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Eerola K, Longo F, Reinbothe TM, Richard JE, Shevchouk OT, López-Ferreras L, Mishra D, Asker M, Tolö J, Miranda C, Musovic S, Olofsson CS, Rorsman P, Skibicka KP. Hindbrain insulin controls feeding behavior. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101614. [PMID: 36244663 PMCID: PMC9637798 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic insulin was discovered a century ago, and this discovery led to the first lifesaving treatment for diabetes. While still controversial, nearly one hundred published reports suggest that insulin is also produced in the brain, with most focusing on hypothalamic or cortical insulin-producing cells. However, specific function for insulin produced within the brain remains poorly understood. Here we identify insulin expression in the hindbrain's dorsal vagal complex (DVC), and determine the role of this source of insulin in feeding and metabolism, as well as its response to diet-induced obesity in mice. METHODS To determine the contribution of Ins2-producing neurons to feeding behavior in mice, we used the cross of transgenic RipHER-cre mouse and channelrhodopsin-2 expressing animals, which allowed us to optogenetically stimulate neurons expressing Ins2 in vivo. To confirm the presence of insulin expression in Rip-labeled DVC cells, in situ hybridization was used. To ascertain the specific role of insulin in effects discovered via optogenetic stimulation a selective, CNS applied, insulin receptor antagonist was used. To understand the physiological contribution of insulin made in the hindbrain a virogenetic knockdown strategy was used. RESULTS Insulin gene expression and presence of insulin-promoter driven fluorescence in rat insulin promoter (Rip)-transgenic mice were detected in the hypothalamus, but also in the DVC. Insulin mRNA was present in nearly all fluorescently labeled cells in DVC. Diet-induced obesity in mice altered brain insulin gene expression, in a neuroanatomically divergent manner; while in the hypothalamus the expected obesity-induced reduction was found, in the DVC diet-induced obesity resulted in increased expression of the insulin gene. This led us to hypothesize a potentially divergent energy balance role of insulin in these two brain areas. To determine the acute impact of activating insulin-producing neurons in the DVC, optic stimulation of light-sensitive channelrhodopsin 2 in Rip-transgenic mice was utilized. Optogenetic photoactivation induced hyperphagia after acute activation of the DVC insulin neurons. This hyperphagia was blocked by central application of the insulin receptor antagonist S961, suggesting the feeding response was driven by insulin. To determine whether DVC insulin has a necessary contribution to feeding and metabolism, virogenetic insulin gene knockdown (KD) strategy, which allows for site-specific reduction of insulin gene expression in adult mice, was used. While chow-fed mice failed to reveal any changes of feeding or thermogenesis in response to the KD, mice challenged with a high-fat diet consumed less food. No changes in body weight were identified, possibly resulting from compensatory reduction in thermogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data suggest an important role for hindbrain insulin and insulin-producing cells in energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Eerola
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Unit of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Francesco Longo
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Devesh Mishra
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohammed Asker
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Tolö
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caroline Miranda
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Saliha Musovic
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Patrik Rorsman
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Karolina P. Skibicka
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Nutritional Sciences and The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, PO Box 434, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. Fax: +46 31 786 3512.
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López-Ferreras L, Longo F, Richard JE, Eerola K, Shevchouk OT, Tuzinovic M, Skibicka KP. Key role for hypothalamic interleukin-6 in food-motivated behavior and body weight regulation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 131:105284. [PMID: 34090139 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) is well-characterized. Blockade of IL-6, by Tocilizumab, is used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and those diagnosed with cytokine storm. However, brain-produced IL-6 has recently emerged as a critical mediator of gut/adipose communication with the brain. Central nervous system (CNS) IL-6 is engaged by peripheral and central signals regulating energy homeostasis. IL-6 is critical for mediating hypophagia and weight loss effects of a GLP-1 analog, exendin-4, a clinically utilized drug. However, neuroanatomical substrates and behavioral mechanisms of brain IL-6 energy balance control remain poorly understood. We propose that the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is an IL-6-harboring brain region, key to food intake and food reward control. Microinjections of IL-6 into the LH reduced chow and palatable food intake in male rats. In contrast, female rats responded with reduced motivated behavior for sucrose, measured by the progressive ratio operant conditioning test, a behavioral mechanism previously not linked to IL-6. To test whether IL-6, produced in the LH, is necessary for ingestive and motivated behaviors, and body weight homeostasis, virogenetic knockdown by infusion of AAV-siRNA-IL6 into the LH was utilized. Attenuation of LH IL-6 resulted in a potent increase in sucrose-motivated behavior, without any effect on ingestive behavior or body weight in female rats. In contrast, the treatment did not affect any parameters measured (chow intake, sucrose-motivated behavior, locomotion, and body weight) in chow-fed males. However, when challenged with a high-fat/high-sugar diet, the male LH IL-6 knockdown rats displayed rapid weight gain and hyperphagia. Together, our data suggest that LH-produced IL-6 is necessary and sufficient for ingestive behavior and weight homeostasis in male rats. In females, IL-6 in the LH plays a critical role in food-motivated, but not ingestive behavior control or weight regulation. Thus, collectively these data support the idea that brain-produced IL-6 engages the hypothalamus to control feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Longo
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer E Richard
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kim Eerola
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Research Centre of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Olesya T Shevchouk
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Karolina P Skibicka
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Benkherouf AY, Eerola K, Soini SL, Uusi-Oukari M. Humulone Modulation of GABA A Receptors and Its Role in Hops Sleep-Promoting Activity. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:594708. [PMID: 33177986 PMCID: PMC7591795 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.594708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humulus lupulus L. (hops) is a major constituent of beer. It exhibits neuroactive properties that make it useful as a sleeping aid. These effects are hypothesized to be mediated by an increase in GABAA receptor function. In the quest to uncover the constituents responsible for the sedative and hypnotic properties of hops, recent evidence revealed that humulone, a prenylated phloroglucinol derivative comprising 35-70% of hops alpha acids, may act as a positive modulator of GABAA receptors at low micromolar concentrations. This raises the question whether humulone plays a key role in hops pharmacological activity and potentially interacts with other modulators such as ethanol, bringing further enhancement in GABAA receptor-mediated effects of beer. Here we assessed electrophysiologically the positive modulatory activity of humulone on recombinant GABAA receptors expressed in HEK293 cells. We then examined humulone interactions with other active hops compounds and ethanol on GABA-induced displacement of [3H]EBOB binding to native GABAA receptors in rat brain membranes. Using BALB/c mice, we assessed humulone's hypnotic behavior with pentobarbital- and ethanol-induced sleep as well as sedation in spontaneous locomotion with open field test. We demonstrated for the first time that humulone potentiates GABA-induced currents in α1β3γ2 receptors. In radioligand binding to native GABAA receptors, the inclusion of ethanol enhanced humulone modulation of GABA-induced displacement of [3H]EBOB binding in rat forebrain and cerebellum as it produced a leftward shift in [3H]EBOB displacement curves. Moreover, the additive modulatory effects between humulone, isoxanthohumol and 6-prenylnaringenin were evident and corresponded to the sum of [3H]EBOB displacement by each compound individually. In behavioral tests, humulone shortened sleep onset and increased the duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital and decreased the spontaneous locomotion in open field at 20 mg/kg (i.p.). Despite the absence of humulone effects on ethanol-induced sleep onset, sleep duration was increased dose-dependently down to 10 mg/kg (i.p.). Our findings confirmed humulone's positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptor function and displayed its sedative and hypnotic behavior. Humulone modulation can be potentially enhanced by ethanol and hops modulators suggesting a probable enhancement in the intoxicating effects of ethanol in hops-enriched beer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mikko Uusi-Oukari
- Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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López-Ferreras L, Eerola K, Shevchouk OT, Richard JE, Nilsson FH, Jansson LE, Hayes MR, Skibicka KP. The supramammillary nucleus controls anxiety-like behavior; key role of GLP-1R. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 119:104720. [PMID: 32563174 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent categories of mental illnesses. The gut-brain axis, along with gastrointestinally-derived neuropeptides, like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are emerging as potential key regulators of emotionality, including anxiety behavior. However, the neuroanatomical substrates from which GLP-1 exerts its anxiogenic effect remain poorly characterized. Here we focus on a relatively new candidate nucleus, the supramammillary nucleus (SuM), located just caudal to the lateral hypothalamus and ventral to the ventral tegmental area. Our focus on the SuM is supported by previous data showing expression of GLP-1R mRNA throughout the SuM and activation of the SuM during anxiety-inducing behaviors in rodents. Data show that chemogenetic activation of neurons in the SuM results in an anxiolytic response in male and female rats. In contrast, selective activation of SuM GLP-1R, by microinjection of a GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 into the SuM resulted in potent anxiety-like behavior, measured in both open field and elevated plus maze tests in male and female rats. This anxiogenic effect of GLP-1R activation persisted after high-fat diet exposure. Importantly, reduction of GLP-1R expression in the SuM, by AAV-shRNA GLP-1R knockdown, resulted in a clear anxiolytic response; an effect only observed in female rats. Our data identify a new neural substrate for GLP-1 control of anxiety-like behavior and indicate that the SuM GLP-1R are sufficient for anxiogenesis in both sexes, but necessary only in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- L López-Ferreras
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Eerola
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Research Centre of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - O T Shevchouk
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J E Richard
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - F H Nilsson
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L E Jansson
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K P Skibicka
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Mishra D, Richard JE, Maric I, Porteiro B, Häring M, Kooijman S, Musovic S, Eerola K, López-Ferreras L, Peris E, Grycel K, Shevchouk OT, Micallef P, Olofsson CS, Wernstedt Asterholm I, Grill HJ, Nogueiras R, Skibicka KP. Parabrachial Interleukin-6 Reduces Body Weight and Food Intake and Increases Thermogenesis to Regulate Energy Metabolism. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3011-3026.e5. [PMID: 30865890 PMCID: PMC6418345 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation and increased serum levels of the cytokine IL-6 accompany obesity. For brain-produced IL-6, the mechanisms by which it controls energy balance and its role in obesity remain unclear. Here, we show that brain-produced IL-6 is decreased in obese mice and rats in a neuroanatomically and sex-specific manner. Reduced IL-6 mRNA localized to lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, including paraventricular hypothalamus-innervating lPBN neurons. IL-6 microinjection into lPBN reduced food intake and increased brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis in male lean and obese rats by increasing thyroid and sympathetic outflow to BAT. Parabrachial IL-6 interacted with leptin to reduce feeding. siRNA-mediated reduction of lPBN IL-6 leads to increased weight gain and adiposity, reduced BAT thermogenesis, and increased food intake. Ambient cold exposure partly normalizes the obesity-induced suppression of lPBN IL-6. These results indicate that lPBN-produced IL-6 regulates feeding and metabolism and pinpoints (patho)physiological contexts interacting with lPBN IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Mishra
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer E Richard
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivana Maric
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Begona Porteiro
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Martin Häring
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Saliha Musovic
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kim Eerola
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eduard Peris
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Grycel
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olesya T Shevchouk
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Micallef
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlotta S Olofsson
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Harvey J Grill
- Lynch Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Karolina P Skibicka
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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López-Ferreras L, Eerola K, Mishra D, Shevchouk OT, Richard JE, Nilsson FH, Hayes MR, Skibicka KP. GLP-1 modulates the supramammillary nucleus-lateral hypothalamic neurocircuit to control ingestive and motivated behavior in a sex divergent manner. Mol Metab 2019; 20:178-193. [PMID: 30528281 PMCID: PMC6358540 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The supramammillary nucleus (SuM) is nestled between the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). This neuroanatomical position is consistent with a potential role of this nucleus to regulate ingestive and motivated behavior. Here neuroanatomical, molecular, and behavior approaches are utilized to determine whether SuM contributes to ingestive and food-motivated behavior control. METHODS Through the application of anterograde and retrograde neural tract tracing with novel designer viral vectors, the current findings show that SuM neurons densely innervate the LH in a sex dimorphic fashion. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a clinically targeted neuro-intestinal hormone with a well-established role in regulating energy balance and reward behaviors. Here we determine that GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) are expressed throughout the SuM of both sexes, and also directly on SuM LH-projecting neurons and investigate the role of SuM GLP-1R in the regulation of ingestive and motivated behavior in male and female rats. RESULTS SuM microinjections of the GLP-1 analogue, exendin-4, reduced ad libitum intake of chow, fat, or sugar solution in both male and female rats, while food-motivated behaviors, measured using the sucrose motivated operant conditioning test, was only reduced in male rats. These data contrasted with the results obtained from a neighboring structure well known for its role in motivation and reward, the VTA, where females displayed a more potent response to GLP-1R activation by exendin-4. In order to determine the physiological role of SuM GLP-1R signaling regulation of energy balance, we utilized an adeno-associated viral vector to site-specifically deliver shRNA for the GLP-1R to the SuM. Surprisingly, and in contrast to previous results for the two SuM neighboring sites, LH and VTA, SuM GLP-1R knockdown increased food seeking and adiposity in obese male rats without altering food intake, body weight or food motivation in lean or obese, female or male rats. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that SuM potently contributes to ingestive and motivated behavior control; an effect contingent on sex, diet/homeostatic energy balance state and behavior of interest. These data also extend the map of brain sites directly responsive to GLP-1 agonists, and highlight key differences in the role that GLP-1R play in interconnected and neighboring nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena López-Ferreras
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kim Eerola
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Devesh Mishra
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olesya T Shevchouk
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer E Richard
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik H Nilsson
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karolina P Skibicka
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Eerola K, Virtanen S, Vähätalo L, Ailanen L, Cai M, Hruby V, Savontaus M, Savontaus E. Hypothalamic γ-melanocyte stimulating hormone gene delivery reduces fat mass in male mice. J Endocrinol 2018; 239:19–31. [PMID: 30307151 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
γ-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (γ-MSH) is an endogenous agonist of the melanocortin 3-receptor (MC3R). Genetic disruption of MC3Rs increases adiposity and blunts responses to fasting, suggesting that increased MC3R signaling could be physiologically beneficial in the long term. Interestingly, several studies have concluded that activation of MC3Rs is orexigenic in the short term. Therefore, we aimed to examine the short- and long-term effects of γ-MSH in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) on energy homeostasis and hypothesized that the effect of MC3R agonism is dependent on the state of energy balance and nutrition. Lentiviral gene delivery was used to induce a continuous expression of γ-Msh only in the ARC of male C57Bl/6N mice. Parameters of body energy homeostasis were monitored as food was changed from chow (6 weeks) to Western diet (13 weeks) and back to chow (7 weeks). The γ-MSH treatment decreased the fat mass to lean mass ratio on chow, but the effect was attenuated on Western diet. After the switch back to chow, an enhanced loss in weight (−15% vs −6%) and fat mass (−37% vs −12%) and reduced cumulative food intake were observed in γ-MSH-treated animals. Fasting-induced feeding was increased on chow diet only; however, voluntary running wheel activity on Western diet was increased. The γ-MSH treatment also modulated the expression of key neuropeptides in the ARC favoring weight loss. We have shown that a chronic treatment intended to target ARC MC3Rs modulates energy balance in nutritional state-dependent manner. Enhancement of diet-induced weight loss could be beneficial in treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eerola
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S Virtanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - L Vähätalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - L Ailanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - V Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - M Savontaus
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - E Savontaus
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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López-Ferreras L, Richard JE, Noble EE, Eerola K, Anderberg RH, Olandersson K, Taing L, Kanoski SE, Hayes MR, Skibicka KP. Lateral hypothalamic GLP-1 receptors are critical for the control of food reinforcement, ingestive behavior and body weight. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1157-1168. [PMID: 28894301 PMCID: PMC5984105 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased motivation for highly rewarding food is a major contributing factor to obesity. Most of the literature focuses on the mesolimbic nuclei as the core of reward behavior regulation. However, the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is also a key reward-control locus in the brain. Here we hypothesize that manipulating glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activity selectively in the LH can profoundly affect food reward behavior, ultimately leading to obesity. Progressive ratio operant responding for sucrose was examined in male and female rats, following GLP-1R activation and pharmacological or genetic GLP-1R blockade in the LH. Ingestive behavior and metabolic parameters, as well as molecular and efferent targets, of the LH GLP-1R activation were also evaluated. Food motivation was reduced by activation of LH GLP-1R. Conversely, acute pharmacological blockade of LH GLP-1R increased food motivation but only in male rats. GLP-1R activation also induced a robust reduction in food intake and body weight. Chronic knockdown of LH GLP-1R induced by intraparenchymal delivery of an adeno-associated virus-short hairpin RNA construct was sufficient to markedly and persistently elevate ingestive behavior and body weight and ultimately resulted in a doubling of fat mass in males and females. Interestingly, increased food reinforcement was again found only in males. Our data identify the LH GLP-1R as an indispensable element of normal food reinforcement, food intake and body weight regulation. These findings also show, for we believe the first time, that brain GLP-1R manipulation can result in a robust and chronic body weight gain. The broader implications of these findings are that the LH differs between females and males in its ability to control motivated and ingestive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L López-Ferreras
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J E Richard
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E E Noble
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K Eerola
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R H Anderberg
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Olandersson
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L Taing
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M R Hayes
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K P Skibicka
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, PO Box 434, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden. E-mail:
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9
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Mattila M, Koskenvuo J, Söderström M, Eerola K, Savontaus M. Intramyocardial injection of SERCA2a-expressing lentivirus improves myocardial function in doxorubicin-induced heart failure. J Gene Med 2018; 18:124-33. [PMID: 27203155 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin is an effective anticancer drug. The major limitation to its use is the induction of dose-dependent cardiomyopathy. No specific treatment exists for doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy and treatments used for other forms of heart failure have only limited beneficial effects. The contraction-relaxation cycle of the heart is controlled by cytosolic calcium concentrations, which, in turn, are critically regulated by the activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2) (+) ATPase (SERCA2a) pump. We hypothesized that SERCA2a gene transfer would ameliorate doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. METHODS Lentiviral vectors LV-SERCA2a-GFP and LV-GFP were constructed and in vitro gene transfer of LV-SERCA2a-GFP confirmed SERCA2a expression by western blot analysis. Heart failure was induced by giving a single intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin. LV-SERCA2a-GFP, LV-GFP vectors and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were injected under echocardiographic control to the anterior wall of the left ventricle. RESULTS Echocardiography analyses were performed on the injection day and 28 days postinjection. On the injection day, there were no significant differences in the average ejection fractions (EFs) among SERCA2a (40.0%), GFP (41.1%) and PBS (39.4%) injected animals. On day 28, EF in the SERCA2a group had increased by 16.6 ± 6.7% to 46.4 ± 2.1%. By contrast, EFs in the GFP (40.2 ± 1.3%) and PBS (40.6 ± 1.4%) groups remained at pre-injection levels. In addition, end systolic and end diastolic left ventricle volumes were significantly smaller in the SERCA2a group compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS SERCA2a gene transfer significantly improves left ventricle function and dimensions in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy, thus making LV-SERCA2a gene transfer an attractive treatment modality for doxorubicin-induced heart failure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minttu Mattila
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Koskenvuo
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mirva Söderström
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kim Eerola
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Savontaus
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Heart Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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10
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Mohammad H, Marchisella F, Ortega-Martinez S, Hollos P, Eerola K, Komulainen E, Kulesskaya N, Freemantle E, Fagerholm V, Savontous E, Rauvala H, Peterson BD, van Praag H, Coffey ET. JNK1 controls adult hippocampal neurogenesis and imposes cell-autonomous control of anxiety behaviour from the neurogenic niche. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:487. [PMID: 28194007 PMCID: PMC5794892 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.203.
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11
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Richard JE, López-Ferreras L, Chanclón B, Eerola K, Micallef P, Skibicka KP, Wernstedt Asterholm I. CNS β 3-adrenergic receptor activation regulates feeding behavior, white fat browning, and body weight. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E344-E358. [PMID: 28588096 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00418.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) activation leads to increased mitochondrial biogenesis and activity in white adipose tissue (WAT), a process commonly referred to as "browning", and transiently increased insulin release. These effects are associated with improved metabolic function and weight loss. It is assumed that this impact of β3AR agonists is mediated solely through activation of β3ARs in adipose tissue. However, β3ARs are also found in the brain, in areas such as the brain stem and the hypothalamus, which provide multisynaptic innervation to brown and white adipose depots. Thus, contrary to the current adipocentric view, the central nervous system (CNS) may also have the ability to regulate energy balance and metabolism through actions on central β3ARs. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate whether CNS β3ARs can regulate browning of WAT and other aspects of metabolic regulation, such as food intake control and insulin release. We found that acute central injection of β3AR agonist potently reduced food intake, body weight, and increased hypothalamic neuronal activity in rats. Acute central β3AR stimulation was also accompanied by a transient increase in circulating insulin levels. Moreover, subchronic central β3AR agonist treatment led to a browning response in both inguinal (IWAT) and gonadal WAT (GWAT), along with reduced GWAT and increased BAT mass. In high-fat, high-sugar-fed rats, subchronic central β3AR stimulation reduced body weight, chow, lard, and sucrose water intake, in addition to increasing browning of IWAT and GWAT. Collectively, our results identify the brain as a new site of action for the anorexic and browning impact of β3AR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Richard
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine in Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Belén Chanclón
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Kim Eerola
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Peter Micallef
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Karolina P Skibicka
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine in Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and
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12
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Ailanen L, Ruohonen ST, Vähätalo LH, Tuomainen K, Eerola K, Salomäki-Myftari H, Röyttä M, Laiho A, Ahotupa M, Gylling H, Savontaus E. The metabolic syndrome in mice overexpressing neuropeptide Y in noradrenergic neurons. J Endocrinol 2017; 234:57-72. [PMID: 28468933 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A gain-of-function polymorphism in human neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene (rs16139) associates with metabolic disorders and earlier onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Similarly, mice overexpressing NPY in noradrenergic neurons (OE-NPYDBH) display obesity and impaired glucose metabolism. In this study, the metabolic syndrome-like phenotype was characterized and mechanisms of impaired hepatic fatty acid, cholesterol and glucose metabolism in pre-obese (2-month-old) and obese (4-7-month-old) OE-NPYDBH mice were elucidated. Susceptibility to T2D was assessed by subjecting mice to high caloric diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin. Contribution of hepatic Y1-receptor to the phenotype was studied using chronic treatment with an Y1-receptor antagonist, BIBO3304. Obese OE-NPYDBH mice displayed hepatosteatosis and hypercholesterolemia preceded by decreased fatty acid oxidation and accelerated cholesterol synthesis. Hyperinsulinemia in early obese state inhibited pyruvate- and glucose-induced hyperglycemia, and deterioration of glucose metabolism of OE-NPYDBH mice developed with aging. Furthermore, streptozotocin induced T2D only in OE-NPYDBH mice. Hepatic inflammation was not morphologically visible, but upregulated hepatic anti-inflammatory pathways and increased 8-isoprostane combined with increased serum resistin and decreased interleukin 10 pointed to increased NPY-induced oxidative stress that may predispose OE-NPYDBH mice to insulin resistance. Chronic treatment with BIBO3304 did not improve the metabolic status of OE-NPYDBH mice. Instead, downregulation of beta-1-adrenoceptors suggests indirect actions of NPY via inhibition of sympathetic nervous system. In conclusion, changes in hepatic fatty acid, cholesterol and glucose metabolism favoring energy storage contribute to the development of NPY-induced metabolic syndrome, and the effect is likely mediated by changes in sympathetic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Ailanen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modelling; Drug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi T Ruohonen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease ModellingUniversity of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura H Vähätalo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease ModellingUniversity of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Tuomainen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease ModellingUniversity of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kim Eerola
- Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease ModellingUniversity of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henriikka Salomäki-Myftari
- Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modelling; Drug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matias Röyttä
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Ahotupa
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Helena Gylling
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eriika Savontaus
- Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease ModellingUniversity of Turku; Turku University Hospital, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku, Finland
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13
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Anderberg RH, Richard JE, Eerola K, López-Ferreras L, Banke E, Hansson C, Nissbrandt H, Berqquist F, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Wernstedt Asterholm I, Lamy CM, Skibicka KP. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Its Analogs Act in the Dorsal Raphe and Modulate Central Serotonin to Reduce Appetite and Body Weight. Diabetes 2017; 66:1062-1073. [PMID: 28057699 PMCID: PMC6237271 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and serotonin play critical roles in energy balance regulation. Both systems are exploited clinically as antiobesity strategies. Surprisingly, whether they interact in order to regulate energy balance is poorly understood. Here we investigated mechanisms by which GLP-1 and serotonin interact at the level of the central nervous system. Serotonin depletion impaired the ability of exendin-4, a clinically used GLP-1 analog, to reduce body weight in rats, suggesting that serotonin is a critical mediator of the energy balance impact of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation. Serotonin turnover and expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2A (5-HT2A) and 5-HT2C serotonin receptors in the hypothalamus were altered by GLP-1R activation. We demonstrate that the 5-HT2A, but surprisingly not the 5-HT2C, receptor is critical for weight loss, anorexia, and fat mass reduction induced by central GLP-1R activation. Importantly, central 5-HT2A receptors are also required for peripherally injected liraglutide to reduce feeding and weight. Dorsal raphe (DR) harbors cell bodies of serotonin-producing neurons that supply serotonin to the hypothalamic nuclei. We show that GLP-1R stimulation in DR is sufficient to induce hypophagia and increase the electrical activity of the DR serotonin neurons. Finally, our results disassociate brain metabolic and emotionality pathways impacted by GLP-1R activation. This study identifies serotonin as a new critical neural substrate for GLP-1 impact on energy homeostasis and expands the current map of brain areas impacted by GLP-1R activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita H Anderberg
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer E Richard
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kim Eerola
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elin Banke
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hansson
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Nissbrandt
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Filip Berqquist
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit and Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Frank Reimann
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit and Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christophe M Lamy
- Laboratory of Neurometabolic Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karolina P Skibicka
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Rinne P, Ahola-Olli A, Nuutinen S, Koskinen E, Kaipio K, Eerola K, Juonala M, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Savontaus E. Deficiency in Melanocortin 1 Receptor Signaling Predisposes to Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction and Increased Arterial Stiffness in Mice and Humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1678-86. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.305064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1-R) is expressed by vascular endothelial cells and shown to enhance nitric oxide (NO) availability and vasodilator function on pharmacological stimulation. However, the physiological role of MC1-R in the endothelium and its contribution to vascular homeostasis remain unresolved. We investigated whether a lack of functional MC1-R signaling carries a phenotype with predisposition to vascular abnormalities.
Approach and Results—
Recessive yellow mice (MC1R
e/e
), deficient in MC1-R signaling, and their wild-type littermates were studied for morphology and functional characteristics of the aorta. MC1R
e/e
mice showed increased collagen deposition and arterial stiffness accompanied by an elevation in pulse pressure. Contractile capacity and NO-dependent vasodilatation were impaired in the aorta of MC1R
e/e
mice supported by findings of decreased NO availability. These mice also displayed elevated levels of systemic and local cytokines. Exposing the mice to high-sodium diet or acute endotoxemia revealed increased susceptibility to inflammation-driven vascular dysfunction. Finally, we investigated whether a similar phenotype can be found in healthy human subjects carrying variant
MC1-R
alleles known to attenuate receptor function. In a longitudinal analysis of 2001 subjects with genotype and ultrasound data (The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study), weak MC1-R function was associated with lower flow-mediated dilatation response of the brachial artery and increased carotid artery stiffness.
Conclusions—
The present study demonstrates that deficiency in MC1-R signaling is associated with increased arterial stiffness and impairment in endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, suggesting a physiological role for MC1-R in the regulation of arterial tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Rinne
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Pharmaceutics (P.R., S.N., E.K., K.E.,E.S.), the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (A.A-O., O.T.R.), and Department of Pathology (K.K), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R), and the Unit of Clinical Pharmacology (E.S.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
| | - Ari Ahola-Olli
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Pharmaceutics (P.R., S.N., E.K., K.E.,E.S.), the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (A.A-O., O.T.R.), and Department of Pathology (K.K), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R), and the Unit of Clinical Pharmacology (E.S.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
| | - Salla Nuutinen
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Pharmaceutics (P.R., S.N., E.K., K.E.,E.S.), the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (A.A-O., O.T.R.), and Department of Pathology (K.K), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R), and the Unit of Clinical Pharmacology (E.S.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
| | - Emilia Koskinen
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Pharmaceutics (P.R., S.N., E.K., K.E.,E.S.), the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (A.A-O., O.T.R.), and Department of Pathology (K.K), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R), and the Unit of Clinical Pharmacology (E.S.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
| | - Katja Kaipio
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Pharmaceutics (P.R., S.N., E.K., K.E.,E.S.), the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (A.A-O., O.T.R.), and Department of Pathology (K.K), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R), and the Unit of Clinical Pharmacology (E.S.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
| | - Kim Eerola
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Pharmaceutics (P.R., S.N., E.K., K.E.,E.S.), the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (A.A-O., O.T.R.), and Department of Pathology (K.K), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R), and the Unit of Clinical Pharmacology (E.S.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
| | - Markus Juonala
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Pharmaceutics (P.R., S.N., E.K., K.E.,E.S.), the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (A.A-O., O.T.R.), and Department of Pathology (K.K), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R), and the Unit of Clinical Pharmacology (E.S.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
| | - Mika Kähönen
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Pharmaceutics (P.R., S.N., E.K., K.E.,E.S.), the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (A.A-O., O.T.R.), and Department of Pathology (K.K), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R), and the Unit of Clinical Pharmacology (E.S.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Pharmaceutics (P.R., S.N., E.K., K.E.,E.S.), the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (A.A-O., O.T.R.), and Department of Pathology (K.K), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R), and the Unit of Clinical Pharmacology (E.S.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Pharmaceutics (P.R., S.N., E.K., K.E.,E.S.), the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (A.A-O., O.T.R.), and Department of Pathology (K.K), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R), and the Unit of Clinical Pharmacology (E.S.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
| | - Eriika Savontaus
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Pharmaceutics (P.R., S.N., E.K., K.E.,E.S.), the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (A.A-O., O.T.R.), and Department of Pathology (K.K), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R), and the Unit of Clinical Pharmacology (E.S.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
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Vähätalo LH, Ruohonen ST, Mäkelä S, Kovalainen M, Huotari A, Mäkelä KA, Määttä JA, Miinalainen I, Gilsbach R, Hein L, Ailanen L, Mattila M, Eerola K, Röyttä M, Ruohonen S, Herzig KH, Savontaus E. Neuropeptide Y in the noradrenergic neurones induces obesity and inhibits sympathetic tone in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:902-19. [PMID: 25482272 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Neuropeptide Y (NPY) co-localized with noradrenaline in central and sympathetic nervous systems seems to play a role in the control of energy metabolism. In this study, the aim was to elucidate the effects and pathophysiological mechanisms of increased NPY in catecholaminergic neurones on accumulation of body adiposity. METHODS Transgenic mice overexpressing NPY under the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase promoter (OE-NPY(DβH) ) and wild-type control mice were followed for body weight gain and body fat content. Food intake, energy expenditure, physical activity, body temperature, serum lipid content and markers of glucose homoeostasis were monitored. Thermogenic and lipolytic responses in adipose tissues, and urine catecholamine and tissue catecholamine synthesizing enzyme levels were analysed as indices of sympathetic tone. RESULTS Homozygous OE-NPY(DβH) mice showed significant obesity accompanied with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Increased adiposity was explained by neither increased food intake or fat absorption nor by decreased total energy expenditure or physical activity. Adipocyte hypertrophy and decreased circulating lipid levels suggested decreased lipolysis and increased lipid uptake. Brown adipose tissue thermogenic capacity was decreased and brown adipocytes filled with lipids. Enhanced response to adrenergic stimuli, downregulation of catecholamine synthesizing enzyme expressions in the brainstem and lower adrenaline excretion supported the notion of low basal catecholaminergic activity. CONCLUSION Increased NPY in catecholaminergic neurones induces obesity that seems to be a result of preferential fat storage. These results support the role of NPY as a direct effector in peripheral tissues and an inhibitor of sympathetic activity in the pathogenesis of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. H. Vähätalo
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Program; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - S. T. Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - S. Mäkelä
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - M. Kovalainen
- Faculty of Health Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - A. Huotari
- Faculty of Health Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - K. A. Mäkelä
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - J. A. Määttä
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - I. Miinalainen
- Biocenter Oulu Electron Microscopy Core Facility; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - R. Gilsbach
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - L. Hein
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - L. Ailanen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Program; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - M. Mattila
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Program; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - K. Eerola
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - M. Röyttä
- Department of Pathology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - S. Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - K. -H. Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - E. Savontaus
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
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Salomäki H, Heinäniemi M, Vähätalo LH, Ailanen L, Eerola K, Ruohonen ST, Pesonen U, Koulu M. Prenatal metformin exposure in a maternal high fat diet mouse model alters the transcriptome and modifies the metabolic responses of the offspring. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115778. [PMID: 25541979 PMCID: PMC4277397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Despite the wide use of metformin in metabolically challenged pregnancies, the long-term effects on the metabolism of the offspring are not known. We studied the long-term effects of prenatal metformin exposure during metabolically challenged pregnancy in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female mice were on a high fat diet (HFD) prior to and during the gestation. Metformin was administered during gestation from E0.5 to E17.5. Male and female offspring were weaned to a regular diet (RD) and subjected to HFD at adulthood (10-11 weeks). Body weight and several metabolic parameters (e.g. body composition and glucose tolerance) were measured during the study. Microarray and subsequent pathway analyses on the liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue of the male offspring were performed at postnatal day 4 in a separate experiment. RESULTS Prenatal metformin exposure changed the offspring's response to HFD. Metformin exposed offspring gained less body weight and adipose tissue during the HFD phase. Additionally, prenatal metformin exposure prevented HFD-induced impairment in glucose tolerance. Microarray and annotation analyses revealed metformin-induced changes in several metabolic pathways from which electron transport chain (ETC) was prominently affected both in the neonatal liver and adipose tissue. CONCLUSION This study shows the beneficial effects of prenatal metformin exposure on the offspring's glucose tolerance and fat mass accumulation during HFD. The transcriptome data obtained at neonatal age indicates major effects on the genes involved in mitochondrial ATP production and adipocyte differentiation suggesting the mechanistic routes to improved metabolic phenotype at adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriikka Salomäki
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura H. Vähätalo
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Ailanen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Kim Eerola
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi T. Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Ullamari Pesonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Koulu
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Eerola K, Rinne P, Penttinen AM, Vähätalo L, Savontaus M, Savontaus E. α-MSH overexpression in the nucleus tractus solitarius decreases fat mass and elevates heart rate. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:123-36. [PMID: 24829220 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The POMC pathway is involved in the regulation of energy and cardiovascular homeostasis in the hypothalamus and the brain stem. Although the acute effects of POMC-derived peptides in different brain locations have been elucidated, the chronic site-specific effects of distinct peptides remain to be studied. To this end, we used a lentiviral gene delivery vector to study the long-term effects of α-MSH in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the brain stem. The α-MSH vector (LVi-α-MSH-EGFP) based on the N-terminal POMC sequence and a control vector (LVi-EGFP) were delivered into the NTS of C57BL/6N male mice fed on a western diet. Effects on body weight and composition, feeding, glucose metabolism, and hemodynamics by telemetric analyses were studied during the 12-week follow-up. The LVi-α-MSH-EGFP-treated mice had a significantly smaller gain in the fat mass compared with LVi-EGFP-injected mice. There was a small initial decrease in food intake and no differences in the physical activity. Glucose metabolism was not changed compared with the control. LVi-α-MSH-EGFP increased the heart rate (HR), which was attenuated by adrenergic blockade suggesting an increased sympathetic activity. Reduced response to muscarinic blockade suggested a decreased parasympathetic activity. Fitting with sympathetic activation, LVi-α-MSH-EGFP treatment reduced urine secretion. Thus, the results demonstrate that long-term α-MSH overexpression in the NTS attenuates diet-induced obesity. Modulation of autonomic nervous system tone increased the HR and most probably contributed to an anti-obesity effect. The results underline the key role of NTS in the α-MSH-induced long-term effects on adiposity and in regulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eerola
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - P Rinne
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - A M Penttinen
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - L Vähätalo
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Savontaus
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - E Savontaus
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Eerola K, Nordlund W, Virtanen S, Dickens AM, Mattila M, Ruohonen ST, Chua SC, Wardlaw SL, Savontaus M, Savontaus E. Lentivirus-mediated α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone overexpression in the hypothalamus decreases diet induced obesity in mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:1298-1307. [PMID: 24118213 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) derived from the pro-hormone pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) has potent effects on metabolism and feeding that lead to reduced body weight in the long-term. To determine the individual roles of POMC derived peptides and their sites of action, we created a method for the delivery of single MSH peptides using lentiviral vectors and studied the long-term anti-obesity effects of hypothalamic α-MSH overexpression in mice. An α-MSH lentivirus (LVi-α-MSH-EGFP) vector carrying the N'-terminal part of POMC and the α-MSH sequence was generated and shown to produce bioactive peptide in an in vitro melanin synthesis assay. Stereotaxis was used to deliver the LVi-α-MSH-EGFP or control LVi-EGFP vector to the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus of male C57Bl/6N mice fed on a high-fat diet. The effects of 6-week-treatment on body weight, food intake, glucose tolerance and organ weights were determined. Additionally, a 14-day pairfeeding study was conducted to assess whether the weight decreasing effect of the LVi-α-MSH-EGFP treatment is dependent on decreased food intake. The 6-week LVi-α-MSH-EGFP treatment reduced weight gain (8.4 ± 0.4 g versus 12.3 ± 0.6 g; P < 0.05), which was statistically significant starting from 1 week after the injections. The weight of mesenteric fat was decreased and glucose tolerance was improved compared to LVi-EGFP treated mice. Food intake was decreased during the first week in the LVi-α-MSH-EGFP treated mice but subsequently increased to the level of LVi-EGFP treated mice. The LVi-EGFP injected control mice gained more weight even when pairfed to the level of food intake by LVi-α-MSH-EGFP treated mice. We demonstrate that gene transfer of α-MSH, a single peptide product of POMC, into the ARC of the hypothalamus, reduces obesity and improves glucose tolerance, and that factors other than decreased food intake also influence the weight decreasing effects of α-MSH overexpression in the ARC. Furthermore, viral MSH vectors delivered stereotaxically provide a novel tool for further exploration of chronic site-specific effects of POMC peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eerola
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- FinPharma Doctoral Program, Drug Discovery Section, Turku, Finland
| | - W Nordlund
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S Virtanen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - A M Dickens
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Medicity/PET Preclinical Imaging, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M Mattila
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S T Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S C Chua
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S L Wardlaw
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Savontaus
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - E Savontaus
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Eerola K. [Postpartum psychosis]. Duodecim 2002; 116:1499-505; quiz 1505, 1471. [PMID: 12001468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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