the ability of the host immune system to discriminate commensal oral bacteria from pathogens at mucosal surfaces, i.e. oral cavity. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibody reactive with three pathogenic and five commensal oral bacteria in 301 current smokers (age range 21-66 years) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical features of periodontal health were used as measures of periodontitis. Antibody to the pathogens and salivary cotinine levels were related positively to disease severity; however, the antibody levels were best described by the clinical disease unrelated to the amount of smoking. The data showed a greater immune response to pathogens than commensals that was related specifically to disease extent, and most noted in black males. Significant correlations in individual patient responses to the pathogens and commensals were lost with an increasing extent of periodontitis and serum antibody to the pathogens. Antibody to Porphyromonas gingivalis was particularly distinct with respect to the discriminatory nature of the immune responses in recognizing the pathogens. Antibody responses to selected pathogenic and commensal oral microorganisms differed among racial groups and genders. The antibody response to the pathogens was related to disease severity. The level of antibody to the pathogens, and in particular P. gingivalis, was correlated with disease severity in black and male subsets of patients. The amount of smoking did not appear to impact directly serum antibody levels to these oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hayman
- Center for Oral Health Research, and Department of Oral Health Practice, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Bakthavatchalu V, Meka A, Sathishkumar S, Lopez MC, Bhattacharyya I, Boyce BF, Mans JJ, Lamont RJ, Baker HV, Ebersole JL, Kesavalu L. Tannerella forsythia infection-induced calvarial bone and soft tissue transcriptional profiles. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 25:317-30. [PMID: 20883221 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2010.00583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is associated with subgingival biofilms in adult periodontitis, although the molecular mechanisms contributing to chronic inflammation and loss of periodontal bone remain unclear. We examined changes in the host transcriptional profiles during a T. forsythia infection using a murine calvarial model of inflammation and bone resorption. Tannerella forsythia was injected into the subcutaneous soft tissue over calvariae of BALB/c mice for 3 days, after which the soft tissues and calvarial bones were excised. RNA was isolated and Murine GeneChip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) array analysis of transcript profiles showed that 3226 genes were differentially expressed in the infected soft tissues (P < 0.05) and 2586 genes were differentially transcribed in calvarial bones after infection. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of transcription levels of selected genes corresponded well with the microarray results. Biological pathways significantly impacted by T. forsythia infection in calvarial bone and soft tissue included leukocyte transendothelial migration, cell adhesion molecules (immune system), extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, adherens junction, and antigen processing and presentation. Histologic examination revealed intense inflammation and increased osteoclasts in calvariae compared with controls. In conclusion, localized T. forsythia infection differentially induces transcription of a broad array of host genes, and the profiles differ between inflamed soft tissues and calvarial bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bakthavatchalu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Bakthavatchalu V, Meka A, Sathishkumar S, Lopez MC, Verma RK, Wallet SM, Bhattacharyya I, Boyce BF, Mans JJ, Lamont RJ, Baker HV, Ebersole JL, Kesavalu L. Molecular characterization of Treponema denticola infection-induced bone and soft tissue transcriptional profiles. Mol Oral Microbiol 2010; 25:260-74. [PMID: 20618700 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2010.00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is associated with subgingival biofilms in adult periodontitis and with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which T. denticola impacts periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone resorption remain unclear. Here, we examined changes in the host transcriptional profiles during a T. denticola infection using a murine calvarial model of inflammation and bone resorption. T. denticola was injected into the subcutaneous soft tissue over the calvaria of BALB/c mice for 3 days, after which the soft tissues and the calvarial bones were excised. RNA was isolated and analysed for transcript profiling using Murine GeneChip arrays. Following T. denticola infection, 2905 and 1234 genes in the infected calvarial bones and soft tissues, respectively, were differentially expressed (P <or= 0.05). Biological pathways significantly impacted by T. denticola infection in calvarial bone and calvarial tissue included leukocyte transendothelial migration, cell adhesion (immune system) molecules, cell cycle, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, B-cell receptor signaling and transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathways resulting in proinflammatory, chemotactic effects, and T-cell stimulation. In conclusion, localized T. denticola infection differentially induces transcription of a broad array of host genes, the profiles of which differed between inflamed calvarial bone and soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bakthavatchalu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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