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Williams JL, Roberts C, Harley R, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Murray JK. Prevalence and risk factors for gingivitis in a cohort of UK companion cats aged up to 6 years. J Small Anim Pract 2024. [PMID: 38736278 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prospectively collected data were used to estimate the prevalence of gingivitis in a cohort of companion cats aged up to 6 years and to investigate factors associated with the risk of gingivitis in cats aged 3 to 4 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were obtained from a longitudinal study of domestic cats (the Bristol Cats Study), using owner-completed questionnaires and veterinary surgeon-completed oral health scores. Prevalence estimates of veterinary-reported gingivitis for cats aged up to 6 years old (n = 1534) were calculated for different age groups. Cat signalment, diet and dental care were assessed for association with gingivitis in cats aged 3 to 4 years (n = 317) using univariable and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS The prevalence of gingivitis increased with age and ranged from 24.5% (<12 months old) to 56.3% (5 to 6 years old). Odds of gingivitis in cats aged 3 to 4 years were higher in cats fed a wet only or mixed wet/dry diet compared to dry only (odds ratio: 2.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.4 to 5.1), cats not reported to hunt compared to reported hunters (odds ratio: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.0 to 4.2), cats reported to dribble whilst being stroked at age 6 months compared to reported non-dribblers (odds ratio: 3.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 8.4) and cats with orange variants in their coat colour compared to non-orange cats (odds ratio: 2.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.0 to 5.3). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results will help veterinary surgeons identify cats that may be at a greater risk of gingivitis and provide an evidence base to inform dietary and oral healthcare recommendations aimed at promoting gingival health in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Williams
- Bristol Vet School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C Roberts
- Bristol Vet School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R Harley
- Bristol Vet School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - J K Murray
- Bristol Vet School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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2
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Guo Y, Gao Z, LaGory EL, Kristin LW, Gupte J, Gong Y, Rardin MJ, Liu T, Nguyen TT, Long J, Hsu YH, Murray JK, Lade J, Jackson S, Zhang J. Liver-specific mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component 1 (Mtarc1) knockdown protects the liver from diet-induced MASH in multiple mouse models. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0419. [PMID: 38696369 PMCID: PMC11068142 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human genetic studies have identified several mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component 1 (MTARC1) variants as protective against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. The MTARC1 variants are associated with decreased plasma lipids and liver enzymes and reduced liver-related mortality. However, the role of mARC1 in fatty liver disease is still unclear. METHODS Given that mARC1 is mainly expressed in hepatocytes, we developed an N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated mouse Mtarc1 siRNA, applying it in multiple in vivo models to investigate the role of mARC1 using multiomic techniques. RESULTS In ob/ob mice, knockdown of Mtarc1 in mouse hepatocytes resulted in decreased serum liver enzymes, LDL-cholesterol, and liver triglycerides. Reduction of mARC1 also reduced liver weight, improved lipid profiles, and attenuated liver pathological changes in 2 diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis mouse models. A comprehensive analysis of mARC1-deficient liver from a metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis mouse model by metabolomics, proteomics, and lipidomics showed that Mtarc1 knockdown partially restored metabolites and lipids altered by diet. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, reducing mARC1 expression in hepatocytes protects against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in multiple murine models, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for this chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Guo
- Research Biomarkers, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhengyu Gao
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Edward L. LaGory
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lewis Wilson Kristin
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jamila Gupte
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew J. Rardin
- Discovery Technology Platforms, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tongyu Liu
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thong T. Nguyen
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason Long
- RNA Therapeutics, Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin K. Murray
- RNA Therapeutics, Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Julie Lade
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Simon Jackson
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Murray JK, Long J, Liu L, Singh S, Pruitt D, Ollmann M, Swearingen E, Hardy M, Homann O, Wu B, Holder JR, Sham K, Herberich B, Lo MC, Dou H, Shkumatov A, Florio M, Rulifson IC. Identification and Optimization of a Minor Allele-Specific Small Interfering RNA to Prevent PNPLA3 I148M-Driven Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nucleic Acid Ther 2021; 31:324-340. [PMID: 34297902 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2021.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genome wide association studies confirm the association of the rs738409 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene encoding protein patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); the presence of the resulting mutant PNPLA3 I148M protein is a driver of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). While Pnpla3-deficient mice do not display an adverse phenotype, the safety of knocking down endogenous wild type PNPLA3 in humans remains unknown. To expand the scope of a potential targeted NAFLD therapeutic to both homozygous and heterozygous PNPLA3 rs738409 populations, we sought to identify a minor allele-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Limiting our search to SNP-spanning triggers, a series of chemically modified siRNA were tested in vitro for activity and selectivity toward PNPLA3 rs738409 mRNA. Conjugation of the siRNA to a triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand enabled in vivo screening using adeno-associated virus to overexpress human PNPLA3I148M versus human PNPLA3I148I in mouse livers. Structure-activity relationship optimization yielded potent and minor allele-specific compounds that achieved high levels of mRNA and protein knockdown of human PNPLA3I148M but not PNPLA3I148I. Testing of the minor allele-specific siRNA in PNPLA3I148M-expressing mice fed a NASH-inducing diet prevented PNPLA3I148M-driven disease phenotypes, thus demonstrating the potential of a precision medicine approach to treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Murray
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Jason Long
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shivani Singh
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Danielle Pruitt
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Ollmann
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elissa Swearingen
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miki Hardy
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Oliver Homann
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bin Wu
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Jerry Ryan Holder
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Kelvin Sham
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Brad Herberich
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Mei-Chu Lo
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hui Dou
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Artem Shkumatov
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Monica Florio
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Ingrid C Rulifson
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
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4
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Kazarian AA, Barnhart W, Campuzano IDG, Cabrera J, Fitch T, Long J, Sham K, Wu B, Murray JK. Purification of guanine-quadruplex using monolithic stationary phase under ion-exchange conditions. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461633. [PMID: 33189959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigates a method for purification of the G-quadruplex secondary structure, naturally formed by a guanine-rich 21-mer oligonucleotide strand using a monolithic convective interaction media-quaternary amine (CIM-QA) column under ion-exchange conditions. The monolithic support was initially evaluated on a preparative scale against a highly efficient TSKgel SuperQ-5PW ion-exchange support designed for oligonucleotide purification. The CIM analogue demonstrated clear advantages over the particle-based support on the basis of rapid separation times, while also affording high purity of the G-quadruplex. Various parameters were investigated including the type of mobile phase anion, cation, pH and injection load to induce and control quadruplex formation, as well as enhance chromatographic separation and final purity. Potassium afforded the most prominent quadruplex formation, yet sodium allowed for the highest resolution and purity to be achieved with a 30 mg injection on an 8 ml CIM-QA monolithic column. This method was applied to purify in excess of 300 mg of the quadruplex, with excellent retention time precision of under 1% RSD. Native mass spectrometry was utilized to confirm the identity of the intact G-quadruplex under non-denaturing conditions, while ion-pairing reversed-phase methods confirmed the presence of the single-stranded oligonucleotide in high purity (92%) under denaturing conditions. The key advantage of the purification method enables isolation of the G-quadruplex in its native state on a milli-gram scale, allowing structural characterization to further our knowledge of its role and function. The G-quadruplex can also be subsequently denaturated at elevated temperature causing single strand formation if additional reactions are to be pursued, such as annealing to form a duplex, and evaluation in in vitro or in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley Barnhart
- Amgen Research, Amgen, Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Iain D G Campuzano
- Amgen Research, Amgen, Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Jeremy Cabrera
- Amgen Research, Amgen, Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Theodore Fitch
- Amgen Research, Amgen, Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Jason Long
- Amgen Research, Amgen, Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Kelvin Sham
- Amgen Research, Amgen, Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Bin Wu
- Amgen Research, Amgen, Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Justin K Murray
- Amgen Research, Amgen, Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
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5
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Murray JK, Wu B, Tegley CM, Nixey TE, Falsey JR, Herberich B, Yin L, Sham K, Long J, Aral J, Cheng Y, Netirojjanakul C, Doherty L, Glaus C, Ikotun T, Li H, Tran L, Soto M, Salimi-Moosavi H, Ligutti J, Amagasu S, Andrews KL, Be X, Lin MHJ, Foti RS, Ilch CP, Youngblood B, Kornecook TJ, Karow M, Walker KW, Moyer BD, Biswas K, Miranda LP. Engineering Na V1.7 Inhibitory JzTx-V Peptides with a Potency and Basicity Profile Suitable for Antibody Conjugation To Enhance Pharmacokinetics. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:806-818. [PMID: 30875193 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery research on new pain targets with human genetic validation, including the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7, is being pursued to address the unmet medical need with respect to chronic pain and the rising opioid epidemic. As part of early research efforts on this front, we have previously developed NaV1.7 inhibitory peptide-antibody conjugates with tarantula venom-derived GpTx-1 toxin peptides with an extended half-life (80 h) in rodents but only moderate in vitro activity (hNaV1.7 IC50 = 250 nM) and without in vivo activity. We identified the more potent peptide JzTx-V from our natural peptide collection and improved its selectivity against other sodium channel isoforms through positional analogueing. Here we report utilization of the JzTx-V scaffold in a peptide-antibody conjugate and architectural variations in the linker, peptide loading, and antibody attachment site. We found conjugates with 100-fold improved in vitro potency relative to those of complementary GpTx-1 analogues, but pharmacokinetic and bioimaging analyses of these JzTx-V conjugates revealed a shorter than expected plasma half-life in vivo with accumulation in the liver. In an attempt to increase circulatory serum levels, we sought the reduction of the net +6 charge of the JzTx-V scaffold while retaining a desirable NaV in vitro activity profile. The conjugate of a JzTx-V peptide analogue with a +2 formal charge maintained NaV1.7 potency with 18-fold improved plasma exposure in rodents. Balancing the loss of peptide and conjugate potency associated with the reduction of net charge necessary for improved target exposure resulted in a compound with moderate activity in a NaV1.7-dependent pharmacodynamic model but requires further optimization to identify a conjugate that can fully engage NaV1.7 in vivo.
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6
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Murray JK, Casey RA, Gale E, Buffington CAT, Roberts C, Kinsman RH, Gruffydd-Jones TJ. Cohort Profile: The 'Bristol Cats Study' (BCS)-a birth cohort of kittens owned by UK households. Int J Epidemiol 2018. [PMID: 28645213 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J K Murray
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, UK
| | - R A Casey
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, UK.,The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - E Gale
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, UK.,Ceva Animal Health Ltd, Unit 3 Anglo Office Park, White Lion Road, Amersham, Bucks, HP7 9FB, UK
| | | | - C Roberts
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, UK
| | - R H Kinsman
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, UK.,The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - T J Gruffydd-Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, UK
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7
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Wu B, Murray JK, Andrews KL, Sham K, Long J, Aral J, Ligutti J, Amagasu S, Liu D, Zou A, Min X, Wang Z, Ilch CP, Kornecook TJ, Lin MHJ, Be X, Miranda LP, Moyer BD, Biswas K. Discovery of Tarantula Venom-Derived NaV1.7-Inhibitory JzTx-V Peptide 5-Br-Trp24 Analogue AM-6120 with Systemic Block of Histamine-Induced Pruritis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9500-9512. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoshan Min
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhulun Wang
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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8
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Moyer BD, Murray JK, Ligutti J, Andrews K, Favreau P, Jordan JB, Lee JH, Liu D, Long J, Sham K, Shi L, Stöcklin R, Wu B, Yin R, Yu V, Zou A, Biswas K, Miranda LP. Pharmacological characterization of potent and selective NaV1.7 inhibitors engineered from Chilobrachys jingzhao tarantula venom peptide JzTx-V. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196791. [PMID: 29723257 PMCID: PMC5933747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 inhibitors for chronic pain therapeutic development is an area of vigorous pursuit. In an effort to identify more potent leads compared to our previously reported GpTx-1 peptide series, electrophysiology screening of fractionated tarantula venom discovered the NaV1.7 inhibitory peptide JzTx-V from the Chinese earth tiger tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao. The parent peptide displayed nominal selectivity over the skeletal muscle NaV1.4 channel. Attribute-based positional scan analoging identified a key Ile28Glu mutation that improved NaV1.4 selectivity over 100-fold, and further optimization yielded the potent and selective peptide leads AM-8145 and AM-0422. NMR analyses revealed that the Ile28Glu substitution changed peptide conformation, pointing to a structural rationale for the selectivity gains. AM-8145 and AM-0422 as well as GpTx-1 and HwTx-IV competed for ProTx-II binding in HEK293 cells expressing human NaV1.7, suggesting that these NaV1.7 inhibitory peptides interact with a similar binding site. AM-8145 potently blocked native tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) channels in mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, exhibited 30- to 120-fold selectivity over other human TTX-S channels and exhibited over 1,000-fold selectivity over other human tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) channels. Leveraging NaV1.7-NaV1.5 chimeras containing various voltage-sensor and pore regions, AM-8145 mapped to the second voltage-sensor domain of NaV1.7. AM-0422, but not the inactive peptide analog AM-8374, dose-dependently blocked capsaicin-induced DRG neuron action potential firing using a multi-electrode array readout and mechanically-induced C-fiber spiking in a saphenous skin-nerve preparation. Collectively, AM-8145 and AM-0422 represent potent, new engineered NaV1.7 inhibitory peptides derived from the JzTx-V scaffold with improved NaV selectivity and biological activity in blocking action potential firing in both DRG neurons and C-fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Moyer
- Neuroscience, Amgen Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Justin K. Murray
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Ligutti
- Neuroscience, Amgen Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Kristin Andrews
- Molecular Engineering, Amgen Discovery Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - John B. Jordan
- Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Josie H. Lee
- Neuroscience, Amgen Discovery Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dong Liu
- Neuroscience, Amgen Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Long
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Kelvin Sham
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Licheng Shi
- Neuroscience, Amgen Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Reto Stöcklin
- Atheris Laboratories, CH Bernex, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bin Wu
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Ruoyuan Yin
- Neuroscience, Amgen Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Violeta Yu
- Neuroscience, Amgen Discovery Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anruo Zou
- Neuroscience, Amgen Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Kaustav Biswas
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Les P. Miranda
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
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9
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Biswas K, Nixey TE, Murray JK, Falsey JR, Yin L, Liu H, Gingras J, Hall BE, Herberich B, Holder JR, Li H, Ligutti J, Lin MHJ, Liu D, Soriano BD, Soto M, Tran L, Tegley CM, Zou A, Gunasekaran K, Moyer BD, Doherty L, Miranda LP. Engineering Antibody Reactivity for Efficient Derivatization to Generate Na V1.7 Inhibitory GpTx-1 Peptide-Antibody Conjugates. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2427-2435. [PMID: 28800217 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 is a genetically validated pain target under investigation for the development of analgesics. A therapeutic with a less frequent dosing regimen would be of value for treating chronic pain; however functional NaV1.7 targeting antibodies are not known. In this report, we describe NaV1.7 inhibitory peptide-antibody conjugates as an alternate construct for potential prolonged channel blockade through chemical derivatization of engineered antibodies. We previously identified NaV1.7 inhibitory peptide GpTx-1 from tarantula venom and optimized its potency and selectivity. Tethering GpTx-1 peptides to antibodies bifunctionally couples FcRn-based antibody recycling attributes to the NaV1.7 targeting function of the peptide warhead. Herein, we conjugated a GpTx-1 peptide to specific engineered cysteines in a carrier anti-2,4-dinitrophenol monoclonal antibody using polyethylene glycol linkers. The reactivity of 13 potential cysteine conjugation sites in the antibody scaffold was tuned using a model alkylating agent. Subsequent reactions with the peptide identified cysteine locations with the highest conversion to desired conjugates, which blocked NaV1.7 currents in whole cell electrophysiology. Variations in attachment site, linker, and peptide loading established design parameters for potency optimization. Antibody conjugation led to in vivo half-life extension by 130-fold relative to a nonconjugated GpTx-1 peptide and differential biodistribution to nerve fibers in wild-type but not NaV1.7 knockout mice. This study describes the optimization and application of antibody derivatization technology to functionally inhibit NaV1.7 in engineered and neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Biswas
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Thomas E. Nixey
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Justin K. Murray
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - James R. Falsey
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Li Yin
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hantao Liu
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jacinthe Gingras
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Brian E. Hall
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Brad Herberich
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jerry Ryan Holder
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hongyan Li
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joseph Ligutti
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Min-Hwa Jasmine Lin
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Dong Liu
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Brian D. Soriano
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Marcus Soto
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Linh Tran
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christopher M. Tegley
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Anrou Zou
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kannan Gunasekaran
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bryan D. Moyer
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Liz Doherty
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Les P. Miranda
- Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, ⊥Neuroscience, and #Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Ross SE, Murray JK, Roberts VLH. Prevalence of headshaking within the equine population in the UK. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:73-78. [PMID: 28608565 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY Headshaking in horses has been reported to be most commonly due to idiopathic neuropathic facial pain (trigeminal-mediated headshaking). The prevalence of headshaking in horses in the UK is unknown. OBJECTIVES To estimate owner-reported prevalence of headshaking in horses in the UK and to report their case background and disease characteristics, as reported by owners. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional web based owner questionnaire. METHODS The questionnaire was advertised online via social media, horse forums, veterinary websites and equestrian magazines from 17th June 2016, until >1000 responses had been obtained. All UK horse owners were eligible to complete the questionnaire, however only one questionnaire could be completed per owner. RESULTS The estimated prevalence of owner-reported headshaking in the sample population of horses (n = 1014), within the last year, was 4.6% (95% confidence interval 3.5-6.1), whereas 6.2% (95% confidence interval 4.9-7.9) of horses were reported by their owners to have shown signs of headshaking at any time-point since ownership. There was no association of sex or breed. Nineteen percent of headshaking horses were reported to show headshaking at rest. Fewer than one-third (30.2%, n = 19) of headshaking horses had been examined by a veterinarian for headshaking. Of horses seen by a veterinarian, the cause for headshaking remained unknown in the majority of cases (57.9% responses) and trigeminal-mediated headshaking was reported as a diagnosis in just one case. MAIN LIMITATIONS The accuracy in data reporting by horse owners was not verified in this study. There may be a potential for bias towards over-reporting due to the nature of survey participation. CONCLUSIONS Within this sample, owner-reported prevalence of signs of headshaking within the last year, in horses in the UK was 4.6%. Over two-thirds of owners of headshaking horses did not seek veterinary intervention for headshaking. Trigeminal-mediated headshaking was rarely reported by owners as a diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Ross
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Somerset, UK
| | - J K Murray
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Somerset, UK
| | - V L H Roberts
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Somerset, UK
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Rowe EC, Browne WJ, Casey RA, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Murray JK. Early-life risk factors identified for owner-reported feline overweight and obesity at around two years of age. Prev Vet Med 2017. [PMID: 28622790 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is considered the second most common health problem in pet cats in developed countries. This study used prospective data from a longitudinal study of pet cats ('C.L.A.W.S.', www.bristol.ac.uk/vetscience/claws) to identify early-life risk factors for feline overweight/obesity occurring at around two years of age. Data were collected via five owner-completed questionnaires (for cats aged two-six months, six months, 12 months, 18 months and two years respectively) completed between May 2011 and April 2015. Owner-reported body condition scores (BCS) of cats at age two years, assessed using images from the 9-point BCS system (Laflamme, 1997), were categorised into a dichotomous variable: overweight/obese (BCS 6-9) and not overweight (BCS 1-5) and used as the dependent variable. Of the 375 cats with owner-reported BCS, 25.3% were overweight or obese at two years of age. Multivariable logistic regression models were built using stepwise forward-selection. To account for potential hierarchical clustering due to multi-cat households two-level random intercept models were considered but clustering had no impact on the analysis. Models were compared using Wald tests. Six factors were significantly associated with overweight/obesity at two years of age: being overweight or obese at one year of age (OR=10.6, 95%CI 4.4-25.3); owner belief that BCS 7 was the ideal weight (OR=33.2, 95%CI 8.5-129.4), or that BCS represented overweight cats but they would not be concerned if their cat were classified in this category (OR=2.7, 95%CI 1.2-6.2), at questionnaire five completion; vets advising owners that the cat should lose weight, or making no comment on their weight, between one and two years of age (OR=12.1, 95%CI 3.2-44.9 and OR=3.9, 95%CI 1.5-10.3 respectively); owners giving their cat treats when they "felt happy" with them at 18 months of age (OR=2.7, 95%CI 1.0 - 7.3); feeding ≥250g wet food daily between two and six months of age (OR=2.7, 95%CI 1.2-5.9), and feeding dry food as the only or major part (>50%) of the diet at two years of age (OR=2.1, 95%CI 1.0-4.2). These findings have the potential to reduce the current high prevalence of a widespread problem by informing preventive advice, and as such improving the health and welfare of pet cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Rowe
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, UK.
| | - W J Browne
- Graduate School of Education and Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol, 35 Berkeley Square, Bristol, UK
| | - R A Casey
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, UK
| | - T J Gruffydd-Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, UK
| | - J K Murray
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, UK
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12
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Wilson JL, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Murray JK. Risk factors for road traffic accidents in cats up to age 12 months that were registered between 2010 and 2013 with the UK pet cat cohort ('Bristol Cats'). Vet Rec 2017; 180:195. [PMID: 28077755 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a common cause of death and injury in domestic cats, and a concern to many owners. This study assessed potential risk factors for RTAs in cats up to 12 months of age within a UK cat cohort known as 'The Bristol Cats study'. Data were obtained from three questionnaires, completed by cat owners when their cats were approximately 8-16 weeks old, 6 months old and 12 months old. Information was gathered regarding environmental conditions, cat characteristics and owner management factors. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess associations between these factors and RTAs. Of 1264 eligible study cats, 49 (3.9 per cent) had been involved in an RTA, of which 71.4 per cent (35/49) were known to result in fatal injuries. Rural locations were associated with a higher odds of RTAs than towns, cities or suburban locations. An increased odds of an RTA was also associated with cats that were reported by their owners to hunt at the roadside, as well as cats whose owners classified the road by their house as being a 'long straight section of road'. No significant associations were found between coat colour, breed, sex or neuter status and the odds of an RTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wilson
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - T J Gruffydd-Jones
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - J K Murray
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
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Murray JK, Long J, Zou A, Ligutti J, Andrews KL, Poppe L, Biswas K, Moyer BD, McDonough SI, Miranda LP. Single Residue Substitutions That Confer Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channel Subtype Selectivity in the NaV1.7 Inhibitory Peptide GpTx-1. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2704-17. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin K. Murray
- Therapeutic Discovery and ‡Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery and ∥Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jason Long
- Therapeutic Discovery and ‡Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery and ∥Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Anruo Zou
- Therapeutic Discovery and ‡Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery and ∥Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joseph Ligutti
- Therapeutic Discovery and ‡Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery and ∥Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kristin L. Andrews
- Therapeutic Discovery and ‡Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery and ∥Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Leszek Poppe
- Therapeutic Discovery and ‡Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery and ∥Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kaustav Biswas
- Therapeutic Discovery and ‡Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery and ∥Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bryan D. Moyer
- Therapeutic Discovery and ‡Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery and ∥Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stefan I. McDonough
- Therapeutic Discovery and ‡Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery and ∥Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Les P. Miranda
- Therapeutic Discovery and ‡Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery and ∥Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Murray JK, Biswas K, Holder JR, Zou A, Ligutti J, Liu D, Poppe L, Andrews KL, Lin FF, Meng SY, Moyer BD, McDonough SI, Miranda LP. Sustained inhibition of the Na V 1.7 sodium channel by engineered dimers of the domain II binding peptide GpTx-1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4866-4871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Murray JK, Qian YX, Liu B, Elliott R, Aral J, Park C, Zhang X, Stenkilsson M, Salyers K, Rose M, Li H, Yu S, Andrews KL, Colombero A, Werner J, Gaida K, Sickmier EA, Miu P, Itano A, McGivern J, Gegg CV, Sullivan JK, Miranda LP. Pharmaceutical Optimization of Peptide Toxins for Ion Channel Targets: Potent, Selective, and Long-Lived Antagonists of Kv1.3. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6784-802. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kristin L. Andrews
- Therapeutic
Discovery, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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16
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Murray JK, Ligutti J, Liu D, Zou A, Poppe L, Li H, Andrews KL, Moyer BD, McDonough SI, Favreau P, Stöcklin R, Miranda LP. Engineering Potent and Selective Analogues of GpTx-1, a Tarantula Venom Peptide Antagonist of the NaV1.7 Sodium Channel. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2299-314. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501765v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Favreau
- Atheris Laboratories, Case Postale
314, CH-1233 Bernex, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Reto Stöcklin
- Atheris Laboratories, Case Postale
314, CH-1233 Bernex, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Rose JH, Kwiatkowska M, Henderson ER, Granger N, Murray JK, Harcourt-Brown TR. The impact of demographic, social, and environmental factors on the development of steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) in the United Kingdom. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1199-202. [PMID: 24773082 PMCID: PMC4857946 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis (SRMA) is an inflammatory disease of dogs that is suspected to be immune‐mediated. The development of other immune‐mediated diseases has been linked to vaccinations, time of the year, geographic location, sex, neuter status, and breed. Hypothesis/Objectives To identify if the development of SRMA is associated with time of year, vaccination, geographic location, sex, neuter status, and breed. Animals Sixty SRMA cases and 180 controls, all ≤24 months of age and matched for year of presentation, from a referral hospital population in the United Kingdom. Methods Retrospective case‐control study with unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results Beagles (P = .001), Border Collies (P = .001), Boxers (P = .032), Jack Russell Terriers (P = .001), Weimaraners (P = .048), and Whippets (P < .001) had significantly greater odds of developing SRMA in this population of dogs. Vaccination, time of year, geographic category, sex, and neuter status did not increase the odds of developing SRMA. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Only breed increased the odds of developing SRMA. It would be prudent to investigate the genetics of the identified breeds to help elucidate the etiopathogenesis of SRMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Rose
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford Small Animal Hospital, Bristol, UK
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18
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Welsh CP, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Murray JK. The neuter status of cats at four and six months of age is strongly associated with the owners' intended age of neutering. Vet Rec 2013; 172:578. [PMID: 23605077 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The recommended neutering age of client-owned cats reduced recently from six to four months of age. This study assessed the proportion of cats neutered at these ages. Data were obtained from owner-completed questionnaires at recruitment (8-16-week-old kittens) and 6.5-7 months of age. Demographic and lifestyle factors were assessed for potential association with neuter status using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Of 751 study cats, 14.1 per cent and 73.5 per cent had been neutered at (or before) four and six months of age, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that being neutered at four months was significantly more likely for cats whose owners intended to have their cat neutered by this age, cats with a microchip, and from households in deprived regions. The likelihood of being neutered at six months of age was significantly increased for cats that were insured, obtained from an animal welfare organisation, given their second vaccination, from a household with an annual income of ≥£10 000, and owned by people intending to have their cat neutered by this age. This study suggests that while neutering rates were high at six months of age, they were low at four months of age, and that further work is required to disseminate the recommended neutering age of four months.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Welsh
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford House, Langford, Somerset BS40 5DU, UK
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19
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Nagy A, Murray JK, Dyson SJ. Descriptive epidemiology and risk factors for eliminations from Fédération Equestre Internationale endurance rides due to lameness and metabolic reasons (2008-2011). Equine Vet J 2013; 46:38-44. [PMID: 23574513 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY There is limited information on international endurance rides and on risk factors for eliminations. OBJECTIVES To describe and compare the frequency of occurrence of elimination due to lameness and metabolic reasons from Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) endurance rides (≥100 km) during 2008-2011 in all countries and to assess risk factors for elimination due to lameness and metabolic reasons. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective unmatched case-control study. METHODS Data collected from the FEI website included the following: the country where the ride was held; the year; the result for each horse-rider combination; the number of entries in each class; whether the class was restricted to young riders; and the winning speed. Descriptive data were summarised, and univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess risk factors for eliminations due to lameness and metabolic reasons. RESULTS Between 2008 and 2011, there were 30,741 horse starts at FEI endurance rides of 100-160 km distance in 47 countries. Of all started horses, 30% were eliminated for lameness. Eliminations for metabolic reasons were recorded for 8.7% of all started horses. There was a large range of winning speeds amongst countries (10.2-29.5 km/h). Multivariable analysis revealed that the risk of elimination due to lameness was significantly associated with the country where the ride was held, the year, the distance of the ride and the number of entries. Elimination for metabolic reasons was significantly associated with the country where the ride was held, the year and the number of entries. CONCLUSIONS Differences existed among elimination rates at FEI endurance rides in different countries (2008-2011). Lameness was the most common reason for elimination globally. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE These results provide objective global data on endurance riding that can replace anecdotal information, which has been the base of opinions, decisions and regulations. The Summary is available in Chinese - see Supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagy
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
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20
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Poppe L, Hui JO, Ligutti J, Murray JK, Schnier PD. PADLOC: a powerful tool to assign disulfide bond connectivities in peptides and proteins by NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2011; 84:262-6. [PMID: 22126836 DOI: 10.1021/ac203078x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the disulfide bond connectivity in a peptide or protein represents a significant challenge. It is notoriously difficult to use NMR spectroscopy to assign disulfide connectivities because NMR spectra lack direct evidence for disulfide bonds. These bonds are typically inferred from three-dimensional structure calculations, which can result in ambiguous disulfide assignment. Here, we present a new NMR based methodology, in which the disulfide connectivity is obtained by applying Bayesian rules of inference to the local topology of cysteine residues. We illustrate how this approach successfully predicts the disulfide connectivity in proteins for which crystal structures are available in the protein data bank (PDB). We also demonstrate how this methodology is used with experimental NMR data for peptides with complex disulfide topologies, including hepcidin, Kalata-B1, and μ-Conotoxin KIIIA. In the case of μ-Conotoxin KIIIA, the PADLOC connectivity (1-15,2-9,4-16) differs from previously published results; additional evidence is presented demonstrating unequivocally that this newly proposed connectivity is correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Poppe
- Chemistry Research & Discovery and Protein Science, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA.
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Abstract
Since the advent of solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) in the late 1950s, numerous advancements in the underlying chemistry (i.e., orthogonal protection strategy, coupling reagents, and solid support matrices) have greatly improved the efficiency of the technique. More recently, application of microwave radiation to SPPS has been found to reduce reaction time and/or increase the initial purity of synthetic peptide products. In this protocol, conditions are described to accomplish rapid peptide coupling and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) removal reactions under temperature-controlled conditions in either a manual or automated synthesis format using a microwave reactor. These microwave-assisted peptide synthesis procedures have been used to rapidly prepare a "difficult" peptide sequence from the acyl carrier protein, ACP(65-74), in less than 3 h and the reduced, linear precursor to human hepcidin, in high initial purity.
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Murray JK, Balan C, Allgeier AM, Kasparian A, Viswanadhan V, Wilde C, Allen JR, Yoder SC, Biddlecome G, Hungate RW, Miranda LP. Dipeptidyl-Quinolone Derivatives Inhibit Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Prolyl Hydroxylases-1, -2, and -3 with Altered Selectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:676-86. [DOI: 10.1021/cc100073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin K. Murray
- Chemistry Research & Discovery, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Hematology, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Chenera Balan
- Chemistry Research & Discovery, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Hematology, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Alan M. Allgeier
- Chemistry Research & Discovery, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Hematology, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Annie Kasparian
- Chemistry Research & Discovery, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Hematology, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Vellarkad Viswanadhan
- Chemistry Research & Discovery, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Hematology, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Christopher Wilde
- Chemistry Research & Discovery, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Hematology, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Jennifer R. Allen
- Chemistry Research & Discovery, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Hematology, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Sean C. Yoder
- Chemistry Research & Discovery, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Hematology, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Gloria Biddlecome
- Chemistry Research & Discovery, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Hematology, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Randall W. Hungate
- Chemistry Research & Discovery, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Hematology, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Les P. Miranda
- Chemistry Research & Discovery, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Hematology, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Short format 3-day events were introduced in 2004. Anecdotal reports suggested that horses were more tired on completion of the cross-country phase of short format events when compared with horses completing the cross-country phase of long format competitions, despite the absence of Phases A, B and C. OBJECTIVES To compare the physiological parameters and haematological parameters of horses that had completed the cross-country phase of a short format (SF) and a long format (LF) CCI 2* competition. METHODS During a CCI 2* competition 69 competitors took part in the short format and 74 in the long format competition. Long format competitors completed Phases A, B, C and D and short format competitors completed Phase D only. Phase D (the cross-country course) was identical for both competitions. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures and post hoc tests were used to compare temperature, pulse and respiration rates of horses competing in both types of competition. T tests were used to compare mean lactate and electrolyte concentrations, while U-Mann Whitney tests were used to compare CK and AST levels measured in horses competing in the short and long formats of the event. RESULTS Training schedules, age and previous competition experience were not significantly different between horses competing in the SF and LF competitions. On completion of Phase D, SF horses had significantly higher PCV and significantly lower ionised calcium concentrations when compared with LF horses. LF horses had significantly higher heart rates than SF horses 10 min prior to starting Phase D and immediately after completing Phase D; however, no other significant differences were found between the 2 groups of horses. CONCLUSIONS Only weak evidence was found to support the hypothesis that the workload for the horse in a SF CCI 2* competition is significantly different when compared to the LF CCI 2* competition. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE There is no beneficial or detrimental effect on horses that complete short format CCI 2* competitions as compared to those that complete long format CCI 2* competitions but further research is required into the physiological response of horses at CCI 3* and CCI 4* short format competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Murray
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, UK
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Murray JK, Singer ER, Morgan KL, Proudman CJ, French NP. The risk of a horse-and-rider partnership falling on the crosscountry phase of eventing competitions. Equine Vet J 2010; 38:158-63. [PMID: 16536386 DOI: 10.2746/042516406776563314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Fatalities resulting from horse falls occurring during the cross-country phase of eventing competitions initiated epidemiological investigation of the risk factors associated with horse falls. OBJECTIVES To identify variables that increased or decreased the risk of a horse fall during the cross-country phase of an eventing competition. METHODS Data were collected from randomly selected British Eventing competitions held in Great Britain during 2001 and 2002. Data were obtained for 173 cases (jumping efforts resulting in a fall of the horse-and-rider partnership) and 503 matched controls (jumping efforts not resulting in a fall). The risk of falling was modelled using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS An increased risk of a horse fall was associated with jumping into or out of water; taking off from good-to-soft, soft or heavy ground; fences with a drop landing; nonangled fences with a spread > or =2 m; and angled fences. Other risk factors included riders who knew that they were in the lead within the competition before the cross-country phase; an inappropriate speed of approach to the fence (too fast or too slow); horse-and-rider partnerships that had not incurred refusals at earlier fences; and riders who received cross-country tuition. CONCLUSIONS This study has identified modifiable course- and fence-level risk factors for horse falls during the cross-country phase of eventing competitions. The risk of horse and rider injury at eventing competitions should be reduced by 3 simple measures; maintaining good to firm take-off surfaces at fences, reducing the base spread of fences to <2 m and reducing the use of fences at which horses are required to jump into or out of water. Risk reduction arising from course and fence modification needs to be confirmed by intervention studies. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Knowledge of factors that increase or decrease the risk of a horse fall can be used by UK governing bodies of the sport to reduce the risk of horse falls on the cross-country phase of eventing competitions, and reduce the risk of horse and rider injuries and fatalities. As one in 3 horses that fall injure themselves and one in 100 horse falls results in fatality to the horse, we suggest that immediate consideration is given to these recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Murray
- Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
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Murray JK, Roberts MA, Whitmarsh A, Gruffydd-Jones TJ. Survey of the characteristics of cats owned by households in the UK and factors affecting their neutered status. Vet Rec 2009; 164:137-41. [PMID: 19188344 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.5.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Data were collected on 1260 cats owned by a random sample of UK households in 2007, by means of telephone questionnaires, which were completed by 33 per cent of the households contacted. Cats were owned by 26 per cent of these households, 42 per cent of which owned more than one cat. The owners of 622 female cats reported a total of 110 unplanned litters of kittens. Excluding cats with an unknown neutered status 92 per cent of the cats aged six months or more were neutered, but only 66 per cent of the cats aged six to 12 months were neutered. Multivariable logistic regression, based on data collected for one randomly selected cat aged four months or more in each cat-owning household, was used to identify factors affecting the cats' neutered status. Analysis of 48 sexually entire cats and 501 neutered cats showed that cats aged 10 months or more, with indoor access, that had been vaccinated within the last year or were currently registered with a veterinary practice, were more likely to be neutered than cats aged less than 10 months, without indoor access, that had been vaccinated more than one year ago or were not registered with a veterinary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Murray
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU, UK.
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26
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Murray JK, Sadowsky JD, Scalf M, Smith LM, Tomita Y, Gellman SH. Exploration of Structure−Activity Relationships among Foldamer Ligands for a Specific Protein Binding Site via Parallel and Split-and-Mix Library Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:204-15. [DOI: 10.1021/cc700153z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin K. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Jack D. Sadowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Mark Scalf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Lloyd M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - York Tomita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057
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Abstract
The tremendous challenge of inhibiting therapeutically important protein-protein interactions has created the opportunity to extend traditional medicinal chemistry to a new class of targets and to explore nontraditional strategies. Here we review a widely studied system, the interaction between tumor suppressor p53 and its natural antagonist MDM2, for which both traditional and nontraditional approaches have been reported. This system has been a testing ground for novel proteomimetic scaffold-based strategies, i.e., for attempts to mimic the recognition surface displayed by a folded protein with unnatural oligomers. Retroinverso peptides, peptoids, terphenyls, beta-hairpins, p-oligobenzamides, beta-peptides, and miniproteins have all been explored as inhibitors of the p53/MDM2 interaction, and we focus on these oligomer-based efforts. Traditional approaches have been successful as well, and we briefly review small molecule inhibitors along with other strategies for reactivation of the p53 pathway, for comparison with oligomer- based approaches. We close with comments on an emerging dichotomy among protein-protein interaction targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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28
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Abstract
The application of microwave irradiation to solid-phase peptide synthesis increases product purity and reduces reaction time. Parallel synthesis in 96-well polypropylene filter plates with microwave irradiation is an efficient method for the rapid generation of combinatorial peptide libraries in sufficient purity to assay the products directly for biological activity without HPLC purification. In this protocol, the solid-phase support is arrayed into each well of a 96-well plate, reagents are delivered using a multichannel pipette and a microwave reactor is used to complete peptide coupling reactions in 6 min and Fmoc-removal reactions in 4 min under temperature-controlled conditions. The microwave-assisted parallel peptide synthesis protocol has been used to generate a library of difficult hexa-beta-peptides in 61% average initial purity (50% yield) and has been applied to the preparation of longer alpha- and beta-peptides. Using this protocol, a library of 96 different hexapeptides can be synthesized in 24 h (excluding characterization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Murray
- Peptide Research and Discovery, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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29
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Sadowsky JD, Murray JK, Tomita Y, Gellman SH. Exploration of Backbone Space in Foldamers Containing α- and β-Amino Acid Residues: Developing Protease-Resistant Oligomers that Bind Tightly to the BH3-Recognition Cleft of Bcl-xL. Chembiochem 2007; 8:903-16. [PMID: 17503422 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play crucial roles in cell-signaling events and are often implicated in human disease. Molecules that bind tightly to functional protein-surface sites and show high stability to degradative enzymes could be valuable pharmacological tools for dissection of cell-signaling networks and might ultimately lead to therapeutic agents. We recently described oligomers containing both alpha- and beta-amino acid residues that bind tightly to the BH3 recognition site of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x(L). The oligomers with highest affinity had a nine-residue N-terminal segment with a 1:1 alpha:beta residue repeat and a six-residue C-terminal segment containing exclusively proteinogenic alpha-residues. The N-terminal portions of such (alpha/beta+alpha)-peptides are highly resistant to proteolysis, but the C-terminal alpha-segments are susceptible. This study emerged from efforts to modify the alpha-segment in an (alpha/beta+alpha)-peptide in a way that would diminish proteolytic degradation but retain high affinity for Bcl-x(L). Some of the oligomers reported here could prove useful in certain biological applications, particularly those for which extended incubation in a biological milieu is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Sadowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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30
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Pal S, Wu J, Murray JK, Gellman SH, Wozniak MA, Keely PJ, Boyer ME, Gomez TM, Hasso SM, Fallon JF, Bresnick EH. Correction: Ubp6 delays destruction. J Cell Biol 2006. [PMCID: PMC2064602 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.20060315220061030c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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31
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Pal S, Wu J, Murray JK, Gellman SH, Wozniak MA, Keely PJ, Boyer ME, Gomez TM, Hasso SM, Fallon JF, Bresnick EH. An antiangiogenic neurokinin-B/thromboxane A2 regulatory axis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 174:1047-58. [PMID: 17000881 PMCID: PMC2064395 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200603152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of angiogenic circuits that orchestrate blood vessel development and remodeling requires an exquisite balance between the activities of pro- and antiangiogenic factors. However, the logic that permits complex signal integration by vascular endothelium is poorly understood. We demonstrate that a “neuropeptide,” neurokinin-B (NK-B), reversibly inhibits endothelial cell vascular network assembly and opposes angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane. Disruption of endogenous NK-B signaling promoted angiogenesis. Mechanistic analyses defined a multicomponent pathway in which NK-B signaling converges upon cellular processes essential for angiogenesis. NK-B−mediated ablation of Ca2+ oscillations and elevation of 3′–5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) reduced cellular proliferation, migration, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression and induced the antiangiogenic protein calreticulin. Whereas NK-B initiated certain responses, other activities required additional stimuli that increase cAMP. Although NK-B is a neurotransmitter/ neuromodulator and NK-B overexpression characterizes the pregnancy-associated disorder preeclampsia, NK-B had not been linked to vascular remodeling. These results establish a conserved mechanism in which NK-B instigates multiple activities that collectively oppose vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumen Pal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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32
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Abstract
To facilitate the preparation of beta-peptide libraries in parallel, we have adapted reaction conditions for the solid-phase synthesis of 14-helical beta-peptides for use in a multimode microwave reactor. The low temperature/pressure requirements of microwave-assisted beta-peptide synthesis were found to be compatible with multiwell filter plates composed of polypropylene. Microwave heating of the 96-well plate was sufficiently homogeneous to allow the rapid preparation of a beta-peptide library in acceptable purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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33
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Murray JK, Singer ER, Morgan KL, Proudman CJ, French NP. Risk factors for cross-country horse falls at one-day events and at two-/three-day events. Vet J 2005; 170:318-24. [PMID: 15953741 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cross-country phase of eventing competitions has been associated with injuries and fatalities to horses and riders. A case-control study was carried out to identify variables that were associated with increased or decreased risk of a horse fall on the cross-country phase at event competitions. After initial analysis, the dataset was split according to the categories of one-day events as compared to two- or three-day events to establish whether significant risk factors varied between the different types of eventing competitions. Data were collected for 121 cases (horse falls) at one-day events, 59 cases at two- or three-day events and for their 540 matched controls. The data were analysed using conditional logistic regression. The variables of no previous refusals on the course, fences with a landing in water and the combined variable of the angle and the spread of the fence were significantly associated with the risk of a horse fall in both datasets. Additional risk factors for one-day event falls were: fences requiring a take-off from water, a drop landing, the rider's knowledge of their position before the cross-country phase and if the rider received cross-country tuition. Three-day event risk factors in the multivariable model included: the camber of the fence and participation in non-equestrian sports by the rider. This study identified variables that were significantly associated with an increase or a decrease in the risk of a horse fall during the cross-country phase of different types of eventing competitions. Some of these variables are modifiable and the results of this study have been reported to the governing body of the sport of eventing in the UK so that possible interventions might be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Murray
- Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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Murray JK, Fitzpatrick JL, French NP, Pinchbeck GL. Epidemiological study of the characteristics of veterinarians who pursue a research career: part 2. Vet Rec 2005; 157:403-7. [PMID: 16199774 DOI: 10.1136/vr.157.14.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective study investigated the characteristics associated with being a veterinary surgeon employed in veterinary research during 2001 to 2003. The main reasons for graduates entering a research career were having opportunities for more intellectual stimulation than was available in practice and having the opportunity to try a research career. Lack of funding and job insecurity were cited as the main factors that might cause a veterinary surgeon working in research to change career. The main reasons given by veterinary surgeons for not considering a research career were that they enjoyed veterinary practice, they liked the contact with animals and their owners, they considered they were not sufficiently academic, and they thought the salary associated with a research career was poor. The graduates working in research stated that the best aspects of their work were the greater intellectual stimulation and the more varied workload; the worst aspects were the conflicting work pressures and the lower salary.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Murray
- Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
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35
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Murray JK, French NP, Fitzpatrick JL, Pinchbeck GL. Epidemiological study of the characteristics of veterinarians who pursue a research career: part I. Vet Rec 2005; 157:369-75. [PMID: 16183895 DOI: 10.1136/vr.157.13.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective, matched case-control study compared the characteristics of veterinary surgeons employed in veterinary research with those who had never held a research post. The cases were randomly selected from graduates of veterinary schools in Great Britain or Ireland who were employed at universities or institutes that conduct research and who played a major role in veterinary research projects during 2001 to 2003. The controls were veterinary surgeons who had not held any post that was primarily a research post since they graduated. The cases and controls were matched by year of graduation and data were obtained for 173 matched sets. Graduates who were significantly (P<0.05) more likely to have a career involving research included male graduates, graduates who had completed a summer studentship, graduates who had completed an internship, residency or houseman's programme, graduates who held a veterinary diploma, and graduates who had intended to pursue a career in research or academia when they graduated from veterinary school. A career involving research was significantly (P<0.05) more likely to be associated with full-time employment and a lower salary than a career that did not involve research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Murray
- Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE
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Murray JK, Farooqi B, Sadowsky JD, Scalf M, Freund WA, Smith LM, Chen J, Gellman SH. Efficient Synthesis of a β-Peptide Combinatorial Library with Microwave Irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:13271-80. [PMID: 16173757 DOI: 10.1021/ja052733v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The predictable relationship between beta-amino acid sequence and folding has inspired several biological applications of beta-peptides. For many such applications, it would be desirable to prepare and screen beta-peptide libraries. However, standard peptide synthesis protocols are not efficient enough to support a library approach for many types of beta-peptides. We recently optimized the solid-phase synthesis of beta-peptides using microwave irradiation, and we have now adapted this approach to synthesis on polystyrene macrobeads. We rapidly prepared a high-quality beta-peptide combinatorial library via a split-and-mix strategy. This library was screened in search of beta-peptide antagonists of the p53-MDM2 protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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37
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Abstract
[structure: see text] We have evaluated the effects of microwave irradiation on the solid-phase synthesis of beta-peptides. Sequences designed to adopt the 14-helix, especially those containing the structure-promoting residue trans-2-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid (ACHC), suffer from poor synthetic efficiency under standard SPPS conditions. A comparison of microwave and conventional heating shows that both provide excellent synthetic results for shorter sequences; however, we identify a clear benefit from microwave irradiation for longer beta-peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Murray JK, Singer ER, Morgan KL, Proudman CJ, French NP. Memory decay and performance-related information bias in the reporting of scores by event riders. Prev Vet Med 2004; 63:173-82. [PMID: 15158569 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2003] [Revised: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We used data from a case-control study investigating risk factors for horse falls in the cross-country phase of eventing in Great Britain (GB) to examine evidence for memory decay and information bias. Responses to two questions obtained by telephone for 173 cases and 521 controls were examined for evidence of differential reporting according to the respondent's case-control status and performance in the dressage and cross-country phases of competitions. Information bias was found in the accuracy of reporting dressage penalty scores when analysed as a function of performance level (good/poor). Poor dressage performers were less likely to report accurate dressage scores than good performers. The accuracy of reporting dressage scores decreased as the time between the event and questionnaire completion increased, with no case-control interaction. Competitors who incurred cross-country jumping penalties at the event preceding the selected event reported their cross-country scores with less accuracy when compared with competitors who incurred no penalties. No information bias was found when the reporting of dressage and cross-country scores were analysed as a function of respondent category (case/control).
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Murray
- Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Neston, Wirral CH647TE, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Murray
- Division of Equine Studies, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE
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Steger AC, Galland RB, Murray JK, Spencer J. The use of hyoscine in upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 1986; 81:615. [PMID: 3717131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Vas W, Molot MJ, Murray JK. Intrathecal herniation of a lumbar disc. J Can Assoc Radiol 1981; 32:64-5. [PMID: 7217174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Murray JK. The neurosurgical approach to low back pain. Appl Ther 1966; 8:1016-22. [PMID: 4227019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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