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Thierry B, Stanley K, Kestens Y, Winters M, Fuller D. Comparing Location Data From Smartphone and Dedicated Global Positioning System Devices: Implications for Epidemiologic Research. Am J Epidemiol 2024; 193:180-192. [PMID: 37646642 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared location data from a dedicated Global Positioning System (GPS) device with location data from smartphones. Data from the Interventions, Equity, and Action in Cities Team (INTERACT) Study, a study examining the impact of urban-form changes on health in 4 Canadian cities (Victoria, Vancouver, Saskatoon, and Montreal), were used. A total of 337 participants contributed data collected for about 6 months from the Ethica Data smartphone application (Ethica Data Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and the SenseDoc dedicated GPS (MobySens Technologies Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada) during the period 2017-2019. Participants recorded an average total of 14,781 Ethica locations (standard deviation, 19,353) and 197,167 SenseDoc locations (standard deviation, 111,868). Dynamic time warping and cross-correlation were used to examine the spatial and temporal similarity of GPS points. Four activity-space measures derived from the smartphone app and the dedicated GPS device were compared. Analysis showed that cross-correlations were above 0.8 at the 125-m resolution for the survey and day levels and increased as cell size increased. At the day or survey level, there were only small differences between the activity-space measures. Based on our findings, we recommend dedicated GPS devices for studies where the exposure and the outcome are both measured at high frequency and when the analysis will not be aggregate. When the exposure and outcome are measured or will be aggregated to the day level, the dedicated GPS device and the smartphone app provide similar results.
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Lee J, Stanley K, Lowe M. PLASTIC BRONCHITIS: A RARE COMPLICATION FOLLOWING A MOTOR VEHICLE COLLISION. Lymphology 2022. [DOI: 10.2458/lymph.5268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Plastic bronchitis, more appropriately termed chyloptysis, is a rare and potentially fatal condition caused by chylous coating of the airways. These cast coating can dislodge and become an obstructive mass in the patient's airway, necessitating rapid intervention. PB is well described to occur following single ventricle physiology heart disease corrective procedures, particularly following Fontan procedures. It is less commonly seen in traumatic settings. We present the youngest known case of a traumatic injury induced plastic bronchitis. A 19-year-old man was involved in a motor vehicle accident with airbag deployment. The airbags struck him in the chest; however, the patient felt well at the time and did not seek medical attention. Several months later the patient began coughing up milky white masses identified as casts. He was initially diagnosed with asthma but did not respond to therapy. He ultimately was found to have evidence of thoracic duct injury. Options for therapy were discussed, including possible thoracic duct ligation. The patient opted to continue a low-fat diet and has remained cast free. This case highlights the importance of considering plastic bronchitis in patients with cast production and a history of trauma to the chest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Lee
- University of Arizona College of Medicine
| | - K. Stanley
- University of Arizona College of Medicine
| | - M.C. Lowe
- University of Arizona College of Medicine
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3
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Phillips K, Stanley K, Fuller D. A theory-based model of cumulative activity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15635. [PMID: 36115875 PMCID: PMC9482623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy expenditure can be used to examine the health of individuals and the impact of environmental factors on physical activity. One of the more common ways to quantify energy expenditure is to process accelerometer data into some unit of measurement for this expenditure, such as Actigraph activity counts, and bin those measures into physical activity levels. However, accepted thresholds can vary between demographics, and some units of energy measurements do not currently have agreed upon thresholds. We present an approach which computes unique thresholds for each individual, using piecewise exponential functions to model the characteristics of their overall physical activity patterns corresponding to well established sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous activity levels from the literature. Models are fit using existing piecewise fitting techniques and software. Most participants’ activity intensity profile is exceptionally well modeled as piecewise exponential decay. Using this model, we find emergent groupings of participant behavior and categorize individuals into non-vigorous, consistent, moderately active, or extremely active activity intensity profiles. In the supplemental materials, we demonstrate that the parameters of the model correlate with demographics of age, household size, and level of education, inform behavior change under COVID lockdown, and are reasonably robust to signal frequency.
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Firth CL, Kestens Y, Winters M, Stanley K, Bell S, Thierry B, Phillips K, Poirier-Stephens Z, Fuller D. Using combined Global Position System and accelerometer data points to examine how built environments and gentrification are associated with physical activity in four Canadian cities. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:78. [PMID: 35799198 PMCID: PMC9261044 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Built and social environments are associated with physical activity. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and accelerometer data can capture how people move through their environments and provide promising tools to better understand associations between environmental characteristics and physical activity. The purpose of this study is to examine the associations between GPS-derived exposure to built environment and gentrification characteristics and accelerometer-measured physical activity in a sample of adults across four cities. Methods We used wave 1 data from the Interventions, Research, and Action in Cities Team, a cohort of adults living in the Canadian cities of Victoria, Vancouver, Saskatoon, and Montreal. A subsample of participants wore a SenseDoc device for 10 days during May 2017–January 2019 to record GPS and accelerometry data. Two physical activity outcomes were derived from SenseDoc data: time spent in light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity; and time spent in moderate or vigorous physical activity. Using corresponding GPS coordinates, we summarized physical activity outcomes by dissemination area—a Canadian census geography that represents areas where 400 to 700 people live- and joined to built (active living space, proximity to amenities, and urban compactness) and gentrification measures. We examined the associations between environmental measures and physical activity outcomes using multi-level negative binomial regression models that were stratified by city and adjusted for covariates (weekday/weekend), home dissemination area, precipitation, temperature) and participant-level characteristics obtained from a survey (age, gender, income, race). Results We found that adults spent more time being physically active near their homes, and in environments that were more walkable and near parks and less time in urban compact areas, regardless of where participants lived. Our analysis also highlighted how proximity to different amenities was linked to physical activity across different cities. Conclusions Our study provides insights into how built environment and gentrification characteristics are associated with the amount of time adults spend being physically active in four Canadian cities. These findings enhance our understanding of the influence that environments have on physical activity over time and space, and can support policies to increase physical activity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-022-01306-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caislin L Firth
- University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Yan Kestens
- Université de Montréal/Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, 850 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kevin Stanley
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Scott Bell
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Benoit Thierry
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Kole Phillips
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Zoé Poirier-Stephens
- Université de Montréal/Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, 850 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daniel Fuller
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, S7N 5A2, Canada. .,Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John's Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Schmidt MP, Mamet SD, Senger C, Schebel A, Ota M, Tian TW, Aziz U, Stein LY, Regier T, Stanley K, Peak D, Siciliano SD. Positron-emitting radiotracers spatially resolve unexpected biogeochemical relationships linked with methane oxidation in Arctic soils. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:4211-4224. [PMID: 35377512 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arctic soils are marked by cryoturbic features, which impact soil-atmosphere methane (CH4 ) dynamics vital to global climate regulation. Cryoturbic diapirism alters C/N chemistry within frost boils by introducing soluble organic carbon and nutrients, potentially influencing microbial CH4 oxidation. CH4 oxidation in soils, however, requires a spatio-temporal convergence of ecological factors to occur. Spatial delineation of microbial activity with respect to these key microbial and biogeochemical factors at relevant scales is experimentally challenging in inherently complex and heterogeneous natural soil matrices. This work aims to overcome this barrier by spatially linking microbial CH4 oxidation with C/N chemistry and metagenomic characteristics. This is achieved by using positron-emitting radiotracers to visualize millimeter-scale active CH4 uptake areas in Arctic soils with and without diapirism. X-ray absorption spectroscopic speciation of active and inactive areas shows CH4 uptake spatially associates with greater proportions of inorganic N in diapiric frost boils. Metagenomic analyses reveal Ralstonia pickettii associates with CH4 uptake across soils along with pertinent CH4 and inorganic N metabolism associated genes. This study highlights the critical relationship between CH4 and N cycles in Arctic soils, with potential implications for better understanding future climate. Furthermore, our experimental framework presents a novel, widely applicable strategy for unraveling ecological relationships underlying greenhouse gas dynamics under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Schmidt
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- USDA-ARS United States Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Steven D Mamet
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Curtis Senger
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alixandra Schebel
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mitsuaki Ota
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tony W Tian
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Umair Aziz
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lisa Y Stein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tom Regier
- Canadian Light Source, Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kevin Stanley
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Derek Peak
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Abstract
Measuring physical activity is a critical issue for our understanding of the health benefits of human movement. Machine learning (ML), using accelerometer data, has become a common way to measure physical activity. ML has failed physical activity measurement research in four important ways. First, as a field, physical activity researchers have not adopted and used principles from computer science. Benchmark datasets are common in computer science and allow the direct comparison of different ML approaches. Access to and development of benchmark datasets are critical components in advancing ML for physical activity. Second, the priority of methods development focused on ML has created blind spots in physical activity measurement. Methods, other than cut-point approaches, may be sufficient or superior to ML but these are not prioritised in our research. Third, while ML methods are common in published papers, their integration with software is rare. Physical activity researchers must continue developing and integrating ML methods into software to be fully adopted by applied researchers in the discipline. Finally, training continues to limit the uptake of ML in applied physical activity research. We must improve the development, integration and use of software that allows for ML methods’ broad training and application in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fuller
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin Stanley
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Lee J, Stanley K, Lowe MC. Plastic bronchitis: A rare complication following a motor vehicle collision. Lymphology 2022; 55:65-69. [PMID: 36170580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastic bronchitis, more appropriately termed chyloptysis, is a rare and potentially fatal condition caused by chylous coating of the airways. These cast coating can dislodge and become an obstructive mass in the patient's airway, necessitating rapid intervention. PB is well described to occur following single ventricle physiology heart disease corrective procedures, particularly following Fontan procedures. It is less commonly seen in traumatic settings. We present the youngest known case of a traumatic injury induced plastic bronchitis. A 19-year-old man was involved in a motor vehicle accident with airbag deployment. The airbags struck him in the chest; however, the patient felt well at the time and did not seek medical attention. Several months later the patient began coughing up milky white masses identified as casts. He was initially diagnosed with asthma but did not respond to therapy. He ultimately was found to have evidence of thoracic duct injury. Options for therapy were discussed, including possible thoracic duct ligation. The patient opted to continue a lowfat diet and has remained cast free. This case highlights the importance of considering plastic bronchitis in patients with cast production and a history of trauma to the chest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Pediatric Residency, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - K Stanley
- Pediatric Residency, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - M C Lowe
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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8
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Drazich B, Stanley K, Mueller K, Kroll M. 398 Racial Disparities in Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation Efforts: A Cross-Sectional Study of Out-of-Hospital and Emergency Department Code Duration. Ann Emerg Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.09.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Kestens Y, Winters M, Fuller D, Bell S, Berscheid J, Brondeel R, Cantinotti M, Datta G, Gauvin L, Gough M, Laberee K, Lewis P, Lord S, Luan H(H, McKay H, Morency C, Muhajarine N, Nelson T, Ottoni C, Stephens ZP, Pugh C, Rancourt G, Shareck M, Sims-Gould J, Sones M, Stanley K, Thierry B, Thigpen C, Wasfi R. INTERACT: A comprehensive approach to assess urban form interventions through natural experiments. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:51. [PMID: 30630441 PMCID: PMC6327503 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urban form interventions can result in positive and negative impacts on physical activity, social participation, and well-being, and inequities in these outcomes. Natural experiment studies can advance our understanding of causal effects and processes related to urban form interventions. The INTErventions, Research, and Action in Cities Team (INTERACT) is a pan-Canadian collaboration of interdisciplinary scientists, urban planners, and public health decision makers advancing research on the design of healthy and sustainable cities for all. Our objectives are to use natural experiment studies to deliver timely evidence about how urban form interventions influence health, and to develop methods and tools to facilitate such studies going forward. METHODS INTERACT will evaluate natural experiments in four Canadian cities: the Arbutus Greenway in Vancouver, British Columbia; the All Ages and Abilities Cycling Network in Victoria, BC; a new Bus Rapid Transit system in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; and components of the Sustainable Development Plan 2016-2020 in Montreal, Quebec, a plan that includes urban form changes initiated by the city and approximately 230 partnering organizations. We will recruit a cohort of between 300 and 3000 adult participants, age 18 or older, in each city and collect data at three time points. Participants will complete health and activity space surveys and provide sensor-based location and physical activity data. We will conduct qualitative interviews with a subsample of participants in each city. Our analysis methods will combine machine learning methods for detecting transportation mode use and physical activity, use temporal Geographic Information Systems to quantify changes to urban intervention exposure, and apply analytic methods for natural experiment studies including interrupted time series analysis. DISCUSSION INTERACT aims to advance the evidence base on population health intervention research and address challenges related to big data, knowledge mobilization and engagement, ethics, and causality. We will collect ~ 100 TB of sensor data from participants over 5 years. We will address these challenges using interdisciplinary partnerships, training of highly qualified personnel, and modern methodologies for using sensor-based data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kestens
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Daniel Fuller
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John’s, NF A1C 5S7 Canada
| | - Scott Bell
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2 Canada
| | - Janelle Berscheid
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2 Canada
| | - Ruben Brondeel
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Michael Cantinotti
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Geetanjali Datta
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Lise Gauvin
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Margot Gough
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2 Canada
| | - Karen Laberee
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Paul Lewis
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Sébastien Lord
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Hui ( Henry) Luan
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John’s, NF A1C 5S7 Canada
| | - Heather McKay
- University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Catherine Morency
- Polytechnique Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - Nazeem Muhajarine
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2 Canada
| | - Trisalyn Nelson
- Arizona State University, PO Box 875302, Tempe, AZ 85287-5302 USA
| | - Callista Ottoni
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Zoe Poirier Stephens
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Caitlin Pugh
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Gabrielle Rancourt
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Martin Shareck
- University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8 Canada
| | - Joanie Sims-Gould
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Meridith Sones
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Kevin Stanley
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2 Canada
| | - Benoit Thierry
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Calvin Thigpen
- Polytechnique Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - Rania Wasfi
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
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Stanley K, Yoo EH, Paul T, Bell S. How many days are enough?: capturing routine human mobility. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 2018; 32:1485-1504. [PMID: 31379465 PMCID: PMC6677398 DOI: 10.1080/13658816.2018.1434888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wedding mobile phone sensor technology and human spatial behaviour has great potential. The ubiquity of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) technology has made gathering data about human mobility simpler, more precise, and with higher fidelity, providing minute-by-minute records of the locations of cohorts from dozens of participants. While this data provides a strong basis for Geographic Information Science research, it also constitutes an invasion of the participants' privacy and can provide more information than researchers require to answer their questions. As an ethical and practical consideration, researchers should gather only as much data as they need. In this paper, we take three weeks of GPS traces from over a hundred student participants in mobile phone-based tracking studies and show that fewer than 14 days of data is necessary to establish complete activity spaces. We define 'complete' as the point at which marginal information gains become negligible according to a pairwise temporal analysis of the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence of the spatial (bivariate) histogram through time. For the fixed level of information difference, observable in the data, impacts due to individual variability, population composition, and spatial resolution are evident. However, all populations at each level of resolution examined in the paper demonstrated convergence to low divergence levels occurred within a matter of days, and to negligible information gain in less than two weeks. The methods described in the paper represent a novel metric useful to understand the interaction between measurements and information in human mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Stanley
- Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Eun-Hye Yoo
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tuhin Paul
- Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott Bell
- Geography and Planning, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Stowe H, Ogake S, Sunil S, Kelly S, McDonald M, Stanley K, Walker P, Leinweber C, Arastu H, Granadillo CJA, Bowling M, Ju A. Improved Respiratory Motion Tracking Through a Novel Fiducial Marker Placement Guidance System During Electromagnetic Navigational Bronchoscopy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Stanley K, Klonoff A, Jacobson K, Menchine M, Arora S. 200 Patients With Acute HIV Infection Present to the Emergency Department With Nonspecific Symptoms. Ann Emerg Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.07.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Fuller D, Buote R, Stanley K. A glossary for big data in population and public health: discussion and commentary on terminology and research methods. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:1113-1117. [PMID: 28918390 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2017-209608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The volume and velocity of data are growing rapidly and big data analytics are being applied to these data in many fields. Population and public health researchers may be unfamiliar with the terminology and statistical methods used in big data. This creates a barrier to the application of big data analytics. The purpose of this glossary is to define terms used in big data and big data analytics and to contextualise these terms. We define the five Vs of big data and provide definitions and distinctions for data mining, machine learning and deep learning, among other terms. We provide key distinctions between big data and statistical analysis methods applied to big data. We contextualise the glossary by providing examples where big data analysis methods have been applied to population and public health research problems and provide brief guidance on how to learn big data analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fuller
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Canada
| | - Richard Buote
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada
| | - Kevin Stanley
- Department of Computer Science, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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14
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Stanley K, Artigas P, Gatto C. Inhibition of Na,K ATPase partial reactions by organic amines. FASEB J 2017. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.950.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Artigas
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTX
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Meyer DJ, Eastman J, Rui H, Stanley K, Roux B, Gatto C, Artigas P. A Na/K Pump with Altered Stoichiometry Contributes to Brine Shrimp Adaptation to High Salinity. Biophys J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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McLean A, Osgood N, Newstead-Angel J, Stanley K, Knowles D, van der Kamp W, Qian W, Dyck R. Building Research Capacity: Results of a Feasibility Study Using a Novel mHealth Epidemiological Data Collection System Within a Gestational Diabetes Population. Stud Health Technol Inform 2017; 234:228-232. [PMID: 28186046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Public health researchers have traditionally relied on individual self-reporting when collecting much epidemiological surveillance data. Data acquisition can be costly, difficult to acquire, and the data often notoriously unreliable. An interesting option for the collection of individual health (or indicators of individual health) data is the personal smartphone. Smartphones are ubiquitous, and the required infrastructure is well-developed across Canada, including many remote areas. Researchers and health professionals are asking themselves how they might exploit increasing smartphone uptake for the purposes of data collection, hopefully leading to improved individual and public health. A novel smartphone-based epidemiological data collection and analysis system has been developed by faculty and students from the CEPHIL (Computational Epidemiology and Public Health Informatics) Lab in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Saskatchewan. A pilot feasibility study was then designed to examine possible relationships between smartphone sensor data, surveys and individual clinical data within a population of pregnant women. The study focused on the development of Gestational Diabetes (GDM), a transient condition during pregnancy, but with serious potential post-birth complications for both mother and child. The researchers questioned whether real-time smartphone data could improve the clinical management and outcomes of women at risk for developing GDM, enabling earlier treatment. The initial results from this small study did not show improved prediction of GDM, but did demonstrate that real-time individual health and sensor data may be readily collected and analyzed efficiently while maintaining confidentiality. Because the original version of the data collection software could only run on Android phones, this often meant the study participants were required to carry two phones, and this often meant the study phone was not carried, and therefore data not collected. The lessons learned will greatly inform future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen McLean
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Computer Science, 176 Thorvaldson Bldg., 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Nathaniel Osgood
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Computer Science, 176 Thorvaldson Bldg., 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Jill Newstead-Angel
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, 5D40 Health Sciences Bldg., 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Kevin Stanley
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Computer Science, 176 Thorvaldson Bldg., 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Dylan Knowles
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Computer Science, 176 Thorvaldson Bldg., 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - William van der Kamp
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Computer Science, 176 Thorvaldson Bldg., 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Weicheng Qian
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Computer Science, 176 Thorvaldson Bldg., 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Roland Dyck
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, 5D40 Health Sciences Bldg., 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
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Stanley K, Arora S, Klonoff A, Lora M, Menchine M, Merjavy S, Walsh K, Jacobson K. 246 Empiric Antiretroviral Therapy for Acute HIV Infection in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.08.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Aiello AE, Simanek AM, Eisenberg MC, Walsh AR, Davis B, Volz E, Cheng C, Rainey JJ, Uzicanin A, Gao H, Osgood N, Knowles D, Stanley K, Tarter K, Monto AS. Design and methods of a social network isolation study for reducing respiratory infection transmission: The eX-FLU cluster randomized trial. Epidemics 2016; 15:38-55. [PMID: 27266848 PMCID: PMC4903923 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social networks are increasingly recognized as important points of intervention, yet relatively few intervention studies of respiratory infection transmission have utilized a network design. Here we describe the design, methods, and social network structure of a randomized intervention for isolating respiratory infection cases in a university setting over a 10-week period. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 590 students in six residence halls enrolled in the eX-FLU study during a chain-referral recruitment process from September 2012-January 2013. Of these, 262 joined as "seed" participants, who nominated their social contacts to join the study, of which 328 "nominees" enrolled. Participants were cluster-randomized by 117 residence halls. Participants were asked to respond to weekly surveys on health behaviors, social interactions, and influenza-like illness (ILI) symptoms. Participants were randomized to either a 3-Day dorm room isolation intervention or a control group (no isolation) upon illness onset. ILI cases reported on their isolation behavior during illness and provided throat and nasal swab specimens at onset, day-three, and day-six of illness. A subsample of individuals (N=103) participated in a sub-study using a novel smartphone application, iEpi, which collected sensor and contextually-dependent survey data on social interactions. Within the social network, participants were significantly positively assortative by intervention group, enrollment type, residence hall, iEpi participation, age, gender, race, and alcohol use (all P<0.002). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We identified a feasible study design for testing the impact of isolation from social networks in a university setting. These data provide an unparalleled opportunity to address questions about isolation and infection transmission, as well as insights into social networks and behaviors among college-aged students. Several important lessons were learned over the course of this project, including feasible isolation durations, the need for extensive organizational efforts, as well as the need for specialized programmers and server space for managing survey and smartphone data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Aiello
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| | - Amanda M Simanek
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Marisa C Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan-School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alison R Walsh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan-School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Brian Davis
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan-School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Caroline Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan-School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jeanette J Rainey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Amra Uzicanin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hongjiang Gao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nathaniel Osgood
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Computer Science, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Dylan Knowles
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Computer Science, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kevin Stanley
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Computer Science, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kara Tarter
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan-School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Arnold S Monto
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan-School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Stanley K, Gatto C, Artigas P. Enzymatic Requirements for Non-Canonical Proton Import by Na/K Pumps. Biophys J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Meyer DJ, Eastman J, Rui H, Stanley K, Gatto C, Roux B, Artigas P. Molecular Mechanism by which Two Lysine Substitutions Alter Na/K-Pump Stoichiometry to Confer High-Salinity Adaptation in Brine Shrimp. Biophys J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Kolomainen D, Butler J, Barton DP, Taylor A, Stanley K, Gore M, Banerjee S. 2758 Is there a survival benefit for patients who receive post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy following secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCRS) for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC)? Eur J Cancer 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)31524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Meyer D, Artigas P, Gatto C, Stanley K. Voltage Dependent Reactions in the Non-Gastric H/K-ATPase. Biophys J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Cornell P, Trehane A, Thompson P, Rahmeh F, Greenwood M, Baqai TJ, Cambridge S, Shaikh M, Rooney M, Donnelly S, Tahir H, Ryan S, Kamath S, Hassell A, McCuish WJ, Bearne L, Mackenzie-Green B, Price E, Williamson L, Collins D, Tang E, Hayes J, McLoughlin YM, Chamberlain V, Campbell S, Shah P, McKenna F, Cornell P, Westlake S, Thompson P, Richards S, Homer D, Gould E, Empson B, Kemp P, Richards AG, Walker J, Taylor S, Bari SF, Alachkar M, Rajak R, Lawson T, O'Sullivan M, Samant S, Butt S, Gadsby K, Flurey CA, Morris M, Hughes R, Pollock J, Richards P, Hewlett S, Edwards KR, Rowe I, Sanders T, Dunn K, Konstantinou K, Hay E, Jones LE, Adams J, White P, Donovan-Hall M, Hislop K, Barbosa Boucas S, Nichols VP, Williamson EM, Toye F, Lamb SE, Rodham K, Gavin J, Watts L, Coulson N, Diver C, Avis M, Gupta A, Ryan SJ, Stangroom S, Pearce JM, Byrne J, Manning VL, Hurley M, Scott DL, Choy E, Bearne L, Taylor J, Morris M, Dures E, Hewlett S, Wilson A, Adams J, Larkin L, Kennedy N, Gallagher S, Fraser AD, Shrestha P, Batley M, Koduri G, Scott DL, Flurey CA, Morris M, Hughes R, Pollock J, Richards P, Hewlett S, Kumar K, Raza K, Nightingale P, Horne R, Chapman S, Greenfield S, Gill P, Ferguson AM, Ibrahim F, Scott DL, Lempp H, Tierney M, Fraser A, Kennedy N, Barbosa Boucas S, Hislop K, Dziedzic K, Arden N, Burridge J, Hammond A, Stokes M, Lewis M, Gooberman-Hill R, Coales K, Adams J, Nutland H, Dean A, Laxminarayan R, Gates L, Bowen C, Arden N, Hermsen L, Terwee CB, Leone SS, vd Zwaard B, Smalbrugge M, Dekker J, vd Horst H, Wilkie R, Ferguson AM, Nicky Thomas V, Lempp H, Cope A, Scott DL, Simpson C, Weinman J, Agarwal S, Kirkham B, Patel A, Ibrahim F, Barn R, Brandon M, Rafferty D, Sturrock R, Turner D, Woodburn J, Rafferty D, Paul L, Marshall R, Gill J, McInnes I, Roderick Porter D, Woodburn J, Hennessy K, Woodburn J, Steultjens M, Siddle HJ, Hodgson RJ, Hensor EM, Grainger AJ, Redmond A, Wakefield RJ, Helliwell PS, Hammond A, Rayner J, Law RJ, Breslin A, Kraus A, Maddison P, Thom JM, Newcombe LW, Woodburn J, Porter D, Saunders S, McCarey D, Gupta M, Turner D, McGavin L, Freeburn R, Crilly A, Lockhart JC, Ferrell WR, Goodyear C, Ledingham J, Waterman T, Berkin L, Nicolaou M, Watson P, Lillicrap M, Birrell F, Mooney J, Merkel PA, Poland F, Spalding N, Grayson P, Leduc R, Shereff D, Richesson R, Watts RA, Roussou E, Thapper M, Bateman J, Allen M, Kidd J, Parsons N, Davies D, Watt KA, Scally MD, Bosworth A, Wilkinson K, Collins S, Jacklin CB, Ball SK, Grosart R, Marks J, Litwic AE, Sriranganathan MK, Mukherjee S, Khurshid MA, Matthews SM, Hall A, Sheeran T, Baskar S, Muether M, Mackenzie-Green B, Hetherington A, Wickrematilake G, Williamson L, Daniels LE, Gwynne CE, Khan A, Lawson T, Clunie G, Stephenson S, Gaffney K, Belsey J, Harvey NC, Clarke-Harris R, Murray R, Costello P, Garrett E, Holbrook J, Teh AL, Wong J, Dogra S, Barton S, Davies L, Inskip H, Hanson M, Gluckman P, Cooper C, Godfrey K, Lillycrop K, Anderton T, Clarke S, Rao Chaganti S, Viner N, Seymour R, Edwards MH, Parsons C, Ward K, Thompson J, Prentice A, Dennison E, Cooper C, Clark E, Cumming M, Morrison L, Gould VC, Tobias J, Holroyd CR, Winder N, Osmond C, Fall C, Barker D, Ring S, Lawlor D, Tobias J, Davey Smith G, Cooper C, Harvey NC, Toms TE, Afreedi S, Salt K, Roskell S, Passey K, Price T, Venkatachalam S, Sheeran T, Davies R, Southwood TR, Kearsley-Fleet L, Hyrich KL, Kingsbury D, Quartier P, Patel G, Arora V, Kupper H, Mozaffarian N, Kearsley-Fleet L, Baildam E, Beresford MW, Davies R, Foster HE, Mowbray K, Southwood TR, Thomson W, Hyrich KL, Saunders E, Baildam E, Chieng A, Davidson J, Foster H, Gardner-Medwin J, Wedderburn L, Thomson W, Hyrich K, McErlane F, Beresford M, Baildam E, Chieng SE, Davidson J, Foster HE, Gardner-Medwin J, Lunt M, Wedderburn L, Thomson W, Hyrich K, Rooney M, Finnegan S, Gibson DS, Borg FA, Bale PJ, Armon K, Cavelle A, Foster HE, McDonagh J, Bale PJ, Armon K, Wu Q, Pesenacker AM, Stansfield A, King D, Barge D, Abinun M, Foster HE, Wedderburn L, Stanley K, Morrissey D, Parsons S, Kuttikat A, Shenker N, Garrood T, Medley S, Ferguson AM, Keeling D, Duffort P, Irving K, Goulston L, Culliford D, Coakley P, Taylor P, Hart D, Spector T, Hakim A, Arden N, Mian A, Garrood T, Magan T, Chaudhary M, Lazic S, Sofat N, Thomas MJ, Moore A, Roddy E, Peat G, Rees F, Lanyon P, Jordan N, Chaib A, Sangle S, Tungekar F, Sabharwal T, Abbs I, Khamashta M, D'Cruz D, Dzifa Dey I, Isenberg DA, Chin CW, Cheung C, Ng M, Gao F, Qiong Huang F, Thao Le T, Yong Fong K, San Tan R, Yin Wong T, Julian T, Parker B, Al-Husain A, Yvonne Alexander M, Bruce I, Jordan N, Abbs I, D'cruz D, McDonald G, Miguel L, Hall C, Isenberg DA, Magee A, Butters T, Jury E, Yee CS, Toescu V, Hickman R, Leung MH, Situnayake D, Bowman S, Gordon C, Yee CS, Toescu V, Hickman R, Leung MH, Situnayake D, Bowman S, Gordon C, Lazarus MN, Isenberg DA, Ehrenstein M, Carter LM, Isenberg DA, Ehrenstein MR, Chanchlani N, Gayed M, Yee CS, Gordon C, Ball E, Rooney M, Bell A, Reynolds JA, Ray DW, O'Neill T, Alexander Y, Bruce I, Sutton EJ, Watson KD, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Gordon C, Yee CS, Lanyon P, Jayne D, Akil M, D'Cruz D, Khamashta M, Lutalo P, Erb N, Prabu A, Edwards CJ, Youssef H, McHugh N, Vital E, Amft N, Griffiths B, Teh LS, Zoma A, Bruce I, Durrani M, Jordan N, Sangle S, D'Cruz D, Pericleous C, Ruiz-Limon P, Romay-Penabad Z, Carrera-Marin A, Garza-Garcia A, Murfitt L, Driscoll PC, Giles IP, Ioannou Y, Rahman A, Pierangeli SS, Ripoll VM, Lambrianides A, Heywood WE, Ioannou J, Giles IP, Rahman A, Stevens C, Dures E, Morris M, Knowles S, Hewlett S, Marshall R, Reddy V, Croca S, Gerona D, De La Torre Ortega I, Isenberg DA, Leandro M, Cambridge G, Reddy V, Cambridge G, Isenberg DA, Glennie M, Cragg M, Leandro M, Croca SC, Isenberg DA, Giles I, Ioannou Y, Rahman A, Croca SC, Isenberg DA, Giles I, Ioannou Y, Rahman A, Artim Esen B, Pericleous C, MacKie I, Ioannou Y, Rahman A, Isenberg DA, Giles I, Skeoch S, Haque S, Pemberton P, Bruce I. BHPR: Audit and Clinical Evaluation * 103. Dental Health in Children and Young Adults with Inflammatory Arthritis: Access to Dental Care. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Hashemian M, Stanley K, Osgood N. Leveraging H1N1 infection transmission modeling with proximity sensor microdata. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2012; 12:35. [PMID: 22551391 PMCID: PMC3416705 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-12-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contact networks between individuals can have a profound impact on the evolution of an infectious outbreak within a network. The impact of the interaction between contact network and disease dynamics on infection spread has been investigated using both synthetic and empirically gathered micro-contact data, establishing the utility of micro-contact data for epidemiological insight. However, the infection models tied to empirical contact data were highly stylized and were not calibrated or compared against temporally coincident infection rates, or omitted critical non-network based risk factors such as age or vaccination status. METHODS In this paper we present an agent-based simulation model firmly grounded in disease dynamics, incorporating a detailed characterization of the natural history of infection, and 13 weeks worth of micro-contact and participant health and risk factor information gathered during the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic. RESULTS We demonstrate that the micro-contact data-based model yields results consistent with the case counts observed in the study population, derive novel metrics based on the logarithm of the time degree for evaluating individual risk based on contact dynamic properties, and present preliminary findings pertaining to the impact of internal network structures on the spread of disease at an individual level. CONCLUSIONS Through the analysis of detailed output of Monte Carlo ensembles of agent based simulations we were able to recreate many possible scenarios of infection transmission using an empirically grounded dynamic contact network, providing a validated and grounded simulation framework and methodology. We confirmed recent findings on the importance of contact dynamics, and extended the analysis to new measures of the relative risk of different contact dynamics. Because exponentially more time spent with others correlates to a linear increase in infection probability, we conclude that network dynamics have an important, but not dominant impact on infection transmission for H1N1 transmission in our study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemian
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Kevin Stanley
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Nathaniel Osgood
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Saunders-Pullman R, Raymond D, Stoessl AJ, Hobson D, Nakamura K, Nakamura T, Pullman S, Lefton D, Okun MS, Uitti R, Sachdev R, Stanley K, San Luciano M, Hagenah J, Gatti R, Ozelius LJ, Bressman SB. Variant ataxia-telangiectasia presenting as primary-appearing dystonia in Canadian Mennonites. Neurology 2012; 78:649-57. [PMID: 22345219 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182494d51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the phenotype of primary-appearing dystonia due to variant ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) with that of other dystonia ascertained for genetics research. METHODS Movement disorder specialists examined 20 Canadian Mennonite adult probands with primary-appearing dystonia, as well as relatives in 4 families with parent-child transmission of dystonia. We screened for the exon 43 c.6200 C>A (p. A2067D) ATM mutation and mutations in DYT1 and DYT6. Clinical features of the individuals with dystonia who were harboring ATM mutations were compared with those of individuals without mutations. RESULT Genetic analysis revealed a homozygous founder mutation in ATM in 13 members from 3 of the families, and no one harbored DYT6 or DYT1 mutations. Dystonia in ATM families mimicked other forms of early-onset primary torsion dystonia, especially DYT6, with prominent cervical, cranial, and brachial involvement. Mean age at onset was markedly younger in the patients with variant A-T (n = 12) than in patients with other dystonia (n = 23), (12 years vs 40 years, p < 0.05). The patients with A-T were remarkable for the absence of notable cerebellar atrophy on MRI, lack of frank ataxia on examination, and absence of ocular telangiectasias at original presentation, as well as the presence of prominent myoclonus-dystonia in 2 patients. Many also developed malignancies. CONCLUSION Ataxia and telangiectasias may not be prominent features of patients with variant A-T treated for dystonia in adulthood, and variant A-T may mimic primary torsion dystonia and myoclonus-dystonia.
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Saunders-Pullman R, Stanley K, Wang C, San Luciano M, Shanker V, Hunt A, Severt L, Raymond D, Ozelius LJ, Lipton RB, Bressman SB. Olfactory dysfunction in LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers. Neurology 2011; 77:319-24. [PMID: 21753159 PMCID: PMC3140803 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318227041c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction is an established nonmotor feature of idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD), which may precede disease onset. Olfaction is likely disturbed in patients with PD with leucine-rich repeat kinase (LRRK2) G2019S mutations, although the degree of impairment is debated. It is also unclear whether mutation carriers who have not yet manifested with PD have olfactory disturbances. METHODS Thirty-one subjects with LRRK2 G2019S mutation-related PD (PD-manifesting carriers [PD-MC]), 30 subjects with PD without mutations (PD noncarriers [PD-NC]), 28 mutation carrier family members (nonmanifesting carriers [NMC]), and 46 controls completed the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Generalized estimating equations were applied to determine whether olfactory score was associated with PD and LRRK2 mutation status. RESULTS As expected, having PD was associated with impaired olfaction regardless of LRRK2 mutation status. More importantly, however, impaired olfaction was increased overall in LRRK2 carriers both with and without PD, though the impairment was only present in a subset of NMCs. Compared to controls, the mean score was lower among NMC (difference = -3.518, p = 0.006), MC (difference = -7.677, p < 0.0001), and idiopathic PD (PD-NC) (difference = -13.810, p < 0.0001). Olfaction was better among MC (PD-MC) than non-LRRK2 PD (PD-NC) (difference = 6.13, p = 0.0012). Group differences from the continuous analysis were maintained in dichotomous analysis stratifying at 15th percentile for age and gender. CONCLUSION Olfaction is impaired in LRRK2 G2019S-mutation related PD, although less overall than other PD. Further, olfaction is impaired in a subset of LRRK2 NMC, suggesting that olfaction may be a marker for development of PD in this group, and that longitudinal studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Stanley K, Gever L, Wheeler W. Evaluation of fentanyl buccal soluble film (FBSF) in opioid tolerant cancer patients with neuropathic breakthrough cancer pain (BTP). The Journal of Pain 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2011.02.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cross JA, Temple RC, Hughes JC, Dozio NC, Brennan C, Stanley K, Murphy HR, Fowler D, Hughes DA, Sampson MJ. Cord blood telomere length, telomerase activity and inflammatory markers in pregnancies in women with diabetes or gestational diabetes. Diabet Med 2010; 27:1264-70. [PMID: 20950384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We tested the hypothesis that diabetes during pregnancy leads to chromosomal DNA damage and telomere attrition in the feto placental unit and cord blood, and provides evidence for intrauterine programming towards a senescent phenotype in the offspring. METHODS We obtained cord blood from pregnant women with pregestational Type 1 diabetes (n=26), Type 2 diabetes (n=20) or gestational diabetes (n=71), and control subjects without diabetes (n=45, n=76 and n=81, respectively) matched for maternal and gestational age. We measured cord blood mononuclear cell telomere length, telomerase activity (a reverse transcriptase that limits telomere attrition), and concentrations of insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1). RESULTS We found no significant differences between groups in cord blood telomere length in any nucleated cell type, or in hs-CRP or sICAM-1 concentrations, but telomerase activity was higher in cord blood from Type 1 (P<0.05) and gestational diabetes pregnancies (P<0.05), but not in Type 2 diabetes pregnancies. There were no significant relationships between glycaemic control, cord blood telomere length, telomerase activity or inflammatory markers in any group. CONCLUSIONS We found no difference in cord blood telomere length in pregnancies of women with diabetes compared with control subjects, but higher cord blood telomerase activity in Type 1 and gestational diabetes. This may reflect upregulated telomere reverse transcriptase in response to in utero oxidative DNA and telomere damage. These observations are relevant to the hypothesis that diabetes during pregnancy leads to in utero preprogramming towards senescence in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cross
- Institute of Food Research, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
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Maertzdorf J, Repsilber D, Parida SK, Stanley K, Roberts T, Black G, Walzl G, Kaufmann SHE. Human gene expression profiles of susceptibility and resistance in tuberculosis. Genes Immun 2010; 12:15-22. [PMID: 20861863 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2010.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) still poses a profound burden on global health, owing to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although a fully functional immune system is essential for the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, the underlying mechanisms and reasons for failure in part of the infected population remain enigmatic. Here, whole-blood microarray gene expression analyses were performed in TB patients and in latently as well as uninfected healthy controls to define biomarkers predictive of susceptibility and resistance. Fc gamma receptor 1B (FCGRIB)was identified as the most differentially expressed gene, and, in combination with four other markers, produced a high degree of accuracy in discriminating TB patients and latently infected donors. We determined differentially expressed genes unique for active disease and identified profiles that correlated with susceptibility and resistance to TB. Elevated expression of innate immune-related genes in active TB and higher expression of particular gene clusters involved in apoptosis and natural killer cell activity in latently infected donors are likely to be the major distinctive factors determining failure or success in controlling M. tuberculosis infection. The gene expression profiles defined in this study provide valuable clues for better understanding of progression from latent infection to active disease and pave the way for defining predictive correlates of protection in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
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Gallant CJ, Cobat A, Simkin L, Black GF, Stanley K, Hughes J, Doherty TM, Hanekom WA, Eley B, Beyers N, Jaïs JP, van Helden P, Abel L, Alcaïs A, Hoal EG, Schurr E. Impact of age and sex on mycobacterial immunity in an area of high tuberculosis incidence. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010; 14:952-959. [PMID: 20626938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING The extent of immune reactivity measured by the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) T-cell assays is usually not analysed. OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of age and sex on assay positivity and on the extent of reactivity of both TST and T-cell assays in young persons in an area of South Africa with high TB transmission. RESULTS Age had a strong impact on assay positivity for all seven immune phenotypes tested (P < 0.0007). Among positive responders, the extent of purified protein derivative (PPD) triggered IFN-gamma release (P < 0.003) was sensitive to age. ESAT-6 triggered IFN-gamma release (day 7, P = 0.03) and the frequency of PPD-specific IFN-gamma(+)CD4(+) (P = 0.03) and IFN-gamma(+)CD8(+) cells (P = 0.04) were weakly dependent on age. By contrast, the extent of TST induration was insensitive to age (P > 0.05), and sex had no significant impact on any phenotype measured (P > 0.05). The high proportion of positive responders in the 1-10 year age-group observed with long-term whole blood assays, but not with 3-day assays and TST, suggests that long-term whole blood assays may be confounded by bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination in this age group. CONCLUSION There is a significant impact of age, but not sex, on different assays of immune reactivity in this high TB transmission setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gallant
- Department of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Montreal, Canada
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Hannan R, Bywater M, Poortinga G, Cullinane C, Stanley K, Walker R, Drygin D, Anderes K, Pearson R, McArthur G. 633 The contribution of dysregulated ribosomal gene transcription to malignant transformation. EJC Suppl 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(10)71433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Kudesia G, Al-Kindi H, Yates A, Stanley K, McClure P. PVI-20 Comparison of two in-house methods of HBV genotyping with a commercial method and sequencing. J Clin Virol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(09)70169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bhattacharya R, Raut J, Stanley K. Spontaneous mid-trimester uterine rupture in a twin pregnancy. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2008; 28:642-3. [PMID: 19003665 DOI: 10.1080/01443610802378124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hesseling AC, Mandalakas AM, Kirchner HL, Chegou NN, Marais BJ, Stanley K, Zhu X, Black G, Beyers N, Walzl G. Highly discordant T cell responses in individuals with recent exposure to household tuberculosis. Thorax 2008; 64:840-6. [PMID: 18682523 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2007.085340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data comparing interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in highly endemic settings. METHODS A cross-sectional household contact study was conducted to measure the agreement of two IGRAs in relation to the tuberculin skin test (TST) to detect M tuberculosis infection and to assess the influence of M tuberculosis exposure and age. RESULTS In 82 individuals in household contact, 93% of children and 42% of adults had a high M tuberculosis contact score. The TST was positive in 78% of adults and 54% of children, the T-SPOT.TB was positive in 89% of children and 66% of adults and the QuantiFERON TB Gold (QTF) was positive in a similar proportion of adults and children (38.1% and 39.6%). In children there was poor agreement between the TST and T-SPOT.TB (kappa = -0.15) and the T-SPOT.TB and the QTF (kappa = -0.03), but good agreement between the TST and the QTF (kappa = 0.78) using 10 mm cut-off. In adults there was fair to moderate agreement between the TST and T-SPOT.TB (kappa = 0.38), the TST and QTF (kappa = 0.34) and T-SPOT.TB and QTF (kappa = -0.50). High levels of exposure to M tuberculosis were associated with at least a sevenfold odds of being T-SPOT.TB positive (95% CI 7.67 to 508.69) and a threefold odds of being QTF positive (95% CI 3.02 to 30.54). There was a significant difference in the magnitude of T-SPOT.TB early secretory antigenic target (ESAT)-6 and culture filtrate protein 10 kD (CFP-10) spot counts between adults and children. CONCLUSIONS The T-SPOT.TB may be more sensitive than the TST or QTF for detecting recent M tuberculosis infection in children. Differences between assays and the predictive utility of these findings for subsequent disease development should be prospectively assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
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Hedayati T, Obiako S, Stanley K, Henderson S. 373: The Willingness of Patients With Non-Emergent Conditions Presenting to the Emergency Department to be Referred to a Same-Day Appointment at an Affiliated Urgent Access Clinic. Ann Emerg Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.06.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Santora LC, Stanley K, Krull IS, Grant K. Characterization of maleuric acid derivatives on transgenic human monoclonal antibody due to post-secretional modifications in goat milk. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:843-56. [PMID: 16425344 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A fully human antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha was expressed in the mammary glands of transgenic goats. The goat expressed antibody (gAb) is heterogeneous and has several isoforms due to typical cellular post-translational modifications. In addition, one post-secretional modification on gAb was discovered by high-resolution cation exchange chromatography (CIEX). The presence of these variants in the final product was shown to be dependent upon the initial milk storage and traditional purification methodologies used. These observations allow for the development of new sample recovery and purification processes to eliminate these variants. Various enzymatic treatments were used to characterize different gAb heavy chain C-terminal lysine and sialic acid variants. In addition, an unknown derivative with the additional mass of 140 Da was found in transgenic gAb using mass spectrometry (MS). The modification sites were identified as the N-termini of gAb light chains and heavy chains using Q-TOF MS. Characterization of transgenic gAb isoforms was facilitated by utilizing different enzymes, CIEX and MS techniques. A maleuric acid modification on the N-terminal portion of gAb was shown to be consistent with the available data characterizing this new derivative of transgenic gAb isoforms in goat milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Santora
- Abbott Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the influence of pre-pregnancy care and its effect on early glycaemic control and also the effect of glycaemic control in later pregnancy on risk of pre-eclampsia in women with type I diabetes. A prospective cohort study of 290 consecutive nonselected pregnancies in women with type I diabetes was performed from 1991 to 2002. We examined the relationship of monthly glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level, pre-pregnancy care, parity, diabetes duration, microvascular complications, maternal age, weight and smoking with risk of pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia developed in 31/243 singleton births (12.8%). HbA1c level at 24 weeks was significantly increased in women with pre-eclampsia compared with women without pre-eclampsia (6.0 versus 5.6%, P= 0.017) and was, after nulliparity, the strongest independent predictor of increased risk (OR 1.65 for each 1% increase in HbA1c; P= 0.01). In contrast, there was no relationship between pre-pregnancy care or HbA1c level at booking and risk of pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Temple
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, UK.
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Abstract
AIM This is a review of the natural Campylobacter colonization and transmission among ruminant livestock in the dairy farm environment. METHODS AND RESULTS Using cultural detection methods and enumeration techniques the distribution of Campylobacter in ruminant animals at birth, on the farm, at slaughter and in the farm environment have been examined. Colonization and shedding rates are higher among young animals while patterns of shedding in adult animals may be seasonal. Stored and land-dispersed slurries provide a reservoir for scavenging birds and flies and a source for runoff. CONCLUSIONS The dairy farm plays a significant role in the dissemination of Campylobacter subtypes that can cause disease in the human community. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY An understanding of the role of the dairy farm in the environmental cycle of Campylobacter is required in order to devise intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stanley
- Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK.
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Stanley K, Baird MC. Demonstration of controlled asymmetric induction in organoiron chemistry. Suggestions concerning the specification of chirality in pseudotetrahedral metal complexes containing polyhapto ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00855a063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Russell GA, Keske RG, Holland G, Mattox J, Givens RS, Stanley K. Application of electron spin resonance spectroscopy to problems of structure and conformation. XXIX. Aliphatic semidiones. XXIX. Cycloheptane-1,2-semidione. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00840a048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Clinical trials are prospective scientific studies involving human participants and form the basis for identifying new treatments for diseases like brain tumors. A clinical trial should be designed to provide definitive results for a study question. Therefore, investigators should understand the principles underlying the design, execution and analysis of clinical trials. In addition to the application of basic principles germane to the design of all clinical trials, studies in neuro-oncology also involve unique challenges in case definition, selection of endpoints and definition of response. This review begins with enumeration of the basic principles of clinical trial design including reduction of bias and variability, and concludes with a review of study design factors of particular relevance for neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Batchelor
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Arduino JM, Fischl MA, Stanley K, Collier AC, Spiegelman D. Do HIV type 1 RNA levels provide additional prognostic value to CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts in patients with advanced HIV type 1 infection? AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:1099-105. [PMID: 11522179 DOI: 10.1089/088922201316912709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to assess whether HIV-1 RNA levels provide additional prognostic information beyond CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts in the prediction of subsequent HIV-1 disease progression among patients with advanced HIV-1 disease. In a nested case-control study conducted in patients with baseline CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts < 300 cells/mm(3) and receiving nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 102 patients who progressed to an AIDS-defining event or death were matched within 10 CD4(+) T lymphocyte cells/mm(3) to patients who did not progress. The relationship between plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and HIV-1 disease progression was studied using conditional logistic regression analysis, which adjusts for the matching by baseline CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We observed a 0.10 log(10) copies/ml difference in baseline HIV-1 RNA levels between cases and their matched controls (p = 0.027). The relative risk for HIV-1 disease progression increased with increasing baseline HIV-1 RNA levels (odds ratio [OR] for a 3-fold higher HIV-1 RNA level, 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08--1.86), and remained important when also controlling for clinical status at baseline and CD4(+) T lymphocytes at 2 months (p = 0.038). Higher baseline HIV-1 RNA levels were associated with HIV-1 disease progression among patients with a baseline CD4(+) T lymphocyte count of 100 cells/mm(3) or greater (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.15--2.81), but not among patients with a baseline CD4(+) T lymphocyte count < 100 cells/mm(3) (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.73--1.63). We concluded that HIV-1 RNA levels predict subsequent HIV-1 disease progression independent of CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts. The magnitude and importance of the prognostic information contained in the HIV-1 RNA levels appear to depend on the CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Arduino
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Fitzgerald C, Stanley K, Andrew S, Jones K. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flagellin gene typing in identifying clonal groups of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in farm and clinical environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1429-36. [PMID: 11282587 PMCID: PMC92751 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.4.1429-1436.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although campylobacters have been isolated from a wide range of animal hosts, the association between campylobacters isolated from humans and animals in the farm environment is unclear. We used flagellin gene typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to investigate the genetic diversity among isolates from animals (cattle, sheep, and turkey) in farm environments and sporadic cases of campylobacteriosis in the same geographical area. Forty-eight combined fla types were seen among the 315 Campylobacter isolates studied. Six were found in isolates from all four hosts and represented 50% of the total number of isolates. Seventy-one different SmaI PFGE macrorestriction profiles (mrps) were observed, with 86% of isolates assigned to one of 29 different mrps. Fifty-seven isolates from diverse hosts, times, and sources had an identical SmaI mrp and combined fla type. Conversely, a number of genotypes were unique to a particular host. We provide molecular evidence which suggests a link between campylobacters in the farm environment with those causing disease in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fitzgerald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
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Wiznia A, Stanley K, Krogstad P, Johnson G, Lee S, McNamara J, Moye J, Jackson JB, Mendez H, Aguayo R, Dieudonne A, Kovacs A, Bamji M, Abrams E, Rana S, Sever J, Nachman S. Combination nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor(s) plus nevirapine, nelfinavir, or ritonavir in stable antiretroviral therapy-experienced HIV-infected children: week 24 results of a randomized controlled trial--PACTG 377. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 377 Study Team. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:1113-21. [PMID: 10954886 DOI: 10.1089/088922200414956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred eighty-one antiretroviral-experienced, protease inhibitor-naive, clinically stable HIV-infected children between 4 months and 17 years of age were randomly assigned to receive one of four combination regimens to evaluate the change in plasma HIV RNA, safety, and tolerance when changing antiretroviral therapy to a protease inhibitor-containing combination regimen. All four regimens contained stavudine; in addition children received nevirapine plus ritonavir, lamivudine plus nelfinavir, nevirapine plus nelfinavir, or lamivudine plus nevirapine plus nelfinavir. Twelve additional children chose to receive stavudine plus lamivudine plus nelfinavir, with nelfinavir given bid, rather than tid as for the main regimens. Overall, 51% (89/176; 95% CI 43-58%) of the children on the randomized portion of the study had an HIV RNA response (< or =400 copies/ml) on at least two of the three HIV RNA determinations taken at Weeks 8, 12, and 16. At Week 24 the proportion of children with an HIV RNA response still on initial therapy was 47% (83/176; 95% CI 40-55%) and ranged from 41 to 61% for the four randomized treatment arms. Rash was frequently seen (27%) on the treatment arms containing nevirapine. At Week 24 64% (7/11, 95% CI 31-89%) of the children on the bid nelfinavir combination regimen were still on initial therapy with an HIV RNA response as compared with 46% (23/50; 95% CI 32-61%) on the corresponding tid nelfinavir combination regimen. A change in antiretroviral therapy to a protease inhibitor-containing regimen was associated with a virological response rate of approximately 50% for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wiznia
- Pediatric HIV Services, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Piddock LJ, Ricci V, Stanley K, Jones K. Activity of antibiotics used in human medicine for Campylobacter jejuni isolated from farm animals and their environment in Lancashire, UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 46:303-6. [PMID: 10933658 DOI: 10.1093/jac/46.2.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study of 96 Campylobacter jejuni isolated from farm animals and the environment showed that most were less susceptible than the NCTC type strain to nalidixic acid (MICs 4-32 mg/L), ciprofloxacin (MICs 1-2 mg/L) and erythromycin (MICs 16-64 mg/L), but had similar susceptibility to tetracycline (MICs 4-8 mg/L) and kanamycin (MICs 4-8 mg/L). None had the high MICs of ciprofloxacin (>32 mg/L) or erythromycin (1024 mg/L) typically associated with clinical resistance in this species. Some farms used antimicrobial agents, but there was no obvious association between the use of agents and the susceptibility of the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Piddock
- Antimicrobial Agents Research Group, Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Borkowsky W, Stanley K, Douglas SD, Lee S, Wiznia A, Pelton S, Yogev R, McIntosh K, Nachman S. Immunologic response to combination nucleoside analogue plus protease inhibitor therapy in stable antiretroviral therapy-experienced human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. J Infect Dis 2000; 182:96-103. [PMID: 10882586 DOI: 10.1086/315672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/1999] [Revised: 02/02/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of 40 immunologic parameters was studied for 147 clinically stable, protease inhibitor-naive, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children aged 2-17 years when antiretroviral therapy was changed to either a dual nucleoside analogue regimen or a protease inhibitor-containing regimen. Immunologic response to therapy, as measured by lymphocyte subsets, 3-color flow cytometric measures, and lymphoproliferative assays, were investigated for changes in weeks 44 and 48. The most significant changes after baseline that were associated with the administration of a protease inhibitor-containing regimen were seen for percentages of CD8(+)/CD38(+)/HLA-DR(+), CD8(+)/CD95(+)/CD28(-), and CD8. The percentages of CD8(+)/CD38(+)/HLA-DR(+) and CD8(+)/CD95(+)/CD28(-) decreased from baseline medians of 33% and 46% to medians of 18% and 30% at week 44 (P<.0001 for both). Median CD4 cell count increased 168 cells/microL (from 694 cells/microL to 862 cells/microL; P=.02) by week 48 in this clinically stable population. Changes in lymphoproliferative responses to HIV antigens and recall antigens did not increase over time and between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Borkowsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Abstract
A novel cDNA clone encoding a mitochondrial Hsp60 was isolated from a Myzus persicae cDNA library. The nucleotide sequence consisted of 2348 bp and contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1722 bases. The putative protein encoded by this ORF consisted of 574 amino acids and was designated MPHSP60. Comparison of MPHSP60 with other Hsp60s found that it was most similar to Hsp60 from Culicoides variipennis (85.6% similarity). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MPHSP60 is clustered together with other insect Hsp60s. Comparisons were also made between MPHSP60 and SymL, the GroEL homologue of Myzus persicae endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stanley
- Pathology Unit, Department of Soft Fruit and Perennial Crops, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, Scotland.
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