1
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Gilbertson RJ, Behjati S, Böttcher AL, Bronner ME, Burridge M, Clausing H, Clifford H, Danaher T, Donovan LK, Drost J, Eggermont AMM, Emerson C, Flores MG, Hamerlik P, Jabado N, Jones A, Kaessmann H, Kleinman CL, Kool M, Kutscher LM, Lindberg G, Linnane E, Marioni JC, Maris JM, Monje M, Macaskill A, Niederer S, Northcott PA, Peeters E, Plieger-van Solkema W, Preußner L, Rios AC, Rippe K, Sandford P, Sgourakis NG, Shlien A, Smith P, Straathof K, Sullivan PJ, Suvà ML, Taylor MD, Thompson E, Vento-Tormo R, Wainwright BJ, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Westermann F, Winslade S, Al-Lazikani B, Pfister SM. The Virtual Child. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:663-668. [PMID: 38571421 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
SUMMARY We are building the world's first Virtual Child-a computer model of normal and cancerous human development at the level of each individual cell. The Virtual Child will "develop cancer" that we will subject to unlimited virtual clinical trials that pinpoint, predict, and prioritize potential new treatments, bringing forward the day when no child dies of cancer, giving each one the opportunity to lead a full and healthy life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Gilbertson
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Lisa Böttcher
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura K Donovan
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, United Kingdom
| | - Jarno Drost
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Nada Jabado
- Department of Paediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Henrick Kaessmann
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lena M Kutscher
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Emily Linnane
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John C Marioni
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Steven Niederer
- Turing Research and Innovation Cluster in Digital Twins (TRIC: DT), The Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | - Anne C Rios
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karsten Rippe
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division of Chromatin Networks, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Nikolaos G Sgourakis
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Shlien
- Genetics and Genomics Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pete Smith
- Hula Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karin Straathof
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mario L Suvà
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Hematology-Oncology Section and Department of Pediatrics - Hematology/Oncology and Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Brandon J Wainwright
- The University of Queensland Frazer Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Frank Westermann
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Bissan Al-Lazikani
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Wienke J, Visser LL, Kholosy WM, Keller KM, Barisa M, Poon E, Munnings-Tomes S, Himsworth C, Calton E, Rodriguez A, Bernardi R, van den Ham F, van Hooff SR, Matser YAH, Tas ML, Langenberg KPS, Lijnzaad P, Borst AL, Zappa E, Bergsma FJ, Strijker JGM, Verhoeven BM, Mei S, Kramdi A, Restuadi R, Sanchez-Bernabeu A, Cornel AM, Holstege FCP, Gray JC, Tytgat GAM, Scheijde-Vermeulen MA, Wijnen MHWA, Dierselhuis MP, Straathof K, Behjati S, Wu W, Heck AJR, Koster J, Nierkens S, Janoueix-Lerosey I, de Krijger RR, Baryawno N, Chesler L, Anderson J, Caron HN, Margaritis T, van Noesel MM, Molenaar JJ. Integrative analysis of neuroblastoma by single-cell RNA sequencing identifies the NECTIN2-TIGIT axis as a target for immunotherapy. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:283-300.e8. [PMID: 38181797 PMCID: PMC10864003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma have poor survival rates and urgently need more effective treatment options with less side effects. Since novel and improved immunotherapies may fill this need, we dissect the immunoregulatory interactions in neuroblastoma by single-cell RNA-sequencing of 24 tumors (10 pre- and 14 post-chemotherapy, including 5 pairs) to identify strategies for optimizing immunotherapy efficacy. Neuroblastomas are infiltrated by natural killer (NK), T and B cells, and immunosuppressive myeloid populations. NK cells show reduced cytotoxicity and T cells have a dysfunctional profile. Interaction analysis reveals a vast immunoregulatory network and identifies NECTIN2-TIGIT as a crucial immune checkpoint. Combined blockade of TIGIT and PD-L1 significantly reduces neuroblastoma growth, with complete responses (CR) in vivo. Moreover, addition of TIGIT+PD-L1 blockade to standard relapse treatment in a chemotherapy-resistant Th-ALKF1174L/MYCN 129/SvJ syngeneic model induces CR. In conclusion, our integrative analysis provides promising targets and a rationale for immunotherapeutic combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Wienke
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Lindy L Visser
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Waleed M Kholosy
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kaylee M Keller
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Barisa
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Evon Poon
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sophie Munnings-Tomes
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Courtney Himsworth
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Calton
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Ronald Bernardi
- Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Femke van den Ham
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Yvette A H Matser
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle L Tas
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Philip Lijnzaad
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne L Borst
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elisa Zappa
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Bronte M Verhoeven
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shenglin Mei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amira Kramdi
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France; SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Restuadi Restuadi
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alvaro Sanchez-Bernabeu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annelisa M Cornel
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Juliet C Gray
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Marc H W A Wijnen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Karin Straathof
- University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei Wu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Janoueix-Lerosey
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France; SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ronald R de Krijger
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ninib Baryawno
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louis Chesler
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - John Anderson
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | | | | | - Max M van Noesel
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division Imaging & Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan J Molenaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Kildisiute G, Kalyva M, Elmentaite R, van Dongen S, Thevanesan C, Piapi A, Ambridge K, Prigmore E, Haniffa M, Teichmann SA, Straathof K, Cortés-Ciriano I, Behjati S, Young MD. Transcriptional signals of transformation in human cancer. Genome Med 2024; 16:8. [PMID: 38195504 PMCID: PMC10775554 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As normal cells transform into cancers, their cell state changes, which may drive cancer cells into a stem-like or more primordial, foetal, or embryonic cell state. The transcriptomic profile of this final state may encode information about cancer's origin and how cancers relate to their normal cell counterparts. METHODS Here, we used single-cell atlases to study cancer transformation in transcriptional terms. We utilised bulk transcriptomes across a wide spectrum of adult and childhood cancers, using a previously established method to interrogate their relationship to normal cell states. We extend and validate these findings using single-cell cancer transcriptomes and organ-specific atlases of colorectal and liver cancer. RESULTS Our bulk transcriptomic data reveals that adult cancers rarely return to an embryonic state, but that a foetal state is a near-universal feature of childhood cancers. This finding was confirmed with single-cell cancer transcriptomes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a nuanced picture of transformation in human cancer, indicating cancer-specific rather than universal patterns of transformation pervade adult epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda Kildisiute
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Maria Kalyva
- EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rasa Elmentaite
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stijn van Dongen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Christine Thevanesan
- University College London Cancer Institute and Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Alice Piapi
- University College London Cancer Institute and Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Kirsty Ambridge
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elena Prigmore
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute and Newcastle NIHR-BRC Dermatology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karin Straathof
- University College London Cancer Institute and Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Matthew D Young
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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4
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Mahdi J, Dietrich J, Straathof K, Roddie C, Scott BJ, Davidson TB, Prolo LM, Batchelor TT, Campen CJ, Davis KL, Gust J, Lim M, Majzner RG, Park JR, Partap S, Ramakrishna S, Richards R, Schultz L, Vitanza NA, Wang LD, Mackall CL, Monje M. Tumor inflammation-associated neurotoxicity. Nat Med 2023; 29:803-810. [PMID: 37024595 PMCID: PMC10166099 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02276-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies have unique toxicities. Establishment of grading scales and standardized grade-based treatment algorithms for toxicity syndromes can improve the safety of these treatments, as observed for cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) in patients with B cell malignancies treated with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. We have observed a toxicity syndrome, distinct from CRS and ICANS, in patients treated with cell therapies for tumors in the central nervous system (CNS), which we term tumor inflammation-associated neurotoxicity (TIAN). Encompassing the concept of 'pseudoprogression,' but broader than inflammation-induced edema alone, TIAN is relevant not only to cellular therapies, but also to other immunotherapies for CNS tumors. To facilitate the safe administration of cell therapies for patients with CNS tumors, we define TIAN, propose a toxicity grading scale for TIAN syndrome and discuss the potential management of this entity, with the goal of standardizing both reporting and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasia Mahdi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karin Straathof
- Research Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Roddie
- Research Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brian J Scott
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tom Belle Davidson
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura M Prolo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia J Campen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kara L Davis
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Juliane Gust
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robbie G Majzner
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julie R Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sonia Partap
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sneha Ramakrishna
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Richards
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Liora Schultz
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Vitanza
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leo D Wang
- City of Hope, Departments of Pediatrics and Immuno-oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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5
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Jones C, Straathof K, Fouladi M, Hargrave D, Prados M, Resnick A, Doz F, Jones DT, Mueller S. Evaluating preclinical evidence for clinical translation in childhood brain tumours: Guidelines from the CONNECT, PNOC, and ITCC brain networks. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1167082. [PMID: 37091147 PMCID: PMC10114612 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1167082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical outcomes for many childhood brain tumours remain poor, despite our increasing understanding of the underlying disease biology. Advances in molecular diagnostics have refined our ability to classify tumour types and subtypes, and efforts are underway across multiple international paediatric neuro-oncology consortia to take novel biological insights in the worst prognosis entities into innovative clinical trials. Whilst for the first time we are designing such studies on the basis of disease-specific biological data, the levels of preclincial evidence in appropriate model systems on which these trials are initiated is still widely variable. We have considered these issues between CONNECT, PNOC and ITCC-Brain, and developed a framework in which we can assess novel concepts being brought forward for possible clinical translation. Whilst not intended to be proscriptive for every possible circumstance, these criteria provide a basis for self-assessment of evidence by laboratory scientists, and a platform for discussion and rational decision-making prior to moving forward clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Jones
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Chris Jones, ; Karin Straathof, ; Sabine Mueller,
| | - Karin Straathof
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, University College Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Chris Jones, ; Karin Straathof, ; Sabine Mueller,
| | - Maryam Fouladi
- Pediatric Brain Tumor Program, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Darren Hargrave
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, University College Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Haematology and Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Prados
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam Resnick
- Division of Neurosurgery, Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Childrens Hospital of Philadelpia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Francois Doz
- SIREDO Centre (Care, Innovation and Research in Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie and Univesity Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - David T.W. Jones
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Mueller
- Department Neurology, Neurosurgery & Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Chris Jones, ; Karin Straathof, ; Sabine Mueller,
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6
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Cockle J, Bjerke L, Mackay A, Grabovska Y, Burford A, Molinari V, Pereira R, Boult J, Robinson S, Carvalho DM, Clarke M, Titley I, Yara E, Straathof K, Wennerberg E, Becher O, Castro M, Melcher A, Jones C. IMMU-12. Exploring and modulating the tumour immune microenvironment to facilitate the selection of immunotherapies for paediatric-type diffuse high-grade glioma. Neuro Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac079.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Immune cells have the potential to selectively eradicate high-risk brain tumours such as paediatric-type diffuse high-grade glioma (PDHGG). We aim to characterize the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) of intra-cranial syngeneic mouse models of diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3G34 (DHG-H3G34) and diffuse midline glioma, H3K27 (DMG-H3K27). We also demonstrate how an oncolytic reovirus (Reolysin) can “heat-up” the TIME of our syngeneic models. Orthotopic immunocompetent mouse models of DHG-H3G34 (C57BL/6, NRASG12V + shp53 + shATRX +/- H3.3G34R) and DMG-H3K27 (Nestin-Tv-a/p53fl/fl, RCAS-ACVR1R206H + RCAS-H3.1K27M) were profiled using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) (10x genomics), a 22-colour custom flow cytometry immune panel and spatial transcriptomics. Differential marker expression was validated with immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence in tissue sections. Syngeneic mouse tumours treated systemically with Reolysin were also profiled to evaluate the effects of the oncolytic virus on the TIME. Cell type predictions in scRNA-seq using singleR, ssGSEA and expression of individual marker genes suggested that the predominant immune cell types within hemispheric tumours were monocytes (11-21%) and macrophages (10-19%) with much smaller proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells (4-10%). By contrast, much smaller proportions of monocytes (2%) and macrophages (3%) were observed in the H3.1K27M pontine model. Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence validated scRNA-seq immune profiles and characterised signalling of the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint pathway. Spatial transcriptomics allowed immune cell populations to be positioned within tumour sections and showed significant co-localization of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes at tumour margins. Treatment of syngeneic mouse tumours with Reolysin resulted in reduced tumour volumes and altered the TIME, in particular increasing cytotoxic T-cell tumour infiltration. Our results highlight immunological heterogeneity within molecular subgroups of PDHGG and demonstrate ability of a systemically delivered oncolytic virus, Reolysin, to “heat-up” the TIME, contributing to a more immune actionable profile. Future work will help to identify optimal combinations for the next generation of immunotherapies in PDHGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cockle
- Institute of Cancer Research , London , United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust , Surrey , United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Bjerke
- Institute of Cancer Research , London , United Kingdom
| | - Alan Mackay
- Institute of Cancer Research , London , United Kingdom
| | | | - Anna Burford
- Institute of Cancer Research , London , United Kingdom
| | | | - Rita Pereira
- Institute of Cancer Research , London , United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Boult
- Institute of Cancer Research , London , United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Ian Titley
- Institute of Cancer Research , London , United Kingdom
| | - Erika Yara
- Institute of Cancer Research , London , United Kingdom
| | - Karin Straathof
- University College London, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London , United Kingdom
| | | | - Oren Becher
- Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital , New York , USA
| | - Maria Castro
- University of Michigan Medical School , Michigan , USA
| | - Alan Melcher
- Institute of Cancer Research , London , United Kingdom
| | - Chris Jones
- Institute of Cancer Research , London , United Kingdom
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7
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Hotblack A, Wawrzyniecka P, Cheng GWK, Nannini F, Pule M, Straathof K. IMMU-16. Next-generation CAR T-cells targeting IL13RA2 and secreting IL-15 achieve durable tumour clearance in pre-clinical model of diffuse midline glioma. Neuro Oncol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9165357 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac079.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells engineered with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to acquire tumour specificity provide a possible new treatment approach for childhood brain tumours. Durable clinical remissions have been achieved with CD19-directed CAR T-cells in refractory B-cell malignancies including control of leptomeningeal disease and parenchymal deposits. Early clinical data of CAR-T cells in adult glioblastoma and diffuse midline glioma (DMG) further support the rationale for development of CAR-T cell therapy for paediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) and other high-risk childhood brain tumours. IL13RA2 provides a suitable CAR target. It is expressed in the majority of pHGG including DMGs while expression is absent on normal (paediatric) brain tissue. Early results with CAR T-cell therapy for adult HGG has shown that IL13RA2 can be safely targeted, and potent anti-tumour activity is possible. However, responses are variable and ultimately transient. This is likely due to the immunosuppressive environment encountered by CAR T-cells at tumour sites which hampers persistent tumour-directed immunity. Here we develop a next generation CAR approach engineering T-cells with both a CAR and a cytokine signal which supports persistent anti-tumour immunity. We have generated novel IL13RA2-specific antibodies and used these to construct CARs. Using a functional screening approach assessing target-specific cytolytic function, T-cell proliferation and cytokine release, we selected the optimal IL13RA2-CAR design. Then, we generated a next generation CAR construct co-expressing inflammatory cytokine IL-15 with the IL13RA2-CAR. In a PDX model of DMG, T-cells transduced with IL13RA2-CARIL-15, in contrast to IL13RA2-CAR alone, induced long-term tumour clearance. Further in vitro testing of IL13RA2-CARIL-15 showed enhanced proliferation and resistance to immune-suppressive secreted factors such as TGF-β. In conclusion, co-expression of IL-15 with IL13RA2-CAR enhances CAR T-cell proliferation and in vivo persistence and achieves durable tumour clearance. IL13RA2-CARIL-15 is being translated into a phase I clinical trial for patients with DMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Hotblack
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London , United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute , London , United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Martin Pule
- UCL Cancer Institute , London , United Kingdom
| | - Karin Straathof
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London , United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute , London , United Kingdom
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8
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Khabirova E, Jardine L, Coorens THH, Webb S, Treger TD, Engelbert J, Porter T, Prigmore E, Collord G, Piapi A, Teichmann SA, Inglott S, Williams O, Heidenreich O, Young MD, Straathof K, Bomken S, Bartram J, Haniffa M, Behjati S. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals a distinct developmental state of KMT2A-rearranged infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Med 2022; 28:743-751. [PMID: 35288693 PMCID: PMC9018413 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
KMT2A-rearranged infant ALL is an aggressive childhood leukemia with poor prognosis. Here, we investigated the developmental state of KMT2A-rearranged infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) using bulk messenger RNA (mRNA) meta-analysis and examination of single lymphoblast transcriptomes against a developing bone marrow reference. KMT2A-rearranged infant B-ALL was uniquely dominated by an early lymphocyte precursor (ELP) state, whereas less adverse NUTM1-rearranged infant ALL demonstrated signals of later developing B cells, in line with most other childhood B-ALLs. We compared infant lymphoblasts with ELP cells and revealed that the cancer harbored hybrid myeloid-lymphoid features, including nonphysiological antigen combinations potentially targetable to achieve cancer specificity. We validated surface coexpression of exemplar combinations by flow cytometry. Through analysis of shared mutations in separate leukemias from a child with infant KMT2A-rearranged B-ALL relapsing as AML, we established that KMT2A rearrangement occurred in very early development, before hematopoietic specification, emphasizing that cell of origin cannot be inferred from the transcriptional state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Jardine
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Haematology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Simone Webb
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Taryn D Treger
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Justin Engelbert
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Grace Collord
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Alice Piapi
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Sarah Inglott
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Owen Williams
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Olaf Heidenreich
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Karin Straathof
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Simon Bomken
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- The Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Jack Bartram
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) allow redirection of T cells against any surface antigen. However, CARs require optimization to achieve activity against low-density antigens. Heitzeneder et al. perform an iterative adjustment of CAR components to reach a design for targeting cerebroglycan (GPC2) that shows potent pre-clinical activity in neuroblastoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Hotblack
- University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Karin Straathof
- University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK.
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10
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Young MD, Mitchell TJ, Custers L, Margaritis T, Morales-Rodriguez F, Kwakwa K, Khabirova E, Kildisiute G, Oliver TRW, de Krijger RR, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Comitani F, Piapi A, Bugallo-Blanco E, Thevanesan C, Burke C, Prigmore E, Ambridge K, Roberts K, Braga FAV, Coorens THH, Del Valle I, Wilbrey-Clark A, Mamanova L, Stewart GD, Gnanapragasam VJ, Rampling D, Sebire N, Coleman N, Hook L, Warren A, Haniffa M, Kool M, Pfister SM, Achermann JC, He X, Barker RA, Shlien A, Bayraktar OA, Teichmann SA, Holstege FC, Meyer KB, Drost J, Straathof K, Behjati S. Single cell derived mRNA signals across human kidney tumors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3896. [PMID: 34162837 PMCID: PMC8222373 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells may share some patterns of gene expression with their cell of origin, providing clues into the differentiation state and origin of cancer. Here, we study the differentiation state and cellular origin of 1300 childhood and adult kidney tumors. Using single cell mRNA reference maps of normal tissues, we quantify reference "cellular signals" in each tumor. Quantifying global differentiation, we find that childhood tumors exhibit fetal cellular signals, replacing the presumption of "fetalness" with a quantitative measure of immaturity. By contrast, in adult cancers our assessment refutes the suggestion of dedifferentiation towards a fetal state in most cases. We find an intimate connection between developmental mesenchymal populations and childhood renal tumors. We demonstrate the diagnostic potential of our approach with a case study of a cryptic renal tumor. Our findings provide a cellular definition of human renal tumors through an approach that is broadly applicable to human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Young
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Thomas J Mitchell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lars Custers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Francisco Morales-Rodriguez
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kwasi Kwakwa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleonora Khabirova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gerda Kildisiute
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas R W Oliver
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ronald R de Krijger
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Federico Comitani
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alice Piapi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | - Christina Burke
- UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Elena Prigmore
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kirsty Ambridge
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenny Roberts
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tim H H Coorens
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ignacio Del Valle
- UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Anna Wilbrey-Clark
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lira Mamanova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Grant D Stewart
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent J Gnanapragasam
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Urology Translational Research and Clinical Trials office, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0QQ University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dyanne Rampling
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil Sebire
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital BRC and Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Liz Hook
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Warren
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Intitute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Marcel Kool
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Hopp Children´s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children´s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John C Achermann
- UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Xiaoling He
- MRC-WT Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- MRC-WT Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Shlien
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Omer A Bayraktar
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank C Holstege
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin B Meyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jarno Drost
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin Straathof
- UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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11
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Custers L, Khabirova E, Coorens THH, Oliver TRW, Calandrini C, Young MD, Vieira Braga FA, Ellis P, Mamanova L, Segers H, Maat A, Kool M, Hoving EW, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Nicholson J, Straathof K, Hook L, de Krijger RR, Trayers C, Allinson K, Behjati S, Drost J. Somatic mutations and single-cell transcriptomes reveal the root of malignant rhabdoid tumours. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1407. [PMID: 33658498 PMCID: PMC7930245 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant rhabdoid tumour (MRT) is an often lethal childhood cancer that, like many paediatric tumours, is thought to arise from aberrant fetal development. The embryonic root and differentiation pathways underpinning MRT are not firmly established. Here, we study the origin of MRT by combining phylogenetic analyses and single-cell mRNA studies in patient-derived organoids. Comparison of somatic mutations shared between cancer and surrounding normal tissues places MRT in a lineage with neural crest-derived Schwann cells. Single-cell mRNA readouts of MRT differentiation, which we examine by reverting the genetic driver mutation underpinning MRT, SMARCB1 loss, suggest that cells are blocked en route to differentiating into mesenchyme. Quantitative transcriptional predictions indicate that combined HDAC and mTOR inhibition mimic MRT differentiation, which we confirm experimentally. Our study defines the developmental block of MRT and reveals potential differentiation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Custers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, 3584CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tim H H Coorens
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Saffron Walden, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Thomas R W Oliver
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Saffron Walden, CB10 1SA, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Camilla Calandrini
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, 3584CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew D Young
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Saffron Walden, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Peter Ellis
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Saffron Walden, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lira Mamanova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Saffron Walden, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Heidi Segers
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arie Maat
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Kool
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ and German Cancer Consortium DKTK, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eelco W Hoving
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - James Nicholson
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Karin Straathof
- UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Liz Hook
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Ronald R de Krijger
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Claire Trayers
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kieren Allinson
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Saffron Walden, CB10 1SA, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Jarno Drost
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, 3584CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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12
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Kildisiute G, Kholosy WM, Young MD, Roberts K, Elmentaite R, van Hooff SR, Pacyna CN, Khabirova E, Piapi A, Thevanesan C, Bugallo-Blanco E, Burke C, Mamanova L, Keller KM, Langenberg-Ververgaert KPS, Lijnzaad P, Margaritis T, Holstege FCP, Tas ML, Wijnen MHWA, van Noesel MM, Del Valle I, Barone G, van der Linden R, Duncan C, Anderson J, Achermann JC, Haniffa M, Teichmann SA, Rampling D, Sebire NJ, He X, de Krijger RR, Barker RA, Meyer KB, Bayraktar O, Straathof K, Molenaar JJ, Behjati S. Tumor to normal single-cell mRNA comparisons reveal a pan-neuroblastoma cancer cell. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabd3311. [PMID: 33547074 PMCID: PMC7864567 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer that resembles developmental stages of the neural crest. It is not established what developmental processes neuroblastoma cancer cells represent. Here, we sought to reveal the phenotype of neuroblastoma cancer cells by comparing cancer (n = 19,723) with normal fetal adrenal single-cell transcriptomes (n = 57,972). Our principal finding was that the neuroblastoma cancer cell resembled fetal sympathoblasts, but no other fetal adrenal cell type. The sympathoblastic state was a universal feature of neuroblastoma cells, transcending cell cluster diversity, individual patients, and clinical phenotypes. We substantiated our findings in 650 neuroblastoma bulk transcriptomes and by integrating canonical features of the neuroblastoma genome with transcriptional signals. Overall, our observations indicate that a pan-neuroblastoma cancer cell state exists, which may be attractive for novel immunotherapeutic and targeted avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waleed M Kholosy
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Sander R van Hooff
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Alice Piapi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | | | | | - Christina Burke
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | | | - Kaylee M Keller
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Philip Lijnzaad
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thanasis Margaritis
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frank C P Holstege
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michelle L Tas
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc H W A Wijnen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Max M van Noesel
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ignacio Del Valle
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Barone
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (GOSH), NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | | | - Catriona Duncan
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (GOSH), NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - John Anderson
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (GOSH), NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - John C Achermann
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, CB10 1SA Hinxton, UK
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, NE2 4LP Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Dyanne Rampling
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (GOSH), NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - Neil J Sebire
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (GOSH), NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - Xiaoling He
- MRC-WT Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - Ronald R de Krijger
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roger A Barker
- MRC-WT Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Karin Straathof
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (GOSH), NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - Jan J Molenaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, CB10 1SA Hinxton, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
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13
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Agliardi G, Liuzzi AR, Hotblack A, De Feo D, Núñez N, Stowe CL, Friebel E, Nannini F, Rindlisbacher L, Roberts TA, Ramasawmy R, Williams IP, Siow BM, Lythgoe MF, Kalber TL, Quezada SA, Pule MA, Tugues S, Straathof K, Becher B. Intratumoral IL-12 delivery empowers CAR-T cell immunotherapy in a pre-clinical model of glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:444. [PMID: 33469002 PMCID: PMC7815781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of primary brain cancer, for which effective therapies are urgently needed. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based immunotherapy represents a promising therapeutic approach, but it is often impeded by highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TME). Here, in an immunocompetent, orthotopic GBM mouse model, we show that CAR-T cells targeting tumor-specific epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) alone fail to control fully established tumors but, when combined with a single, locally delivered dose of IL-12, achieve durable anti-tumor responses. IL-12 not only boosts cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells, but also reshapes the TME, driving increased infiltration of proinflammatory CD4+ T cells, decreased numbers of regulatory T cells (Treg), and activation of the myeloid compartment. Importantly, the immunotherapy-enabling benefits of IL-12 are achieved with minimal systemic effects. Our findings thus show that local delivery of IL-12 may be an effective adjuvant for CAR-T cell therapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Agliardi
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alastair Hotblack
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Donatella De Feo
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolás Núñez
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cassandra L Stowe
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Ekaterina Friebel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Nannini
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Lukas Rindlisbacher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Roberts
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Rajiv Ramasawmy
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Iwan P Williams
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Bernard M Siow
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Tammy L Kalber
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Martin A Pule
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK
| | - Sonia Tugues
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Straathof
- Research Department of Hematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, WC1E 6DD, London, UK.
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, WC1N 1EH, London, UK.
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Agliardi G, Liuzzi AR, Hotblack A, De Feo D, Núñez N, Friebel E, Nannini F, Roberts T, Ramasawmy R, Stowe C, Williams I, Siow B, Lythgoe M, Kalber T, Quezada S, Pule M, Tugues S, Becher B, Straathof K. IMMU-16. INTRA-TUMOURAL IL-12 DELIVERY ENABLES CAR T-CELL IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA. Neuro Oncol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7715834 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Treatment with T-cells redirected to tumour specificity with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) may be well suited to treat intracranial tumours due to the ability of T-cells to access the central nervous system and migrate to infiltrative sites of disease. In adult glioblastoma, a case report of local and distant eradication of intracranial and spinal tumour deposits following intraventricular infusion of IL13Ra2-CAR T-cells indicates the potential of this approach. However, in contrast to the sustained complete remissions observed in haematological malignancies, in the majority of patients with glioblastoma CAR T-cell therapy has not resulted in clinical benefit. Tumour heterogeneity and the highly immune inhibitory tumour microenvironment (TME) are likely key barriers to achieving durable anti-tumour immunity. Here use intra-tumoural administration of IL-12 to enable CAR T-cell immunity. We employed CAR-T cells targeting the tumour-specific epidermal growth factor variant III (EGFRvIII). In an immunocompetent orthotopic mouse model of high-grade glioma, we show that CAR-T cells alone failed to control fully established tumour, but when combined with a single, locally delivered dose of IL-12, durable antitumor responses were achieved. IL-12 not only boosted cytotoxicity of CAR T-cells, but also reshaped the TME driving increased infiltration of proinflammatory CD4+ T-cells, decreased numbers of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and activation of the myeloid compartment. Critically, immunotherapy enabling benefits of IL-12 were achieved with minimal systemic effects. Our findings show that local delivery of IL-12 is an effective adjuvant for CAR-T cell therapy for high-grade glioma. Assessment of application in high-risk childhood brain tumours is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | | | - Donatella De Feo
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Nicolás Núñez
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Friebel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Roberts
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, GB, United Kingdom
| | - Rajiv Ramasawmy
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, GB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Bernard Siow
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, GB, United Kingdom
- Francis Crick Institute, London, GB, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Lythgoe
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, GB, United Kingdom
| | - Tammy Kalber
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, London, GB, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin Pule
- UCL Cancer Institute, London, GB, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Tugues
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Karin Straathof
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, GB, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, London, GB, United Kingdom
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15
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Straathof K, Flutter B, Wallace R, Jain N, Loka T, Depani S, Wright G, Thomas S, Cheung GWK, Gileadi T, Stafford S, Kokalaki E, Barton J, Marriott C, Rampling D, Ogunbiyi O, Akarca AU, Marafioti T, Inglott S, Gilmour K, Al-Hajj M, Day W, McHugh K, Biassoni L, Sizer N, Barton C, Edwards D, Dragoni I, Silvester J, Dyer K, Traub S, Elson L, Brook S, Westwood N, Robson L, Bedi A, Howe K, Barry A, Duncan C, Barone G, Pule M, Anderson J. Antitumor activity without on-target off-tumor toxicity of GD2-chimeric antigen receptor T cells in patients with neuroblastoma. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eabd6169. [PMID: 33239386 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd6169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The reprogramming of a patient's immune system through genetic modification of the T cell compartment with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has led to durable remissions in chemotherapy-refractory B cell cancers. Targeting of solid cancers by CAR-T cells is dependent on their infiltration and expansion within the tumor microenvironment, and thus far, fewer clinical responses have been reported. Here, we report a phase 1 study (NCT02761915) in which we treated 12 children with relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma with escalating doses of second-generation GD2-directed CAR-T cells and increasing intensity of preparative lymphodepletion. Overall, no patients had objective clinical response at the evaluation point +28 days after CAR-T cell infusion using standard radiological response criteria. However, of the six patients receiving ≥108/meter2 CAR-T cells after fludarabine/cyclophosphamide conditioning, two experienced grade 2 to 3 cytokine release syndrome, and three demonstrated regression of soft tissue and bone marrow disease. This clinical activity was achieved without on-target off-tumor toxicity. Targeting neuroblastoma with GD2 CAR-T cells appears to be a valid and safe strategy but requires further modification to promote CAR-T cell longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Straathof
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Barry Flutter
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Rebecca Wallace
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Neha Jain
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Thalia Loka
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Sarita Depani
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Gary Wright
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Simon Thomas
- UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
- Autolus Ltd., London W12 7FP, UK
| | | | - Talia Gileadi
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sian Stafford
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Jack Barton
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Clare Marriott
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Dyanne Rampling
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Olumide Ogunbiyi
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah Inglott
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Kimberly Gilmour
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | | | | | - Kieran McHugh
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Lorenzo Biassoni
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Natalie Sizer
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Claire Barton
- Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, London E20 1JQ, UK
| | - David Edwards
- Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, London E20 1JQ, UK
| | - Ilaria Dragoni
- Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, London E20 1JQ, UK
| | - Julie Silvester
- Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, London E20 1JQ, UK
| | - Karen Dyer
- Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, London E20 1JQ, UK
| | - Stephanie Traub
- Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, London E20 1JQ, UK
| | - Lily Elson
- Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, London E20 1JQ, UK
| | - Sue Brook
- Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, London E20 1JQ, UK
| | - Nigel Westwood
- Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, London E20 1JQ, UK
| | - Lesley Robson
- Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, London E20 1JQ, UK
| | - Ami Bedi
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Karen Howe
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ailish Barry
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Catriona Duncan
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Giuseppe Barone
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | | | - John Anderson
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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16
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Coorens THH, Treger TD, Al-Saadi R, Moore L, Tran MGB, Mitchell TJ, Tugnait S, Thevanesan C, Young MD, Oliver TRW, Oostveen M, Collord G, Tarpey PS, Cagan A, Hooks Y, Brougham M, Reynolds BC, Barone G, Anderson J, Jorgensen M, Burke GAA, Visser J, Nicholson JC, Smeulders N, Mushtaq I, Stewart GD, Campbell PJ, Wedge DC, Martincorena I, Rampling D, Hook L, Warren AY, Coleman N, Chowdhury T, Sebire N, Drost J, Saeb-Parsy K, Stratton MR, Straathof K, Pritchard-Jones K, Behjati S. Embryonal precursors of Wilms tumor. Science 2019; 366:1247-1251. [PMID: 31806814 PMCID: PMC6914378 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adult cancers often arise from premalignant clonal expansions. Whether the same is true of childhood tumors has been unclear. To investigate whether Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma; a childhood kidney cancer) develops from a premalignant background, we examined the phylogenetic relationship between tumors and corresponding normal tissues. In 14 of 23 cases studied (61%), we found premalignant clonal expansions in morphologically normal kidney tissues that preceded tumor development. These clonal expansions were defined by somatic mutations shared between tumor and normal tissues but absent from blood cells. We also found hypermethylation of the H19 locus, a known driver of Wilms tumor development, in 58% of the expansions. Phylogenetic analyses of bilateral tumors indicated that clonal expansions can evolve before the divergence of left and right kidney primordia. These findings reveal embryonal precursors from which unilateral and multifocal cancers develop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taryn D Treger
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Reem Al-Saadi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Luiza Moore
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Maxine G B Tran
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2PS, UK
- Specialist Centre for Kidney Cancer, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2PS, UK
| | - Thomas J Mitchell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Suzanne Tugnait
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas R W Oliver
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Minou Oostveen
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Grace Collord
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Patrick S Tarpey
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alex Cagan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Mark Brougham
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, UK
| | - Ben C Reynolds
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Giuseppe Barone
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - John Anderson
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Mette Jorgensen
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - G A Amos Burke
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Johannes Visser
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James C Nicholson
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Naima Smeulders
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Imran Mushtaq
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Grant D Stewart
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - David C Wedge
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Dyanne Rampling
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Liz Hook
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Tanzina Chowdhury
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Neil Sebire
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Jarno Drost
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Oncode Institute, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Karin Straathof
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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17
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Barton J, Pacey K, Jain N, Kasia T, Edwards D, Thevanesan C, Straathof K, Barone G, Anderson J. Establishment and phenotyping of neurosphere cultures from primary neuroblastoma samples. F1000Res 2019; 8:823. [PMID: 31316758 PMCID: PMC6611133 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18209.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Primary cell culture using serum free media supplemented with growth factors has been used in a number of cancers to propagate primary cells with stem like properties, which form as spherical cellular aggregates. Methods: We systematically evaluated the capacity of freshly disaggregated neuroblastoma tumors to become established as neurospheres in stem cell media using a uniform protocol. 67 primary neuroblastoma samples from patients treated at a single institution were prospectively evaluated for their ability to become established in culture. Samples, either solid tissue or cells from surgical transit fluid both post chemotherapy and chemotherapy naïve, were evaluated from diagnostic needle biopsies or surgical resections. Results: Overall 37 neurosphere cultures were successfully established from 67 samples. In 11 out of 14 cases investigated by flow cytometry, uniform staining for neuroblastoma markers CD56 and GD2 was demonstrated in CD45 negative non-hemopoietic cells, confirming neuroblastoma origin. Conclusion: We present a simple and reproducible approach for producing primary neurospheres from neuroblastoma samples, which provides a reliable resource for future work including genetic analysis, stem cell research and models for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Barton
- Cancer Section, DBC Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Katherine Pacey
- Cancer Section, DBC Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Neha Jain
- Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Tessa Kasia
- Cancer Section, DBC Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Darren Edwards
- Cancer Section, DBC Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Christine Thevanesan
- Cancer Section, DBC Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Karin Straathof
- Cancer Section, DBC Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Barone
- Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - John Anderson
- Cancer Section, DBC Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
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18
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Straathof K, Flutter B, Wallace R, Thomas S, Cheung G, Collura A, Gileadi T, Barton J, Wright G, Inglott S, Edwards D, Barton C, Dyer K, Westwood N, Loka T, Depani S, Howe K, Barone G, Pule M, Anderson J. Abstract CT145: A Cancer Research UK phase I trial of anti-GD2 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transduced T-cells (1RG-CART) in patients with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma. Clin Trials 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-ct145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Nailor A, Walker DA, Jacques TS, Warren KE, Brem H, Kearns PR, Greenwood J, Penny JI, Pilkington GJ, Carcaboso AM, Fleischhack G, Macarthur D, Slavc I, Meijer L, Gill S, Lowis S, van Vuurden DG, Pearl MS, Clifford SC, Morrissy S, Ivanov DP, Beccaria K, Gilbertson RJ, Straathof K, Green JJ, Smith S, Rahman R, Kilday JP. Highlights of Children with Cancer UK's Workshop on Drug Delivery in Paediatric Brain Tumours. Ecancermedicalscience 2016; 10:630. [PMID: 27110286 PMCID: PMC4817522 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2016.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The first Workshop on Drug Delivery in Paediatric Brain Tumours was hosted in London by the charity Children with Cancer UK. The goals of the workshop were to break down the barriers to treating central nervous system (CNS) tumours in children, leading to new collaborations and further innovations in this under-represented and emotive field. These barriers include the physical delivery challenges presented by the blood-brain barrier, the underpinning reasons for the intractability of CNS cancers, and the practical difficulties of delivering cancer treatment to the brains of children. Novel techniques for overcoming these problems were discussed, new models brought forth, and experiences compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Nailor
- Cancer Intelligence, 154 Cheltenham Road, Bristol, UK BS6 5RL
| | - David A Walker
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Room EE 1833a Nottingham Children’s Hospital, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK NG7 2UH
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford St, London, UK WC1N 1EH
| | - Kathy E Warren
- National Cancer Institute, Building 10 - Hatfield CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892–1104
| | - Henry Brem
- Johns Hopkins University, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 21287
| | - Pamela R Kearns
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK B15 2TT
| | - John Greenwood
- University College London, 11–43 Bath Street, London, UK EC1V 9EL
| | - Jeffrey I Penny
- University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK M13 9PT
| | | | - Angel M Carcaboso
- Institut de Recerca Pediatrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gudrun Fleischhack
- Essen University Hospital, Paediatrics III, Hufelandstraße 55, Essen, Germany 45147
| | - Donald Macarthur
- University Hospital Nottingham, Derby Road, Nottingham, UK NG7 2UH
| | - Irene Slavc
- Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisethe Meijer
- University Hospital Nottingham, Derby Road, Nottingham, UK NG7 2UH
- University Medical Centre Groningen, 1 Hanzeplein, Groningen, The Netherlands, 9713 GZ
| | - Steven Gill
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin St, Bristol, UK, BS2 8BJ
| | - Stephen Lowis
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin St, Bristol, UK, BS2 8BJ
| | - Dannis G van Vuurden
- VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1081 HZ
| | - Monica S Pearl
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Bloomberg Building 7218, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 21287
| | - Steven C Clifford
- Newcastle University, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 4LP
| | - Sorana Morrissy
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, ON M5G 1X8
| | - Delyan P Ivanov
- University Hospital Nottingham, Derby Road, Nottingham, UK NG7 2UH
| | - Kévin Beccaria
- Pitié Salpetriere Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 27 Rue Chaligny, Paris, France, 75012
| | - Richard J Gilbertson
- Cambridge Cancer Centre, 120 Cambridge Rd, Great Shelford, Cambridge UK, CB22 5JT
| | - Karin Straathof
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK WC1N 1EH
| | - Jordan J Green
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway/Smith Building Room 5017, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Stuart Smith
- University Hospital Nottingham, Derby Road, Nottingham, UK NG7 2UH
| | - Ruman Rahman
- University Hospital Nottingham, Derby Road, Nottingham, UK NG7 2UH
| | - John-Paul Kilday
- Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9WL
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Thomas S, Straathof K, Himoudi N, Anderson J, Pule M. An Optimized GD2-Targeting Retroviral Cassette for More Potent and Safer Cellular Therapy of Neuroblastoma and Other Cancers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152196. [PMID: 27030986 PMCID: PMC4816271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the commonest extra cranial solid cancer of childhood. Despite escalation of treatment regimens, a significant minority of patients die of their disease. Disialoganglioside (GD2) is consistently expressed at high-levels in neuroblastoma tumors, which have been targeted with some success using therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. GD2 is also expressed in a range of other cancer but with the exception of some peripheral nerves is largely absent from non-transformed tissues. Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) are artificial type I proteins which graft the specificity of a monoclonal antibody onto a T-cell. Clinical data with early CAR designs directed against GD2 have shown some promise in Neuroblastoma. Here, we describe a GD2-targeting CAR retroviral cassette, which has been optimized for CAR T-cell persistence, efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thomas
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Straathof
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nourredine Himoudi
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Anderson
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Pule
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Fisher J, capsomidis A, Flutter B, Benthal G, Wallace R, Gustafsson K, Straathof K, Pule M, Anderson J. Abstract B128: Chimeric antigen receptor transduced gamma delta T lymphocytes provide enhanced tumor specificity. Cancer Immunol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr15-b128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Human gamma delta T lymphocytes (δγT) have many properties of innate lymphocytes including antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, innate cytotoxicity and capacity for professional antigen presentation. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which combine within a single molecule an scFv targeting a tumor associated antigen with T cell receptor signaling and co-stimulation, are capable of imparting potent effector function but are dependent on a high degree of target antigen specificity to avoid unwanted toxicity. We hypothesized that transduction of δγT with CARs would provide a mechanism to both enhance effector function and increase target antigen specificity.
We have focused on the subset of human peripheral blood γδT harbor the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR, as these cells have innate effector function, mediated by the TCR recognition of stressed cells, against a wide range of human cancers. Moreover, the Vγ9Vδ2 subset can be readily activated and expanded from peripheral blood using zoledronic acid, a clinical agent that leads to engagement of the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR and that can be used within the GMP setting.
Using GD2 as a model antigen, expressed on both cancers and peripheral nerves, we generated anti-GD2 CARs employing a novel scFv that is not prone to tonic signaling. Following stimulation with zoledronate, PBMC were transduced on day 5 with gamma-retroviral vectors expressing CARs, and left to expand for 2 weeks in the absence of antigenic target. Between 10-100 fold expansion was observed and the cell product was typically over 90% pure for Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, with transduction efficiency around 50%. Compared with αβT-CAR cells generated following stimulation of PBMC with CD3/CD28 beads, both CAR-expressing cell populations were a similar mixture of central and effector memory cells and had equivalent dim expression of exhaustion markers.
Using a GD2-CAR with CD3-zeta and CD28 endodomains, γδT-CAR and αβT-CAR cells showed equivalent antigen-specific killing but γδT-CAR cells retained additional innate killing of a range of cancer cells. Both populations were capable of equivalent secondary antigen-specific expansion and interferon gamma secretion. To exploit the innate target recognition of the Vγ9Vδ2 cells through its TCR, we designed CARs for use in γδT cells that provided only antigen-dependent costimulation. Such CARs retain antigen specific target recognition through the TCR but avoid off target toxicity marking a potential new paradigm for enhancing cancer specificity.
Citation Format: Jonathan Fisher, anna capsomidis, Barry Flutter, Gabriel Benthal, Rebcca Wallace, Kenth Gustafsson, Karin Straathof, Martin Pule, John Anderson. Chimeric antigen receptor transduced gamma delta T lymphocytes provide enhanced tumor specificity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B128.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barry Flutter
- 1UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom,
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Pule
- 2UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Anderson
- 1UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom,
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22
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Badar A, Kiru L, Kalber TL, Jathoul A, Straathof K, Årstad E, Lythgoe MF, Pule M. Fluorescence-guided development of a tricistronic vector encoding bimodal optical and nuclear genetic reporters for in vivo cellular imaging. EJNMMI Res 2015; 5:18. [PMID: 25853023 PMCID: PMC4385325 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-015-0097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In vivo imaging using genetic reporters is a central supporting tool in the development of cell and gene therapies affording us the ability to selectively track the therapeutic indefinitely. Previous studies have demonstrated the utility of the human norepinephrine transporter (hNET) as a positron emission tomography/single photon emission computed tomography (PET/SPECT) genetic reporter for in vivo cellular imaging. Here, our aim was to extend on this work and construct a tricistronic vector with dual optical (firefly luciferase) and nuclear (hNET) in vivo imaging and ex vivo histochemical capabilities. Guiding this development, we describe how a fluorescent substrate for hNET, 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP+), can be used to optimise vector design and serve as an in vitro functional screen. Methods Vectors were designed to co-express a bright red-shifted firefly luciferase (FLuc), hNET and a small marker gene RQR8. Genes were co-expressed using 2A peptide linkage, and vectors were transduced into a T cell line, SupT1. Two vectors were constructed with different gene orientations; FLuc.2A.RQR8.2A.hNET and hNET.2A.FLuc.2A.RQR8. hNET function was assessed using ASP+-guided flow cytometry. In vivo cellular conspicuity was confirmed using sequential bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and SPECT imaging of transduced SupT1 cells injected into the flanks of mice. Results SupT1/FLuc.2A.RQR8.2A.hNET cells resulted in >4-fold higher ASP+ uptake compared to SupT1/hNET.2A.FLuc.2A.RQR8, suggesting that 2A orientation effected hNET function. SupT1/FLuc.2A.RQR8.2A.hNET cells were readily visualised with both BLI and SPECT, demonstrating high signal to noise at 24 h post 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) administration. Conclusions In this study, a pre-clinical tricistronic vector with flow cytometry, BLI, SPECT and histochemical capabilities was constructed, which can be widely applied in cell tracking studies supporting the development of cell therapies. The study further demonstrates that hNET function in engineered cells can be assessed using ASP+-guided flow cytometry in place of costly radiosubstrate methodologies. This fluorogenic approach is unique to the hNET PET/SPECT reporter and may prove valuable when screening large numbers of cell lines or vector/mutant constructs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-015-0097-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Badar
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD UK
| | - Louise Kiru
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD UK ; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD UK
| | - Tammy L Kalber
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD UK
| | - Amit Jathoul
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD UK
| | - Karin Straathof
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD UK
| | - Erik Årstad
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London, NW1 2BU UK
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD UK
| | - Martin Pule
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD UK
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Philip B, Kokalaki E, Mekkaoui L, Thomas S, Straathof K, Flutter B, Marin V, Marafioti T, Chakraverty R, Linch D, Quezada SA, Peggs KS, Pule M. A highly compact epitope-based marker/suicide gene for easier and safer T-cell therapy. Blood 2014; 124:1277-87. [PMID: 24970931 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-545020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A compact marker/suicide gene that utilizes established clinical-grade reagents and pharmaceuticals would be of considerable practical utility to T-cell cancer gene therapy. Marker genes enable measurement of transduction and allow selection of transduced cells, whereas suicide genes allow selective deletion of administered T cells in the face of toxicity. We have created a highly compact marker/suicide gene for T cells combining target epitopes from both CD34 and CD20 antigens (RQR8). This construct allows selection with the clinically approved CliniMACS CD34 system (Miltenyi). Further, the construct binds the widely used pharmaceutical antibody rituximab, resulting in selective deletion of transgene-expressing cells. We have tested the functionality of RQR8 in vitro and in vivo as well as in combination with T-cell engineering components. We predict that RQR8 will make T-cell gene therapy both safer and cheaper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Philip
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Evangelia Kokalaki
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Leila Mekkaoui
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Simon Thomas
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Karin Straathof
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Barry Flutter
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Virna Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Centro di Ricerca Matilde Tettamanti, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Marafioti
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - David Linch
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Karl S Peggs
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Martin Pule
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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Di Stasi A, Tey SK, Dotti G, Fujita Y, Kennedy-Nasser A, Martinez C, Straathof K, Liu E, Durett AG, Grilley B, Liu H, Cruz CR, Savoldo B, Gee AP, Schindler J, Krance RA, Heslop HE, Spencer DM, Rooney CM, Brenner MK. Inducible apoptosis as a safety switch for adoptive cell therapy. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1673-83. [PMID: 22047558 PMCID: PMC3236370 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1106152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1090] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular therapies could play a role in cancer treatment and regenerative medicine if it were possible to quickly eliminate the infused cells in case of adverse events. We devised an inducible T-cell safety switch that is based on the fusion of human caspase 9 to a modified human FK-binding protein, allowing conditional dimerization. When exposed to a synthetic dimerizing drug, the inducible caspase 9 (iCasp9) becomes activated and leads to the rapid death of cells expressing this construct. METHODS We tested the activity of our safety switch by introducing the gene into donor T cells given to enhance immune reconstitution in recipients of haploidentical stem-cell transplants. Patients received AP1903, an otherwise bioinert small-molecule dimerizing drug, if graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) developed. We measured the effects of AP1903 on GVHD and on the function and persistence of the cells containing the iCasp9 safety switch. RESULTS Five patients between the ages of 3 and 17 years who had undergone stem-cell transplantation for relapsed acute leukemia were treated with the genetically modified T cells. The cells were detected in peripheral blood from all five patients and increased in number over time, despite their constitutive transgene expression. A single dose of dimerizing drug, given to four patients in whom GVHD developed, eliminated more than 90% of the modified T cells within 30 minutes after administration and ended the GVHD without recurrence. CONCLUSIONS The iCasp9 cell-suicide system may increase the safety of cellular therapies and expand their clinical applications. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Cancer Institute; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00710892.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Stasi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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25
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Louis C, Straathof K, Gerken C, Cooper-Havlik D, Torrano V, Lopez T, Bollard C, Gresik M, Weiss H, Gee A, Brenner M, Rooney C, Heslop H, Gottschalk S. 244: Treatment of Epstein Barr Virus Positive Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma with Adoptively Transferred Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2007.12.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Louis C, Straathof K, Torrano V, Huls M, Gresik M, Weiss H, Gee A, Brenner M, Rooney C, Heslop H, Gottschalk S. 81: Enhancing the in vivo expansion of adoptively transferred EBV-CTL with lymphodepleting CD45 monoclonal antibodies in NPC patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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van der Burg SH, Ressing ME, Kwappenberg KM, de Jong A, Straathof K, de Jong J, Geluk A, van Meijgaarden KE, Franken KL, Ottenhoff TH, Fleuren GJ, Kenter G, Melief CJ, Offringa R. Natural T-helper immunity against human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7-derived peptide epitopes in patients with HPV16-positive cervical lesions: identification of 3 human leukocyte antigen class II-restricted epitopes. Int J Cancer 2001; 91:612-8. [PMID: 11267969 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::aid-ijc1119>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-specific T-helper (Th) immunity was found to play a pivotal role in the natural and vaccine-induced immune defense against tumors. Since the majority of cervical cancers express human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7 oncoprotein, it is important to investigate the Th response against this target antigen in detail. By means of PBMC cultures from HLA-typed healthy donors, we identified the central part of HPV16 E7 (E7(41-72)) as the major immunogenic region within this antigen. Furthermore, we mapped 3 distinct Th epitopes within this region (DR15/E7(50-62), DR3/E7(43-77), DQ2/E7(35-50)). In a parallel approach, employing IFN-gamma ELISPOT analysis, we detected Th immunity against HPV16 E7 in subjects with HPV16+ lesions. Several of these responses matched with the 3 Th epitopes defined in our study. A number of other HPV16+ subjects did not display any E7-specific type 1 cytokine-producing T-cell immunity, indicating failure of the immune response. Our combined data argue for more extensive as well as longitudinal analysis of HPV16-specific T-cell immunity using the ELISPOT assay described, as well as for HPV-specific vaccination of individuals with HPV+ lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H van der Burg
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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