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Steger C, Boone RB, Dullo BW, Evangelista P, Alemu S, Gebrehiwot K, Klein JA. Collaborative agent-based modeling for managing shrub encroachment in an Afroalpine grassland. J Environ Manage 2022; 316:115040. [PMID: 35594826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We co-designed an agent-based model of an Afroalpine grassland in Ethiopia that is experiencing unwanted shrub encroachment. The goal was to enable managers of a community conservation area to better understand the drivers of shrub encroachment and to test possible management actions for controlling shrubs. Due to limited site-specific data, we parameterized this model using insights from published literature, remote sensing, and expert opinion from scientists and local managers. We therefore sought to explore potential future scenarios rather than make highly accurate predictions, focusing on facilitating discussions and learning among the diverse co-management team. We evaluated three social-ecological scenarios with our model, examining: (1) the impact of changing precipitation regimes on vegetation, (2) whether changing the frequency of guassa grass harvests would improve the long-term sustainability of the grassland, and (3) whether the combination of grass harvest and shrub removal would affect shrub encroachment. We found that the model was highly sensitive to the amount of grass harvested each year for local use. Our results indicate that the guassa grass was more resilient than shrubs during persistent dry climatic conditions, whereas a reduction in only the early spring rains (known as the "belg") resulted in considerable loss of grass biomass. While our modeling results lacked the quantitative specificity desired by managers, participants in the collaborative modeling process learned new approaches to planning and management of the conservation area and expanded their knowledge of the ecological complexity of the system. Several participants used the model as a boundary object, interpreting it in ways that reinforced their cultural values and goals for the conservation area. Our work highlights the lack of detailed scientific knowledge of Afroalpine ecosystems, and urges managers to reconnect with traditional ecological management of the conservation area in their pursuit of shrub encroachment solutions. The decline or absence of the belg rains is becoming increasingly common in the Ethiopian highlands, and our results underscore the need for more widespread understanding of how this changing climatic regime impacts local environmental management. This work lays a foundation for social-ecological research to improve both understanding and management of these highly threatened ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Steger
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - Randall B Boone
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, USA
| | - Bikila Warkineh Dullo
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Paul Evangelista
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Shambel Alemu
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | | | - Julia A Klein
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, USA
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Chen Y, Han M, Yuan X, Hou Y, Qin W, Zhou H, Zhao X, Klein JA, Zhu B. Warming has a minor effect on surface soil organic carbon in alpine meadow ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:1618-1629. [PMID: 34755425 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is very sensitive to warming and plays a key role in regulating global carbon (C) cycling. However, how warming affects the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and related C inputs and outputs in alpine meadow ecosystems on the QTP remains unclear. Here, we combined two field experiments and a meta-analysis on field experiments to synthesize the responses of the SOC pool and related C cycling processes to warming in alpine meadow ecosystems on the QTP. We found that the SOC content of surface soil (0-10 cm) showed a minor response to warming, but plant respiration was accelerated by warming. In addition, the warming effect on SOC was not correlated with experimental and environmental variables, such as the method, magnitude and duration of warming, initial SOC content, mean annual temperature, and mean annual precipitation. We conclude that the surface SOC content is resistant to climate warming in alpine meadow ecosystems on the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengguang Han
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Yuan
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Hou
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenkuan Qin
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huakun Zhou
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology of Cold Area, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Xinquan Zhao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology of Cold Area, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Julia A Klein
- Department of Ecosystem Science & Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Biao Zhu
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Yang Y, Klein JA, Winkler DE, Peng A, Lazarus BE, Germino MJ, Suding KN, Smith JG, Kueppers LM. Warming of alpine tundra enhances belowground production and shifts community towards resource acquisition traits. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 9 Section 4, Renminnan Road Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability Colorado State University Campus Delivery 1476 Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Julia A. Klein
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability Colorado State University Campus Delivery 1476 Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Daniel E. Winkler
- Southwest Biological Science Center United States Geological Survey 2290 S West Resource Boulevard Moab Utah 84532 USA
| | - Ahui Peng
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 9 Section 4, Renminnan Road Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Brynne E. Lazarus
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 970 Lusk Street Boise Idaho 83706 USA
| | - Matthew J. Germino
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 970 Lusk Street Boise Idaho 83706 USA
| | - Katharine N. Suding
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309‐0450 USA
| | - Jane G. Smith
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309‐0450 USA
| | - Lara M. Kueppers
- Energy and Resources Group University of California, Berkeley 310 Barrows Hall #3050 Berkeley California 94720 USA
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Hopping KA, Knapp AK, Dorji T, Klein JA. Warming and land use change concurrently erode ecosystem services in Tibet. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:5534-5548. [PMID: 30086187 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau comprise the largest alpine ecosystem in the world and provide critical ecosystem services, including forage production and carbon sequestration, on which people depend from local to global scales. However, the provision of these services may be threatened by climate warming combined with land use policies that are altering if and how pastoralists can continue to graze livestock, the dominant livelihood practice in this region for millennia. We synthesized findings from a climate warming and yak grazing experiment with landscape-level observations in central Tibet to gain insight into the trajectories of change that Tibet's alpine meadows will undergo in response to expected changes in climate and land use. We show that within 5 years, experimental warming drove an alpine community with intact, sedge-dominated turfs into a degraded state. With removal of livestock, consistent with policy intended to reverse degradation, a longer-term shift to a more shrub-dominated community will likely occur. Neither degraded nor shrub meadows produce forage or sequester carbon to the same degree as intact meadows, indicating that climate warming and drying will reduce the ability of Tibet's alpine meadows to provide key ecosystem services, and that livestock reduction policies intended to counteract trajectories of land degradation instead endanger contemporary livelihoods on the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Hopping
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Tsechoe Dorji
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Beijing, China
| | - Julia A Klein
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Yang Y, Hopping KA, Wang G, Chen J, Peng A, Klein JA. Permafrost and drought regulate vulnerability of Tibetan Plateau grasslands to warming. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards & Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability Colorado State University Campus Delivery 1476 Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Kelly A. Hopping
- Department of Earth System Science Stanford University 473 Via Ortega Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Genxu Wang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards & Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi'an 710061 China
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Ahui Peng
- Institute of Mountain Hazards & Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Julia A. Klein
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability Colorado State University Campus Delivery 1476 Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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Jiang S, Pan J, Shi G, Dorji T, Hopping KA, Klein JA, Liu Y, Feng H. Identification of root-colonizing AM fungal communities and their responses to short-term climate change and grazing on Tibetan plateau. Symbiosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-017-0497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The annulus fibrosus, the outer wall of the intervertebral disc, has a lamellar structure. Each lamella is reinforced by collagen fibres. A theory has been developed which allows the response of the fibre network to disc deformation to be calculated. The theory has been formulated in a form suitable for computer graphics display of its predictions. Results enable the effects of compression, torsion, flexion and shear of the disc to be readily appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Klein
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Manchester
| | - D S Hickey
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospital of South Manchester
| | - D W L Hukins
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Manchester
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Dorji T, Moe SR, Klein JA, Wang S, Totland Ø. Performance of two alpine plant species along environmental gradients in an alpine meadow ecosystem in central Tibet. Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Seabloom EW, Borer ET, Buckley YM, Cleland EE, Davies KF, Firn J, Harpole WS, Hautier Y, Lind EM, MacDougall AS, Orrock JL, Prober SM, Adler PB, Anderson TM, Bakker JD, Biederman LA, Blumenthal DM, Brown CS, Brudvig LA, Cadotte M, Chu C, Cottingham KL, Crawley MJ, Damschen EI, Dantonio CM, DeCrappeo NM, Du G, Fay PA, Frater P, Gruner DS, Hagenah N, Hector A, Hillebrand H, Hofmockel KS, Humphries HC, Jin VL, Kay A, Kirkman KP, Klein JA, Knops JMH, La Pierre KJ, Ladwig L, Lambrinos JG, Li Q, Li W, Marushia R, McCulley RL, Melbourne BA, Mitchell CE, Moore JL, Morgan J, Mortensen B, O'Halloran LR, Pyke DA, Risch AC, Sankaran M, Schuetz M, Simonsen A, Smith MD, Stevens CJ, Sullivan L, Wolkovich E, Wragg PD, Wright J, Yang L. Plant species' origin predicts dominance and response to nutrient enrichment and herbivores in global grasslands. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7710. [PMID: 26173623 PMCID: PMC4518311 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exotic species dominate many communities; however the functional significance of species' biogeographic origin remains highly contentious. This debate is fuelled in part by the lack of globally replicated, systematic data assessing the relationship between species provenance, function and response to perturbations. We examined the abundance of native and exotic plant species at 64 grasslands in 13 countries, and at a subset of the sites we experimentally tested native and exotic species responses to two fundamental drivers of invasion, mineral nutrient supplies and vertebrate herbivory. Exotic species are six times more likely to dominate communities than native species. Furthermore, while experimental nutrient addition increases the cover and richness of exotic species, nutrients decrease native diversity and cover. Native and exotic species also differ in their response to vertebrate consumer exclusion. These results suggest that species origin has functional significance, and that eutrophication will lead to increased exotic dominance in grasslands. It remains unclear whether exotic and native species are functionally different. Using a global grassland experiment, Seabloom et al. show that native and exotic species respond differently to two globally pervasive environmental changes, addition of mineral nutrients and alteration of herbivore density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of MN, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of MN, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Yvonne M Buckley
- 1] ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. [2] School of Natural Sciences &Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Elsa E Cleland
- Ecology, Behavior &Evolution Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Kendi F Davies
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jennifer Firn
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - W Stanley Harpole
- 1] Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. [2] German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. [3] Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yann Hautier
- 1] Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of MN, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. [2] Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, Netherlands
| | - Eric M Lind
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of MN, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Andrew S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - John L Orrock
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Suzanne M Prober
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Wembley, Western Australia 6913, Australia
| | - Peter B Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
| | - T Michael Anderson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA
| | - Jonathan D Bakker
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Lori A Biederman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Dana M Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA
| | - Cynthia S Brown
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Lars A Brudvig
- Michigan State University, Department of Plant Biology, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Marc Cadotte
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Chengjin Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kathryn L Cottingham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Michael J Crawley
- Department Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Ellen I Damschen
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Carla M Dantonio
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Nicole M DeCrappeo
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Guozhen Du
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Philip A Fay
- USDA-ARS Grassland Soil and Water Research Lab, Temple, Texas 76502, USA
| | - Paul Frater
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Daniel S Gruner
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Nicole Hagenah
- 1] School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa. [2] Department of Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Carl-von-Ossietzky University, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Wilhelmshaven 26382, Germany
| | - Kirsten S Hofmockel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | | | - Virginia L Jin
- USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA
| | - Adam Kay
- Biology Department, University of St Thomas, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA
| | - Kevin P Kirkman
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Julia A Klein
- Department of Ecosystem Science &Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Kimberly J La Pierre
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Laura Ladwig
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - John G Lambrinos
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Wei Li
- 1] Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA. [2] Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | | | - Rebecca L McCulley
- Department of Plant &Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Brett A Melbourne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Charles E Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Joslin L Moore
- 1] Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology, Melbourne, c/o School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. [2] School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - John Morgan
- Department of Botany, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Brent Mortensen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Lydia R O'Halloran
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - David A Pyke
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Anita C Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Mahesh Sankaran
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Martin Schuetz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Anna Simonsen
- University of Toronto St George, Toronto, Ontario Canada M5S 2J7
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Center, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Lauren Sullivan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wolkovich
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Peter D Wragg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of MN, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Justin Wright
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham North Carolina, USA
| | - Louie Yang
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Ursales A, Klein JA, Beal SG, Koch M, Clement-Kruzel S, Melton LB, Spak CW. Antibiotic failure in a renal transplant patient with Rhodococcus equi infection: an indication for surgical lobectomy. Transpl Infect Dis 2014; 16:1019-23. [PMID: 25412764 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is an animal pathogen that causes infrequent but challenging infections in immunocompromised individuals, few of which have been described in solid organ transplant recipients. Common clinical presentations include indolent cough, fever, and dyspnea, with necrotizing pneumonia and cavitation. We report a case of a dense right upper lung pneumonia with resultant R. equi bacteremia in a renal transplant recipient. Our patient initially responded to antibiotic treatment with resolution of bacteremia and clinical recovery, followed by interval progression in her right upper lobe consolidation on follow-up computed tomography scans. She underwent lobectomy for definitive therapy with resolution of symptoms. Lobectomy can be utilized in isolated infection after antibiotic failure with excellent clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ursales
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Seabloom EW, Borer ET, Buckley Y, Cleland EE, Davies K, Firn J, Harpole WS, Hautier Y, Lind E, MacDougall A, Orrock JL, Prober SM, Adler P, Alberti J, Anderson TM, Bakker JD, Biederman LA, Blumenthal D, Brown CS, Brudvig LA, Caldeira M, Chu C, Crawley MJ, Daleo P, Damschen EI, D'Antonio CM, DeCrappeo NM, Dickman CR, Du G, Fay PA, Frater P, Gruner DS, Hagenah N, Hector A, Helm A, Hillebrand H, Hofmockel KS, Humphries HC, Iribarne O, Jin VL, Kay A, Kirkman KP, Klein JA, Knops JMH, La Pierre KJ, Ladwig LM, Lambrinos JG, Leakey ADB, Li Q, Li W, McCulley R, Melbourne B, Mitchell CE, Moore JL, Morgan J, Mortensen B, O'Halloran LR, Pärtel M, Pascual J, Pyke DA, Risch AC, Salguero-Gómez R, Sankaran M, Schuetz M, Simonsen A, Smith M, Stevens C, Sullivan L, Wardle GM, Wolkovich EM, Wragg PD, Wright J, Yang L. Predicting invasion in grassland ecosystems: is exotic dominance the real embarrassment of richness? Glob Chang Biol 2013; 19:3677-3687. [PMID: 24038796 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Invasions have increased the size of regional species pools, but are typically assumed to reduce native diversity. However, global-scale tests of this assumption have been elusive because of the focus on exotic species richness, rather than relative abundance. This is problematic because low invader richness can indicate invasion resistance by the native community or, alternatively, dominance by a single exotic species. Here, we used a globally replicated study to quantify relationships between exotic richness and abundance in grass-dominated ecosystems in 13 countries on six continents, ranging from salt marshes to alpine tundra. We tested effects of human land use, native community diversity, herbivore pressure, and nutrient limitation on exotic plant dominance. Despite its widespread use, exotic richness was a poor proxy for exotic dominance at low exotic richness, because sites that contained few exotic species ranged from relatively pristine (low exotic richness and cover) to almost completely exotic-dominated ones (low exotic richness but high exotic cover). Both exotic cover and richness were predicted by native plant diversity (native grass richness) and land use (distance to cultivation). Although climate was important for predicting both exotic cover and richness, climatic factors predicting cover (precipitation variability) differed from those predicting richness (maximum temperature and mean temperature in the wettest quarter). Herbivory and nutrient limitation did not predict exotic richness or cover. Exotic dominance was greatest in areas with low native grass richness at the site- or regional-scale. Although this could reflect native grass displacement, a lack of biotic resistance is a more likely explanation, given that grasses comprise the most aggressive invaders. These findings underscore the need to move beyond richness as a surrogate for the extent of invasion, because this metric confounds monodominance with invasion resistance. Monitoring species' relative abundance will more rapidly advance our understanding of invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of MN, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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12
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Hu J, Hopping KA, Bump JK, Kang S, Klein JA. Climate change and water use partitioning by different plant functional groups in a grassland on the Tibetan Plateau. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75503. [PMID: 24069425 PMCID: PMC3775746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is predicted to experience increases in air temperature, increases in snowfall, and decreases in monsoon rains; however, there is currently a paucity of data that examine the ecological responses to such climate changes. In this study, we examined the effects of increased air temperature and snowfall on: 1) water use partitioning by different plant functional groups, and 2) ecosystem CO2 fluxes throughout the growing season. At the individual plant scale, we used stable hydrogen isotopes (δD) to partition water use between shallow- and deep-rooted species. Prior to the arrival of summer precipitation (typically mid-July), snowmelt was the main water source in the soils. During this time, shallow and deep-rooted species partitioned water use by accessing water from shallow and deep soils, respectively. However, once the monsoon rains arrived, all plants used rainwater from the upper soils as the main water source. Snow addition did not result in increased snowmelt use throughout the growing season; instead, snowmelt water was pushed down into deeper soils when the rains arrived. At the larger plot scale, CO2 flux measurements demonstrated that rain was the main driver for net ecosystem productivity (NEP). NEP rates were low during June and July and reached a maximum during the monsoon season in August. Warming decreased NEP through a reduction in gross primary productivity (GPP), and snow additions did not mitigate the negative effects of warming by increasing NEP or GPP. Both the isotope and CO2 flux results suggest that rain drives productivity in the Nam Tso region on the TP. This also suggests that the effects of warming-induced drought on the TP may not be mitigated by increased snowfall. Further decreases in summer monsoon rains may affect ecosystem productivity, with large implications for livestock-based livelihoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hu
- Ecology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kelly A. Hopping
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joseph K. Bump
- School of Forest Resources & Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, United States of America,
| | - Sichang Kang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Julia A. Klein
- Department of Ecosystem Science & Sustainability, Colorado State University, Colorado, United States of America
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13
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Oberbauer SF, Elmendorf SC, Troxler TG, Hollister RD, Rocha AV, Bret-Harte MS, Dawes MA, Fosaa AM, Henry GHR, Høye TT, Jarrad FC, Jónsdóttir IS, Klanderud K, Klein JA, Molau U, Rixen C, Schmidt NM, Shaver GR, Slider RT, Totland Ø, Wahren CH, Welker JM. Phenological response of tundra plants to background climate variation tested using the International Tundra Experiment. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120481. [PMID: 23836787 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly warming temperatures in high-latitude and alpine regions have the potential to alter the phenology of Arctic and alpine plants, affecting processes ranging from food webs to ecosystem trace gas fluxes. The International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) was initiated in 1990 to evaluate the effects of expected rapid changes in temperature on tundra plant phenology, growth and community changes using experimental warming. Here, we used the ITEX control data to test the phenological responses to background temperature variation across sites spanning latitudinal and moisture gradients. The dataset overall did not show an advance in phenology; instead, temperature variability during the years sampled and an absence of warming at some sites resulted in mixed responses. Phenological transitions of high Arctic plants clearly occurred at lower heat sum thresholds than those of low Arctic and alpine plants. However, sensitivity to temperature change was similar among plants from the different climate zones. Plants of different communities and growth forms differed for some phenological responses. Heat sums associated with flowering and greening appear to have increased over time. These results point to a complex suite of changes in plant communities and ecosystem function in high latitudes and elevations as the climate warms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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14
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Dorji T, Totland O, Moe SR, Hopping KA, Pan J, Klein JA. Plant functional traits mediate reproductive phenology and success in response to experimental warming and snow addition in Tibet. Glob Chang Biol 2013; 19:459-72. [PMID: 23504784 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is predicted to have large impacts on the phenology and reproduction of alpine plants, which will have important implications for plant demography and community interactions, trophic dynamics, ecosystem energy balance, and human livelihoods. In this article we report results of a 3-year, fully factorial experimental study exploring how warming, snow addition, and their combination affect reproductive phenology, effort, and success of four alpine plant species belonging to three different life forms in a semiarid, alpine meadow ecosystem on the central Tibetan Plateau. Our results indicate that warming and snow addition change reproductive phenology and success, but responses are not uniform across species. Moreover, traits associated with resource acquisition, such as rooting depth and life history (early vs. late flowering), mediate plant phenology, and reproductive responses to changing climatic conditions. Specifically, we found that warming delayed the reproductive phenology and decreased number of inflorescences of Kobresia pygmaea C. B. Clarke, a shallow-rooted, early-flowering plant, which may be mainly constrained by upper-soil moisture availability. Because K. pygmaea is the dominant species in the alpine meadow ecosystem, these results may have important implications for ecosystem dynamics and for pastoralists and wildlife in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsechoe Dorji
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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15
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Elmendorf SC, Henry GHR, Hollister RD, Björk RG, Bjorkman AD, Callaghan TV, Collier LS, Cooper EJ, Cornelissen JHC, Day TA, Fosaa AM, Gould WA, Grétarsdóttir J, Harte J, Hermanutz L, Hik DS, Hofgaard A, Jarrad F, Jónsdóttir IS, Keuper F, Klanderud K, Klein JA, Koh S, Kudo G, Lang SI, Loewen V, May JL, Mercado J, Michelsen A, Molau U, Myers-Smith IH, Oberbauer SF, Pieper S, Post E, Rixen C, Robinson CH, Schmidt NM, Shaver GR, Stenström A, Tolvanen A, Totland O, Troxler T, Wahren CH, Webber PJ, Welker JM, Wookey PA. Global assessment of experimental climate warming on tundra vegetation: heterogeneity over space and time. Ecol Lett 2011; 15:164-75. [PMID: 22136670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the sensitivity of tundra vegetation to climate warming is critical to forecasting future biodiversity and vegetation feedbacks to climate. In situ warming experiments accelerate climate change on a small scale to forecast responses of local plant communities. Limitations of this approach include the apparent site-specificity of results and uncertainty about the power of short-term studies to anticipate longer term change. We address these issues with a synthesis of 61 experimental warming studies, of up to 20 years duration, in tundra sites worldwide. The response of plant groups to warming often differed with ambient summer temperature, soil moisture and experimental duration. Shrubs increased with warming only where ambient temperature was high, whereas graminoids increased primarily in the coldest study sites. Linear increases in effect size over time were frequently observed. There was little indication of saturating or accelerating effects, as would be predicted if negative or positive vegetation feedbacks were common. These results indicate that tundra vegetation exhibits strong regional variation in response to warming, and that in vulnerable regions, cumulative effects of long-term warming on tundra vegetation - and associated ecosystem consequences - have the potential to be much greater than we have observed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Elmendorf
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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16
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Adler PB, Seabloom EW, Borer ET, Hillebrand H, Hautier Y, Hector A, Harpole WS, O'Halloran LR, Grace JB, Anderson TM, Bakker JD, Biederman LA, Brown CS, Buckley YM, Calabrese LB, Chu CJ, Cleland EE, Collins SL, Cottingham KL, Crawley MJ, Damschen EI, Davies KF, DeCrappeo NM, Fay PA, Firn J, Frater P, Gasarch EI, Gruner DS, Hagenah N, Hille Ris Lambers J, Humphries H, Jin VL, Kay AD, Kirkman KP, Klein JA, Knops JMH, La Pierre KJ, Lambrinos JG, Li W, MacDougall AS, McCulley RL, Melbourne BA, Mitchell CE, Moore JL, Morgan JW, Mortensen B, Orrock JL, Prober SM, Pyke DA, Risch AC, Schuetz M, Smith MD, Stevens CJ, Sullivan LL, Wang G, Wragg PD, Wright JP, Yang LH. Productivity is a poor predictor of plant species richness. Science 2011; 333:1750-3. [PMID: 21940895 DOI: 10.1126/science.1204498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
For more than 30 years, the relationship between net primary productivity and species richness has generated intense debate in ecology about the processes regulating local diversity. The original view, which is still widely accepted, holds that the relationship is hump-shaped, with richness first rising and then declining with increasing productivity. Although recent meta-analyses questioned the generality of hump-shaped patterns, these syntheses have been criticized for failing to account for methodological differences among studies. We addressed such concerns by conducting standardized sampling in 48 herbaceous-dominated plant communities on five continents. We found no clear relationship between productivity and fine-scale (meters(-2)) richness within sites, within regions, or across the globe. Ecologists should focus on fresh, mechanistic approaches to understanding the multivariate links between productivity and richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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17
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Klein JA, Yeh E, Bump J, Nyima Y, Hopping K. Coordinating Environmental Protection and Climate Change Adaptation Policy in Resource-Dependent Communities: A Case Study from the Tibetan Plateau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0567-8_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Firn J, Moore JL, MacDougall AS, Borer ET, Seabloom EW, HilleRisLambers J, Harpole WS, Cleland EE, Brown CS, Knops JMH, Prober SM, Pyke DA, Farrell KA, Bakker JD, O'Halloran LR, Adler PB, Collins SL, D'Antonio CM, Crawley MJ, Wolkovich EM, La Pierre KJ, Melbourne BA, Hautier Y, Morgan JW, Leakey ADB, Kay A, McCulley R, Davies KF, Stevens CJ, Chu CJ, Holl KD, Klein JA, Fay PA, Hagenah N, Kirkman KP, Buckley YM. Abundance of introduced species at home predicts abundance away in herbaceous communities. Ecol Lett 2011; 14:274-81. [PMID: 21281419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many ecosystems worldwide are dominated by introduced plant species, leading to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem function. A common but rarely tested assumption is that these plants are more abundant in introduced vs. native communities, because ecological or evolutionary-based shifts in populations underlie invasion success. Here, data for 26 herbaceous species at 39 sites, within eight countries, revealed that species abundances were similar at native (home) and introduced (away) sites - grass species were generally abundant home and away, while forbs were low in abundance, but more abundant at home. Sites with six or more of these species had similar community abundance hierarchies, suggesting that suites of introduced species are assembling similarly on different continents. Overall, we found that substantial changes to populations are not necessarily a pre-condition for invasion success and that increases in species abundance are unusual. Instead, abundance at home predicts abundance away, a potentially useful additional criterion for biosecurity programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Firn
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, St. Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.
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Appelboam A, Reuben AD, Benger JR, Beech F, Dutson J, Haig S, Higginson I, Klein JA, Roux SL, Saranga SSM, Taylor R, Vickery J, Powell RJ, Lloyd G. Elbow extension test to rule out elbow fracture: multicentre, prospective validation and observational study of diagnostic accuracy in adults and children. BMJ 2008; 337:a2428. [PMID: 19066257 PMCID: PMC2600962 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.a2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether full elbow extension as assessed by the elbow extension test can be used in routine clinical practice to rule out bony injury in patients presenting with elbow injury. DESIGN Adults: multicentre prospective interventional validation study in secondary care. Children: multicentre prospective observational study in secondary care. SETTING Five emergency departments in southwest England. PARTICIPANTS 2127 adults and children presenting to the emergency department with acute elbow injury. INTERVENTION Elbow extension test during routine care by clinical staff to determine the need for radiography in adults and to guide follow-up in children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Presence of elbow fracture on radiograph, or recovery with no indication for further review at 7-10 days. RESULTS Of 1740 eligible participants, 602 patients were able to fully extend their elbow; 17 of these patients had a fracture. Two adult patients with olecranon fractures needed a change in treatment. In the 1138 patients without full elbow extension, 521 fractures were identified. Overall, the test had sensitivity and specificity (95% confidence interval) for detecting elbow fracture of 96.8% (95.0 to 98.2) and 48.5% (45.6 to 51.4). Full elbow extension had a negative predictive value for fracture of 98.4% (96.3 to 99.5) in adults and 95.8% (92.6 to 97.8) in children. Negative likelihood ratios were 0.03 (0.01 to 0.08) in adults and 0.11 (0.06 to 0.19) in children. CONCLUSION The elbow extension test can be used in routine practice to inform clinical decision making. Patients who cannot fully extend their elbow after injury should be referred for radiography, as they have a nearly 50% chance of fracture. For those able to fully extend their elbow, radiography can be deferred if the practitioner is confident that an olecranon fracture is not present. Patients who do not undergo radiography should return if symptoms have not resolved within 7-10 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Appelboam
- Emergency Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Foundation NHS Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW
| | - A D Reuben
- Emergency Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Foundation NHS Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW
| | - J R Benger
- Emergency Department, United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust, Bristol BS2 8HW
| | - F Beech
- Emergency Department, Bath Royal United Hospital NHS Trust, Bath BA1 3NG
| | - J Dutson
- Emergency Department, Bristol Royal Infirmary, United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust, Bristol BS1
| | - S Haig
- Emergency Department, Bath Royal United Hospital NHS Trust, Bath BA1 3NG
| | - I Higginson
- Emergency Department, United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust, Bristol BS2 8HW
| | - J A Klein
- Emergency Department, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton and Somerset NHS Trust, Taunton TA1 5DA
| | - S Le Roux
- Emergency Department, Bristol Children’s Hospital, United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust, Bristol BS3 8BJ
| | - S S M Saranga
- Emergency Department, Bristol Children’s Hospital, United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust, Bristol BS3 8BJ
| | - R Taylor
- Emergency Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Foundation NHS Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW
| | - J Vickery
- Emergency Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Foundation NHS Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW
| | - R J Powell
- Research and Development Support Unit, Royal Devon and Exeter Foundation NHS Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW
| | - G Lloyd
- Emergency Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Foundation NHS Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW
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Cornwell WK, Cornelissen JHC, Amatangelo K, Dorrepaal E, Eviner VT, Godoy O, Hobbie SE, Hoorens B, Kurokawa H, Pérez-Harguindeguy N, Quested HM, Santiago LS, Wardle DA, Wright IJ, Aerts R, Allison SD, van Bodegom P, Brovkin V, Chatain A, Callaghan TV, Díaz S, Garnier E, Gurvich DE, Kazakou E, Klein JA, Read J, Reich PB, Soudzilovskaia NA, Vaieretti MV, Westoby M. Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide. Ecol Lett 2008; 11:1065-71. [PMID: 18627410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 856] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William K Cornwell
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Systems Ecology, Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Cornelissen JHC, van Bodegom PM, Aerts R, Callaghan TV, van Logtestijn RSP, Alatalo J, Chapin FS, Gerdol R, Gudmundsson J, Gwynn-Jones D, Hartley AE, Hik DS, Hofgaard A, Jónsdóttir IS, Karlsson S, Klein JA, Laundre J, Magnusson B, Michelsen A, Molau U, Onipchenko VG, Quested HM, Sandvik SM, Schmidt IK, Shaver GR, Solheim B, Soudzilovskaia NA, Stenström A, Tolvanen A, Totland Ø, Wada N, Welker JM, Zhao X. Global negative vegetation feedback to climate warming responses of leaf litter decomposition rates in cold biomes. Ecol Lett 2007; 10:619-27. [PMID: 17542940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Whether climate change will turn cold biomes from large long-term carbon sinks into sources is hotly debated because of the great potential for ecosystem-mediated feedbacks to global climate. Critical are the direction, magnitude and generality of climate responses of plant litter decomposition. Here, we present the first quantitative analysis of the major climate-change-related drivers of litter decomposition rates in cold northern biomes worldwide. Leaf litters collected from the predominant species in 33 global change manipulation experiments in circum-arctic-alpine ecosystems were incubated simultaneously in two contrasting arctic life zones. We demonstrate that longer-term, large-scale changes to leaf litter decomposition will be driven primarily by both direct warming effects and concomitant shifts in plant growth form composition, with a much smaller role for changes in litter quality within species. Specifically, the ongoing warming-induced expansion of shrubs with recalcitrant leaf litter across cold biomes would constitute a negative feedback to global warming. Depending on the strength of other (previously reported) positive feedbacks of shrub expansion on soil carbon turnover, this may partly counteract direct warming enhancement of litter decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Department of Systems Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
We investigated experimental warming and simulated grazing (clipping) effects on rangeland quality, as indicated by vegetation production and nutritive quality, in winter-grazed meadows and summer-grazed shrublands on the Tibetan Plateau, a rangeland system experiencing climatic and pastoral land use changes. Warming decreased total aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) by 40 g x m(-2) x yr(-1) at the meadow habitats and decreased palatable ANPP (total ANPP minus non-palatable forb ANPP) by 10 g x m(-2) x yr(-1) at both habitats. The decreased production of the medicinal forb Gentiana straminea and the increased production of the non-palatable forb Stellera chamaejasme with warming also reduced rangeland quality. At the shrubland habitats, warming resulted in less digestible shrubs, whose foliage contains 25% digestible dry matter (DDM), replacing more digestible graminoids, whose foliage contains 60% DDM. This shift from graminoids to shrubs not only results in lower-quality forage, but could also have important consequences for future domestic herd composition. Although warming extended the growing season in non-clipped plots, the reduced rangeland quality due to decreased vegetative production and nutritive quality will likely overwhelm the improved rangeland quality associated with an extended growing season. Grazing maintained or improved rangeland quality by increasing total ANPP by 20-40 g x m(-2) x yr(-1) with no effect on palatable ANPP. Grazing effects on forage nutritive quality, as measured by foliar nitrogen and carbon content and by shifts in plant group ANPP, resulted in improved forage quality. Grazing extended the growing season at both habitats, and it advanced the growing season at the meadows. Synergistic interactions between warming and grazing were present, such that grazing mediated the warming-induced declines in vegetation production and nutritive quality. Moreover, combined treatment effects were nonadditive, suggesting that we cannot predict the combined effect of global changes and human activities from single-factor studies. Our findings suggest that the rangelands on the Tibetan Plateau, and the pastoralists who depend on them, may be vulnerable to future climate changes. Grazing can mitigate the negative warming effects on rangeland quality. For example, grazing management may be an important tool to keep warming-induced shrub expansion in check. Moreover, flexible and opportunistic grazing management will be required in a warmer future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Klein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Division of Ecosystem Science, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
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24
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Walker MD, Wahren CH, Hollister RD, Henry GHR, Ahlquist LE, Alatalo JM, Bret-Harte MS, Calef MP, Callaghan TV, Carroll AB, Epstein HE, Jónsdóttir IS, Klein JA, Magnússon B, Molau U, Oberbauer SF, Rewa SP, Robinson CH, Shaver GR, Suding KN, Thompson CC, Tolvanen A, Totland Ø, Turner PL, Tweedie CE, Webber PJ, Wookey PA. Plant community responses to experimental warming across the tundra biome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:1342-6. [PMID: 16428292 PMCID: PMC1360515 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503198103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent observations of changes in some tundra ecosystems appear to be responses to a warming climate. Several experimental studies have shown that tundra plants and ecosystems can respond strongly to environmental change, including warming; however, most studies were limited to a single location and were of short duration and based on a variety of experimental designs. In addition, comparisons among studies are difficult because a variety of techniques have been used to achieve experimental warming and different measurements have been used to assess responses. We used metaanalysis on plant community measurements from standardized warming experiments at 11 locations across the tundra biome involved in the International Tundra Experiment. The passive warming treatment increased plant-level air temperature by 1-3 degrees C, which is in the range of predicted and observed warming for tundra regions. Responses were rapid and detected in whole plant communities after only two growing seasons. Overall, warming increased height and cover of deciduous shrubs and graminoids, decreased cover of mosses and lichens, and decreased species diversity and evenness. These results predict that warming will cause a decline in biodiversity across a wide variety of tundra, at least in the short term. They also provide rigorous experimental evidence that recently observed increases in shrub cover in many tundra regions are in response to climate warming. These changes have important implications for processes and interactions within tundra ecosystems and between tundra and the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn D Walker
- Boreal Ecology Cooperative Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, University of Alaska, P.O. Box 756780, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6780, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Coleman
- American Academy of Dermatology, PO Box 4014, Schaumburg, IL 60168, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Flynn
- Department of Dermatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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28
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Klein JA. Antibacterial effects of tumescent lidocaine. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 104:1934-6. [PMID: 10541205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Abstract
There is no standard or official recipe for the tumescent anesthetic solutions. The actual concentrations of lidocaine and epinephrine should depend on the areas to be treated and clinical situation. This article discusses the safe usage of tumescent solutions and the proper procedures and precautions to take when mixing these solutions.
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Abstract
The goals of post-liposuction care must be to minimize edema, bruising, and patient discomfort. The postoperative pain and edema resulting from sutured incisions and prolonged post-liposuction compression is an irrational remnant from the days before the tumescent technique. This article discusses various issues involving post-liposuction care.
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Klein JA. Deaths related to liposuction. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1001; author reply 1002-3. [PMID: 10498476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Forgionne GA, Gangopadhyay A, Klein JA, Eckhardt R. A decision technology system for health care electronic commerce. Top Health Inf Manage 1999; 20:31-41. [PMID: 10539421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Mounting costs have escalated the pressure on health care providers and payers to improve decision making and control expenses. Transactions to form the needed decision data will routinely flow, often electronically, between the affected parties. Conventional health care information systems facilitate flow, process transactions, and generate useful decision information. Typically, such support is offered through a series of stand-alone systems that lose much useful decision knowledge and wisdom during health care electronic commerce (e-commerce). Integrating the stand-alone functions can enhance the quality and efficiency of the segmented support, create synergistic effects, and augment decision-making performance and value for both providers and payers. This article presents an information system that can provide complete and integrated support for e-commerce-based health care decision making. The article describes health care e-commerce, presents the system, examines the system's potential use and benefits, and draws implications for health care management and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Forgionne
- Information Systems Department, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Catonsville, USA
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Klein JA, Kassarjdian N. Lidocaine toxicity with tumescent liposuction. A case report of probable drug interactions. Dermatol Surg 1997; 23:1169-74. [PMID: 9426661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Klein
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Miles
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism University of Missouri Kansas City
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Klein JA. What's fair and what's affordable in mental health coverage? No good deed goes unpunished. Bus Health 1996; 14:79-80. [PMID: 10161503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Klein JA. Tumescent technique for local anesthesia. West J Med 1996; 164:517. [PMID: 8764628 PMCID: PMC1303630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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39
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Klein JA. Tumescent technique chronicles. Local anesthesia, liposuction, and beyond. Dermatol Surg 1995; 21:449-57. [PMID: 7743108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Klein JA. Tumescent liposuction and improved postoperative care using Tumescent Liposuction Garments. Dermatol Clin 1995; 13:329-38. [PMID: 7600709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The tumescent technique for liposuction, using large volumes of dilute lidocaine and epinephrine infiltrated into subcutaneous fat, has improved safety by eliminating the risks of general anesthesia and the massive blood loss associated with older techniques. This article describes the results of the author's search for ways to optimize patient care after tumescent liposuction. The tumescent technique has dramatically improved postoperative comfort and accelerated recovery time. Using microcannulas and multiple incisions for cannula access, leaving the incisions open without sutures, and wearing a specially designed Tumescent Liposuction (TLG) Garment for compression, patients return to work in 1 to 2 days, and the first postoperative follow-up office visit is 5 to 6 weeks after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Klein
- Capistrano Surgicenter, San Juan Capistrano, California, USA
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41
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Nelson CA, Friedman HS, Goozovat S, Klein JA, Kneller LR, Perry WJ, Ustin SA. Stage-two spin-correlation functions: Tests for non-CKM-type leptonic CP violation in tau --> rho nu decay. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1994; 50:4544-4557. [PMID: 10018093 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.50.4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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42
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Klein JA, Christen AG, Christen JA. Why you should help your patients stop using tobacco. CDS Rev 1994; 87:12-6. [PMID: 7641270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Klein
- Dental Hygiene Department, Indiana University South Bend, USA
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Klein JA. Tumescent technique for local anesthesia improves safety in large-volume liposuction. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993; 92:1085-98; discussion 1099-100. [PMID: 8234507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The tumescent technique for local anesthesia improves the safety of large-volume liposuction ( > or = 1500 ml of fat) by virtually eliminating surgical blood loss and by completely eliminating the risks of general anesthesia. Results of two prospective studies of large-volume liposuction using the tumescent technique are reported. In 112 patients, the mean lidocaine dosage was 33.3 mg/kg, the mean volume of aspirated material was 2657 ml, and the mean volume of supernatant fat was 1945 ml. The mean volume of whole blood aspirated by liposuction was 18.5 ml. For each 1000 ml of fat removed, 9.7 ml of whole blood was suctioned. In 31 large-volume liposuction patients treated in 1991, the mean difference between preoperative and 1-week postoperative hematocrits was -1.9 percent. The last 87 patients received no parenteral sedation. In a second study, a 75-kg woman received 35 mg/kg of lidocaine on two separate occasions, first without liposuction and 25 days later with liposuction; peak plasma lidocaine concentrations occurred at 14 and 11 hours after beginning the infiltration and were 2.37 and 1.86 micrograms/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Klein
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine
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Klein JA. Thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism. Chest 1993; 103:1638-9. [PMID: 8486073 DOI: 10.1378/chest.103.5.1638b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Abstract
Application of the tumescent anesthetic technique in scalp surgery, dermabrasion, and soft tissue reconstruction is discussed. Vasoconstriction achieved by using tumescent anesthesia reduces bleeding even with dilute (1:320,000) epinephrine. Tumescent anesthesia also offers the advantages of decreased absorption at the site of infiltration, increased anesthetic infiltration, delayed absorption and lower peak blood plasma levels, and a longer lasting anesthetic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Coleman
- Department of Dermatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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McDonald JL, Chirsten JA, Christen AG, Klein JA. Overcoming tobacco and alcohol dependencies: effective treatment options. J Indiana Dent Assoc 1990; 69:28-9, 31-5. [PMID: 2280296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L McDonald
- Dept. of Preventive/Community Dentistry, Indiana Univ
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Klein JA, Christen AG, Christen JA, McDonald JL, Guba CJ. Understanding nicotine addiction and intervention techniques for the dental professional. Dent Assist (1931) 1990; 59:19-25. [PMID: 2289588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The pain usually associated with intradermal injection of lidocaine and epinephrine is significantly attenuated by the addition of either sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide to 1% lidocaine with epinephrine. This suggests that sodium bicarbonate attenuates pain by increasing the pH of the anesthetic solution. The clinical effects of a solution of lidocaine (1%) with epinephrine (1:100,000) and sodium bicarbonate (80 meq/L) were assessed after infiltration in skin. Anesthetic stored for 1 week caused nearly equal areas of anesthesia and vasoconstriction as an identical solution prepared on the day of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Stewart
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine
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Klein JA. The tumescent technique. Anesthesia and modified liposuction technique. Dermatol Clin 1990; 8:425-37. [PMID: 2199105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using the tumescent technique, liposuction can remove large volumes of fat with minimal blood loss. A maximal safe dosage of dilute lidocaine using the tumescent technique is estimated to be 35 mg/kg. The slow infiltration of a local anesthetic solution of lidocaine and epinephrine minimizes the rate of systemic absorption and reduces the potential for toxicity. Dilution of lidocaine (0.05% of 0.1%) and epinephrine (1:1,000,000) further delays absorption and reduces the magnitude of peak plasma lidocaine concentrations. Using the tumescent technique for liposuction, peak plasma lidocaine levels occur 12 hours after the initial injection. Clinically significant local anesthesia persists for up to 18 hours. For liposuction, it is not necessary to use local anesthetics, which are longer acting and potentially more cardiotoxic than lidocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Klein
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine
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Abstract
The tumescent technique for local anesthesia permits regional local anesthesia of the skin and subcutaneous tissues by direct infiltration. The tumescent technique uses large volumes of a dilute anesthetic solution to produce swelling and firmness of targeted areas. This investigation examines the absorption pharmacokinetics of dilute solutions of lidocaine (0.1% or 0.05%) and epinephrine (1:1,000,000) in physiologic saline following infiltration into subcutaneous fat of liposuction surgery patients. Plasma lidocaine concentrations were measured repeatedly over more than 24 hours following the infiltration. Peak plasma lidocaine levels occurred 12-14 hours after beginning the infiltration. Clinical local anesthesia is apparent for up to 18 hours, obviating the need for postoperative analgesia. Dilution of lidocaine diminishes and delays the peak plasma lidocaine concentrations, thereby reducing potential toxicity. Liposuction reduces the total amount of lidocaine absorbed systemically, but does not dramatically reduce peak plasma lidocaine levels. A safe upper limit for lidocaine dosage using the tumescent technique is estimated to be 35 mg/kg. Infiltrating a large volume of dilute epinephrine assures diffusion throughout the entire targeted area while avoiding tachycardia and hypertension. The associated vasoconstriction is so complete that there is virtually no blood loss with liposuction. The tumescent technique can be used with general anesthesia or IV sedation. However, with appropriate instrumentation and surgical method, the tumescent technique permits liposuction of large volumes of fat totally by local anesthesia, without IV sedation or narcotic analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Klein
- Department of Dermatology, California College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine
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