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Arshad J, Rao A, Repp ML, Rao R, Wu C, Merchant JL. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Therapeutic Target for Gastrointestinal Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2985. [PMID: 38474232 PMCID: PMC10931832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers represent one of the more challenging cancers to treat. Current strategies to cure and control gastrointestinal (GI) cancers like surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy have met with limited success, and research has turned towards further characterizing the tumor microenvironment to develop novel therapeutics. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have emerged as crucial drivers of pathogenesis and progression within the tumor microenvironment in GI malignancies. Many MDSCs clinical targets have been defined in preclinical models, that potentially play an integral role in blocking recruitment and expansion, promoting MDSC differentiation into mature myeloid cells, depleting existing MDSCs, altering MDSC metabolic pathways, and directly inhibiting MDSC function. This review article analyzes the role of MDSCs in GI cancers as viable therapeutic targets for gastrointestinal malignancies and reviews the existing clinical trial landscape of recently completed and ongoing clinical studies testing novel therapeutics in GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Arshad
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, GI Medical Oncology, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Amith Rao
- Banner University Medical Center—University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (A.R.)
| | - Matthew L. Repp
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;
| | - Rohit Rao
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Clinton Wu
- Banner University Medical Center—University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (A.R.)
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Duan S, Sawyer TW, Witten BL, Song H, Else T, Merchant JL. Spatial profiling reveals tissue-specific neuro-immune interactions in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Pathol 2024; 262:362-376. [PMID: 38229586 PMCID: PMC10869639 DOI: 10.1002/path.6241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are heterogeneous malignancies that arise from complex cellular interactions within the tissue microenvironment. Here, we sought to decipher tumor-derived signals from the surrounding microenvironment by applying digital spatial profiling (DSP) to hormone-secreting and non-functional GEP-NETs. By combining this approach with in vitro studies of human-derived organoids, we demonstrated the convergence of cell autonomous immune and pro-inflammatory proteins that suggests their role in neuroendocrine differentiation and tumorigenesis. DSP was used to evaluate the expression of 40 neural- and immune-related proteins in surgically resected duodenal and pancreatic NETs (n = 20) primarily consisting of gastrinomas (18/20). A total of 279 regions of interest were examined between tumors, adjacent normal and abnormal-appearing epithelium, and the surrounding stroma. The results were stratified by tissue type and multiple endocrine neoplasia I (MEN1) status, whereas protein expression was validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). A tumor immune cell autonomous inflammatory signature was further evaluated by IHC and RNAscope, while functional pro-inflammatory signaling was confirmed using patient-derived duodenal organoids. Gastrin-secreting and non-functional pancreatic NETs showed a higher abundance of immune cell markers and immune infiltrate compared with duodenal gastrinomas. Compared with non-MEN1 tumors, MEN1 gastrinomas and preneoplastic lesions showed strong immune exclusion and upregulated expression of neuropathological proteins. Despite a paucity of immune cells, duodenal gastrinomas expressed the pro-inflammatory and pro-neural factor IL-17B. Treatment of human duodenal organoids with IL-17B activated NF-κB and STAT3 signaling and induced the expression of neuroendocrine markers. In conclusion, multiplexed spatial protein analysis identified tissue-specific neuro-immune signatures in GEP-NETs. Duodenal gastrinomas are characterized by an immunologically cold microenvironment that permits cellular reprogramming and neoplastic transformation of the preneoplastic epithelium. Moreover, duodenal gastrinomas cell autonomously express immune and pro-inflammatory factors, including tumor-derived IL-17B, that stimulate the neuroendocrine phenotype. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzann Duan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Travis W. Sawyer
- Department of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brandon L. Witten
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Heyu Song
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tobias Else
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, University of Michigan, Ann Harbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Knapp T, Lima N, Daigle N, Duan S, Merchant JL, Sawyer TW. Combined flat-field and frequency filter approach to correcting artifacts of multichannel two-photon microscopy. J Biomed Opt 2024; 29:016007. [PMID: 38264434 PMCID: PMC10804314 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.1.016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Significance Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a useful biomedical imaging tool for its ability to probe labeled and unlabeled depth-resolved tissue biomarkers at high resolution. Automated MPM tile scanning allows for whole-slide image acquisition but can suffer from tile-stitching artifacts that prevent accurate quantitative data analysis. Aim We have investigated postprocessing artifact correction methods using ImageJ macros and custom Python code. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons of these methods were made using whole-slide MPM autofluorescence and second-harmonic generation images of human duodenal tissue. Approach Image quality after artifact removal is assessed by evaluating the processed image and its unprocessed counterpart using the root mean square error, structural similarity index, and image histogram measurements. Results Consideration of both quantitative and qualitative results suggest that a combination of a custom flat-field-based correction and frequency filtering processing step provide improved artifact correction when compared with each method used independently to correct for tiling artifacts of tile-scan MPM images. Conclusions While some image artifacts remain with these methods, further optimization of these processing steps may result in computational-efficient methods for removing these artifacts that are ubiquitous in large-scale MPM imaging. Removal of these artifacts with retention of the original image information would facilitate the use of this imaging modality in both research and clinical settings, where it is highly useful in collecting detailed morphologic and optical properties of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Knapp
- University of Arizona, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Natzem Lima
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Noelle Daigle
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Suzann Duan
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | | | - Travis W. Sawyer
- University of Arizona, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tucson, Arizona, United States
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
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Chopp LB, Zhu X, Gao Y, Nie J, Singh J, Kumar P, Young KZ, Patel S, Li C, Balmaceno-Criss M, Vacchio MS, Wang MM, Livak F, Merchant JL, Wang L, Kelly MC, Zhu J, Bosselut R. Zfp281 and Zfp148 control CD4 + T cell thymic development and T H2 functions. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadi9066. [PMID: 37948511 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi9066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
How CD4+ lineage gene expression is initiated in differentiating thymocytes remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the paralog transcription factors Zfp281 and Zfp148 control both this process and cytokine expression by T helper cell type 2 (TH2) effector cells. Genetic, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomic analyses showed that these factors promote the intrathymic CD4+ T cell differentiation of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II)-restricted thymocytes, including expression of the CD4+ lineage-committing factor Thpok. In peripheral T cells, Zfp281 and Zfp148 promoted chromatin opening at and expression of TH2 cytokine genes but not of the TH2 lineage-determining transcription factor Gata3. We found that Zfp281 interacts with Gata3 and is recruited to Gata3 genomic binding sites at loci encoding Thpok and TH2 cytokines. Thus, Zfp148 and Zfp281 collaborate with Gata3 to promote CD4+ T cell development and TH2 cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yayi Gao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jia Nie
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jatinder Singh
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Parimal Kumar
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kelly Z Young
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shil Patel
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Caiyi Li
- Flow Cytometry Core, Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mariah Balmaceno-Criss
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melanie S Vacchio
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael M Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Flow Cytometry Core, Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Lie Wang
- Institute of Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Hibdon ES, Keeley TM, Merchant JL, Samuelson LC. The bHLH transcription factor ASCL1 promotes differentiation of endocrine cells in the stomach and is regulated by Notch signaling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G458-G470. [PMID: 37698169 PMCID: PMC10887855 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00043.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling regulates gastrointestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation yet Notch-regulated transcriptional effectors of gastric epithelial cell differentiation are poorly understood. Here we tested the role of the bHLH transcription factor Achaete-Scute homolog 1 (ASCL1) in gastric epithelial cell differentiation, and its regulation by Notch. Newborn Ascl1 null mice showed a loss of expression of markers of neurogenin-3-dependent enteroendocrine cells, with normal expression of enterochromaffin-like cells, mucous cells, chief cells, and parietal cells. In adult mice, Ascl1 gene expression was observed in the stomach, but not the intestine, with higher expression in antral than corpus epithelium. Lineage tracing in Ascl1-CreERT2; Rosa26-LSL-tdTomato mice revealed single, scattered ASCL1+ cells in the gastric epithelium, demonstrating expression in antral gastrin- and serotonin-producing endocrine cells. ASCL1-expressing endocrine cells persisted for several weeks posttamoxifen labeling with a half-life of approximately 2 months. Lineage tracing in Gastrin-CreERT2 mice demonstrated a similar lifespan for gastrin-producing cells, confirming that gastric endocrine cells are long-lived. Finally, treatment of Ascl1-CreERT2; Rosa26-LSL-tdTomato mice with the pan-Notch inhibitor dibenzazepine increased the number of lineage-labeled cells in the gastric antrum, suggesting that Notch signaling normally inhibits Ascl1 expression. Notch regulation of Ascl1 was also demonstrated in a genetic mouse model of Notch activation, as well as Notch-manipulated antral organoid cultures, thus suggesting that ASCL1 is a key downstream Notch pathway effector promoting endocrine cell differentiation in the gastric epithelium.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although Notch signaling is known to regulate cellular differentiation in the stomach, downstream effectors are poorly described. Here we demonstrate that the bHLH transcription factor ASCL1 is expressed in endocrine cells in the stomach and is required for formation of neurogenin-3-dependent enteroendocrine cells but not enterochromaffin-like cells. We also demonstrate that Ascl1 expression is inhibited by Notch signaling, suggesting that ASCL1 is a Notch-regulated transcriptional effector directing enteroendocrine cell fate in the mouse stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise S Hibdon
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Theresa M Keeley
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Daigle N, Duan S, Song H, Lima N, Sontz R, Merchant JL, Sawyer TW. Wide field-of-view fluorescence imaging for organ-level lineage tracing of rare intestinal stem cell populations. J Biomed Opt 2023; 28:096004. [PMID: 37711357 PMCID: PMC10499363 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.9.096004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Significance Lineage tracing using fluorescent reporters is a common tool for monitoring the expression of genes and transcription factors in stem cell populations and their progeny. The zinc-binding protein 89 (ZBP-89/Zfp148 mouse gene) is a transcription factor that plays a role in gastrointestinal (GI) stem cell maintenance and cellular differentiation and has been linked to the progression of colon cancer. While lineage tracing is a useful tool, it is commonly performed with high-magnification microscopy on a small field of view within tissue sections, thereby limiting the ability to resolve reporter expression at the organ level. Furthermore, this technique requires extensive tissue processing, which is time consuming and requires euthanizing the animal. Further knowledge could be elucidated by measuring the expression of fluorescent reporters across entire organs with minimal tissue processing. Aim We present the application of wide-field fluorescence imaging for whole-organ lineage tracing of an inducible Zfp148-tdTomato-expressing transgenic mouse line to assess the expression of ZBP-89/Zfp148 in the GI tract. Approach We measured tdTomato fluorescence in ex vivo organs at time points between 24 h and 6 months post-induction. Fluctuations in tdTomato expression were validated by fluorescence microscopy of tissue sections. Results Quantification of the wide field-of-view images showed a statistically significant increase in fluorescent signal across the GI tract between transgenic mice and littermate controls. The results also showed a gradient of decreasing reporter expression from proximal to distal intestine, suggesting a higher abundance of ZBP-89 expressing stem cells, or higher expression of ZBP-89 within the stem cells, in the proximal intestine. Conclusions We demonstrate that wide-field fluorescence imaging is a valuable tool for monitoring whole-organ expression of fluorescent reporters. This technique could potentially be applied in vivo for longitudinal assessment of a single animal, further enhancing our ability to resolve rare stem cell lineages spatially and temporally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Daigle
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Suzann Duan
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Heyu Song
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Natzem Lima
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Ricky Sontz
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | | | - Travis W. Sawyer
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
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Song H, Sontz RA, Vance MJ, Morris JM, Sheriff S, Zhu S, Duan S, Zeng J, Koeppe E, Pandey R, Thorne CA, Stoffel EM, Merchant JL. High-fat diet plus HNF1A variant promotes polyps by activating β-catenin in early-onset colorectal cancer. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167163. [PMID: 37219942 PMCID: PMC10371337 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EO-CRC) is rising and is poorly understood. Lifestyle factors and altered genetic background possibly contribute. Here, we performed targeted exon sequencing of archived leukocyte DNA from 158 EO-CRC participants, which identified a missense mutation at p.A98V within the proximal DNA binding domain of Hepatic Nuclear Factor 1 α (HNF1AA98V, rs1800574). The HNF1AA98V exhibited reduced DNA binding. To test function, the HNF1A variant was introduced into the mouse genome by CRISPR/Cas9, and the mice were placed on either a high-fat diet (HFD) or high-sugar diet (HSD). Only 1% of the HNF1A mutant mice developed polyps on normal chow; however, 19% and 3% developed polyps on the HFD and HSD, respectively. RNA-Seq revealed an increase in metabolic, immune, lipid biogenesis genes, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling components in the HNF1A mutant relative to the WT mice. Mouse polyps and colon cancers from participants carrying the HNF1AA98V variant exhibited reduced CDX2 and elevated β-catenin proteins. We further demonstrated decreased occupancy of HNF1AA98V at the Cdx2 locus and reduced Cdx2 promoter activity compared with WT HNF1A. Collectively, our study shows that the HNF1AA98V variant plus a HFD promotes the formation of colonic polyps by activating β-catenin via decreasing Cdx2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Ricky A. Sontz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Matthew J. Vance
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Julia M. Morris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sulaiman Sheriff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Songli Zhu
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Suzann Duan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Jiping Zeng
- Department of Urology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Ritu Pandey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Curtis A. Thorne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Elena M. Stoffel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
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Duan S, Sheriff S, Elvis-Offiah UB, Witten BL, Sawyer TW, Sundaresan S, Cierpicki T, Grembecka J, Merchant JL. Clinically Defined Mutations in MEN1 Alter Its Tumor-suppressive Function Through Increased Menin Turnover. Cancer Res Commun 2023; 3:1318-1334. [PMID: 37492626 PMCID: PMC10364643 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Loss of the tumor suppressor protein menin is a critical event underlying the formation of neuroendocrine tumors (NET) in hormone-expressing tissues including gastrinomas. While aberrant expression of menin impairs its tumor suppression, few studies explore the structure-function relationship of clinical multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN1) mutations in the absence of a complete LOH at both loci. Here, we determined whether clinical MEN1 mutations render nuclear menin unstable and lead to its functional inactivation. We studied the structural and functional implications of two clinical MEN1 mutations (R516fs, E235K) and a third variant (A541T) recently identified in 10 patients with gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-NETs. We evaluated the subcellular localization and half-lives of the mutants and variant in Men1-null mouse embryo fibroblast cells and in hormone-expressing human gastric adenocarcinoma and NET cell lines. Loss of menin function was assessed by cell proliferation and gastrin gene expression assays. Finally, we evaluated the effect of the small-molecule compound MI-503 on stabilizing nuclear menin expression and function in vitro and in a previously reported mouse model of gastric NET development. Both the R516fs and E235K mutants exhibited severe defects in total and subcellular expression of menin, and this was consistent with reduced half-lives of these mutants. Mutated menin proteins exhibited loss of function in suppressing tumor cell proliferation and gastrin expression. Treatment with MI-503 rescued nuclear menin expression and attenuated hypergastrinemia and gastric hyperplasia in NET-bearing mice. Clinically defined MEN1 mutations and a germline variant confer pathogenicity by destabilizing nuclear menin expression. Significance We examined the function of somatic and germline mutations and a variant of MEN1 sequenced from gastroenteropancreatic NETs. We report that these mutations and variant promote tumor cell growth and gastrin expression by rendering menin protein unstable and prone to increased degradation. We demonstrate that the menin-MLL (mixed lineage leukemia) inhibitor MI-503 restores menin protein expression and function in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a potential novel therapeutic approach to target MEN1 GEP-NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzann Duan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sulaiman Sheriff
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Uloma B. Elvis-Offiah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Brandon L. Witten
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Travis W. Sawyer
- Department of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Wyant College of Optical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sinju Sundaresan
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
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Ding L, Sheriff S, Sontz RA, Merchant JL. Schlafen4 +-MDSC in Helicobacter-induced gastric metaplasia reveals role for GTPases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139391. [PMID: 37334372 PMCID: PMC10272601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction MDSCs express SCHLAFEN 4 (SLFN4) in Helicobacter-infected stomachs coincident with spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM), a precursor of gastric cancer. We aimed to characterize SLFN4+ cell identity and the role of Slfn4 in these cells. Methods Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on immune cells sorted from PBMCs and stomachs prepared from uninfected and 6-month H. felis-infected mice. Knockdown of Slfn4 by siRNA or PDE5/6 inhibition by sildenafil were performed in vitro. Intracellular ATP/GTP levels and GTPase activity of immunoprecipitated Slfn4 complexes were measured using the GTPase-Glo assay kit. The intracellular level of ROS was quantified by the DCF-DA fluorescent staining, and apoptosis was determined by cleaved Caspase-3 and Annexin V expression. Gli1CreERT2 x Slfn4 fl/fl mice were generated and infected with H. felis. Sildenafil was administered twice over 2 weeks by gavaging H. felis infected mice ~4 months after inoculation once SPEM had developed. Results Slfn4 was highly induced in both monocytic and granulocytic MDSCs from infected stomachs. Both Slfn4 +-MDSC populations exhibited strong transcriptional signatures for type-I interferon responsive GTPases and exhibited T cell suppressor function. SLFN4-containing protein complexes immunoprecipitated from myeloid cell cultures treated with IFNa exhibited GTPase activity. Knocking down Slfn4 or PDE5/6 inhibition with sildenafil blocked IFNa induction of GTP, SLFN4 and NOS2. Moreover, IFNa induction of Slfn +-MDSC function was inhibited by inducing their reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis through protein kinase G activation. Accordingly, in vivo disruption of Slfn4 in Gli1CreERT2 x Slfn4 fl/fl mice or pharmacologic inhibition by sildenafil after Helicobacter infection also suppressed SLFN4 and NOS2, reversed T cell suppression and mitigated SPEM development. Conclusion Taken together, SLFN4 regulates the activity of the GTPase pathway in MDSCs and precludes these cells from succumbing to the massive ROS generation when they acquire MDSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Elvis-Offiah UB, Duan S, Merchant JL. MENIN-mediated regulation of gastrin gene expression and its role in gastrinoma development. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22913. [PMID: 37078545 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201809rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia I (MEN1) locus encodes the protein MENIN, which functions as a tumor suppressor protein in neuroendocrine tissues. Gastrinomas are neuroendocrine neoplasms that overproduce the hormone gastrin and can arise sporadically or as part of the MEN1 syndrome, in which mutations in the MEN1 gene lead to loss or inactivation of MENIN protein. Gastrin is a peptide hormone that is primarily synthesized in the gastric antrum and stimulates the secretion of histamine from enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells and subsequently acid from parietal cells in the gastric corpus. In addition, gastrin exerts a mitogenic function primarily on ECL cells and progenitor cells in the gastric isthmus. Current studies seek to understand how MEN1 mutations generate a mutant MENIN protein that abrogates its tumor suppressor function. Mutations in the MEN1 gene are broadly distributed throughout its nine protein-coding exons, making it difficult to correlate protein structure with its function. Although disruption of the Men1 locus in mice causes functional neuroendocrine tumors in the pituitary and pancreas, gastrinomas do not develop in these transgenic animal models. Prior studies of human gastrinomas suggest that tissue-specific microenvironmental cues in the submucosal foregut may contribute to tumorigenesis by reprogramming of epithelial cells toward the neuroendocrine phenotype. Accordingly, recent studies suggest that neural crest-derived cells are also sensitive to reprogramming when MEN1 is deleted or mutated. Thus, the goal of this report is to review our current understanding of how MENIN modulates gastrin gene expression while highlighting its role in the prevention/suppression of neuroendocrine cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uloma B Elvis-Offiah
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, USA
| | - Suzann Duan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, USA
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, USA
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Loi S, Settleman J, Joyce JA, Pramesh CS, Bernards R, Fan J, Merchant JL, Moslehi J, Sellers WR. The next big questions in cancer research. Cell 2023; 186:1523-1527. [PMID: 37059060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of tumorigenesis and cancer progression as well as clinical therapies for different cancer types have evolved dramatically in recent years. However, even with this progress, there are big challenges for scientists and oncologists to tackle, ranging from unpacking the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved to therapeutics and biomarker development to quality of life in the aftermath of therapy. In this article, we asked researchers to comment on the questions that they think are important to address in the coming years.
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12
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Bailey KS, Brown HE, Lekic V, Pradeep K, Merchant JL, Harris RB. Helicobacter pylori treatment knowledge, access and barriers: A cross-sectional study. Helicobacter 2023; 28:e12954. [PMID: 36748455 PMCID: PMC10562139 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is among the most common bacterial infections in the world and one of the most common infectious agents linked to malignancy, gastric cancer (GC). Within the US there is high disparity in the rates of Hp infection and associated diseases. Hp infection is treatable, and knowledge may influence screening and treatment seeking behaviors. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study of 1042 respondents recruited from the Online Amazon MTurk platform, we sought to assess baseline knowledge of Hp and to gain insight into barriers related to Hp care. RESULTS Just over half (52.3%) reported some prior knowledge of Hp with 11.7% (n = 122) reporting being treated for Hp themselves and 21.4% reporting family members diagnosed with Hp. Of respondents reporting prior treatment, 95 (78%) reported GI upset and 27 (21%) reported not completing medications. Specific to Hp and GC, 70% indicated that a belief that the treatment was worse than the symptoms would affect their willingness to seek care, while 81% indicated knowing Hp can cause GC would affect their treatment decisions and knowing their gastric symptoms were caused by Hp would affect their willingness to receive care. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of Hp in this US sample of online respondents is low and self-reported difficulties with treatment compliance is high. Increasing awareness of this infection and addressing the challenges to treatment compliance could potentially reduce rates of Hp antibiotic resistance and progression to GC or other complications of Hp infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S. Bailey
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Heidi E. Brown
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Viktor Lekic
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 1501 N Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Kathi Pradeep
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 1501 N Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 1501 N Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Robin B. Harris
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724
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Sei Y, Feng J, Zhao X, Dagur P, McCoy JP, Merchant JL, Wank SA. Tissue- and cell-specific properties of enterochromaffin cells affect the fate of tumorigenesis toward nonendocrine adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G177-G189. [PMID: 36537709 PMCID: PMC9925174 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00205.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) are serotonin-secreting well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of putative enterochromaffin (EC) cell origin. However, EC cell-derived tumorigenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we examined whether the gain of Myc and the loss of RB1 and Trp53 function in EC cells result in SI-NET using tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) Cre-ERT2-driven RB1fl Trp53fl MycLSL (RPM) mice. TPH1-Cre-induced gain of Myc and loss of RB1 and Trp53 function resulted in endocrine or neuronal tumors in pancreas, lung, enteric neurons, and brain. Lineage tracing indicated that the cellular origin for these tumors was TPH1-expressing neuroendocrine, neuronal, or their precursor cells in these organs. However, despite that TPH1 is most highly expressed in EC cells of the small intestine, we observed no incidence of EC cell tumors. Instead, the tumor of epithelial cell origin in the intestine was exclusively nonendocrine adenocarcinoma, suggesting dedifferentiation of EC cells into intestinal stem cells (ISCs) as a cellular mechanism. Furthermore, ex vivo organoid studies indicated that loss of functions of Rb1 and Trp53 accelerated dedifferentiation of EC cells that were susceptible to apoptosis with expression of activated MycT58A, suggesting that the rare dedifferentiating cells escaping cell death went on to develop adenocarcinomas. Lineage tracing demonstrated that EC cells in the small intestine were short-lived compared with neuroendocrine or neuronal cells in other organs. In contrast, EC cell-derived ISCs were long-lasting and actively cycling and thus susceptible to transformation. These results suggest that tissue- and cell-specific properties of EC cells such as rapid cell turnover and homeostatic dedifferentiation, affect the fate and rate of tumorigenesis induced by genetic alterations and provide important insights into EC cell-derived tumorigenesis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors are of putative enterochromaffin (EC) cell origin and are the most common malignancy in the small intestine, followed by adenocarcinoma. However, the tumorigenesis of these tumor types remains poorly understood. The present lineage tracing studies showed that tissue- and cell-specific properties of EC cells such as rapid cell turnover and homeostatic dedifferentiation affect the fate and rate of tumorigenesis induced by genetic alterations toward a rare occurrence of adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitatsu Sei
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianying Feng
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xilin Zhao
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pradeep Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Philip McCoy
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Arizona, Tuscan, Arizona
| | - Stephen A Wank
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Daigle N, Knapp T, Duan S, Jones DW, Azhdarinia A, Ghosh SC, AghaAmiri S, Ikoma N, Estrella J, Schnermann MJ, Merchant JL, Sawyer TW. Combined multiphoton microscopy and somatostatin receptor type 2 imaging of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.03.526958. [PMID: 36778307 PMCID: PMC9915645 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.03.526958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are a rare but increasingly more prevalent cancer with heterogeneous clinical and pathological presentation. Surgery is the preferred treatment for all hormone-expressing PNETs and any PNET greater than 2 cm, but difficulties arise when tumors are multifocal, metastatic, or small in size due to lack of effective surgical localization. Existing techniques such as intraoperative ultrasound provide poor contrast and resolution, resulting in low sensitivity for such tumors. Somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) is commonly overexpressed in PNETs and presents an avenue for targeted tumor localization. SSTR2 is often used for pre-operative imaging and therapeutic treatment, with recent studies demonstrating that somatostatin receptor imaging (SRI) can be applied in radioguided surgery to aid in removal of metastatic lymph nodes and achieving negative surgical margins. However not all PNETs express SSTR2, indicating labeled SRI could benefit from using a supplemental label-free technique such as multiphoton microscopy (MPM), which has proven useful in improving the accuracy of diagnosing more common exocrine pancreatic cancers. Our work tests the suitability of combined SRI and MPM for localizing PNETs by imaging and comparing samples of PNETs and normal pancreatic tissue. Specimens were labeled with a novel SSTR2-targeted contrast agent and imaged using fluorescence microscopy, and subsequently imaged using MPM to collect four autofluorescent channels and second harmonic generation. Our results show that a combination of both SRI and MPM provides enhanced contrast and sensitivity for localizing diseased tissue, suggesting that this approach could be a valuable clinical tool for surgical localization and treatment of PNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Daigle
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, 1630 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Thomas Knapp
- University of Arizona, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1127 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Suzann Duan
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1515 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - David W Jones
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1515 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Ali Azhdarinia
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sukhen C Ghosh
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Solmaz AghaAmiri
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Naruhiko Ikoma
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jeannelyn Estrella
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Juanita L Merchant
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1515 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Travis W Sawyer
- University of Arizona, Wyant College of Optical Sciences, 1630 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- University of Arizona, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1127 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1515 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
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15
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Merchant JL, Song HL, Stoffel EM. Evidence for diet-gene interaction in early-onset colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2023. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2023.41.4_suppl.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
182 Background: About 10 percent of all colorectal cancers are in subjects who are not yet 50 (EO-CRC) and the occurrence of early onset colorectal cancer (EO-CRC) is rising in the US. Patients with CRC are twice as likely to have diabetes or be overweight. Using targeted exome sequencing of germline DNA from EO-CRC subjects, we identified a missense mutation at Ala98Val within the DNA binding domain of Hepatic Nuclear Factor 1 alpha (HNF1A, 12q24.31, Rs1800574). HNF1A is the most frequently mutated gene in diabetic individuals whose onset of diabetes occurs typically before age 25 (MODY3 locus). Our aim was to demonstrate that the HNF1A variant provides a genomic landscape for EO-CRC to develop in the setting of a specific diet type. Methods: HNF1A was identified using targeted exon sequencing of archived leukocyte DNA from subjects with EO-CRC. Flag-tagged WT and HNF1AA98V expressing plasmids were transfected into HCT116 colon cancer cells and nuclear extracts were prepared for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSAs) to test binding differences. An Hnf1aA98V mutant mouse model was generated using CRISPR/Cas9. WT, Hnf1a A98V/+ and Hnf1a A98V/A98V mice were placed on 3 diets--normal chow, a high fat (~34%) diet (HFD) or a high sugar (~62% fructose) diet (HSD) after weaning at 3 weeks. The mice were followed for 12 months, weighed monthly, and observed for clinical signs of morbidity. After euthanizing, blood, colon and liver were collected for histology and qPCR. Results: HNF1AA98V was identified in 13/145 subjects with EO-CRC. An additional 3 subjects exhibited mutations elsewhere in HNF1A. Flag-tagged WT and mutant HNF1A-expressing plasmids were transfected into HCT116 colon cancer cells and nuclear extracts showed reduced HNF1AA98V binding to its consensus DNA element by EMSA. Only heterozygous or homozygous Hnf1aA98V mice on the HFD showed a significant number of colon polyps (~19%). Only 1/22 heterozygous mice developed a polyp on the HSD. RNA-Seq analysis of colonic mucosa from the homozygous mutant compared to WT mice revealed an increase lipid and b-catenin regulated genes. Specifically, there was an increase in β-catenin, LEF 1 and MYC by immunohistochemistry in the polyp of HNF1AA98V, but not in the adjacent normal tissue. Liver steatosis in the Hnf1aA98V versus WT mice on the HFD was observed. Conclusions: Occurrence of the HNF1AA98V variant is increased among a cohort of EO-CRC patients and is a loss of function mutation that creates a genetic landscape for colon polyps on a HFD.
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16
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Knapp TG, Duan S, Merchant JL, Sawyer TW. Quantitative characterization of duodenal gastrinoma autofluorescence using multiphoton microscopy. Lasers Surg Med 2023; 55:208-225. [PMID: 36515355 PMCID: PMC9957894 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duodenal gastrinomas (DGASTs) are neuroendocrine tumors that develop in the submucosa of the duodenum and produce the hormone gastrin. Surgical resection of DGASTs is complicated by the small size of these tumors and the tendency for them to develop diffusely in the duodenum. Endoscopic mucosal resection of DGASTs is an increasingly popular method for treating this disease due to its low complication rate but suffers from poor rates of pathologically negative margins. Multiphoton microscopy can capture high-resolution images of biological tissue with contrast generated from endogenous fluorescence (autofluorescence [AF]) through two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF). Second harmonic generation is another popular method of generating image contrast with multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and is a light-scattering phenomenon that occurs predominantly from structures such as collagen in biological samples. Some molecules that contribute to AF change in abundance from processes related to the cancer disease process (e.g., metabolic changes, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis). STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS MPM was used to image 12 separate patient samples of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded duodenal gastrinoma slides with a second-harmonic generation (SHG) channel and four 2PEF channels. The excitation and emission profiles of each 2PEF channel were tuned to capture signal dominated by distinct fluorophores with well-characterized fluorescent spectra and known connections to the physiologic changes that arise in cancerous tissue. RESULTS We found that there was a significant difference in the relative abundance of signal generated in the 2PEF channels for regions of DGASTs in comparison to the neighboring tissues of the duodenum. Data generated from texture feature extraction of the MPM images were used in linear discriminant analysis models to create classifiers for tumor versus all other tissue types before and after principal component analysis (PCA). PCA improved the classifier accuracy and reduced the number of features required to achieve maximum accuracy. The linear discriminant classifier after PCA distinguished between tumor and other tissue types with an accuracy of 90.6%-93.8%. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that multiphoton microscopy 2PEF and SHG imaging is a promising label-free method for discriminating between DGASTs and normal duodenal tissue which has implications for future applications of in vivo assessment of resection margins with endoscopic MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Knapp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Suzann Duan
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Travis W. Sawyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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17
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Slomka B, Duan S, Knapp TG, Lima N, Sontz R, Merchant JL, Sawyer TW. Design, fabrication, and preclinical testing of a miniaturized, multispectral, chip-on-tip, imaging probe for intraluminal fluorescence imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. Front Photon 2023; 3:1067651. [PMID: 37691859 PMCID: PMC10488317 DOI: 10.3389/fphot.2022.1067651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers continue to account for a disproportionately large percentage of annual cancer deaths in the US. Advancements in miniature imaging technology combined with a need for precise and thorough tumor detection in gastrointestinal cancer screenings fuel the demand for new, small-scale, and low-cost methods of localization and margin identification with improved accuracy. Here, we report the development of a miniaturized, chip-on-tip, multispectral, fluorescence imaging probe designed to port through a gastroscope working channel with the aim of detecting cancerous lesions in point-of-care endoscopy of the gastrointestinal lumen. Preclinical testing has confirmed fluorescence sensitivity and supports that this miniature probe can locate structures of interest via detection of fluorescence emission from exogenous contrast agents. This work demonstrates the design and preliminary performance evaluation of a miniaturized, single-use, chip-on-tip fluorescence imaging system, capable of detecting multiple fluorochromes, and devised for deployment via the accessory channel of a standard gastroscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Slomka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Suzann Duan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Thomas G. Knapp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Natzem Lima
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Ricky Sontz
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Travis W. Sawyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
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18
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Pond KW, Morris JM, Alkhimenok O, Varghese RP, Cabel CC, Ellis NA, Chakrabarti J, Zavros Y, Merchant JL, Thorne CA, Paek AL. Live-cell imaging in human colonic monolayers reveals ERK waves limit the stem cell compartment to maintain epithelial homeostasis. eLife 2022; 11:78837. [PMID: 36094159 PMCID: PMC9499537 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of different cellular compartments in tissues is a universal requirement across all metazoans. Maintaining the correct ratio of cell types in time and space allows tissues to form patterned compartments and perform complex functions. Patterning is especially evident in the human colon, where tissue homeostasis is maintained by stem cells in crypt structures that balance proliferation and differentiation. Here, we developed a human 2D patient derived organoid (PDO) screening platform to study tissue patterning and kinase pathway dynamics in single cells. Using this system, we discovered that waves of ERK signaling induced by apoptotic cells play a critical role in maintaining tissue patterning and homeostasis. If ERK is activated acutely across all cells instead of in wavelike patterns, then tissue patterning and stem cells are lost. Conversely, if ERK activity is inhibited, then stem cells become unrestricted and expand dramatically. This work demonstrates that the colonic epithelium requires coordinated ERK signaling dynamics to maintain patterning and tissue homeostasis. Our work reveals how ERK can antagonize stem cells while supporting cell replacement and the function of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin W Pond
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Julia M Morris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Olga Alkhimenok
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Reeba P Varghese
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Carly C Cabel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Nathan A Ellis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Jayati Chakrabarti
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Curtis A Thorne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Andrew L Paek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
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Ding L, Chakrabarti J, Sheriff S, Li Q, Hong HNT, Sontz RA, Mendoza ZE, Schreibeis A, Helmrath MA, Zavros Y, Merchant JL. Toll-like Receptor 9 Pathway Mediates Schlafen +-MDSC Polarization During Helicobacter-induced Gastric Metaplasias. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:411-425.e4. [PMID: 35487288 PMCID: PMC9329252 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A subset of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that express murine Schlafen4 (SLFN4) or its human ortholog SLFN12L polarize in the Helicobacter-inflamed stomach coincident with intestinal or spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia. We propose that individuals with a more robust response to damage-activated molecular patterns and increased Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expression are predisposed to the neoplastic complications of Helicobacter infection. METHODS A mouse or human Transwell co-culture system composed of dendritic cells (DCs), 2-dimensional gastric epithelial monolayers, and Helicobacter were used to dissect the cellular source of interferon-α (IFNα) in the stomach by flow cytometry. Conditioned media from the co-cultures polarized primary myeloid cells. MDSC activity was determined by T-cell suppression assays. In human subjects with intestinal metaplasia or gastric cancer, the rs5743836 TLR9T>C variant was genotyped and linked to TLR9, IFNα, and SLFN12L expression by immunohistochemistry. Nuclear factor-κB binding to the TLR9 C allele was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. RESULTS Helicobacter infection induced gastric epithelial and plasmacytoid DC expression of TLR9 and IFNα. Co-culturing primary mouse or human cells with DCs and Helicobacter induced TLR9, IFNα secretion, and SLFN+-MDSC polarization. Neutralizing IFNα in vivo mitigated Helicobacter-induced spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia. The TLR9 minor C allele creates a nuclear factor-κB binding site associated with higher levels of TLR9, IFNα, and SLFN12L in Helicobacter-infected stomachs that correlated with a greater incidence of metaplasias and cancer. CONCLUSIONS TLR9 plays an essential role in the production of IFNα and polarization of SLFN+ MDSCs on Helicobacter infection. Subjects carrying the rs5743836 TLR9 minor C allele are predisposed to neoplastic complications if chronically infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- Dept. of Medicine-Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | | | - Sulaiman Sheriff
- Dept. of Medicine-Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Qian Li
- Dept. of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hahn Nguyen Thi Hong
- Dinh Tien Hoang Institute of Medicine, Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Association, Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ricky A Sontz
- Dept. of Medicine-Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Zoe E Mendoza
- Dept. of Medicine-Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Amanda Schreibeis
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Michael A. Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Yana Zavros
- Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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Duan S, Sawyer TW, Sontz RA, Wieland BA, Diaz AF, Merchant JL. GFAP-directed Inactivation of Men1 Exploits Glial Cell Plasticity in Favor of Neuroendocrine Reprogramming. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:1025-1051. [PMID: 35835391 PMCID: PMC9490044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Efforts to characterize the signaling mechanisms that underlie gastroenteropancreatic neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are precluded by a lack of comprehensive models that recapitulate pathogenesis. Investigation into a potential cell-of-origin for gastrin-secreting NENs revealed a non-cell autonomous role for loss of menin in neuroendocrine cell specification, resulting in an induction of gastrin in enteric glia. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that cell autonomous Men1 inactivation in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing cells induced neuroendocrine differentiation and tumorigenesis. METHODS Transgenic GFAPΔMen1 mice were generated by conditional GFAP-directed Men1 deletion in GFAP-expressing cells. Cre specificity was confirmed using a tdTomato reporter. GFAPΔMen1 mice were evaluated for GEP-NEN development and neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. Small interfering RNA-mediated Men1 silencing in a rat enteric glial cell line was performed in parallel. RESULTS GFAPΔMen1 mice developed pancreatic NENs, in addition to pituitary prolactinomas that phenocopied the human MEN1 syndrome. GFAPΔMen1 mice exhibited gastric neuroendocrine hyperplasia that coincided with a significant loss of GFAP expression. Men1 deletion induced loss of glial-restricted progenitor lineage markers and an increase in neuroendocrine genes, suggesting a reprogramming of GFAP+ cells. Deleting Kif3a, a mediator of Hedgehog signaling, in GFAP-expressing cells attenuated neuroendocrine hyperplasia by restricting the neuroendocrine cell fate. Similar results in the pancreas were observed when Sox10 was used to delete Men1. CONCLUSIONS GFAP-directed Men1 inactivation exploits glial cell plasticity in favor of neuroendocrine differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzann Duan
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Travis W. Sawyer
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ricky A. Sontz
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Bradley A. Wieland
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Andres F. Diaz
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Tucson, Arizona,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Dr Juanita L. Merchant, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724; tel: (520) 626-7897; fax: (520) 626-1291.
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21
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Duan S, Rico K, Merchant JL. Gastrin: From Physiology to Gastrointestinal Malignancies. Function (Oxf) 2021; 3:zqab062. [PMID: 35330921 PMCID: PMC8788842 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abetted by widespread usage of acid-suppressing proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), the mitogenic actions of the peptide hormone gastrin are being revisited as a recurring theme in various gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. While pathological gastrin levels are intricately linked to hyperplasia of enterochromaffin-like cells leading to carcinoid development, the signaling effects exerted by gastrin on distinct cell types of the gastric mucosa are more nuanced. Indeed, mounting evidence suggests dichotomous roles for gastrin in both promoting and suppressing tumorigenesis. Here, we review the major upstream mediators of gastrin gene regulation, including inflammation secondary to Helicobacter pylori infection and the use of PPIs. We further explore the molecular biology of gastrin in GI malignancies, with particular emphasis on the regulation of gastrin in neuroendocrine neoplasms. Finally, we highlight tissue-specific transcriptional targets as an avenue for targetable therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzann Duan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Karen Rico
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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22
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Rico K, Duan S, Pandey RL, Chen Y, Chakrabarti JT, Starr J, Zavros Y, Else T, Katona BW, Metz DC, Merchant JL. Genome analysis identifies differences in the transcriptional targets of duodenal versus pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2021; 8:bmjgast-2021-000765. [PMID: 34750164 PMCID: PMC8576490 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2021-000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) encompass a diverse group of neoplasms that vary in their secretory products and in their location within the gastrointestinal tract. Their prevalence in the USA is increasing among all adult age groups. Aim To identify the possible derivation of GEP-NETs using genome-wide analyses to distinguish small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours, specifically duodenal gastrinomas (DGASTs), from pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Design Whole exome sequencing and RNA-sequencing were performed on surgically resected GEP-NETs (discovery cohort). RNA transcript profiles available in the Gene Expression Omnibus were analysed using R integrated software (validation cohort). Digital spatial profiling (DSP) was used to analyse paraffin-embedded GEP-NETs. Human duodenal organoids were treated with 5 or 10 ng/mL of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) prior to qPCR and western blot analysis of neuroendocrine cell specification genes. Results Both the discovery and validation cohorts of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours induced expression of mesenchymal and calcium signalling pathways coincident with a decrease in intestine-specific genes. In particular, calcium-related, smooth muscle and cytoskeletal genes increased in DGASTs, but did not correlate with MEN1 mutation status. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) signalling pathways were elevated in the DGAST RNA-sequencing. However, DSP analysis confirmed a paucity of immune cells in DGASTs compared with the adjacent tumour-associated Brunner’s glands. Immunofluorescent analysis showed production of these proinflammatory cytokines and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) by the tumours and stroma. Human duodenal organoids treated with TNFα induced neuroendocrine tumour genes, SYP, CHGA and NKX6.3. Conclusions Stromal–epithelial interactions induce proinflammatory cytokines that promote Brunner’s gland reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rico
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center - University Campus, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Suzann Duan
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center - University Campus, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ritu L Pandey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center - University Campus, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Yuliang Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center - University Campus, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jayati T Chakrabarti
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center - University Campus, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Julie Starr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center - University Campus, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Tobias Else
- Department of Internal Medicine-Endocrinology, University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bryson W Katona
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David C Metz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center - University Campus, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Koh V, Chakrabarti J, Torvund M, Steele N, Hawkins JA, Ito Y, Wang J, Helmrath MA, Merchant JL, Ahmed SA, Shabbir A, Yan So JB, Yong WP, Zavros Y. Hedgehog transcriptional effector GLI mediates mTOR-Induced PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer organoids. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:59-71. [PMID: 34126195 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumors evade immune surveillance by expressing Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), subsequently inhibiting CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte function. Response of gastric cancer to immunotherapy is relatively low. Our laboratory has reported that Helicobacter pylori-induced PD-L1 expression within the gastric epithelium is mediated by the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in gastric cancer and may have immunomodulatory potential. We hypothesize that Hh signaling mediates mTOR-induced PD-L1 expression. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) were generated from gastric biopsies and resected tumor tissues. Autologous organoid/immune cell co-cultures were used to study the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs. NanoString Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP) of immune-related protein markers using FFPE slide-mounted tissues from gastric cancer patients was performed. DSP analysis showed infiltration of immunosuppressive MDSCs expressing Arg1, CD66b, VISTA and IDO1 within cancer tissues. Orthotopic transplantation of patient derived organoids (PDOs) resulted in the engraftment of organoids and the development of histology similar to that observed in the patient's tumor tissue. PDO/immune cell co-cultures revealed that PD-L1-expressing organoids were unresponsive to nivolumab in vitro in the presence of PMN-MDSCs. Depletion of PMN-MDSCs within these co-cultures sensitized the organoids to anti-PD-1/PD-L1-induced cancer cell death. Rapamycin decreased phosphorylated S6K, Gli2 and PD-L1 expression in PDO/immune cell co-cultures. Transcriptional regulation of PD-L1 by GLI1 and GLI2 was blocked by rapamycin. In conclusion, the PDO/immune cell co-cultures may be used to study immunosuppressive MDSC function within the gastric tumor microenvironment. The mTOR signaling pathway mediates GLI-induced PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Koh
- National University Cancer Institute Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jayati Chakrabarti
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Meaghan Torvund
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nina Steele
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Hawkins
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Syed A Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Asim Shabbir
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Bok Yan So
- National University Cancer Institute Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Peng Yong
- National University Cancer Institute Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Farshidpour M, Ahmed M, Junna S, Merchant JL. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in gastrointestinal cancers: A systemic review. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:1-11. [PMID: 33510845 PMCID: PMC7805271 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are one of the most common malignancies worldwide, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are major components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). MDSCs facilitate the transformation of premalignant cells and play roles in tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, in patients with GI malignancies, MDSCs can lead to the suppression of T cells and natural killer cells. Accordingly, a better understanding of the role and mechanism of action of MDSCs in the TME will aid in the development of novel immune-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maham Farshidpour
- Inpatient Medicine, Banner University of Medical Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Monjur Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Shilpa Junna
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Banner University of Medical Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Banner University of Medical Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
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25
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Ding L, Sontz EA, Saqui-Salces M, Merchant JL. Interleukin-1β Suppresses Gastrin via Primary Cilia and Induces Antral Hyperplasia. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1251-1266. [PMID: 33347972 PMCID: PMC8005816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Helicobacter pylori infection in humans typically begins with colonization of the gastric antrum. The initial Th1 response occasionally coincides with an increase in gastrin secretion. Subsequently, the gastritis segues to chronic atrophic gastritis, metaplasia, dysplasia and distal gastric cancer. Despite these well characterized clinical events, the link between inflammatory cytokines and non-cardia gastric cancer remains difficult to study in mouse models. Prior studies have demonstrated that overexpression of the Hedgehog (HH) effector GLI2 induces loss of gastrin (atrophy) and antral hyperplasia. To determine the link between specific cytokines, HH signaling and pre-neoplastic changes in the gastric antrum. METHODS Mouse lines were created to conditionally direct IL1β or IFN-γ to the antrum using the Gastrin-CreERT2 and Tet activator. Primary cilia, which transduces HH signaling, on G cells were disrupted by deleting the ciliary motor protein KIF3a. Phenotypic changes were assessed by histology and western blots. A subclone of GLUTag enteroendocrine cells selected for gastrin expression and the presence of primary cilia was treated with recombinant SHH, IL1β or IFN-γ with or without kif3a siRNA. RESULTS IFN-γ increased gastrin and induced antral hyperplasia. However, antral expression of IL1β suppressed tissue and serum gastrin, while also inducing antral hyperplasia. IFN-γ treatment of GLUTAg cells suppressed GLI2 and induced gastrin, without affecting cilia length. By contrast, IL1β treatment doubled primary cilia length, induced GLI2 and suppressed gastrin gene expression. Knocking down kif3a in GLUTAg cells mitigated SHH or IL1β suppression of gastrin. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of IL1β in the antrum was sufficient to induce antral hyperplasia coincident with suppression of gastrin via primary cilia. ORCID: #0000-0002-6559-8184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Erica A Sontz
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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26
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Ding L, Li Q, Chakrabarti J, Munoz A, Faure-Kumar E, Ocadiz-Ruiz R, Razumilava N, Zhang G, Hayes MH, Sontz RA, Mendoza ZE, Mahurkar S, Greenson JK, Perez-Perez G, Hanh NTH, Zavros Y, Samuelson LC, Iliopoulos D, Merchant JL. MiR130b from Schlafen4 + MDSCs stimulates epithelial proliferation and correlates with preneoplastic changes prior to gastric cancer. Gut 2020; 69:1750-1761. [PMID: 31980446 PMCID: PMC7377952 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The myeloid differentiation factor Schlafen4 (Slfn4) marks a subset of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the stomach during Helicobacter-induced spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). OBJECTIVE To identify the gene products expressed by Slfn4+-MDSCs and to determine how they promote SPEM. DESIGN We performed transcriptome analyses for both coding genes (mRNA by RNA-Seq) and non-coding genes (microRNAs using NanoString nCounter) using flow-sorted SLFN4+ and SLFN4- cells from Helicobacter-infected mice exhibiting metaplasia at 6 months postinfection. Thioglycollate-elicited myeloid cells from the peritoneum were cultured and treated with IFNα to induce the T cell suppressor phenotype, expression of MIR130b and SLFN4. MIR130b expression in human gastric tissue including gastric cancer and patient sera was determined by qPCR and in situ hybridisation. Knockdown of MiR130b in vivo in Helicobacter-infected mice was performed using Invivofectamine. Organoids from primary gastric cancers were used to generate xenografts. ChIP assay and Western blots were performed to demonstrate NFκb p65 activation by MIR130b. RESULTS MicroRNA analysis identified an increase in MiR130b in gastric SLFN4+ cells. Moreover, MIR130b colocalised with SLFN12L, a human homologue of SLFN4, in gastric cancers. MiR130b was required for the T-cell suppressor phenotype exhibited by the SLFN4+ cells and promoted Helicobacter-induced metaplasia. Treating gastric organoids with the MIR130b mimic induced epithelial cell proliferation and promoted xenograft tumour growth. CONCLUSION Taken together, MiR130b plays an essential role in MDSC function and supports metaplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jayati Chakrabarti
- Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andres Munoz
- Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Ramon Ocadiz-Ruiz
- Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nataliya Razumilava
- Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Guiying Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Michael H Hayes
- Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ricky A Sontz
- Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Swapna Mahurkar
- Medicine-Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yana Zavros
- Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Juanita L Merchant
- Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA .,Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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27
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Zheng T, Eswaran S, Photenhauer AL, Merchant JL, Chey WD, D’Amato M. Reduced efficacy of low FODMAPs diet in patients with IBS-D carrying sucrase-isomaltase ( SI) hypomorphic variants. Gut 2020; 69:397-398. [PMID: 30658996 PMCID: PMC6984052 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-318036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tenghao Zheng
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shanti Eswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Juanita L Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - William D Chey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mauro D’Amato
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Departmentof Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Science Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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28
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Wang N, Li MY, Liu Y, Yu J, Ren J, Zheng Z, Wang S, Yang S, Yang SL, Liu LP, Hu BG, Chong CC, Merchant JL, Lai PB, Chen GG. ZBP-89 negatively regulates self-renewal of liver cancer stem cells via suppression of Notch1 signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 2019; 472:70-80. [PMID: 31874246 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) initiate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and contribute to its recurrence and treatment resistance. Studies have suggested ZBP-89 as a candidate tumor suppressor in HCC. We explored the role of ZBP-89 in the regulation of LCSCs. This study was performed in liver tissue samples from 104 HCC patients, 2 cell lines and mouse tumor models. We demonstrated that ZBP-89 was weakly expressed in LCSCs. Patients with high expression of LCSC markers displayed reduced survivals and higher recurrence rates after curative surgical operation. The expression of ZBP-89 was predictive for decreased recurrence. LCSC markers were negatively correlated with ZBP-89 in HCC tissues and in enriched liver tumor spheres. The exogenous expression of ZBP-89 attenuated the tumor-sphere formation and secondary colony formation capabilities of LCSCs in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Furthermore, the negative effect of ZBP-89 on cancer stemness was Notch1-dependent. Localized with Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1) in the nucleus, ZBP-89 repressed the Notch1 signaling pathway by competitive binding to NICD1 with MAML1. Collectively, ZBP-89 negatively regulates HCC stemness via inhibiting the Notch1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuozhou Wang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Yue Li
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianqing Yu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shucai Yang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingshan District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng-Li Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bao-Guang Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Charing Cn Chong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, PO Box 245028, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5028, USA
| | - Paul Bs Lai
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - George Gong Chen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Abstract
Cholangiopathies, which affect extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs), include biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. They have no effective therapeutic options. Tools to study EHBD are very limited. Our purpose was to develop an organ-specific, versatile, adult stem cell-derived, preclinical cholangiocyte model that can be easily generated from wild type and genetically engineered mice. Thus, we report on the novel technique of developing an EHBD organoid (EHBDO) culture system from adult mouse EHBDs. The model is cost-efficient, able to be readily analyzed, and has multiple downstream applications. Specifically, we describe the methodology of mouse EHBD isolation and single cell dissociation, organoid culture initiation, propagation, and long-term maintenance and storage. This manuscript also describes EHBDO processing for immunohistochemistry, fluorescent microscopy, and mRNA abundance quantitation by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This protocol has significant advantages in addition to producing EHBD-specific organoids. The use of a conditioned medium from L-WRN cells significantly reduces the cost of this model. The use of mouse EHBDs provides almost unlimited tissue for culture generation, unlike human tissue. Generated mouse EHBDOs contain a pure population of epithelial cells with markers of endodermal progenitor and differentiated biliary cells. Cultured organoids maintain homogenous morphology through multiple passages and can be recovered after a long-term storage period in liquid nitrogen. The model allows for the study of biliary progenitor cell proliferation, can be manipulated pharmacologically, and may be generated from genetically engineered mice. Future studies are needed to optimize culture conditions in order to increase plating efficiency, evaluate functional cell maturity, and direct cell differentiation. Development of co-culture models and a more biologically neutral extracellular matrix are also desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Shiota
- Departments of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan
| | | | - Juanita L Merchant
- Departments of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan; Molecular & Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Departments of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan; Molecular & Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan
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Razumilava N, Shiota J, Mohamad Zaki NH, Ocadiz-Ruiz R, Cieslak CM, Zakharia K, Allen BL, Gores GJ, Samuelson LC, Merchant JL. Hedgehog Signaling Modulates Interleukin-33-Dependent Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cell Proliferation in Mice. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:277-292. [PMID: 30766964 PMCID: PMC6357834 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signaling participates in hepatobiliary repair after injury and is activated in patients with cholangiopathies. Cholangiopathies are associated with bile duct (BD) hyperplasia, including expansion of peribiliary glands, the niche for biliary progenitor cells. The inflammation-associated cytokine interleukin (IL)-33 is also up-regulated in cholangiopathies, including cholangiocarcinoma. We hypothesized that HH signaling synergizes with IL-33 in acute inflammation-induced BD hyperplasia. We measured extrahepatic BD (EHBD) thickness and cell proliferation with and without an IL-33 challenge in wild-type mice, mice overexpressing Sonic HH (pCMV-Shh), and mice with loss of the HH pathway effector glioma-associated oncogene 1 (Gli1lacZ/lacZ ). LacZ reporter mice were used to map the expression of HH effector genes in mouse EHBDs. An EHBD organoid (BDO) system was developed to study biliary progenitor cells in vitro. EHBDs from the HH overexpressing pCMV-Shh mice showed increased epithelial cell proliferation and hyperplasia when challenged with IL-33. In Gli1lacZ/lacZ mice, we observed a decreased proliferative response to IL-33 and decreased expression of Il6. The HH ligands Shh and Indian HH (Ihh) were expressed in epithelial cells, whereas the transcriptional effectors Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3 and the HH receptor Patched1 (Ptch1) were expressed in stromal cells, as assessed by in situ hybridization and lacZ reporter mice. Although BDO cells lacked canonical HH signaling, they expressed the IL-33 receptor suppression of tumorigenicity 2. Accordingly, IL-33 treatment directly induced BDO cell proliferation in a nuclear factor κB-dependent manner. Conclusion: HH ligand overexpression enhances EHBD epithelial cell proliferation induced by IL-33. This proproliferative synergism of HH and IL-33 involves crosstalk between HH ligand-producing epithelial cells and HH-responding stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junya Shiota
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | | | | | | | - Kais Zakharia
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | | | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
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Salmon M, Schaheen B, Spinosa M, Montgomery W, Pope NH, Davis JP, Johnston WF, Sharma AK, Owens GK, Merchant JL, Zehner ZE, Upchurch GR, Ailawadi G. ZFP148 (Zinc-Finger Protein 148) Binds Cooperatively With NF-1 (Neurofibromin 1) to Inhibit Smooth Muscle Marker Gene Expression During Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:73-88. [PMID: 30580567 PMCID: PMC6422047 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective- The goal of this study was to determine the role of ZFP148 (zinc-finger protein 148) in aneurysm formation. Approach and Results- ZFP148 mRNA expression increased at day 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after during abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in C57BL/6 mice. Loss of ZFP148 conferred abdominal aortic aneurysm protection using ERTCre+ ZFP148 flx/flx mice. In a third set of experiments, smooth muscle-specific loss of ZFP148 alleles resulted in progressively greater protection using novel transgenic mice (MYH [myosin heavy chain 11] Cre+ flx/flx, flx/wt, and wt/wt). Elastin degradation, LGAL3, and neutrophil staining were significantly attenuated, while α-actin staining was increased in ZFP148 knockout mice. Results were verified in total cell ZFP148 and smooth muscle-specific knockout mice using an angiotensin II model. ZFP148 smooth muscle-specific conditional mice demonstrated increased proliferation and ZFP148 was shown to bind to the p21 promoter during abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. ZFP148 smooth muscle-specific conditional knockout mice also demonstrated decreased apoptosis as measured by decreased cleaved caspase-3 staining. ZFP148 bound smooth muscle marker genes via chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis mediated by NF-1 (neurofibromin 1) promote histone H3K4 deacetylation via histone deacetylase 5. Transient transfections and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated that NF-1 was required for ZFP148 protein binding to smooth muscle marker genes promoters during aneurysm formation. Elimination of NF-1 using shRNA approaches demonstrated that NF-1 is required for binding and elimination of NF-1 increased BRG1 recruitment, the ATPase subunit of the SWI/SWF complex, and increased histone acetylation. Conclusions- ZFP148 plays a critical role in multiple murine models of aneurysm formation. These results suggest that ZFP148 is important in the regulation of proliferation, smooth muscle gene downregulation, and apoptosis in aneurysm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Salmon
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Basil Schaheen
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Spinosa
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William Montgomery
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nicolas H. Pope
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John P. Davis
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William F. Johnston
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ashish K. Sharma
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine of the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gary K. Owens
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Zendra E. Zehner
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Gilbert R. Upchurch
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine of the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gorav Ailawadi
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Sei Y, Feng J, Samsel L, White A, Zhao X, Yun S, Citrin D, McCoy JP, Sundaresan S, Hayes MM, Merchant JL, Leiter A, Wank SA. Mature enteroendocrine cells contribute to basal and pathological stem cell dynamics in the small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G495-G510. [PMID: 29848020 PMCID: PMC6230697 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00036.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lgr5-expressing intestinal stem cells (ISCs) maintain continuous and rapid generation of the intestinal epithelium. Here, we present evidence that dedifferentiation of committed enteroendocrine cells (EECs) contributes to maintenance of the epithelium under both basal conditions and in response to injury. Lineage-tracing studies identified a subset of EECs that reside at +4 position for more than 2 wk, most of which were BrdU-label-retaining cells. Under basal conditions, cells derived from these EECs grow from the bottom of the crypt to generate intestinal epithelium according to neutral drift kinetics that is consistent with dedifferentiation of mature EECs to ISCs. The lineage tracing of EECs demonstrated reserve stem cell properties in response to radiation-induced injury with the generation of reparative EEC-derived epithelial patches. Finally, the enterochromaffin (EC) cell was the predominant EEC type participating in these stem cell dynamics. These results provide novel insights into the +4 reserve ISC hypothesis, stem cell dynamics of the intestinal epithelium, and in the development of EC-derived small intestinal tumors. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current manuscript demonstrating that a subset of mature enteroendocrine cells (EECs), predominantly enterochromaffin cells, dedifferentiates to fully functional intestinal stem cells (ISCs) is novel, timely, and important. These cells dedifferentiate to ISCs not only in response to injury but also under basal homeostatic conditions. These novel findings provide a mechanism in which a specified cell can dedifferentiate and contribute to normal tissue plasticity as well as the development of EEC-derived intestinal tumors under pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitatsu Sei
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianying Feng
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leigh Samsel
- 2Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ayla White
- 3Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xilin Zhao
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sajung Yun
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deborah Citrin
- 3Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J. Philip McCoy
- 2Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sinju Sundaresan
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael M. Hayes
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- 5Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew Leiter
- 6Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen A. Wank
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Wang Z, Ocadiz-Ruiz R, Sundaresan S, Ding L, Hayes M, Sahoo N, Xu H, Merchant JL. Isolation of Enteric Glial Cells from the Submucosa and Lamina Propria of the Adult Mouse. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30175991 DOI: 10.3791/57629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of neurons and enteric glial cells (EGCs) that reside within the smooth muscle wall, submucosa and lamina propria. EGCs play important roles in gut homeostasis through the release of various trophic factors and contribute to the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Most studies of primary enteric glial cultures use cells isolated from the myenteric plexus after enzymatic dissociation. Here, a non-enzymatic method to isolate and culture EGCs from the intestinal submucosa and lamina propria is described. After manual removal of the longitudinal muscle layer, EGCs were liberated from the lamina propria and submucosa using sequential HEPES-buffered EDTA incubations followed by incubation in commercially available non-enzymatic cell recovery solution. The EDTA incubations were sufficient to strip most of the epithelial mucosa from the lamina propria, allowing the cell recovery solution to liberate the submucosal EGCs. Any residual lamina propria and smooth muscle was discarded along with the myenteric glia. EGCs were easily identified by their ability to express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Only about 50% of the cell suspension contained GFAP+ cells after completing tissue incubations and prior to plating on the poly-D-lysine/laminin substrate. However, after 3 days of culturing the cells in glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-containing culture media, the cell population adhering to the substrate-coated plates comprised of >95% enteric glia. We created a hybrid mouse line by breeding a hGFAP-Cre mouse to the ROSA-tdTomato reporter line to track the percentage of GFAP+ cells using endogenous cell fluorescence. Thus, non-myenteric enteric glia can be isolated by non-enzymatic methods and cultured for at least 5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Ramon Ocadiz-Ruiz
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan
| | - Sinju Sundaresan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan
| | - Lin Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan
| | - Michael Hayes
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan
| | - Nirakar Sahoo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Arizona College of Medicine;
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita L. Merchant
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Juanita L. Merchant, MD, PhD, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2051, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) were initially identified as a separate entity in the early 1900s as a unique malignancy that secretes bioactive amines. GI-NETs are the most frequent type and represent a unique subset of NETs, because at least 75% of these tumors represent gastrin stimulation of the enterochromaffin-like cell located in the body of the stomach. The purpose of this review is to understand the specific role of gastrin in the generation of Gastric NETs (G-NETs). RECENT FINDINGS We review here the origin of enterochromaffin cells gut and the role of hypergastrinemia in gastric enteroendocrine tumorigenesis. We describe generation of the first genetically engineered mouse model of gastrin-driven G-NETs that mimics the human phenotype. The common mechanism observed in both the hypergastrinemic mouse model and human carcinoids is translocation of the cyclin-dependent inhibitor p27kip to the cytoplasm and its subsequent degradation by the proteasome. Therapies that block degradation of p27kip, the CCKBR2 gastrin receptor, or gastrin peptide are likely to facilitate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinju Sundaresan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, BSRB, 2051, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Anthony J Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, BSRB, 2051, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, BSRB, 2051, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Sundaresan S, Meininger CA, Kang AJ, Photenhauer AL, Hayes MM, Sahoo N, Grembecka J, Cierpicki T, Ding L, Giordano TJ, Else T, Madrigal DJ, Low MJ, Campbell F, Baker AM, Xu H, Wright NA, Merchant JL. Gastrin Induces Nuclear Export and Proteasome Degradation of Menin in Enteric Glial Cells. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1555-1567.e15. [PMID: 28859856 PMCID: PMC5705278 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN1) locus encodes the nuclear protein and tumor suppressor menin. MEN1 mutations frequently cause neuroendocrine tumors such as gastrinomas, characterized by their predominant duodenal location and local metastasis at time of diagnosis. Diffuse gastrin cell hyperplasia precedes the appearance of MEN1 gastrinomas, which develop within submucosal Brunner's glands. We investigated how menin regulates expression of the gastrin gene and induces generation of submucosal gastrin-expressing cell hyperplasia. METHODS Primary enteric glial cultures were generated from the VillinCre:Men1FL/FL:Sst-/- mice or C57BL/6 mice (controls), with or without inhibition of gastric acid by omeprazole. Primary enteric glial cells from C57BL/6 mice were incubated with gastrin and separated into nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. Cells were incubated with forskolin and H89 to activate or inhibit protein kinase A (a family of enzymes whose activity depends on cellular levels of cyclic AMP). Gastrin was measured in blood, tissue, and cell cultures using an ELISA. Immunoprecipitation with menin or ubiquitin was used to demonstrate post-translational modification of menin. Primary glial cells were incubated with leptomycin b and MG132 to block nuclear export and proteasome activity, respectively. We obtained human duodenal, lymph node, and pancreatic gastrinoma samples, collected from patients who underwent surgery from 1996 through 2007 in the United States or the United Kingdom. RESULTS Enteric glial cells that stained positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+) expressed gastrin de novo through a mechanism that required PKA. Gastrin-induced nuclear export of menin via cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR)-mediated activation of PKA. Once exported from the nucleus, menin was ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome. GFAP and other markers of enteric glial cells (eg, p75 and S100B), colocalized with gastrin in human duodenal gastrinomas. CONCLUSIONS MEN1-associated gastrinomas, which develop in the submucosa, might arise from enteric glial cells through hormone-dependent PKA signaling. This pathway disrupts nuclear menin function, leading to hypergastrinemia and associated sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinju Sundaresan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cameron A Meininger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anthony J Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amanda L Photenhauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael M Hayes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nirakar Sahoo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lin Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David J Madrigal
- Endocrine Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Malcolm J Low
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fiona Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ann-Marie Baker
- Center for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicholas A Wright
- Center for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Sahoo N, Gu M, Zhang X, Raval N, Yang J, Bekier M, Calvo R, Patnaik S, Wang W, King G, Samie M, Gao Q, Sahoo S, Sundaresan S, Keeley TM, Wang Y, Marugan J, Ferrer M, Samuelson LC, Merchant JL, Xu H. Gastric Acid Secretion from Parietal Cells Is Mediated by a Ca 2+ Efflux Channel in the Tubulovesicle. Dev Cell 2017; 41:262-273.e6. [PMID: 28486130 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastric acid secretion by parietal cells requires trafficking and exocytosis of H/K-ATPase-rich tubulovesicles (TVs) toward apical membranes in response to histamine stimulation via cyclic AMP elevation. Here, we found that TRPML1 (ML1), a protein that is mutated in type IV mucolipidosis (ML-IV), is a tubulovesicular channel essential for TV exocytosis and acid secretion. Whereas ML-IV patients are reportedly achlorhydric, transgenic overexpression of ML1 in mouse parietal cells induced constitutive acid secretion. Gastric acid secretion was blocked and stimulated by ML1 inhibitors and agonists, respectively. Organelle-targeted Ca2+ imaging and direct patch-clamping of apical vacuolar membranes revealed that ML1 mediates a PKA-activated conductance on TV membranes that is required for histamine-induced Ca2+ release from TV stores. Hence, we demonstrated that ML1, acting as a Ca2+ channel in TVs, links transmitter-initiated cyclic nucleotide signaling with Ca2+-dependent TV exocytosis in parietal cells, providing a regulatory mechanism that could be targeted to manage acid-related gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirakar Sahoo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mingxue Gu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Neel Raval
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Junsheng Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Michael Bekier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Raul Calvo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Samarjit Patnaik
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Wuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Greyson King
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mohammad Samie
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Qiong Gao
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sasmita Sahoo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sinju Sundaresan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Theresa M Keeley
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Juan Marugan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Spechler SJ, Merchant JL, Wang TC, Chandrasoma P, Fox JG, Genta RM, Goldenring JR, Hayakawa Y, Kuipers EJ, Lund PK, McKeon F, Mills JC, Odze RD, Peek RM, Pham T, Que J, Rustgi AK, Shaheen NJ, Shivdasani RA, Souza RF, Storz P, Todisco A, Wang DH, Wright NA. A Summary of the 2016 James W. Freston Conference of the American Gastroenterological Association: Intestinal Metaplasia in the Esophagus and Stomach: Origins, Differences, Similarities and Significance. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:e6-e13. [PMID: 28583825 PMCID: PMC5828164 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Spechler
- Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - James R Goldenring
- Nashville VA Medical Center and the Section of Surgical Sciences and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ernst J Kuipers
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline K Lund
- Division of Biomedical Research Workforce, Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank McKeon
- Department of Biology Biochemistry, University of Houston, Texas
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert D Odze
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard M Peek
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Thai Pham
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Surgical Service, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Surgery, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas J Shaheen
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rhonda F Souza
- Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Andrea Todisco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David H Wang
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine and the Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Medical Service, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nicholas A Wright
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
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Sundaresan S, Kang AJ, Hayes MM, Choi EYK, Merchant JL. Deletion of Men1 and somatostatin induces hypergastrinemia and gastric carcinoids. Gut 2017; 66:1012-1021. [PMID: 26860771 PMCID: PMC4980289 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric carcinoids are slow growing neuroendocrine tumours arising from enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the corpus of stomach. Although most of these tumours arise in the setting of gastric atrophy and hypergastrinemia, it is not understood what genetic background predisposes development of these ECL derived tumours. Moreover, diffuse microcarcinoids in the mucosa can lead to a field effect and limit successful endoscopic removal. OBJECTIVE To define the genetic background that creates a permissive environment for gastric carcinoids using transgenic mouse lines. DESIGN The multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 gene locus (Men1) was deleted using Cre recombinase expressed from the Villin promoter (Villin-Cre) and was placed on a somatostatin null genetic background. These transgenic mice received omeprazole-laced chow for 6 months. The direct effect of gastrin and the gastrin receptor antagonist YM022 on expression and phosphorylation of the cyclin inhibitor p27Kip1 was tested on the human human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line stably expressing CCKBR (AGSE) and mouse small intestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (STC)-1 cell lines. RESULTS The combination of conditional Men1 deletion in the absence of somatostatin led to the development of gastric carcinoids within 2 years. Suppression of acid secretion by omeprazole accelerated the timeline of carcinoid development to 6 months in the absence of significant parietal cell atrophy. Carcinoids were associated with hypergastrinemia, and correlated with increased Cckbr expression and nuclear export of p27Kip1 both in vivo and in gastrin-treated cell lines. Loss of p27Kip1 was also observed in human gastric carcinoids arising in the setting of atrophic gastritis. CONCLUSIONS Gastric carcinoids require threshold levels of hypergastrinemia, which modulates p27Kip1 cellular location and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinju Sundaresan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anthony J. Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael M. Hayes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eun-Young K. Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Merchant JL. NF-κB mediated transcription of DARPP-32 prevents Helicobacter pylori-induced cell death. Gut 2017; 66:761-762. [PMID: 27789656 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-GI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
Since its initial discovery in Drosophila, Hedgehog (HH) signaling has long been associated with foregut development. The mammalian genome expresses 3 HH ligands, with sonic hedgehog (SHH) levels highest in the mucosa of the embryonic foregut. More recently, interest in the pathway has shifted to improving our understanding of its role in gastrointestinal cancers. The use of reporter mice proved instrumental in our ability to probe the expression pattern of SHH ligand and the cell types responding to canonical HH signaling during homeostasis, inflammation, and neoplastic transformation. SHH is highly expressed in parietal cells and is required for these cells to produce gastric acid. Furthermore, myofibroblasts are the predominant cell type responding to HH ligand in the uninfected stomach. Chronic infection caused by Helicobacter pylori and associated inflammation induces parietal cell atrophy and the expansion of metaplastic cell types, a precursor to gastric cancer in human subjects. During Helicobacter infection in mice, canonical HH signaling is required for inflammatory cells to be recruited from the bone marrow to the stomach and for metaplastic development. Specifically, polarization of the invading myeloid cells to myeloid-derived suppressor cells requires the HH-regulated transcription factor GLI1, thereby creating a microenvironment favoring wound healing and neoplastic transformation. In mice, GLI1 mediates the phenotypic shift to gastric myeloid-derived suppressor cells by directly inducing Schlafen 4 (slfn4). However, the human homologs of SLFN4, designated SLFN5 and SLFN12L, also correlate with intestinal metaplasia and could be used as biomarkers to predict the subset of individuals who might progress to gastric cancer and benefit from treatment with HH antagonists.
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Key Words
- ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- DAMPs
- GLI, glioma-associated protein
- GLI1
- Gr-MDSC, granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- HH, hedgehog
- HHIP, hedgehog-interacting protein
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- MDSCs
- Metaplasia
- Mo-MDSC, monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- PTCH, Patched
- SHH
- SHH, sonic hedgehog
- SLFN4, Schlafen 4
- SMO, Smoothened
- SP, spasmolytic polypeptide
- SPEM
- SPEM, spasmolytic polypeptide–expressing mucosa
- SST, somatostatin
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita L. Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Juanita L. Merchant, MD, PhD, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200. fax: (734) 763-4686.University of Michigan109 Zina Pitcher PlaceAnn ArborMichigan 48109-2200
| | - Lin Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Saqui-Salces M, Tsao AC, Gillilland MG, Merchant JL. Weight gain in mice on a high caloric diet and chronically treated with omeprazole depends on sex and genetic background. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G15-G23. [PMID: 27810953 PMCID: PMC5283905 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00211.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The impact of omeprazole (OM), a widely used over-the-counter proton pump inhibitor, on weight gain has not been extensively explored. We examined what factors, e.g., diet composition, microbiota, genetic strain, and sex, might affect weight gain in mice fed a high caloric diet while on OM. Inbred C57BL/6J strain, a 50:50 hybrid (B6SJLF1/J) strain, and mice on a highly mixed genetic background were fed four diets: standard chow (STD, 6% fat), STD with 200 ppm OM (STD + O), a high-energy chow (HiE, 11% fat), and HiE chow with OM (HiE + O) for 17 wk. Metabolic analysis, body composition, and fecal microbiota composition were analyzed in C57BL/6J mice. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed using mice on the mixed background. After 8 wk, female and male C57BL/6J mice on the HiE diets ate less, whereas males on the HiE diets compared with the STD diets gained weight. All diet treatments reduced energy expenditure in females but in males only those on the HiE + O diet. Gut microbiota composition differed in the C57BL/6J females but not the males. Hybrid B6SJLF1/J mice showed similar weight gain on all test diets. In contrast, mixed strain male mice fed a HiE + O diet gained ∼40% more weight than females on the same diet. In addition to increased weight gain, mixed genetic mice on the HiE + O diet cleared glucose normally but secreted more insulin. We concluded that sex and genetic background define weight gain and metabolic responses of mice on high caloric diets and OM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy C. Tsao
- 2Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | | | - Juanita L. Merchant
- 2Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and ,3Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Companioni Nápoles O, Tsao AC, Sanz-Anquela JM, Sala N, Bonet C, Pardo ML, Ding L, Simo O, Saqui-Salces M, Blanco VP, Gonzalez CA, Merchant JL. SCHLAFEN 5 expression correlates with intestinal metaplasia that progresses to gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:39-49. [PMID: 27032393 PMCID: PMC5045746 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a gastric cancer precursor lesion (GCPL) and an extremely high risk factor for progression to gastric cancer (GC). Clinical guidelines recommend that patients with extensive IM undergo a gastroscopy every 3 years. However, protein biomarkers that indicate a transition from IM to GC are lacking. Our group recently identified an interferon-alpha (IFNα)-responsive gene, Schlafen 4 (Slfn4), in immune cells that correlates with metaplastic changes in Helicobacter-infected mice. We therefore tested the hypothesis that a human homolog of Slfn4, namely, Schlafen 5 (SLFN5), correlates with progression of GCPL to GC. METHODS Jurkat T-lymphoid and HL-60 myeloid cell lines were treated with IFNα, and SLFN5 mRNA was quantified by quantitative PCR. SLFN5 protein expression in the inflamed gastric mucosa was co-localized to specific immune cell types by immunohistochemistry using CD20, CD2, and MAC2 antibodies. SLFN5 expression was also determined by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from individuals with non-atrophic gastritis, atrophic gastritis, complete IM, incomplete IM, and GC, respectively. RESULTS The IFNα treatment of Jurkat and HL-60 cells induced SLFN5 mRNA. SLFN5 protein was expressed mainly by T lymphocytes in inflamed gastric mucosa. The highest level of SLFN5 expression was observed in patients with IM that progressed to GC. Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that correlating SLFN5 expression with the histologic diagnosis of IM significantly increased the probability of identifying patients who may progress to GC. CONCLUSION In this study population, elevated SLFN5 protein expression in patients with IM correlated with progression to GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmel Companioni Nápoles
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (IDIBELL), Gran Via del Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amy C Tsao
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, BSRB 2051, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - José Miguel Sanz-Anquela
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Community of Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Carretera Alcalá-Meco, s/n, 28805, Alcalá De Henares, Community of Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Sala
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (IDIBELL), Gran Via del Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Epidemiology Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (IDIBELL), Gran Via del Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catalina Bonet
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (IDIBELL), Gran Via del Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Luisa Pardo
- Complejo Hospitalario de Soria, Carretera Logroño 8, 42005, Soria, Spain
| | - Lin Ding
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, BSRB 2051, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ornella Simo
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, BSRB 2051, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Milena Saqui-Salces
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, BSRB 2051, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Verónica Parra Blanco
- Department of Histopathology, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Calle del Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos A Gonzalez
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (IDIBELL), Gran Via del Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, BSRB 2051, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, BSRB 2051, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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Syu LJ, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Grachtchouk M, Demitrack E, Ermilov A, Wilbert DM, Zheng X, Kaatz A, Greenson JK, Gumucio DL, Merchant JL, di Magliano MP, Samuelson LC, Dlugosz AA. Invasive mouse gastric adenocarcinomas arising from Lgr5+ stem cells are dependent on crosstalk between the Hedgehog/GLI2 and mTOR pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 7:10255-70. [PMID: 26859571 PMCID: PMC4891118 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Here we report a novel, highly-penetrant mouse model of invasive gastric cancer arising from deregulated Hedgehog/Gli2 signaling targeted to Lgr5-expressing stem cells in adult stomach. Tumor development progressed rapidly: three weeks after inducing the Hh pathway oncogene GLI2A, 65% of mice harbored in situ gastric cancer, and an additional 23% of mice had locally invasive tumors. Advanced mouse gastric tumors had multiple features in common with human gastric adenocarcinomas, including characteristic histological changes, expression of RNA and protein markers, and the presence of major inflammatory and stromal cell populations. A subset of tumor cells underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition, likely mediated by focal activation of canonical Wnt signaling and Snail1 induction. Strikingly, mTOR pathway activation, based on pS6 expression, was robustly activated in mouse gastric adenocarcinomas from the earliest stages of tumor development, and treatment with rapamycin impaired tumor growth. GLI2A-expressing epithelial cells were detected transiently in intestine, which also contains Lgr5+ stem cells, but they did not give rise to epithelial tumors in this organ. These findings establish that deregulated activation of Hedgehog/Gli2 signaling in Lgr5-expressing stem cells is sufficient to drive gastric adenocarcinoma development in mice, identify a critical requirement for mTOR signaling in the pathogenesis of these tumors, and underscore the importance of tissue context in defining stem cell responsiveness to oncogenic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jyun Syu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Elise Demitrack
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexandre Ermilov
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dawn M Wilbert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xinlei Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ashley Kaatz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joel K Greenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrzej A Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Essien BE, Sundaresan S, Ocadiz-Ruiz R, Chavis A, Tsao AC, Tessier AJ, Hayes MM, Photenhauer A, Saqui-Salces M, Kang AJ, Shah YM, Győrffy B, Merchant JL. Transcription Factor ZBP-89 Drives a Feedforward Loop of β-Catenin Expression in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6877-6887. [PMID: 27758879 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In colorectal cancer, APC-mediated induction of unregulated cell growth involves posttranslational mechanisms that prevent proteasomal degradation of proto-oncogene β-catenin (CTNNB1) and its eventual translocation to the nucleus. However, about 10% of colorectal tumors also exhibit increased CTNNB1 mRNA. Here, we show in colorectal cancer that increased expression of ZNF148, the gene coding for transcription factor ZBP-89, correlated with reduced patient survival. Tissue arrays showed that ZBP-89 protein was overexpressed in the early stages of colorectal cancer. Conditional deletion of Zfp148 in a mouse model of Apc-mediated intestinal polyps demonstrated that ZBP-89 was required for polyp formation due to induction of Ctnnb1 gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and EMSA identified a ZBP-89-binding site in the proximal promoter of CTNNB1 Reciprocally, siRNA-mediated reduction of CTNNB1 expression also decreased ZBP-89 protein. ChIP identified TCF DNA binding sites in the ZNF148 promoter through which Wnt signaling regulates ZNF148 gene expression. Suppression of either ZNF148 or CTNNB1 reduced colony formation in WNT-dependent, but not WNT-independent cell lines. Therefore, the increase in intracellular β-catenin protein initiated by APC mutations is sustained by ZBP-89-mediated feedforward induction of CTNNB1 mRNA. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6877-87. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Essien
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sinju Sundaresan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ramon Ocadiz-Ruiz
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aaron Chavis
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amy C Tsao
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arthur J Tessier
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael M Hayes
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amanda Photenhauer
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Milena Saqui-Salces
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anthony J Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Balazs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Ding L, Hayes MM, Photenhauer A, Eaton KA, Li Q, Ocadiz-Ruiz R, Merchant JL. Schlafen 4-expressing myeloid-derived suppressor cells are induced during murine gastric metaplasia. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2867-80. [PMID: 27427984 DOI: 10.1172/jci82529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection triggers neoplastic transformation of the gastric mucosa in a small subset of patients, but the risk factors that induce progression to gastric metaplasia have not been identified. Prior to cancer development, the oxyntic gastric glands atrophy and are replaced by metaplastic cells in response to chronic gastritis. Previously, we identified schlafen 4 (Slfn4) as a GLI1 target gene and myeloid differentiation factor that correlates with spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) in mice. Here, we tested the hypothesis that migration of SLFN4-expressing cells from the bone marrow to peripheral organs predicts preneoplastic changes in the gastric microenvironment. Lineage tracing in Helicobacter-infected Slfn4 reporter mice revealed that SLFN4+ cells migrated to the stomach, where they exhibited myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) markers and acquired the ability to inhibit T cell proliferation. SLFN4+ MDSCs were not observed in infected GLI1-deficient mice. Overexpression of sonic hedgehog ligand (SHH) in infected WT mice accelerated the appearance of SLFN4+ MDSCs in the gastric corpus. Similarly, in the stomachs of H. pylori-infected patients, the human SLFN4 ortholog SLFN12L colocalized to cells that expressed MDSC surface markers CD15+CD33+HLA-DRlo. Together, these results indicate that SLFN4 marks a GLI1-dependent population of MDSCs that predict a shift in the gastric mucosa to a metaplastic phenotype.
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Salmon M, Fashandi AZ, Spinosa MD, Sharma AK, Owens GK, Merchant JL, Zehner ZE, Upchurch GR, Ailawadi G. Abstract 436: Smooth Muscle Specific Knock-out of the Zinc-Finger Protein 148(ZFP148) Attenuates Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation via Regulation of Apoptotic Signaling Pathways. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.36.suppl_1.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Zinc-finger protein 148 (ZFP148) plays a profound role in the modulation of aortic aneurysm formation in part via modulation of smooth muscle (SMC) genes. The current study objective was to determine whether smooth muscle specific knock-out of ZFP148 is critical in atherosclerotic lesion formation.
Methods:
ZFP148 was examined via immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy in human atherosclerotic lesion samples (n=12/group). 6-8 week male (n=12/group) ZFP flx/flx Myh11 Cre+ ApoE-/-(SMC tamoxifen ZFP148 KO), Myh11 ZFP148 flx/wt Cre+ ApoE-/- and Myh11 ZFP wt/wt Cre+ ApoE-/- underwent tamoxifen injections followed by western diet feeding for either 13 or 25 weeks. A separate set of mice were fed western diet for 18 weeks and then administered tamoxifen injections. Aortic samples were evaluated with histology for α-actin, macrophages, neutrophils, TER119, caspase3, Ki67, picosirus red and movat staining.
In vitro
ZFP148 was knocked down using siRNA in smooth muscle cells and stimulated with the oxidized phospholipid POVPC.
Results:
ZFP148 expression was elevated in human atherosclerotic lesion samples and localized to smooth muscle cells. Lesion size was significantly reduced in SMC ZFP148 KO mice compared with controls in 25 week western diet fed mice(p<0.0357). SMC ZFP148 KO demonstrated reduced macrophage, Caspase3, and TER119 staining. Conversely, SMC ZFP148 KO increased SMα-actin coverage. Lesion size was also decreased in mice that were administered tamoxifen injections following 18 weeks of western diet feeding(p<0.0415). There were no significant changes in lesion size at 13 weeks of western diet feeding; however, macrophage staining was decreased. Knock-down of ZFP148 followed by treatment with POVPC attenuated the down-regulation of SM22α, SM-MHC, and SMαA. Knock-down of ZFP148 followed by POVPC treatment also prevented the up-regulation of Bax and BAD in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Conclusions:
While earlier studies documented a role for ZFP148 in aneurysm disease, the present study suggests that SMC ZFP148 KO attenuates atherosclerotic lesion formation in early and late atherosclerotic disease. ZFP148 represents a key regulator of multiple types of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Salmon
- Dept of Surgery, Univ of Virginia Med Cntr, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Anna Z Fashandi
- Dept of Surgery, Univ of Virginia Med Cntr, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Ashish K Sharma
- Dept of Surgery, Univ of Virginia Med Cntr, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Gary K Owens
- Dept of Surgery, Univ of Virginia Med Cntr, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Dept of Internal Medicine and Integrative Physiology, Univ of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, VA
| | - Zendra E Zehner
- Dept of Biochemisty, Virginia Commonwealth Univ Med College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA
| | | | - Gorav Ailawadi
- Dept of Surgery, Univ of Virginia Med Cntr, Charlottesville, VA
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Grasberger H, Gao J, Nagao-Kitamoto H, Kitamoto S, Zhang M, Kamada N, Eaton KA, El-Zaatari M, Shreiner AB, Merchant JL, Owyang C, Kao JY. Increased Expression of DUOX2 Is an Epithelial Response to Mucosal Dysbiosis Required for Immune Homeostasis in Mouse Intestine. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1849-59. [PMID: 26261005 PMCID: PMC4663159 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2), a hydrogen-peroxide generator at the apical membrane of gastrointestinal epithelia, is up-regulated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) before the onset of inflammation, but little is known about its effects. We investigated the role of DUOX2 in maintaining mucosal immune homeostasis in mice. METHODS We analyzed the regulation of DUOX2 in intestinal tissues of germ-free vs conventional mice, mice given antibiotics or colonized with only segmented filamentous bacteria, mice associated with human microbiota, and mice with deficiencies in interleukin (IL) 23 and IL22 signaling. We performed 16S ribosomal RNA gene quantitative polymerase chain reaction of intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes of Duoxa(-/-) mice that lack functional DUOX enzymes. Genes differentially expressed in Duoxa(-/-) mice compared with co-housed wild-type littermates were correlated with gene expression changes in early-stage IBD using gene set enrichment analysis. RESULTS Colonization of mice with segmented filamentous bacteria up-regulated intestinal expression of DUOX2. DUOX2 regulated redox signaling within mucosa-associated microbes and restricted bacterial access to lymphatic tissues of the mice, thereby reducing microbiota-induced immune responses. Induction of Duox2 transcription by microbial colonization did not require the mucosal cytokines IL17 or IL22, although IL22 increased expression of Duox2. Dysbiotic, but not healthy human microbiota, activated a DUOX2 response in recipient germ-free mice that corresponded to abnormal colonization of the mucosa with distinct populations of microbes. In Duoxa(-/-) mice, abnormalities in ileal mucosal gene expression at homeostasis recapitulated those in patients with mucosal dysbiosis. CONCLUSIONS DUOX2 regulates interactions between the intestinal microbiota and the mucosa to maintain immune homeostasis in mice. Mucosal dysbiosis leads to increased expression of DUOX2, which might be a marker of perturbed mucosal homeostasis in patients with early-stage IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Grasberger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Jun Gao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hiroko Nagao-Kitamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sho Kitamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kathryn A Eaton
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mohamad El-Zaatari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew B Shreiner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chung Owyang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John Y Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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50
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Salmon M, Wu A, Shankman LS, Greene E, Zehner ZE, Merchant JL, Owens GK, Upchurch GR, Ailawadi G. Abstract 189: The Zinc-finger Protein 148(zfp148) Modulates Smooth Muscle Marker Genes via Interaction With Nf-1 in Vascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.35.suppl_1.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
We and others have shown that smooth muscle (SMC) marker gene down-regulation is an early event in vascular disease and involves the transcription factor KLF4. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating continued repression following KLF4 release remain unknown. Recently, we have shown that ZFP148 is critical in SMCs during aortic aneurysm formation; however, no studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms of this process. The study objective was to determine what factors mediate SMC down-regulation after KLF4 binding is diminished.
Methods and Results:
8-12 week male mice (n=8 per group) underwent carotid ligation and were harvested at day 7 for chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis (ChIP) for KLF4, KLF2, ZFP148, NF-1, Sp1, Sp3 and YY1. ZFP148, NF-1 and KLF2 were significantly elevated following ligation injury. In separate experiments, 8-12 week male (n=10/group) C57/B6 mice underwent carotid ligation and were harvested at 1, 3, 7, and 14, days for ChIP analysis for ZFP148 and NF-1. ZFP148 and NF-1 bound SMC marker genes SM-actin, SM22α and SM-MHC 7 and 14 days following injury. Since ZFP148 and NF-1 bound and could mediate SMC marker gene repression and ZFP148 has no current known role in SMC down-regulation, 8-12 week male (n=14/group) ZFP flx/flx Myh11 Cre+(SMC specific ZFP148 KO), Myh11 ZFP148 flx/wt Cre+(Heterozygous ZFP148 KO) and Myh11 ZFP wt/wt Cre+ (WT) underwent carotid ligation following tamoxifen administration. Neointimal area was significantly increased 21 days following injury in ZFP148 SMC KO mice. In separate experiments, ZFP148 flx/flx ERT Cre+ (ZFP148 KO, n=12/group) and ZFP148 flx/flx ERT Cre-(WT) mice also underwent carotid ligation following tamoxifen treatment. Neointimal area was also significantly increased in ZFP148 KO mice. ChIP assays were performed in vitro and in vivo using NF-1 KO cells. ZFP148 bound via ChIP analysis to SMC marker genes in vitro and in vivo; however, ZFP148 binding declined significantly in NF-1 KO SMCs versus WT SMCs.
Conclusions:
ZFP148 activity is critical for vascular disease and helps modulate smooth muscle phenotypic modulation during vascular injury in coordination with NF-1. As such, ZFP148 is another zinc finger protein with potential therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Salmon
- Dept of Surgery, Univ of Virginia Med Cntr, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Andrew Wu
- Dept of Surgery, Univ of Virginia Med Cntr, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Laura S Shankman
- Cardiovascular Rsch Cntr, Univ of Virginia Med Cntr, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Elizabeth Greene
- Cardiovascular Rsch Cntr, Univ of Virginia Med Cntr, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Zendra E Zehner
- Dept of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth Univ Med College of Virginia Campus, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Gary K Owens
- Cardiovascular Rsch Cntr, Univ of Virginia Med Cntr, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Gorav Ailawadi
- Dept of Surgery, Univ of Virginia Med Cntr, Charlottesville, VA
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