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Rolski F, Tkacz K, Węglarczyk K, Kwiatkowski G, Pelczar P, Jaźwa-Kusior A, Bar A, Kuster GM, Chłopicki S, Siedlar M, Kania G, Błyszczuk P. TNF-α protects from exacerbated myocarditis and cardiac death by suppressing expansion of activated heart-reactive CD4+ T cells. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:82-94. [PMID: 37879102 PMCID: PMC10898940 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) represents a classical pro-inflammatory cytokine, and its increased levels positively correlate with the severity of many cardiovascular diseases. Surprisingly, some heart failure patients receiving high doses of anti-TNF-α antibodies showed serious health worsening. This work aimed to examine the role of TNF-α signalling on the development and progression of myocarditis and heart-specific autoimmunity. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice with genetic deletion of TNF-α (Tnf+/- and Tnf-/-) and littermate controls (Tnf+/+) were used to study myocarditis in the inducible and the transgenic T cell receptor (TCRM) models. Tnf+/- and Tnf-/- mice immunized with α-myosin heavy chain peptide (αMyHC) showed reduced myocarditis incidence, but the susceptible animals developed extensive inflammation in the heart. In the TCRM model, defective TNF-α production was associated with increased mortality at a young age due to cardiomyopathy and cardiac fibrosis. We could confirm that TNF-α as well as the secretome of antigen-activated heart-reactive effector CD4+ T (Teff) cells effectively activated the adhesive properties of cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (cMVECs). Our data suggested that TNF-α produced by endothelial in addition to Teff cells promoted leucocyte adhesion to activated cMVECs. Analysis of CD4+ T lymphocytes from both models of myocarditis showed a strongly increased fraction of Teff cells in hearts, spleens, and in the blood of Tnf+/- and Tnf-/- mice. Indeed, antigen-activated Tnf-/- Teff cells showed prolonged long-term survival and TNF-α cytokine-induced cell death of heart-reactive Teff. CONCLUSION TNF-α signalling promotes myocarditis development by activating cardiac endothelial cells. However, in the case of established disease, TNF-α protects from exacerbating cardiac inflammation by inducing activation-induced cell death of heart-reactive Teff. These data might explain the lack of success of standard anti-TNF-α therapy in heart failure patients and open perspectives for T cell-targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Rolski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Cracow 30-663, Poland
| | - Karolina Tkacz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Cracow 30-663, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Cracow 30-663, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kwiatkowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Paweł Pelczar
- Center for Transgenic Models, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Bar
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Gabriela M Kuster
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Chłopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Cracow 30-663, Poland
| | - Gabriela Kania
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Przemysław Błyszczuk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Cracow 30-663, Poland
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
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Migalska M, Węglarczyk K, Dudek K, Homa J. Evolutionary trade-offs constraining the MHC gene expansion: beyond simple TCR depletion model. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1240723. [PMID: 38259496 PMCID: PMC10801004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system is as much shaped by the pressure of pathogens as it is by evolutionary trade-offs that constrain its structure and function. A perfect example comes from the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), molecules that initiate adaptive immune response by presentation of foreign antigens to T cells. The remarkable, population-level polymorphism of MHC genes is assumed to result mainly from a co-evolutionary arms race between hosts and pathogens, while the limited, within-individual number of functional MHC loci is thought to be the consequence of an evolutionary trade-off between enhanced pathogen recognition and excessive T cell depletion during negative selection in the thymus. Certain mathematical models and infection studies suggest that an intermediate individual MHC diversity would thus be optimal. A recent, more direct test of this hypothesis has shown that the effects of MHC diversity on T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires may differ between MHC classes, supporting the depletion model only for MHC class I. Here, we used the bank vole (Myodes=Cletronomys glareolus), a rodent species with variable numbers of expressed MHC genes, to test how an individual MHC diversity influences the proportions and TCR repertoires of responding T cell subsets. We found a non-linear relationship between MHC diversity and T cell proportions (with intermediate MHC numbers coinciding with the largest T cell proportions), perhaps reflecting an optimality effect of balanced positive and negative thymic selection. The association was strongest for the relationship between MHC class I and splenic CD8+ T cells. The CD8+ TCR richness alone was unaffected by MHC class I diversity, suggesting that MHC class I expansion may be limited by decreasing T cell counts, rather than by direct depletion of TCR richness. In contrast, CD4+ TCR richness was positively correlated with MHC class II diversity, arguing against a universal TCR depletion. It also suggests that different evolutionary forces or trade-offs may limit the within-individual expansion of the MHC class II loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Migalska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dudek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Homa
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Babula A, Gałuszka-Bulaga A, Węglarczyk K, Siedlar M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M. CD44‑hyaluronan axis plays a role in the interactions between colon cancer‑derived extracellular vesicles and human monocytes. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:413. [PMID: 37600336 PMCID: PMC10436155 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During tumor progression, monocytes circulating in the blood or infiltrating tissue may be exposed to tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs). The first stage of such interactions involves binding of TEVs to the surface of monocytes, followed by their internalization. The present study examines the role of CD44 molecules in the interactions between monocytes and EVs derived from colon cancer cell lines (HCT116 and SW1116). The efficiency of the attachment and engulfment of TEVs by monocytes is linked to the number of TEVs and time of exposure/interaction. The two investigated TEVs, TEVsHCT116 and TEVsSW1116, originating from HCT116 and SW1116 cells, respectively, differ in hyaluronan (HA) cargo, which reflects HA secretion by parental cancer cells. HA-rich TEVsHCT116 are internalized more effectively in comparison with HA-low TEVsSW1116. Blocking of CD44 molecules on monocytes by anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody significantly decreased the engulfment of TEVsHCT116 but not that of TEVsSW1116 after 30 min contact, suggesting the involvement of the HA-CD44 axis. The three subsets of monocytes, classical, intermediate and non-classical, characterized by gradual changes in the expression of CD14 and CD16 markers, also differ in the expression of CD44. The highest expression of CD44 molecules was observed in the intermediate monocyte subset. Blocking of CD44 molecules decreased the internalization of HA-rich TEVs in all three subsets, which is associated with CD44 expression level. It was hypothesized that HA carried by TEVs, potentially as a component of the 'corona' coating, may facilitate the interaction between subsets of monocytes and TEVs, which may influence the fate of TEVs (such as the rate of TEVs adhesion and engulfment) and change monocyte activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Babula
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Adrianna Gałuszka-Bulaga
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
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Migalska M, Węglarczyk K, Mężyk-Kopeć R, Baliga-Klimczyk K, Homa J. Cross-reactivity of T cell-specific antibodies in the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). J Immunol Methods 2023; 520:113524. [PMID: 37463649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The bank vole is a common Cricetidae rodent that is a reservoir of several zoonotic pathogens and an emerging model in eco-immunology. Here, we add to a developing immunological toolkit for this species by testing the cross-reactivity of commercially available monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the bank vole lymphocyte differentiation molecules and a transcription factor. We show that a combination of mAbs against CD4, CD3, and Foxp3 allows flow cytometric distinction of the main subsets of T cells: putative helper CD4+, cytotoxic CD8+ (as CD3+CD4-) and regulatory CD4+Foxp3+. We also provide a comparative analysis of amino acid sequences of CD4, CD8αβ, CD3εγδ and Foxp3 molecules for a number of commonly studied Cricetidae rodents and discuss mAb cross-reactivity patterns reported so far in this rodent family. We found that in case of mAbs targeting the extracellular portions of commonly used T cell markers, sequence similarity is a poor prognostic of cross-reactivity. Use of more conserved, intracellular molecules or molecule fragments is a more reliable approach in non-model species, but the necessity of cell fixation limit its application in, e.g. functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Migalska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30-387, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Krakow 30-663, Poland
| | - Renata Mężyk-Kopeć
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Baliga-Klimczyk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Joanna Homa
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Krakow 30-387, Poland
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Gałuszka-Bulaga A, Tkacz K, Węglarczyk K, Siedlar M, Baran J. Air pollution induces pyroptosis of human monocytes through activation of inflammasomes and Caspase-3-dependent pathways. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:26. [PMID: 37563611 PMCID: PMC10416410 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution is one of the most serious threats for our planet. Despite a growing public awareness of the harmful effects of air pollution on human health, the specific influence of particulate matter (PM) on human immune cells remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of PM on peripheral blood monocytes in vitro. Monocytes from healthy donors (HD) were exposed to two types of PM: NIST (SRM 1648a, standard urban particulate matter from the US National Institute for Standards and Technology) and LAP (SRM 1648a with the organic fraction removed). The exposure to PM-induced mitochondrial ROS production followed by the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf-1), Caspase-9, and Caspase-3, leading to the cleavage of Gasdermin E (GSDME), and initiation of pyroptosis. Further analysis showed a simultaneous PM-dependent activation of inflammasomes, including NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3) and Caspase-1, followed by cleavage of Gasdermin D (GSDMD) and secretion of IL-1β. These observations suggest that PM-treated monocytes die by pyroptosis activated by two parallel signaling pathways, related to the inorganic and organic PM components. The release of IL-1β and expression of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by pyroptotic cells further activated the remnant viable monocytes to produce inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8) and protected them from death induced by the second challenge with PM.In summary, our report shows that PM exposure significantly impacts monocyte function and induces their death by pyroptosis. Our observations indicate that the composition of PM plays a crucial role in this process-the inorganic fraction of PM is responsible for the induction of the Caspase-3-dependent pyroptotic pathway. At the same time, the canonical inflammasome path is activated by the organic components of PM, including LPS (Lipopolysaccharide/endotoxin). PM-induced pyroptosis of human monocytes. Particulate matter (PM) treatment affects monocytes viability already after 15 min of their exposure to NIST or LAP in vitro. The remnant viable monocytes in response to danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) release pro-inflammatory cytokines and activate Th1 and Th17 cells. The mechanism of PM-induced cell death includes the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production followed by collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), activation of Apaf-1, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3, leading to activation of Caspase-3-dependent pyroptotic pathway, where Caspase-3 cleaves Gasdermin E (GSDME) to produce a N-terminal fragment responsible for the switch from apoptosis to pyroptosis. At the same time, PM activates the canonical inflammasome pathway, where activated Caspase-1 cleaves the cytosolic Gasdermin D (GSDMD) to produce N-terminal domain allowing IL-1β secretion. As a result, PM-treated monocytes die by pyroptosis activated by two parallel pathways-Caspase-3-dependent pathway related to the inorganic fraction of PM and the canonical inflammasome pathway dependent on the organic components of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Gałuszka-Bulaga
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka Street 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Tkacz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka Street 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka Street 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarek Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka Street 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, Krakow, Poland
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6
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Lenart M, Górecka M, Bochenek M, Barreto-Duran E, Szczepański A, Gałuszka-Bulaga A, Mazur-Panasiuk N, Węglarczyk K, Siwiec-Koźlik A, Korkosz M, Łabaj PP, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Siedlar M, Pyrc K. SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs NK cell functions via activation of the LLT1-CD161 axis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123155. [PMID: 37287972 PMCID: PMC10242091 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Natural killer (NK) cells plays a pivotal role in the control of viral infections, and their function depend on the balance between their activating and inhibitory receptors. The immune dysregulation observed in COVID-19 patients was previously associated with downregulation of NK cell numbers and function, yet the mechanism of inhibition of NK cell functions and the interplay between infected cells and NK cells remain largely unknown. Methods In this study we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cells can directly influence NK cell phenotype and functions in the infection microenvironment. NK cells were co-cultured with SARS-CoV-2 infected epithelial cells, in a direct contact with A549ACE2/TMPRSS2 cell line or in a microenvironment of the infection in a 3D ex vivo human airway epithelium (HAE) model and NK cell surface expression of a set of most important receptors (CD16, NKG2D, NKp46, DNAM-1, NKG2C, CD161, NKG2A, TIM-3, TIGIT, and PD-1) was analyzed. Results We observed a selective, in both utilized experimental models, significant downregulation the proportion of CD161 (NKR-P1A or KLRB1) expressing NK cells, and its expression level, which was followed by a significant impairment of NK cells cytotoxicity level against K562 cells. What is more, we confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 infection upregulates the expression of the ligand for CD161 receptor, lectin-like transcript 1 (LLT1, CLEC2D or OCIL), on infected epithelial cells. LLT1 protein can be also detected not only in supernatants of SARS-CoV-2 infected A549ACE2/TMPRSS2 cells and HAE basolateral medium, but also in serum of COVID-19 patients. Finally, we proved that soluble LLT1 protein treatment of NK cells significantly reduces i) the proportion of CD161+ NK cells, ii) the ability of NK cells to control SARS-CoV-2 infection in A549ACE2/TMPRSS2 cells and iii) the production of granzyme B by NK cells and their cytotoxicity capacity, yet not degranulation level. Conclusion We propose a novel mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 inhibition of NK cell functions via activation of the LLT1-CD161 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Lenart
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Górecka
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Bochenek
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Emilia Barreto-Duran
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Szczepański
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Adrianna Gałuszka-Bulaga
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Mazur-Panasiuk
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andżelika Siwiec-Koźlik
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Korkosz
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł P. Łabaj
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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7
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Stec M, Czepiel M, Lenart M, Piestrzyńska-Kajtoch A, Plewka J, Bieniek A, Węglarczyk K, Szatanek R, Rutkowska-Zapała M, Guła Z, Kluczewska A, Baran J, Korkosz M, Siedlar M. Monocyte subpopulations display disease-specific miRNA signatures depending on the subform of Spondyloarthropathy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1124894. [PMID: 37138886 PMCID: PMC10149963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1124894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a family of rheumatic disorders that could be divided into axial (axSpA) and peripheral (perSpA) sub-forms depending on the disease clinical presentation. The chronic inflammation is believed to be driven by innate immune cells such as monocytes, rather than self-reactive cells of adaptive immune system. The aim of the study was to investigate the micro-RNA (miRNA) profiles in monocyte subpopulations (classical, intermediate and non-classical subpopulations) acquired from SpA patients or healthy individuals in search for prospective disease specific and/or disease subtype differentiating miRNA markers. Several SpA-specific and axSpA/perSpA differentiating miRNAs have been identified that appear to be characteristic for specific monocyte subpopulation. For classical monocytes, upregulation of miR-567 and miR-943 was found to be SpA-specific, whereas downregulation of miR-1262 could serve as axSpA-differentiating, and the expression pattern of miR-23a, miR-34c, mi-591 and miR-630 as perSpA-differentiating markers. For intermediate monocytes, expression levels of miR-103, miR-125b, miR-140, miR-374, miR-376c and miR-1249 could be used to distinguish SpA patients from healthy donors, whereas the expression pattern of miR-155 was identified as characteristic for perSpA. For non-classical monocytes, differential expression of miR-195 was recognized as general SpA indicator, while upregulation of miR-454 and miR-487b could serve as axSpA-differentiating, and miR-1291 as perSpA-differentiating markers. Our data indicate for the first time that in different SpA subtypes, monocyte subpopulations bear disease-specific miRNA signatures that could be relevant for SpA diagnosis/differentiation process and may help to understand SpA etiopathology in the context of already known functions of monocyte subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Stec
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Czepiel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marzena Lenart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Piestrzyńska-Kajtoch
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Jacek Plewka
- Department of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bieniek
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapała
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zofia Guła
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kluczewska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Korkosz
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- *Correspondence: Maciej Siedlar,
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8
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Głuchowska A, Cysewski D, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Szatanek R, Węglarczyk K, Podszywałow-Bartnicka P, Sunderland P, Kozłowska E, Śliwińska MA, Dąbrowski M, Sikora E, Mosieniak G. Unbiased proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles secreted by senescent human vascular smooth muscle cells reveals their ability to modulate immune cell functions. GeroScience 2022; 44:2863-2884. [PMID: 35900662 PMCID: PMC9768090 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a common age-related disease, is characterized by intense immunological activity. Atherosclerotic plaque is composed of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), lipids and immune cells infiltrating from the blood. During progression of the disease, VSMCs undergo senescence within the plaque and secrete SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype) factors that can actively modulate plaque microenvironment. We demonstrated that senescent VSMCs secrete increased number of extracellular vesicles (senEVs). Based on unbiased proteomic analysis of VMSC-derived EVs and of the soluble fraction of SASP (sSASP), more than 900 proteins were identified in each of SASP compartments. Comparison of the composition of VMSC-derived EVs with the SASP atlas revealed several proteins, including Serpin Family F Member 1 (SERPINF1) and Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), as commonly upregulated components of EVs secreted by senescent VSMCs and fibroblasts. Among soluble SASP factors, only Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) was universally increased in the secretome of senescent VSMCs, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. Bioinformatics analysis of EV proteins distinguished functionally organized protein networks involved in immune cell function regulation. Accordingly, EVs released by senescent VSMCs induced secretion of IL-17, INFγ, and IL-10 by T cells and of TNFα produced by monocytes. Moreover senEVs influenced differentiation of monocytes favoring mix M1/M2 polarization with proinflammatory characteristics. Altogether, our studies provide a complex, unbiased analysis of VSMC SASP and prove that EVs derived from senescent VSMCs influence the cytokine milieu by modulating immune cell activity. Our results strengthen the role of senescent cells as an important inducer of inflammation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Głuchowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3 St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Cysewski
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Sunderland
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3 St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kozłowska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata A Śliwińska
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3 St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Mosieniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3 St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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9
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Siemińska I, Węglarczyk K, Walczak M, Czerwińska A, Pach R, Rubinkiewicz M, Szczepanik A, Siedlar M, Baran J. Mo-MDSCs are pivotal players in colorectal cancer and may be associated with tumor recurrence after surgery. Transl Oncol 2022; 17:101346. [PMID: 35074719 PMCID: PMC8789589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy. Its development and progression is associated with natural immunosuppression related, among others, to myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Overall, 54 patients in different stage of CRC, before any treatment were recruited into the study. The analysis included flow cytometry evaluation of blood MDSCs subsets, correlation their level with the tumor stage and T cell subsets. In the case of 11 patients, MDSCs level was evaluated before and 3 days after surgery, and these patients were monitored for cancer recurrence over 5 years. The results showed that frequency of circulating MDSCs subsets is increased significantly in CRC patients, with highest level detected in most advanced tumor stages. Moreover, only monocytic MDSCs (Mo-MDSCs) positively correlate with regulatory Treg, and negatively with tumor Her2/neu specific CD8+ T cells. Circulating MDSCs, in contrast to tumor resident (mostly Mo-MDSCs), are negative for PD-L1 expression. Additionally, after surgery the blood level of Mo-MDSCs increases significantly, and this is associated with tumor recurrence during a 5-year follow-up. In conclusion, Mo-MDSCs are pivotal players in CRC-related immunosuppression and may be associated with the risk of tumor recurrence after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Siemińska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka str. 265, Krakow 30-663, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka str. 265, Krakow 30-663, Poland
| | - Marta Walczak
- First Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, M. Jakubowskiego str. 2, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Agata Czerwińska
- Second Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, M. Jakubowskiego str. 2, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Radosław Pach
- First Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, M. Jakubowskiego str. 2, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Mateusz Rubinkiewicz
- Second Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, M. Jakubowskiego str. 2, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Antoni Szczepanik
- First Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, M. Jakubowskiego str. 2, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka str. 265, Krakow 30-663, Poland
| | - Jarek Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka str. 265, Krakow 30-663, Poland.
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10
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Siemińska I, Węglarczyk K, Surmiak M, Kurowska-Baran D, Sanak M, Siedlar M, Baran J. Mild and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Convalescents Present Long-Term Endotype of Immunosuppression Associated With Neutrophil Subsets Possessing Regulatory Functions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748097. [PMID: 34659245 PMCID: PMC8511487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] is associated with severe lymphopenia and impaired immune response, including expansion of myeloid cells with regulatory functions, e.g., so-called low-density neutrophils, containing granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (LDNs/PMN-MDSCs). These cells have been described in both infections and cancer and are known for their immunosuppressive activity. In the case of COVID-19, long-term complications have been frequently observed (long-COVID). In this context, we aimed to investigate the immune response of COVID-19 convalescents after a mild or asymptomatic course of disease. We enrolled 13 convalescents who underwent a mild or asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2, confirmed by a positive result of the PCR test, and 13 healthy donors without SARS-CoV-2 infection in the past. Whole blood was used for T-cell subpopulation and LDNs/PMN-MDSCs analysis. LDNs/PMN-MDSCs and normal density neutrophils (NDNs) were sorted out by FACS and used for T-cell proliferation assay with autologous T cells activated with anti-CD3 mAb. Serum samples were used for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing IgG and GM-CSF concentration. Our results showed that in convalescents, even 3 months after infection, an elevated level of LDNs/PMN-MDSCs is still maintained in the blood, which correlates negatively with the level of CD8+ and double-negative T cells. Moreover, LDNs/PMN-MDSCs and NDNs showed a tendency for affecting the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 neutralizing antibodies. Surprisingly, our data showed that in addition to LDNs/PMN-MDSCs, NDNs from convalescents also inhibit proliferation of autologous T cells. Additionally, in the convalescent sera, we detected significantly higher concentrations of GM-CSF, indicating the role of emergency granulopoiesis. We conclude that in mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 convalescents, the neutrophil dysfunction, including propagation of PD-L1-positive LDNs/PMN-MDSCs and NDNs, is responsible for long-term endotype of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Siemińska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Kurowska-Baran
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory of Virology and Serology, University Children’s Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarek Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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11
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Stec M, Seweryn M, Korkosz M, Guła Z, Szatanek R, Węglarczyk K, Rutkowska-Zapała M, Lenart M, Czepiel M, Czyż J, Baran J, Gruca A, Wojnar-Lasoń K, Wołkow P, Siedlar M. Expression of VEGFA-mRNA in classical and MSX2-mRNA in non-classical monocytes in patients with spondyloarthritis is associated with peripheral arthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9693. [PMID: 33958655 PMCID: PMC8102490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is characterized by chronic inflammation and structural damage involving spine and peripheral joints. Monocytes, as part of innate immune system, following migration into affected tissue, may play a role in the pathogenesis of SpA. Here, potential associations between osteogenesis-linked gene expression profile in particular monocyte subpopulations and clinical signs of SpA were investigated. The 20 patients with axial and 16 with peripheral SpA were enrolled in the study. Monocyte subpopulations (classical—CD14++CD16−, intermediate—CD14++CD16+ and non-classical—CD14+CD16++) were isolated from blood using flow cytometry and gene expression analysis was performed using real-time PCR method and TaqMan Array, Human Osteogenesis, Fast 96-well plates. Next, the characteristic clinical features shared by axial and peripheral SpA were analyzed in the context of the expression of selected genes in the three subpopulations of monocytes. We demonstrated that expression of VEGFA in classical and MSX2 in non-classical monocytes were associated with the number of swollen and painful peripheral joints of SpA patients. We conclude that monocytes may contribute to the development of peripheral arthritis in SpA patients. This might be possible through subpopulation specific effects, linking number of inflamed joints with expression of VEGFA in classical monocytes and MSX2 in non-classical monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Stec
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Seweryn
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7c Str., 31-034, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Korkosz
- Department of Rheumatology and Balneology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., Kraków, Poland
| | - Zofia Guła
- Department of Rheumatology and Balneology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapała
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marzena Lenart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Czepiel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Czyż
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Str., Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Gruca
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamila Wojnar-Lasoń
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Wołkow
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7c Str., 31-034, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663, Kraków, Poland.
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12
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Dumanski JP, Halvardson J, Davies H, Rychlicka-Buniowska E, Mattisson J, Moghadam BT, Nagy N, Węglarczyk K, Bukowska-Strakova K, Danielsson M, Olszewski P, Piotrowski A, Oerton E, Ambicka A, Przewoźnik M, Bełch Ł, Grodzicki T, Chłosta PL, Imreh S, Giedraitis V, Kilander L, Nordlund J, Ameur A, Gyllensten U, Johansson Å, Józkowicz A, Siedlar M, Klich-Rączka A, Jaszczyński J, Enroth S, Baran J, Ingelsson M, Perry JRB, Ryś J, Forsberg LA. Immune cells lacking Y chromosome show dysregulation of autosomal gene expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4019-4033. [PMID: 33837451 PMCID: PMC8106578 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03822-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological investigations show that mosaic loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in leukocytes is associated with earlier mortality and morbidity from many diseases in men. LOY is the most common acquired mutation and is associated with aberrant clonal expansion of cells, yet it remains unclear whether this mosaicism exerts a direct physiological effect. We studied DNA and RNA from leukocytes in sorted- and single-cells in vivo and in vitro. DNA analyses of sorted cells showed that men diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease was primarily affected with LOY in NK cells whereas prostate cancer patients more frequently displayed LOY in CD4 + T cells and granulocytes. Moreover, bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing in leukocytes allowed scoring of LOY from mRNA data and confirmed considerable variation in the rate of LOY across individuals and cell types. LOY-associated transcriptional effect (LATE) was observed in ~ 500 autosomal genes showing dysregulation in leukocytes with LOY. The fraction of LATE genes within specific cell types was substantially larger than the fraction of LATE genes shared between different subsets of leukocytes, suggesting that LOY might have pleiotropic effects. LATE genes are involved in immune functions but also encode proteins with roles in other diverse biological processes. Our findings highlight a surprisingly broad role for chromosome Y, challenging the view of it as a "genetic wasteland", and support the hypothesis that altered immune function in leukocytes could be a mechanism linking LOY to increased risk for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Dumanski
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Faculty of Pharmacy and 3P Medicine Laboratory, International Research Agendas Programme, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jonatan Halvardson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Davies
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Edyta Rychlicka-Buniowska
- International Research Agendas Programme, 3P Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jonas Mattisson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Behrooz Torabi Moghadam
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Bukowska-Strakova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcus Danielsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paweł Olszewski
- International Research Agendas Programme, 3P Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Piotrowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy and 3P Medicine Laboratory, International Research Agendas Programme, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Erin Oerton
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aleksandra Ambicka
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Kraków Branch, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Przewoźnik
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Kraków Branch, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bełch
- Department and Clinic of Urology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grodzicki
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr L Chłosta
- Department and Clinic of Urology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Stefan Imreh
- Department Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Nordlund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam Ameur
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alicja Józkowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Alicja Klich-Rączka
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Jaszczyński
- Department of Urology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre, Institute of Oncology, Kraków Branch, Kraków, Poland
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jarosław Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janusz Ryś
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Kraków Branch, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lars A Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,The Beijer Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Lenart M, Działo E, Kluczewska A, Węglarczyk K, Szaflarska A, Rutkowska-Zapała M, Surmiak M, Sanak M, Pituch-Noworolska A, Siedlar M. miRNA Regulation of NK Cells Antiviral Response in Children With Severe and/or Recurrent Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 11:589866. [PMID: 33679688 PMCID: PMC7931645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe and/or recurrent infection with Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is observed in a large group of patients treated in clinical immunology facilities. Atypical and prolonged HSV infection is the most common clinical manifestation of disturbed NK cell development and functions, yet the molecular basis of these disorders is still largely unknown. Since recent findings indicated the importance of miRNA in regulating NK cell development, maturation and functions, the aim of our study was to investigate miRNA expression pattern in NK cells in patients with severe and/or recurrent infections with HSV and analyze the role of these miRNAs in NK cell antiviral response. As a result, miRNA expression pattern analysis of human best known 754 miRNAs revealed that patients with severe and/or recurrent HSV infection had substantially upregulated expression of four miRNAs: miR-27b, miR-199b, miR-369-3p and miR-491-3p, when compared to healthy controls. Selective inhibition of miR-27b, miR-199b, miR-369-3p and miR-491-3p expression in NK-92 cells resulted in profound upregulation of 4 genes (APOBEC3G, MAP2K3, MAVS and TLR7) and downregulation of 36 genes taking part in antiviral response or associated with signaling pathways of Toll-like receptors (TLR), NOD-like receptors, the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and type I IFN-related response. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis revealed that miR-369-3p and miR-491-3p inhibitors downregulated NK cell intracellular perforin expression, while the expression of granzyme B and IFNγ remained unchanged. Taken together, our study suggests a novel mechanism which may promote recurrence and severity of HSV infection, based on miRNAs-dependent posttranscriptional regulation of genes taking part in antiviral response of human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Lenart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Edyta Działo
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kluczewska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Szaflarska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapała
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Pituch-Noworolska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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14
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Korkosz M, Czepiel M, Guła Z, Stec M, Węglarczyk K, Rutkowska-Zapała M, Gruca A, Lenart M, Baran J, Gąsowski J, Błyszczuk P, Siedlar M. Sera of patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) enhance osteoclastogenic potential of monocytes isolated from healthy individuals. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2018; 19:434. [PMID: 30522483 PMCID: PMC6284314 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is characterized by significant bone loss caused by dysregulation of physiological bone turnover, possibly resulting from intensified differentiation of osteoclasts. The aim of this study was to reevaluate the levels of osteoclastogenesis-mediating factors: soluble RANKL, M-CSF, OPG and other cytokines in sera of untreated, with sDMARDs and/or bDMARDs, axSpA patients and to test whether these sera influence differentiation of healthy monocytes towards osteoclast lineage. Methods Bone remodeling molecules (RANKL, M-CSF, OPG, IL-6, OSM, IL-17A, TGFβ, and TNFα) were evaluated in 27 patients with axSpA and 23 age and sex-matched controls. Disease activity (BASDAI, ASDAS) and inflammatory markers (ESR, CRP) were assessed. Monocytes obtained from healthy individuals were cultured in vitro in presence of sera from 11 randomly chosen axSpA patients and 10 controls, with addition of exogenous M-CSF and/or RANKL or without. Osteoclastic differentiation was assessed analyzing osteoclast markers (cathepsin K and RANK at mRNA level) and with osteoclast-specific staining. Results axSpA patients’ sera levels of soluble RANKL were significantly lower and M-CSF, IL-6, OSM, IL-17A and TNFα significantly higher in comparison to controls, whereas of OPG and TGFβ were comparable in both groups. Numbers of generated in vitro osteoclasts and cathepsin K mRNA levels did not differ between cultures supplemented with sera of healthy and axSpA patients, both in the absence and presence of M-CSF. Instead, addition of exogenous RANKL boosted osteoclastogenesis, which was significantly higher in cultures with axSpA sera. Furthermore, sera from axSpA patients induced substantially higher levels of RANK mRNA, independently of M-CSF and RANKL stimulation. Conclusion We show that, paradoxically, serum levels of soluble RANKL observed in axSpA are in fact significantly lower in comparison to healthy blood donors. Our results indicate that sera of axSpA patients - in contrary to healthy subjects - contain circulating, soluble factors (presumably IL-6, OSM, IL-17A, TNFα and others) able to stimulate healthy monocytes responsiveness to even relative low RANKL serum levels, by inducing high RANK mRNA expression and - as a net effect - boosting their osteoclastogenic potential. We suggest also that locally produced RANKL in axSpA may induce overactive osteoclasts from their precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Korkosz
- Department of Rheumatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 10 Sniadeckich Str., Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Czepiel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka Str., 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zofia Guła
- Department of Rheumatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 10 Sniadeckich Str., Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stec
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka Str., 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka Str., 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapała
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka Str., 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Gruca
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka Str., 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marzena Lenart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka Str., 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka Str., 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Gąsowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 10 Sniadeckich Str., Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Błyszczuk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka Str., 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka Str., 30-663, Krakow, Poland.
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Mytar B, Stec M, Szatanek R, Węglarczyk K, Szewczyk K, Szczepanik A, Drabik G, Baran J, Siedlar M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M. Characterization of human gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines established from peritoneal ascites. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:4849-4858. [PMID: 29552124 PMCID: PMC5840753 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The three cell lines, designated as gastric cancer (GC)1401, GC1415 and GC1436 were derived from peritoneal effusions from patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Cell lines were established in tissue culture and in immunodeficient, non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. All cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum. These cell lines were grown as an adherent monolayer with doubling time ranging between 25 h (GC1436 cell line) and 30–34 h (GC1401 and GC1415, respectively). All cells showed morphological features of epithelial-like cells, forming sheets of polygonal cells. Chromosomal analysis showed that the modal numbers ranged from 52 (GC1401), 51–56 (GC1415) and 106 (GC1436). High heterogeneity, resulting from several structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities were evident in all cell lines. The surface marker expression suggested a tumor origin of the cells, and indicated the intestinal phenotype of a GC (CD10+, MUC1). All three cell lines were tumorigenic but not metastatic, in vivo, in NOD/SCID mice. The lack of metastatic potential was suggested by the lack of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 activity. In conclusion, these newly established GC cell lines widen the feasibility of the functional studies on biology of GC as well as drug testing for potential therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożenna Mytar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stec
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szewczyk
- Department of Medical Genetics Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Antoni Szczepanik
- First Department of General Gastrointestinal and Oncology Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-001 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grażyna Drabik
- Department of Transplantation, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarek Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
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Lenart M, Rutkowska-Zapała M, Szatanek R, Węglarczyk K, Stec M, Bukowska-Strakova K, Gruca A, Czyż J, Siedlar M. Reprint of: Alterations of TRIM21-mRNA expression during monocyte maturation. Immunobiology 2017; 222:841-845. [PMID: 28576352 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) play a dual role in the cytoplasm of the cells where it facilitates destruction of some antibody-coated viruses and some bacteria, and initiates synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. Macrophages and CD16+ monocyte subset can particularly participate in a proinflammatory response caused by viral infection, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine the level of TRIM21-mRNA expression in monocyte subsets including: classical (CD14++CD16-), intermediate (CD14++CD16+) and non-classical (CD14+CD16++) monocytes, as well as during in vitro differentiation of the isolated monocytes towards dendritic cells or macrophages. Our results revealed that the level of TRIM21 mRNA expression was significantly lower in CD16- monocytes, when compared to CD16+ cells and the whole monocyte population, yet no significant differences were observed when CD16+ population was divided into intermediate and non-classical subsets. More pronounced differences were observed in the case of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and dendritic cells (DCs). TRIM21-mRNA expression level was app. 6-fold higher in DCs, and app. 16-fold higher in MDM (p<0,01), when compared to freshly isolated monocytes. Our results may suggest the new mechanism of increased proinflammatory cytokine production by CD16+ (intermediate and non-classical) monocytes and macrophages, at least in patients with acute or chronic infections, caused by enveloped viruses. We suggest that TRIM21 may be one of the factors associated with the "switching on" the proinflammatory programme in CD16+ monocytes or monocyte-derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Lenart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapała
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stec
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Bukowska-Strakova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Gruca
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Czyż
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Mytar B, Szatanek R, Surmiak M, Węglarczyk K, Baran J, Siedlar M. Colorectal cancer-derived microvesicles modulate differentiation of human monocytes to macrophages. J Transl Med 2016; 14:36. [PMID: 26838097 PMCID: PMC4736475 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour-derived microvesicles (TMVs) are important players in tumour progression, modulating biological activity of immune cells e.g. lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. This phenomenon is particularly interesting in the progression of colon cancer, as macrophages in this type of tumour are relevant for the recovery processes. In the present study, the role of colon cancer cell-derived microvesicles in monocyte differentiation and activity profile (polarization) was investigated. METHODS Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were differentiated in vitro in the presence of TMVs obtained from colon cancer: Caco-2, SW620, LoVo or SW480 cell lines and analysed according to their morphology and biological functions, as defined by cytokine secretion, reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production and cytotoxic activity against respective colon cancer cells. RESULTS Monocytes differentiated with TMVs exhibited morphological and phenotypical characteristics of macrophages. An early contact (beginning with the first day of the in vitro culture) of monocytes with TMVs resulted in increased IL-10 secretion and only slightly elevated TNF release. Early, or prolonged contact resulted in low ROI production and low cytotoxicity against tumour cells. On the other hand, late contact of MDM with TMVs, stimulated MDM to significant TNF and IL-12 secretion, ROI production and enhanced cytotoxicity against tumour cells in vitro. In addition, differences in MDM response to TMVs from different cell lines were observed (according to cytokine secretion, ROI production and cytotoxicity against tumour cells in vitro). Biological activity, STATs phosphorylation and microRNA profiling of MDMs indicated differences in their polarization/activation status which may suggest mixed polarization type M1/M2 with the predominance of proinflammatory cells after late contact with TMVs. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage activity (polarization status) may be regulated by contact with not only tumour cells but also with TMVs. Their final polarization status depends on the contact time, and probably on the vesicle "cargo", as signified by the distinct impact of TMVs which enabled the switching of MDM maturation to regulatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Bożenna Mytar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Division of Molecular Biology and Clinical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Jarek Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
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Stec M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Baran J, Węglarczyk K, Zembala M, Barbasz J, Szczepanik A, Zembala M. Isolation and characterization of circulating micro(nano)vesicles in the plasma of colorectal cancer patients and their interactions with tumor cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2768-75. [PMID: 26324403 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro(nano)vesicles (MV) are regarded as important messengers in cell-to-cell communication. There is also evidence for their pivotal role in cancer progression. Circulating MV are of different body cells origin, including tumor cell‑derived MV (TMV) in cancer patients. Determination of circulating TMV is of importance because of their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In the present study, an analysis of circulating MV in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients was undertaken. Plasma from healthy donors was used as the control. In order to define MV characteristics, two plasma fractions: obtained by sequential centrifugation at 15,000 x g (MV15) and 50,000 x g (MV50) were used for analysis. The two fractions possessed a large range of sizes: 70(80)-1,300(1,400) nm and the most common particles with sizes 70-90 nm, both in patients and controls. Atomic force microscopy images of MV50 revealed a heterogeneous population of particles with different shapes and sizes. MV15 contained an increased level of CD41+ and CD61+ particles, suggesting their platelet origin. No difference between patients and controls was observed. A more precise analysis of MV50 showed the increased level of particles expressing EGFR (HER-1/Erb B1), HER-2/neu and Mucin1 (MUC1), suggesting their tumor origin. The total level of MV50‑expressing EGFR, HER-2/neu and MUC1 was enhanced in CRC patients. MV50 both of patients and controls attached to a colon cancer cell line (SW480) and to isolated blood monocytes at 2 h and were engulfed at 24 h. This uptake showed the lack of specificity. Thus, apart from the direct delivery of MV to the tumor site by plasma, monocytes carrying MV may also be involved in their transportation. Taken together, the presented data indicate that MV15 contain mainly platelet‑derived particles, while MV50 from CRC patients are enriched in TMV. Interaction of MV with cancer cells may pin-point their role in communication between tumor cells, resulting in molecular cargo exchange between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Stec
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantation, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantation, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantation, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantation, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Maria Zembala
- Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jakub Barbasz
- Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Antoni Szczepanik
- First Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marek Zembala
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantation, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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Lenart M, Rutkowska-Zapala M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Szatanek R, Węglarczyk K, Smallie T, Ziegler-Heitbrock L, Zembala M, Siedlar M. Hyaluronan carried by tumor-derived microvesicles induces IL-10 production in classical (CD14 ++CD16 -) monocytes via PI3K/Akt/mTOR-dependent signalling pathway. Immunobiology 2015. [PMID: 26210045 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-derived microvesicles (TMV) can mimic effects of tumor cells leading to an increased anti-inflammatory cytokine production, such as interleukin 10 (IL-10), by tumor-infiltrating monocytes and macrophages. Yet, the mechanism of IL-10 induction by TMV in monocytes remains unclear. The co-incubation of TMV derived from the human pancreas carcinoma cell line (HPC-4) with human monocytes resulted in a nearly 30-fold increase in IL-10 protein production. This effect operates at the level of transcription since monocytes transduced with an adenovirus containing IL-10-promoter luciferase reporter gene showed a 5-fold induction of luciferase activity after treatment with TMV. Since tumor cells can express hyaluronan (HA), which participates in tumor invasion and metastases, we have tested its effect on IL-10 expression. We showed that HA at the concentration of 100μg/ml induces IL-10 protein expression and the IL-10 promoter activation in monocytes. Moreover, hyaluronidase treatment of TMV reduced IL-10 protein production by 50% and promoter activity by 40%. Inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway reduced both, TMV-induced IL-10 promoter activity and protein production, and the same was observed in monocytes when stimulated by HPC-4 cells or HA. Inhibition of PI3K activity down-regulated phosphorylation of the Akt and (to a lesser extent) mTOR proteins in monocytes following TMV or HA stimulation. When comparing monocyte subsets, TMV induced IL-10 protein and mRNA synthesis only in classical CD14++CD16- but not in CD16-positive monocytes. Our data show that TMV induce IL-10 synthesis in human classical monocytes via HA, which, in turn, activates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Lenart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapala
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Timothy Smallie
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Löms Ziegler-Heitbrock
- Asklepios-Fachklinik and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Robert-Koch-Allee 1, D-82131, Gauting, Germany; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Zembala
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland.
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Rutkowska-Zapała M, Suski M, Szatanek R, Lenart M, Węglarczyk K, Olszanecki R, Grodzicki T, Strach M, Gąsowski J, Siedlar M. Human monocyte subsets exhibit divergent angiotensin I-converting activity. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:126-32. [PMID: 25707554 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells may take part in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which plays a pivotal role in the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. The aim of the study was to analyse the expression and activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme type 1 (ACE1) and ACE2 in human monocytes (MO) and their subsets. The highest relative level of ACE1-, as well as ACE2-mRNA expression, was observed in CD14(++)CD16(-) (classical) MO. Moreover, in these cells, mean level of ACE2-mRNA was almost two times higher than that of ACE1-mRNA (11.48 versus 7.073 relative units, respectively). In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), MO and classical MO, ACE1 and ACE2 protein expression was stronger compared to other MO subpopulations. The highest level of Ang II generated from Ang I in vitro was observed in classical MO. In this setting, generation of Ang-(1-9) by PBMC and classical MO was higher when compared to the whole MO population (P < 0.05). The generation rate of vasoprotective Ang-(1-7) was comparable in all analysed cell populations. However, in CD14(+)CD16(++) (non-classical) MO, formation of Ang-(1-7) was significantly greater than Ang II (P < 0.001). We suggest that in physiological conditions MO (but also lymphocytes forming the rest of PBMC pool) may be involved in the regulation of vessel wall homeostasis via the RAAS-related mechanisms. Moreover, non-classical MO, which are associated preferentially with the vascular endothelium, express the vasoprotective phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rutkowska-Zapała
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics
| | | | - R Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics
| | - M Lenart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics
| | - K Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics
| | | | - T Grodzicki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Strach
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - J Gąsowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics
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21
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Więckiewicz J, Mytar B, Szatanek R, Węglarczyk K, Baran J. Induction of monocyte antitumor response by human cancer cells transduced with TNF-GFP fusion gene: possible implications for immunotherapy of cancer. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2011; 49:512-20. [PMID: 22038233 DOI: 10.5603/fhc.2011.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine how human pancreatic cancer (HPC-4) cells transduced with the TNF-GFP fusion gene (TLG) alter the antitumor response of human monocytes in vitro and whether they could act as an antitumor vaccine. In our model, HPC-4 cells were transduced with retroviral vector harboring TLG gene and designated as HPC-4(TLG). The TLG protein expression was confirmed by Western blot and flow cytometry analysis. Monocytes were co-cultured with transduced and control HPC-4 cells. The secretion of TNF, IL-10 and IL-12 was measured by ELISA. The cytotoxicity of monocytes against HPC-4 cells was determined by MTT test. The results show that the HPC-4(TLG) cells expressed membrane-bound, intracellular and secretory TLG protein. When cultured with HPC-4(TLG) cells, monocytes released a higher amount of TNF, but IL-10 and IL-12 secretion was inhibited. The pre-exposure of monocytes to HPC-4(TLG), but not to HPC-4, cells did not decrease TNF nor increase IL-10 production, thus not leading to monocyte deactivation. Also, the antitumor cytotoxicity of monocytes stimulated with HPC-4(TLG) was not downregulated, which occurred when non-transduced HPC-4 cells were used. In conclusion, compared to parental HPC-4 cells, TLG gene transduced HPC-4 cells induced stronger antitumor response of monocytes in vitro and prevented deactivation of monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Więckiewicz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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22
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Siedlar M, Strach M, Bukowska-Strakova K, Lenart M, Szaflarska A, Węglarczyk K, Rutkowska M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Pituch-Noworolska A, Kowalczyk D, Grodzicki T, Ziegler-Heitbrock L, Zembala M. Preparations of intravenous immunoglobulins diminish the number and proinflammatory response of CD14+CD16++ monocytes in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients. Clin Immunol 2011; 139:122-32. [PMID: 21300572 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) on monocyte subpopulations and cytokine production in patients with CVID. The absolute number of CD14(+)CD16(++) monocytes decreased on average 2.5-fold 4h after IVIG and after 20h returned to the baseline. The cytokine level in the supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after ex vivo LPS stimulation demonstrated the >2-fold decrease in TNF production 4h after IVIG. The TNF expression, which is higher in the CD14(+)CD16(++) monocytes, was decreased in these cells by IVIG in 4/7 CVID cases. In vitro exposure of the healthy individuals' monocytes to the IVIG preparation resulted in reduced TNF production, which was overcome by blockade of the FcγRIIB in the CD14(+)CD16(++) CD32B(high) monocytes. Our data suggest that reduction in the number of CD14(+)CD16(++) monocytes and the blockade of their cytokine production via triggering CD32B can contribute to the anti-inflammatory action of IVIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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Mytar B, Stec M, Węglarczyk K, Zembala M. Biological activity of dendritic cells generated from cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors in IL-7- and IL-13-conditioned cultures. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009; 57:67-74. [PMID: 19219529 PMCID: PMC2771131 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dendritic cells (DCs) are required for initiation of the immune response and may therefore be used for the production of cancer vaccines. As mature DCs (mDCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, there is increasing interest in generating them ex vivo. The present study was designed to obtain mDCs from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors by culturing them in different media. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors were expanded for 7 days in FST medium containing fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3-L), stem cell factor (SCF), and thrombopoietin (TPO). Then the cells were divided into three parts and cultured for 21 days in different media: FST medium or FST enriched in interleukin (IL)-3 (FST3 medium) or supplemented with IL-7 and IL-13 (FST713 medium). At the end of culture part of the cells was harvested, counted, and analyzed while the other part was matured with proinflammatory cytokines for 2 days. The cells' phenotypes, ability to induce proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (allo-MLR), chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and O2(-) production were determined. RESULTS The average fold increase of DCs at the end of culture in FST medium was 127, in FST3 1043, and in FST713 71. In comparison with the other media, FST713 medium supported the generation of mDCs that were characterized by higher expression of CD83, costimulatory molecules, and HLA-DR, enhanced ability to induce allo-MLR and migration to -macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 3beta poor phagocytosis, and O2(-) production. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that FST713 medium allows the generation of limited numbers of more mature DCs, while FST3 medium leads to the production of immature DCs in high numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- BoŻenna Mytar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stec
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marek Zembala
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland
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Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Szatanek R, Węglarczyk K, Baran J, Urbanowicz B, Brański P, Ratajczak MZ, Zembala M. Tumour-derived microvesicles carry several surface determinants and mRNA of tumour cells and transfer some of these determinants to monocytes. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:808-18. [PMID: 16283305 PMCID: PMC11030663 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the characteristics of tumour cell-derived microvesicles (TMV) and their interactions with human monocytes. TMV were shed spontaneously by three different human cancer cell lines but their release was significantly increased upon activation of the cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). TMV showed the presence of several surface determinants of tumour cells, e.g. HLA class I, CD29, CD44v7/8, CD51, chemokine receptors (CCR6, CX3CR1), extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), but their level of expression differed from that on cells they originated from. TMV also carried mRNA for growth factors: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and surface determinants (CD44H). TMV were localized at the monocytes surface following their short exposure to TMV, while at later times intracellularly. TMV transferred CCR6 and CD44v7/8 to monocytes, exerted antiapoptotic effect on monocytes and activated AKT kinase (Protein Kinase B). Thus, TMV interact with monocytes, alter their immunophenotype and biological activity. This implicates the novel mechanism by which tumour infiltrating macrophages may be affected by tumour cells not only by a direct cell to cell contact, soluble factors but also by TMV.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/ultrastructure
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Apoptosis
- Basigin/genetics
- Basigin/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor/ultrastructure
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Cell Survival
- Chemotaxis
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, MHC Class I
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/genetics
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Particle Size
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/immunology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663 Cracow, Poland
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663 Cracow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663 Cracow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663 Cracow, Poland
| | - Barbara Urbanowicz
- Department of Pathology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663 Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Brański
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science, Cracow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z. Ratajczak
- Department of Transplantology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marek Zembala
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265 Str., 30-663 Cracow, Poland
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Baran J, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Węglarczyk K, Ruggiero I, Zembala M. Modulation of monocyte-tumour cell interactions by Mycobacterium vaccae. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:1127-34. [PMID: 15696610 PMCID: PMC11034337 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae as an adjuvant to chemotherapy has recently been applied to treatment of patients with cancer. One of the mechanisms of antitumour activity of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the prototype immunomodulator, is associated with activation of monocytes/macrophages. These studies were undertaken to determine how M. vaccae affects monocyte tumour cell interactions and, in particular, whether it can prevent or reverse deactivation of monocytes that occurrs following their contact with tumour cells during coculture in vitro. Deactivation is characterised by the impaired ability of monocytes to produce tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and enhanced IL-10 secretion following their restimulation with tumour cells. To see whether deactivation of monocytes can be either prevented or reversed, three different strains of M. vaccae--B 3805, MB 3683, and SN 920--and BCG were used to stimulate monocytes before or after exposure to tumour cells. Pretreatment of monocytes with M. vaccae MB 3683, SN 920 and BCG before coculture resulted in increased TNF-alpha and decreased IL-10 production. All strains of M. vaccae and BCG used for treatment of deactivated monocytes enhanced depressed TNF-alpha secretion. Strain SN 920 and BCG increased IL-12 release but only BCG treatment inhibited an enhanced IL-10 production by deactivated monocytes. Thus, although some strains of M. vaccae may either prevent or reverse tumour-induced monocyte deactivation, none of them appears to be more effective than BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka Street, 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka Street, 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka Street, 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland
| | - Irena Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka Street, 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marek Zembala
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka Street, 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland
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