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Biswas S, Chen E, Gao Y, Lee S, Hewlett I, Devadas K. Modulation of HIV Replication in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages (MDM) by Host Antiviral Factors Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor and Serpin Family C Member 1 Induced by Steroid Hormones. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010095. [PMID: 35062299 PMCID: PMC8777669 DOI: 10.3390/v14010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication is well documented. However, the exact mechanism involved in the regulation of HIV-1 replication by estrogen and progesterone is still unclear. In the present study, we wanted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of HIV-1 replication by estrogen and progesterone. To achieve this goal, we used real-time quantitative PCR arrays (PCR arrays) to identify differentially expressed host genes in response to hormone treatments that are involved in antiviral responses. Our in vitro results suggest that treatment with high doses of estrogen and progesterone promotes the expression of host antiviral factors Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and Serpin family C member 1 (SERPIN C1) among others produced in response to HIV-1 infection. SLPI is an enzyme that inhibits human leukocyte elastase, human cathepsin G, human trypsin, neutrophil elastase, and mast cell chymase. SERPIN C1 is a plasma protease inhibitor that regulates the blood coagulation cascade by the inhibition of thrombin and other activated serine proteases of the coagulation system. A dose dependent downmodulation of HIV-1 replication was observed in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) pre-treated with the two proteins SLPI and SERPIN C1. Further investigations suggests that the host antiviral factors, SLPI and SERPIN C1 act at the pre-integration stage, inhibiting HIV-1 viral entry and leading to the observed downmodulation of HIV-1 replication. Our studies would help identify molecular mechanisms and pathways involved in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Biswas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA; (S.B.); (E.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Emily Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA; (S.B.); (E.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Yamei Gao
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA;
| | - Sherwin Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA; (S.B.); (E.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA; (S.B.); (E.C.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (I.H.); (K.D.)
| | - Krishnakumar Devadas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA; (S.B.); (E.C.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (I.H.); (K.D.)
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Wang X, Zhao J, Biswas S, Devadas K, Hewlett I. Components of apoptotic pathways modulate HIV-1 latency in Jurkat cells. Microbes Infect 2021; 24:104912. [PMID: 34808347 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to establish latent infections serves as a major barrier for its cure. This process could occur when its host cells undergo apoptosis, but it is uncertain whether the components of the apoptotic pathways affect viral latency. Using the susceptible Jurkat cell line, we investigated the relationship of apoptosis-associated components with HIV-1 DNA levels using the sensitive real-time PCR assay. Here, we found that the expression of proapoptotic proteins, including Fas ligand (FasL), FADD, and p53, significantly decreased HIV-1 viral DNA in cells. In contrast, the expression of antiapoptotic molecules, such as FLIP, Bcl2, and XIAP, increased the levels of viral DNA. Furthermore, promoting cellular antiapoptotic state via the knockdown of Bax with siRNA and FADD with antisense mRNA or the treatment with the Caspase-3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD, also raised viral DNA. We also simultaneously measured viral RNA from supernatants of these cell cultures and found that HIV-1 latency is inversely proportional to viral replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HIV-1-infected cells that underwent the transient expression of FLIP- or XIAP-induced viral latency would then produce an increased level of viral RNA upon the reversal of these antiapoptotic effects via PMA treatment compared to LacZ control cells. Taken together, these data suggest that HIV-1 infection could be adapted to employ or even manipulate the cellular apoptotic pathway to its advantage: when the host cell remains in a pro-apoptotic state, HIV-1 favors active replication, while when the host cell prefers an anti-apoptotic state, the virus establishes viral latency and promotes latent reservoir seeding in a way which would enhance viral replication and cytopathogenesis when the cellular conditions shift to encourage the productive infection phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Jiangqin Zhao
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Santanu Biswas
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Krishnakumar Devadas
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Biswas S, Haleyurgirisetty M, Ragupathy V, Wang X, Lee S, Hewlett I, Devadas K. Differentially expressed host long intergenic noncoding RNA and mRNA in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2546. [PMID: 29416066 PMCID: PMC5803214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs and mRNAs have been implicated in replication, pathogenesis and host response in HIV infection. However, the impact of long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) on HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection is not known. In this study, we have analyzed expression profiles of lincRNAs and mRNAs in monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) infected with HIV-1/HIV-2 using microarrays. Our study identified many differentially expressed lincRNAs and mRNAs in MDMs infected with HIV-1/HIV-2 compared to uninfected MDMs. Genes involved in glutathione metabolism and lysine degradation were differentially regulated only in HIV-1 infected MDMs. In HIV-2 infected MDMs, CUL 2, SFRS9, and RBBP4 genes were differentially expressed. Furthermore, we found that plasma levels of lincRNA: chr2: 165509129-165519404 and lincRNA: chr12: 57761837-57762303 were better indicators of HIV-1 infection while lincRNA: chr10:128586385-128592960, XLOC_001148 and lincRNA: chr5:87580664-87583451, were better indicators of HIV-2 infection. In summary, our study has demonstrated that there is substantial alteration in lincRNA and mRNA expression in response to HIV-1/HIV-2 infection. These differentially expressed lincRNAs and mRNAs could serve as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers of HIV infection and help in the identification of new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Biswas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Mohan Haleyurgirisetty
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Viswanath Ragupathy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Sherwin Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA.
| | - Krishnakumar Devadas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA.
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Ragupathy V, Xue W, Tan J, Devadas K, Gao Y, Hewlett I. Progesterone augments cell susceptibility to HIV-1 and HIV-1/HSV-2 co-infections. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:185-99. [PMID: 27538988 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected women, oral or injectable progesterone containing contraceptive pills may enhance HIV-1 acquisition in vivo, and the mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood. In developing countries, Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) co-infection has been shown to be a risk for increase of HIV-1 acquisition and, if co-infected women use progesterone pills, infections may increase several fold. In this study, we used an in vitro cell culture system to study the effects of progesterone on HIV-1 replication and to explore the molecular mechanism of progesterone effects on infected cells. In our in vitro model, CEMss cells (lymphoblastoid cell line) were infected with either HIV-1 alone or co-infected with HSV-2. HIV-1 viral load was measured with and without sex hormone treatment. Progesterone-treated cells showed an increase in HIV-1 viral load (1411.2 pg/mL) compared with cells without progesterone treatment (993.1 pg/mL). Increased cell death was noted with HSV-2 co-infection and in progesterone-treated cells. Similar observations were noted in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cells derived from three female donors. Progesterone-treated cells also showed reduced antiviral efficacy. Inflammatory cytokines and associations with biomarkers of disease progression were explored. Progesterone upregulated inflammatory cytokines and chemokines conversely and downregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression. Nuclear protein analysis by electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed the association of progesterone with progesterone response element (PRE), which may lead to downregulation of Bcl-2. These data indicate that progesterone treatment enhances HIV-1 replication in infected cells and co-infection with HSV-2 may further fuel this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath Ragupathy
- Lab of Molecular VirologyDivision of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wang Xue
- Lab of Molecular VirologyDivision of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ji Tan
- Lab of Molecular VirologyDivision of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Krishnakumar Devadas
- Lab of Molecular VirologyDivision of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Yamei Gao
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Lab of Molecular VirologyDivision of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Haleyur Giri Setty MK, Liu J, Mahtani P, Zhang P, Du B, Ragupathy V, Devadas K, Hewlett IK. Novel Time-Resolved Fluorescence Europium Nanoparticle Immunoassay for Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Group O Viruses Using Microplate and Microchip Platforms. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:612-9. [PMID: 26978478 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate detection and quantification of HIV-1 group O viruses have been challenging for currently available HIV assays. We have developed a novel time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) europium nanoparticle immunoassay for HIV-1 group O detection using a conventional microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a microchip platform. We screened several antibodies for optimal reactivity with several HIV-1 group O strains and identified antibodies that can detect all the strains of HIV-1 group O that were available for testing. The antibodies were used to develop a conventional ELISA format assay and an in-house developed europium nanoparticle-based assay for sensitivity. The method was evaluated on both microwell plate and microchip platforms. We identified two specific and sensitive antibodies among the six we screened. The antibodies, C65691 and ANT-152, were able to quantify 15 and detect all 17 group O viruses, respectively, as they were broadly cross-reactive with all HIV-1 group O strains and yielded better signals compared with other antibodies. We have developed a sensitive assay that reflects the actual viral load in group O samples by using an appropriate combination of p24 antibodies that enhance group O detection and a highly sensitive TRF-based europium nanoparticle for detection. The combination of ANT-152 and C65690M in the ratio 3:1 was able to give significantly higher signals in our europium-based assay compared with using any single antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jikun Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Prerna Mahtani
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Panhe Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Bingchen Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | | | - Indira K. Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Wang X, Tan J, Biswas S, Zhao J, Devadas K, Ye Z, Hewlett I. Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection Increases Apoptosis and HIV-1 Replication in HIV-1 Infected Jurkat Cells. Viruses 2016; 8:v8020033. [PMID: 26848681 PMCID: PMC4776188 DOI: 10.3390/v8020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection has a significant impact on public health, since it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It is not well-known whether influenza virus infection affects cell death and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 replication in HIV-1-infected patients. Using a lymphoma cell line, Jurkat, we examined the in vitro effects of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus (pH1N1) infection on cell death and HIV-1 RNA production in infected cells. We found that pH1N1 infection increased apoptotic cell death through Fas and Bax-mediated pathways in HIV-1-infected Jurkat cells. Infection with pH1N1 virus could promote HIV-1 RNA production by activating host transcription factors including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB), nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways and T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-related pathways. The replication of HIV-1 latent infection could be reactivated by pH1N1 infection through TCR and apoptotic pathways. These data indicate that HIV-1 replication can be activated by pH1N1 virus in HIV-1-infected cells resulting in induction of cell death through apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER/FDA, Building 72, Rm 4322, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Jiying Tan
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER/FDA, Building 72, Rm 4322, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Santanu Biswas
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER/FDA, Building 72, Rm 4322, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Jiangqin Zhao
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER/FDA, Building 72, Rm 4322, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Krishnakumar Devadas
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER/FDA, Building 72, Rm 4322, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Zhiping Ye
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER/FDA, Building 72, Rm 4322, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Devadas K, Biswas S, Haleyurgirisetty M, Wood O, Ragupathy V, Lee S, Hewlett I. Analysis of Host Gene Expression Profile in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infected T-Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147421. [PMID: 26821323 PMCID: PMC4731573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV replication is closely regulated by a complex pathway of host factors, many of them being determinants of cell tropism and host susceptibility to HIV infection. These host factors are known to exert a positive or negative influence on the replication of the two major types of HIV, HIV-1 and HIV-2, thereby modulating virus infectivity, host response to infection and ultimately disease progression profiles characteristic of these two types. Understanding the differential regulation of host cellular factors in response to HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections will help us to understand the apparent differences in rates of disease progression and pathogenesis. This knowledge would aid in the discovery of new biomarkers that may serve as novel targets for therapy and diagnosis. The objective of this study was to determine the differential expression of host genes in response to HIV-1/HIV-2 infection. To achieve this, we analyzed the effects of HIV-1 (MN) and HIV-2 (ROD) infection on the expression of host factors in PBMC at the RNA level using the Agilent Whole Human Genome Oligo Microarray. Differentially expressed genes were identified and their biological functions determined. Host gene expression profiles were significantly changed. Gene expression profiling analysis identified a subset of differentially expressed genes in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected cells. Genes involved in cellular metabolism, apoptosis, immune cell proliferation and activation, cytokines, chemokines, and transcription factors were differentially expressed in HIV-1 infected cells. Relatively few genes were differentially expressed in cells infected with HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar Devadas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993–0002, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KD); (IKH)
| | - Santanu Biswas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993–0002, United States of America
| | - Mohan Haleyurgirisetty
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993–0002, United States of America
| | - Owen Wood
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993–0002, United States of America
| | - Viswanath Ragupathy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993–0002, United States of America
| | - Sherwin Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993–0002, United States of America
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993–0002, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KD); (IKH)
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Tan J, Wang X, Devadas K, Zhao J, Zhang P, Hewlett I. Some mechanisms of FLIP expression in inhibition of HIV-1 replication in Jurkat cells, CD4+ T cells and PBMCs. J Cell Physiol 2014; 228:2305-13. [PMID: 23696271 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection and replication are affected by host factors. Recent studies demonstrate that molecules from apoptotic pathways regulate HIV-1 replication. Therefore, studies on effects of host factors that maintain host cell survival and influence HIV-1 replication are critical to understanding the mechanisms of HIV-1 replicative cycle. Using the susceptible Jurkat cell line, CD4(+) T cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we studied the role of FLIP, an inhibitor of caspase-8, in HIV-1 production. Full length cellular FLIP (cFLIP) inhibited HIV-1 replication in these cells. cFLIP upregulated the expression of viral restriction factors, such as TRIM5, Apobec3G, and Bst2/tetherin, decreased nuclear factor 1C expression and inactivated ERK and p38 induced by HIV-1 in Jurkat cells. cFLIP blocked the trafficking of gp120 and Gag p24 capsid protein into lipid rafts with inhibition of Tsg101 and Alix in ESCRT signaling pathway. cFLIP also promoted Bst2/tetherin trafficking into lipid rafts. These results indicate that cFLIP may inhibit the HIV-1 replication cycle at multiple steps, including viral RNA release, transcription, traffic and assembly. We also found that cFLIP expression downregulated Fas expression and inactivated FADD in the Fas-mediated apoptotic pathway. The inactivated FADD also inhibited HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland
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Ragupathy V, Devadas K, Tang S, Wood O, Lee S, Dastyer A, Wang X, Dayton A, Hewlett I. Effect of sex steroid hormones on replication and transmission of major HIV subtypes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:63-71. [PMID: 23542659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV epidemic is expanding worldwide with an increasing number of distinct viral subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). Out of 34 million adults living with HIV and AIDS, women account for one half of all HIV-1 infections worldwide. These gender differences in HIV pathogenesis may be attributed to sex hormones. Little is known about the role of sex hormone effects on HIV Subtypes pathogenesis. The aim of our study was to determine sex hormone effects on replication and transmissibility of HIV subtypes. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDC) from male and female donors were infected with HIV subtypes A-D and CRF02_AG, CRF01_AE, MN (lab adapted), Group-O, Group-N and HIV-2 at a concentration of 5ng/ml of p24 or p27. Virus production was evaluated by measuring p24 and p27 levels in culture supernatants. Similar experiments were carried out in the presence of physiological concentrations of sex steroid hormones. R5/X4 expressions measured by flow cytometry and transmissibility was evaluated by transfer of HIV from primary dendritic cells (DC) to autologous donor PBMC. RESULTS Our results from primary PBMC and MDDC from male and female donors indicate in the absence of physiological concentrations of hormone treatment virus production was observed in three clusters; high replicating virus (subtype B and C), moderate replicative virus (subtype A, D, CRF01_AE, Group_N) and least replicative virus (strain MN). However, dose of sex steroid hormone treatment influenced HIV replication and transmission kinetics in PBMC, DCs and cell lines. Such effects were inconsistent between donors and HIV subtypes. Sex hormone effects on HIV entry receptors (CCR5/CXCR4) did not correlate with virus production. CONCLUSIONS Subtypes B and C showed higher replication in PBMC from males and females and were transmitted more efficiently through DC to male and female PBMC compared with other HIV-1 subtypes, HIV-1 Group O and HIV-2. These findings are consistent with increased worldwide prevalence of subtype B and C compared to other subtypes. Sex steroid hormones had variable effect on replication or transmission of different subtypes. These findings suggest that subtype, gender and sex hormones may play a crucial role in the replication and transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath Ragupathy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Mohan KVK, Devadas K, Sainath Rao S, Hewlett I, Atreya C. Identification of XMRV infection-associated microRNAs in four cell types in culture. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32853. [PMID: 22438885 PMCID: PMC3306368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION XMRV is a gammaretrovirus that was thought to be associated with prostate cancer (PC) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in humans until recently. The virus is culturable in various cells of human origin like the lymphocytes, NK cells, neuronal cells, and prostate cell lines. MicroRNAs (miRNA), which regulate gene expression, were so far not identified in cells infected with XMRV in culture. METHODS Two prostate cell lines (LNCaP and DU145) and two primary cells, Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes [PBL] and Monocyte-derived Macrophages [MDM] were infected with XMRV. Total mRNA was extracted from mock- and virus-infected cells at 6, 24 and 48 hours post infection and evaluated for microRNA profile in a microarray. RESULTS MicroRNA expression profiles of XMRV-infected continuous prostate cancer cell lines differ from that of virus-infected primary cells (PBL and MDMs). miR-193a-3p and miRPlus-E1245 observed to be specific to XMRV infection in all 4 cell types. While miR-193a-3p levels were down regulated miRPlus-E1245 on the other hand exhibited varied expression profile between the 4 cell types. DISCUSSION The present study clearly demonstrates that cellular microRNAs are expressed during XMRV infection of human cells and this is the first report demonstrating the regulation of miR193a-3p and miRPlus-E1245 during XMRV infection in four different human cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketha V. K. Mohan
- Section of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Krishnakumar Devadas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shilpakala Sainath Rao
- Section of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chintamani Atreya
- Section of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Wang X, Gao Y, Tan J, Devadas K, Ragupathy V, Takeda K, Zhao J, Hewlett I. HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections induce autophagy in Jurkat and CD4+ T cells. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1414-9. [PMID: 22406083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays important roles during innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens, including virus infection. Viruses develop ways to subvert the pathway for their own benefit in order to escape restriction by autophagy, leading to increased viral replication and/or control over apoptosis of their host cells. The effects of HIV infection on the autophagic pathway in host cells have been little documented. Using the susceptible Jurkat cell line and CD4(+) T cells, we studied the relationship of HIV-1 and -2 infections with autophagy. We found that HIV infections significantly increase transcription of ULK1, a member of the autophagy-initiated complex. Two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems, the Atg12 conjugation system and the microtubule-associated protein L chain 3 (LC3) conjugation system that control the elongation of the autophore to form the autophagosome, were activated after HIV infection, with upregulation of Atg12-Atg5 complex and increased transcription of LC3, and formed more autophagosome in infected cells detected using an EM assay. We also found that HIV-1 induced more autophagic death in Jurkat cells relative to HIV-2, and the inhibition of autophagy with 3MA and Beclin-1 knockdown decreased HIV-1 replication significantly. The results indicate that HIV is able to induce the autophagic signaling pathway in HIV-infected host cells, which may be required for HIV infection-mediated apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Setty MKHG, Devadas K, Viswanath R, Ravichandran V, Tang S, Wood O, Gaddam DS, Lee S, Hewlett IK. XMRV: usage of receptors and potential co-receptors. Retrovirology 2011. [PMCID: PMC3112703 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-s1-a224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Devadas K, Setty MKHG, Viswanath R, Gaddam DS, Wood O, Tang S, Zhao J, Wang X, Ravichandran V, Lee S, Hewlett IK. Cell line tropism and replication of XMRV. Retrovirology 2011. [PMCID: PMC3112704 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-s1-a225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Setty MKHG, Devadas K, Ragupathy V, Ravichandran V, Tang S, Wood O, Gaddam DS, Lee S, Hewlett IK. XMRV: usage of receptors and potential co-receptors. Virol J 2011; 8:423. [PMID: 21896167 PMCID: PMC3184104 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background XMRV is a gammaretrovirus first identified in prostate tissues of Prostate Cancer (PC) patients and later in the blood cells of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Although XMRV is thought to use XPR1 for cell entry, it infects A549 cells that do not express XPR1, suggesting usage of other receptors or co-receptors. Methods To study the usage of different receptors and co- receptors that could play a role in XMRV infection of lymphoid cells and GHOST (GFP- Human osteosarcoma) cells expressing CD4 along with different chemokine receptors including CCR1, CCR2, etc., were infected with XMRV. Culture supernatants and cells were tested for XMRV replication using real time quantitative PCR. Results Infection and replication of XMRV was seen in a variety of GHOST cells, LNCaP, DU145, A549 and Caski cell lines. The levels of XMRV replication varied in different cell lines showing differential replication in different cell lines. However, replication in A549 which lacks XPR1 expression was relatively higher than DU145 but lower than, LNCaP. XMRV replication varied in GHOST cell lines expressing CD4 and each of the co- receptors CCR1-CCR8 and bob. There was significant replication of XMRV in CCR3 and Bonzo although it is much lower when compared to DU145, A549 and LNCaP. Conclusion XMRV replication was observed in GHOST cells that express CD4 and each of the chemokine receptors ranging from CCR1- CCR8 and BOB suggesting that infectivity in hematopoietic cells could be mediated by use of these receptors.
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Tang S, Zhao J, Viswanath R, Nyambi PN, Redd AD, Dastyar A, Spacek LA, Quinn TC, Wang X, Wood O, Gaddam D, Devadas K, Hewlett IK. Absence of detectable xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in plasma or peripheral blood mononuclear cells of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected blood donors or individuals in Africa. Transfusion 2010; 51:463-8. [PMID: 21077909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the identification of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in prostate cancer patients in 2006 and in chronic fatigue syndrome patients in 2009, conflicting findings have been reported regarding its etiologic role in human diseases and prevalence in general populations. In this study, we screened both plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) collected in Africa from blood donors and human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals to gain evidence of XMRV infection in this geographic region. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 199 plasma samples, 19 PBMNC samples, and 50 culture supernatants from PBMNCs of blood donors from Cameroon found to be infected with HIV-1 and HIV-1 patients from Uganda were screened for XMRV infection using a sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay. RESULTS Using highly sensitive nested PCR or RT-PCR and real-time PCR assays capable of detecting at least 10 copies of XMRV plasmid DNA per reaction, none of the 268 samples tested were found to be XMRV DNA or RNA positive. CONCLUSIONS Our results failed to demonstrate the presence of XMRV infection in African blood donors or individuals infected with HIV-1. More studies are needed to understand the prevalence, epidemiology, and geographic distribution of XMRV infection worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixing Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Devadas K, Hewlett IK, Dhawan S. Lipopolysaccharide suppresses HIV-1 replication in human monocytes by protein kinase C-dependent heme oxygenase-1 induction. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:915-24. [PMID: 20061555 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0307172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
LPS is an important component of the Gram-negative bacteria cell wall. It activates monocytes and induces multiple host immune and inflammatory responses. Interestingly, in spite of inducing host-inflammatory responses, LPS also protects monocyte-derived macrophages from infection by HIV-1. In this report, we have shown that LPS treatment of human monocyte-derived macrophages markedly suppressed HIV-1 replication, even on addition to infected cells 24 h after infection. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication was associated with PKC-dependent induction of HO-1, a cytoprotective enzyme known to catabolize heme. Pretreatment with the PKC inhibitor Go 6976 not only substantially inhibited LPS-mediated induction of HO-1 but also attenuated LPS-induced suppression of HIV replication. Significant reduction of HIV replication by inhibitors of JNK, NF-kappaB, and PI3K was independent of a LPS-mediated anti-HIV effect. Specificity of HO-1 was confirmed by substantial reversal of LPS-induced viral replication by pretreatment of cells with SnPP IX, an inhibitor of HO-1 enzyme activity. These results demonstrate a previously undefined function of HO-1 as a host defense mechanism in LPS-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar Devadas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike (HFM-315), Rockville, MD 20852-1448, USA
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Devadas K, Boykins RA, Hewlett IK, Wood OL, Clouse KA, Yamada KM, Dhawan S. Antibodies against a multiple-peptide conjugate comprising chemically modified human immunodeficiency virus type-1 functional Tat peptides inhibit infection. Peptides 2007; 28:496-504. [PMID: 17188401 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated recently that selective side-chain modification of functional cysteine-rich (Tat(21-40)) and arginine-rich (Tat(53-68)) domains of the HIV-1 Tat protein blocks pathogenic activities of these peptides while retaining their immunological characteristics. In the present study, we have synthesized a multiple-peptide conjugate system comprising modified Tat(21-40) and Tat(53-68) peptides (HIV-1-Tat-MPC). Immunization of mice with this highly homogeneous 10.7 kDa HIV-1-Tat-MPC synthetic construct induced an effective immune response in mice. The antibodies generated against HIV-1-Tat-MPC efficiently suppressed Tat-induced viral replication and significantly reduced HIV-associated cytopathic effects in human monocytes. These results indicate that epitope-specific antibodies directed against functional sites of Tat protein using non-pathogenic peptides inhibit HIV pathogenesis. The HIV-1-Tat-MPC, therefore, has potential for the development of a safe, effective, and economical therapeutic vaccine to reduce the progression of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar Devadas
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Devadas K, Boykins RA, Hardegen NJ, Philp D, Kleinman HK, Osa EO, Wang J, Clouse KA, Wahl LM, Hewlett IK, Rappaport J, Yamada KM, Dhawan S. Selective side-chain modification of cysteine and arginine residues blocks pathogenic activity of HIV-1-Tat functional peptides. Peptides 2006; 27:611-21. [PMID: 16256245 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Tat protein of HIV-1 activates virus replication in HIV-infected cells and induces a variety of host factors in the uninfected cells, some of which play a critical role in the progression of HIV infection. The cysteine-rich and arginine-rich basic domains represent key components of the HIV-Tat protein for pathogenic effects of the full-length Tat protein and, therefore, could be ideal candidates for the development of a therapeutic AIDS vaccine. The present study describes selective modifications of the side-chain functional groups of cysteine and arginine amino acids of these HIV-Tat peptides to minimize the pathogenic effects of these peptides while maintaining natural peptide linkages. Modification of cysteine by introducing either a methyl or t-butyl group in the free sulfhydryl group and replacing the guanidine group with a urea linkage in the side chain of arginine in the cysteine-rich and arginine-rich Tat peptide sequences completely blocked the ability of these peptides to induce HIV replication, chemokine receptor CCR-5 expression, and NF-kappaB activity in monocytes. Such modifications also inhibited angiogenesis and migration of Kaposi's sarcoma cells normally induced by Tat peptides. Such chemical modifications of the cysteine-rich and arginine-rich peptides did not affect their reactivity with antibodies against the full-length Tat protein. With an estimated 40 million HIV-positive individuals worldwide and approximately 4 million new infections emerging every year, a synthetic subunit HIV-Tat vaccine comprised of functionally inactive Tat domains could provide a safe, effective, and economical therapeutic vaccine to reduce the progression of HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar Devadas
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike (HFM-315), Rockville, MD 20852-1448, USA
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Abstract
Hemin, a critical component of hemoglobin, is an active ingredient of a biologic therapeutic approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of acute porphyries. This report describes a biological function of this molecule in inducing host defense against HIV-1 infection via heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction. Treatment of monocytes with hemin substantially inhibited HIV replication, as evident by nearly undetectable viral RNA and cell-free HIV-1 p24 protein in a dose-dependent manner. Hemin exposure of these cells before infection, at the time of infection, or after infection caused >90% reduction of HIV DNA with substantially low levels of HIV-1 p24 and HIV-associated cytopathic effects. In addition, hemin treatment significantly suppressed infection of both monocytes and T cells inoculated with R5, X4, R5X4 tropic strains, and reverse transcriptase-resistant, azidothymidine-resistant, ddC/ddI-resistant, nivirapine-resistant, and other clinical HIV isolates. Intraperitoneal administration of hemin 4 days after HIV infection reduced viral load in the serum of human PBMC-reconstituted nonobese diabetic SCID mice by >6-fold. Suppression of HIV replication in hemin-activated cells correlated with the induction of HO-1 and was attenuated by tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) IX, an inhibitor of HO-1 activity, suggesting a pivotal role of this endogenous enzyme in the regulation of HIV infection. Hemin-induced HO-1 induction in the CCR-5, CXCR-4, and CD4 coexpressing GHOST(3) cells was consistent with the inhibition of Tat-dependent activation of long terminal repeat promoter leading to reduced GFP expression. These findings suggest an important role of hemin-induced HO-1 activity as a host defense mechanism against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar Devadas
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Abstract
Viral latency is a long-term pathogenic condition in patients infected with HIV-1. Low but sustained virus replication in chronically infected cells can be activated by stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, or other host factors. However, the precise mechanism by which cellular activation induces latently infected cells to produce virions has remained unclear. In the present report, we present evidence that activation of HIV-1 replication in latently infected U1 or ACH2 cells by human macrophages is mediated by a rapid nuclear localization of NF-kappaB p50/p65 dimer with concomitant increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Multiplexed RT-PCR amplification of mRNA isolated from cocultures of macrophages and U1 and ACH2 cells showed significant induction of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta expression within 3 h of coincubation. Fixation of macrophages, U-1, or ACH2 cells with paraformaldehyde before coculture completely abrogated the induction of NF-kappaB subunits and HIV-1 replication, suggesting that cooperative interaction between the two cell types is an essential process for cellular activation. Pretreatment of macrophage-U1 or macrophage-ACH2 cocultures with neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha Ab down-regulated the replication of HIV-1. In addition, pretreatment of macrophage-U1 or macrophage-ACH2 cocultures with the NF-kappaB inhibitor (E)3-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-2-propenenitrile (BAY 11-7082) prevented the induction of cytokine expression, indicating a pivotal role of NF-kappaB-mediated signaling in the reactivation of HIV-1 in latently infected cells by macrophages. These results provide a mechanism by which macrophages induce HIV-1 replication in latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar Devadas
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
HIV-1 replication is inhibited in T cells transfected with an anti-gp41 single chain antibody (ScFv) or IL-16. These two molecules target totally different events in the HIV-1 replication cycle. The present study shows that HIV-1 replication is inhibited to a substantially greater extent and for a longer duration in cells transfected with both anti-gp41 and IL-16 than with either molecule alone. It is concluded that anti-gp41 and IL-16 act in a synergistic fashion to inhibit HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar Devadas
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Immunity and Infection Branch, Building 30, Room 121, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, MSC 4322, Bethesda, MD 20892-4322, USA.
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De SK, Devadas K, Notkins AL. Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-transgenic mice: prevention of death by antibody to TNF-alpha. J Virol 2002; 76:11710-4. [PMID: 12388730 PMCID: PMC136749 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.22.11710-11714.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2002] [Accepted: 08/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-transgenic mice (Tg26) appear normal at birth but die within 3 to 4 weeks. The skin of these animals shows diffuse scaling and high-level expression of both HIV-1 mRNA and gp120. Previous experiments showed that treatment with human chorionic gonadatropin (hCG) prevented death and the expression of HIV-1 mRNA and gp120. The present experiments were initiated to study the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in HIV-1-induced pathology. Examination of the sera of Tg26 mice revealed a 50-fold increase in TNF-alpha levels compared to those in nontransgenic mice. Treatment with antibody to TNF-alpha prevented death, resulted in near normal growth, and produced a marked decrease in skin lesions and a profound reduction in the expression of HIV-1 mRNA and gp120. Both TNF-alpha antibody and hCG reduced TNF-alpha levels in sera by approximately 75%. We conclude that TNF-alpha contributes in a major way to HIV-1-induced pathology in transgenic mice and that both hCG and antibody to TNF-alpha prevent the development of pathology by suppressing the level of TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K De
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
In 9 years (1990-1998), 40 Arab patients between the ages of 0 and 18 years had newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) at the Al-Ain hospital, United Arab Emirates (UAE). In this cohort, 35 patients had Type 1 DM while the remaining five patients had features of early onset Type 2 DM. For Type 1 DM patients, the mean age at diagnosis of was 9.2+/-4.1 years. At presentation, their mean plasma glucose was 27.6+/-11/mmol with 28 (80%) patients having diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), both being much higher than generally reported in the West. The mean insulin requirement increased from 0.84+/-0.27 U/kg per 24 h (0-9-year group) to 1.02+/-0.33 U/kg per 24 h (10-18-year group), P=0.055. The home glucose monitoring and the glycaemic control of these Type 1 DM patients were sub-optimal with 28% of patients having recurrence of DKA. Among the Type 2 DM patients, four (80%) were obese with a positive family history of Type 2 DM. All of them initially responded to diet and oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Public education about DM in childhood and prevention of adolescent obesity remain major public health challenges in the UAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Punnose
- Department of Medicine, Al-Ain Hospital, P.O. Box 18841, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Bakir M, El Khadir A, Devadas K, Farrukh AS, Uduman SA. Haemophilus influenzae type b diseases in children:a pre-vaccination study. East Mediterr Health J 2001. [DOI: 10.26719/2001.7.4-5.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib] can now be prevented by vaccination. We present the clinical and laboratory characteristics of acute invasive H. influenzae diseases in children admitted over a 4-year period to a tertiary paediatric ward of the Al-Ain medical district hospital, before vaccination became available in the United Arab Emirates. In all, 38 children had bacteriologically proven H. influenzae invasive diseases and all the isolates were serotype b. Meningitis was diagnosed in 60.5% of the children and 66% of the studied children were under 12 months. There were no deaths but substantial morbidity occurred in 12 children.
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Bakir M, el-Khadir A, Devadas K, Farrukh AS, Uduman SA. Haemophilus influenzae type b diseases in children: a pre-vaccination study. East Mediterr Health J 2001; 7:597-603. [PMID: 15332754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) can now be prevented by vaccination. We present the clinical and laboratory characteristics of acute invasive H. influenzae diseases in children admitted over a 4-year period to a tertiary paediatric ward of the Al-Ain medical district hospital, before vaccination became available in the United Arab Emirates. In all, 38 children had bacteriologically proven H. influenzae invasive diseases and all the isolates were serotype b. Meningitis was diagnosed in 60.5% of the children and 66% of the studied children were under 12 months. There were no deaths but substantial morbidity occurred in 12 children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bakir
- Department of Paediatrics, Ministry of Health, Al-Ain hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Zhou P, Devadas K, Tewari D, Jegorow A, Notkins AL. Processing, Secretion, and Anti-HIV-1 Activity of IL-16 With or Without a Signal Peptide in CD4+ T Cells. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD4+ T cells transfected with the C-terminal 130 aa of human IL-16 are rendered resistant to HIV infection. Whether the constitutively expressed IL-16 acts intracellularly, extracellularly, or both is not clear. To address this question and to further study the processing of IL-16, new constructs containing either the C-terminal 130 aa or the C-terminal 100 aa (PDZ-like motif) were constructed with and without a signal peptide. Pulse-chase experiments and treatment of cells with brefeldin A and/or tunicamycin showed that IL-16 is secreted despite the absence of a signal peptide, but with a signal peptide IL-16 is processed through the endoplasmic reticulum-golgi pathway and is glycosylated. Cells expressing IL-16 linked to a signal peptide secrete considerably more IL-16 into the supernatant than cells expressing IL-16 without a signal peptide and are considerably more resistant to HIV replication. Resistance extends to almost 25 days for cells expressing IL-16 with signal peptide as compared with only 15 days for cells without signal peptide. Cells expressing the C-terminal 100 aa not linked to a signal peptide are poor secretors of IL-16 and show little if any resistance to HIV. In contrast, cells expressing the C-terminal 100 aa linked to a signal peptide secrete IL-16 and are resistant to HIV replication. It is concluded that the secretion of IL-16 is required for HIV inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zhou
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Krishnakumar Devadas
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aleksandra Jegorow
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Abner Louis Notkins
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Zhou P, Devadas K, Tewari D, Jegorow A, Notkins AL. Processing, secretion, and anti-HIV-1 activity of IL-16 with or without a signal peptide in CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 1999; 163:906-12. [PMID: 10395686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells transfected with the C-terminal 130 aa of human IL-16 are rendered resistant to HIV infection. Whether the constitutively expressed IL-16 acts intracellularly, extracellularly, or both is not clear. To address this question and to further study the processing of IL-16, new constructs containing either the C-terminal 130 aa or the C-terminal 100 aa (PDZ-like motif) were constructed with and without a signal peptide. Pulse-chase experiments and treatment of cells with brefeldin A and/or tunicamycin showed that IL-16 is secreted despite the absence of a signal peptide, but with a signal peptide IL-16 is processed through the endoplasmic reticulum-golgi pathway and is glycosylated. Cells expressing IL-16 linked to a signal peptide secrete considerably more IL-16 into the supernatant than cells expressing IL-16 without a signal peptide and are considerably more resistant to HIV replication. Resistance extends to almost 25 days for cells expressing IL-16 with signal peptide as compared with only 15 days for cells without signal peptide. Cells expressing the C-terminal 100 aa not linked to a signal peptide are poor secretors of IL-16 and show little if any resistance to HIV. In contrast, cells expressing the C-terminal 100 aa linked to a signal peptide secrete IL-16 and are resistant to HIV replication. It is concluded that the secretion of IL-16 is required for HIV inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhou
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Abstract
A 7-year-old male admitted with neck rigidity, severe pain in the abdomen, and progressive weakness in the lower limbs was diagnosed as having a spinal intramedullary arachnoid cyst. There was a dramatic and immediate recovery after fenestration of the cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Aithala
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Al Ain Hospital, United Arab Emirates
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30
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Zhou P, Goldstein S, Devadas K, Tewari D, Notkins AL. Cells transfected with a non-neutralizing antibody gene are resistant to HIV infection: targeting the endoplasmic reticulum and trans-Golgi network. J Immunol 1998; 160:1489-96. [PMID: 9570571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmids containing single chain Fv (scFv) non-neutralizing human anti-HIV-1 gp41 Ab cDNA, with or without endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or trans-Golgi network (TGN) retention signals, were constructed. Stable transfectants expressing these scFvs then were generated from COS-7 cells and HIV-1-susceptible CD4+ human T cells (Jurkat). scFv without a retention signal was secreted from cells, whereas scFv with an ER or TGN retention signal remained primarily within targeted intracellular compartments. The expression of scFv, scFv-ER, and scFv-TGN did not adversely affect the appearance of uninfected cells, as measured by growth rate or CD4 expression. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that the t(1/2) of scFv-ER and scFv-TGN within cells was greater than 24 h and less than 9 h, respectively. The scFv-ER and scFv-TGN bound HIV gp160, and the scFv-ER-gp160 and the scFv-TGN-gp160 complexes were stable within HIV-infected transfectants. Further studies revealed that the maturation processing of gp160 into gp120 and gp41 was blocked in the scFv-ER transfectants, but not in the scFv-TGN transfectants. Moreover, HIV replication, as measured by p24, was inhibited by up to 99% in cells transfected with scFv-ER or scFv-TGN, but was not inhibited in cells transfected with the secretory form of scFv. It is concluded that the targeting of non-neutralizing anti-HIV-1 Abs to specific intracellular compartments blocks HIV replication and represents a potential therapeutic strategy for protecting uninfected lymphopoietic stem cells from HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhou
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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31
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Zhou P, Goldstein S, Devadas K, Tewari D, Notkins AL. Cells Transfected with a Non-Neutralizing Antibody Gene Are Resistant to HIV Infection: Targeting the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Trans-Golgi Network. The Journal of Immunology 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.3.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Plasmids containing single chain Fv (scFv) non-neutralizing human anti-HIV-1 gp41 Ab cDNA, with or without endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or trans-Golgi network (TGN) retention signals, were constructed. Stable transfectants expressing these scFvs then were generated from COS-7 cells and HIV-1-susceptible CD4+ human T cells (Jurkat). scFv without a retention signal was secreted from cells, whereas scFv with an ER or TGN retention signal remained primarily within targeted intracellular compartments. The expression of scFv, scFv-ER, and scFv-TGN did not adversely affect the appearance of uninfected cells, as measured by growth rate or CD4 expression. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that the t1/2 of scFv-ER and scFv-TGN within cells was greater than 24 h and less than 9 h, respectively. The scFv-ER and scFv-TGN bound HIV gp160, and the scFv-ER-gp160 and the scFv-TGN-gp160 complexes were stable within HIV-infected transfectants. Further studies revealed that the maturation processing of gp160 into gp120 and gp41 was blocked in the scFv-ER transfectants, but not in the scFv-TGN transfectants. Moreover, HIV replication, as measured by p24, was inhibited by up to 99% in cells transfected with scFv-ER or scFv-TGN, but was not inhibited in cells transfected with the secretory form of scFv. It is concluded that the targeting of non-neutralizing anti-HIV-1 Abs to specific intracellular compartments blocks HIV replication and represents a potential therapeutic strategy for protecting uninfected lymphopoietic stem cells from HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zhou
- *Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research and Immunodeficiency Virus Section, and
| | - Simoy Goldstein
- †Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Krishnakumar Devadas
- *Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research and Immunodeficiency Virus Section, and
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- *Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research and Immunodeficiency Virus Section, and
| | - Abner Louis Notkins
- *Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research and Immunodeficiency Virus Section, and
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32
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Abstract
The nuclear DNA of normal and tumor mouse and rat tissue was examined for mitochondrial-DNA-like inserts by means of the Southern blot technique. The two probes were 32P-labeled cloned mitochondrial DNA. KpnI, which doesn't cut either mitochondrial DNA, was one of the restriction enzymes, while the enzymes that fragment mitochondrial DNA were for mouse and rat PstI and BamHI, respectively. When KpnI alone was used in the procedure a nuclear LINE family whose elements had mitochondrial-DNA-like insertions was selected. Such elements were much more abundant in tumor than in normal tissue. The results with PstI alone and BamHI alone and each combined with KpnI indicated that there were mobile LINE elements with mitochondrial-DNA-like inserts in the nuclear genome of tumor. The mouse tissues were normal liver and a transplantable lymphoid leukemic ascites cell line L1210 that had been carried for 40 years. The rat tissues were normal liver and a hepatoma freshly induced by diethylnitrosoamine in order to minimize the role of 40 years of transplantation. Our unitary hypothesis for carcinogenesis of 1971, which suggested these experiments, has been augmented to include mobile nuclear elements with inserts of mitochondrial-DNA-like sequences. Such elements have been related to diseases of genetic predisposition such as breast cancer and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Hadler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, USA
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33
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Zhou P, Goldstein S, Devadas K, Tewari D, Notkins AL. Human CD4+ cells transfected with IL-16 cDNA are resistant to HIV-1 infection: inhibition of mRNA expression. Nat Med 1997; 3:659-64. [PMID: 9176493 DOI: 10.1038/nm0697-659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is secreted by activated CD8+ T lymphocytes and acts on CD4+ T lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. Recently, the C-terminal 130-amino acid portion of IL-16 was shown to suppress HIV-1 replication in vitro. To explore the potential of human IL-16 for gene therapy, this portion was transfected into HIV-1-susceptible CD4+ jurkat cells by means of a mammalian expression vector. The stable transfectants synthesized and secreted IL-16 protein. The expression of IL-16 did not alter growth rate and CD4 expression; however, HIV replication was inhibited by as much as 99%. Furthermore, during the initial phase of the infection, equal amounts of HIV-1 proviral DNA were found in cells transfected with IL-16 and with vector alone. In contrast, the 2-kilobase HIV-1 transcripts were markedly reduced and the 4-kb and 9-kb transcripts were undetectable in the cells transfected with IL-16. These findings indicate that IL-16-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 is not at the level of viral entry or reverse transcription, but at messenger RNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhou
- Branch of Oral Infection and Immunity, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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34
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al Gazali LI, Devadas K, Hall CM. A new lethal neonatal short limb dwarfism. Clin Dysmorphol 1996; 5:159-64. [PMID: 8723566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on a baby with an apparently new type of lethal short limb dwarfism. The inheritance appears to be autosomal recessive.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I al Gazali
- Department of Paediatrics, FMHS, UAE University, Al Ain
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35
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Abstract
Leprechaunism is a rare autosomal recessive disorder associated with extreme insulin resistance with paradoxical hypo-glycaemia. It is characterised by prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, reduced subcutaneous tissue, coarse features, acanthosis nigricans, enlarged genitalia, and death in the first year of life. Defects in both the insulin receptor and postreceptor steps of the insulin action pathway have been reported. At the molecular level, several mutations have been described. The patients reported here are from a Yemeni family with a syndrome of insulin resistance similar to leprechaunism in which the parents are second cousins and five of their eight children are affected. However, the phenotypes seem to be less severe than the classical leprechaunism previously described. All the children are alive (oldest 11 years), there is normal subcutaneous tissue, and a normal growth pattern in some of them. It may be that this is a milder type of leprechaunism with a better prognosis, perhaps caused by a different type of mutation from those previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I al-Gazali
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain
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36
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Srivastava S, Tong YA, Devadas K, Zou ZQ, Chen Y, Pirollo KF, Chang EH. The status of the p53 gene in human papilloma virus positive or negative cervical carcinoma cell lines. Carcinogenesis 1992; 13:1273-5. [PMID: 1322252 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/13.7.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed p53 gene alterations in five cervical cancer derived cell lines. Two of the five cervical cancer cell lines, HTB31 (C-33A) and 32 (HT-3), harbored missense mutations in codons 273 and 245 respectively, whereas the other three tumor cell lines, HTB33 (ME180), 34 (MS751) and 35 (SIHA), did not reveal any mutation in the p53 coding sequence spanning codons 126-307. Although all the tumor cell lines express comparable levels of p53 RNA, only HTB31 and HTB32 contain high or detectable levels respectively of p53 protein. The other three tumor cell lines, where neither p53 mutation nor the expression of p53 protein could be detected, were found to harbor human papilloma virus (HPV) 16 or 18. The inactivation of the wild-type p53 function resulting from a missense mutation, or the lack of detectable wild-type p53 protein due to the translational/post-translational deregulation of p53 protein levels may be the contributing factor in the tumorigenicity of these five cases of cervical cancer. The lack of detectable p53 protein in HTB33, 34 and 35 associates with the presence of either HPV16 or -18 in these cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799
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37
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Srivastava S, Tong YA, Devadas K, Zou ZQ, Sykes VW, Chen Y, Blattner WA, Pirollo K, Chang EH. Detection of both mutant and wild-type p53 protein in normal skin fibroblasts and demonstration of a shared 'second hit' on p53 in diverse tumors from a cancer-prone family with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Oncogene 1992; 7:987-91. [PMID: 1373881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Germline transmission of mutant p53 gene in cancer-prone families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome has revealed a new role for p53 in the genetic predisposition to cancer. The studies reported here focus on the analysis of the expression of normal and mutant p53 RNA and protein in germline configuration and demonstrate that normal skin fibroblasts derived from members of a family with Li-Fraumeni syndrome express mutant p53Gly----Asp(245) protein and RNA at levels similar to the wild-type p53. Thus, these fibroblasts represent a unique biological system in which endogenous promoters are utilized for the expression of both mutant and normal p53. We have further extended the earlier observations on the analysis of mutant p53 with a limited number of tumors derived from individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Tumors arising from two different germ layers in four individuals in a single family clearly exhibited the loss of the wild-type allele and the retention of the mutant allele observed in the normal skin fibroblasts derived from the same individuals. These observations further support the notion that germline p53 mutation plays a key role in the tumorigenesis of individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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Chang EH, Miller PS, Cushman C, Devadas K, Pirollo KF, Ts'o PO, Yu ZP. Antisense inhibition of ras p21 expression that is sensitive to a point mutation. Biochemistry 1991; 30:8283-6. [PMID: 1883816 DOI: 10.1021/bi00098a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many genetic disorders result from a single point mutation, and many tumor oncogenes have been found to be altered by a point mutation. The ability to inhibit selectively the expression of the mutated form of a protein without affecting its normal counterpart is central to many therapeutic strategies, since the normal protein may serve indispensable functions. Antisense oligonucleoside methylphosphonates and their psoralen derivatives directed at either normal human Ha-ras p21 or ras p21 that is mutated at a single base in codon 61 have been examined for their efficacy and specificity as inhibitors of p21 expression. Mixed cultures of cells expressing both forms of p21 were treated with the antisense oligomer complementary to the normal p21 or with the antisense oligomer complementary to the point-mutated p21. Each of the antisense oligomers specifically inhibited expression of only the form of ras p21 to which it was completely complementary and left the other form of p21 virtually unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Chang
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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39
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de Silva LM, Muhammad BM, Devadas K. Meningococcal Disease. West J Med 1974. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5920.665-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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