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van Stigt AH, Oude Rengerink K, Bloemenkamp KWM, de Waal W, Prevaes SMPJ, Le TM, van Wijk F, Nederend M, Hellinga AH, Lammers CS, den Hartog G, van Herwijnen MJC, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ, Verhagen LM, de Theije CGM, Lopez-Rincon A, Leusen JHW, Van't Land B, Bont L. Analysing the protection from respiratory tract infections and allergic diseases early in life by human milk components: the PRIMA birth cohort. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:152. [PMID: 35164699 PMCID: PMC8842741 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies support the protective effect of breastfeeding on respiratory tract infections. Although infant formulas have been developed to provide adequate nutritional solutions, many components in human milk contributing to the protection of newborns and aiding immune development still need to be identified. In this paper we present the methodology of the “Protecting against Respiratory tract lnfections through human Milk Analysis” (PRIMA) cohort, which is an observational, prospective and multi-centre birth cohort aiming to identify novel functions of components in human milk that are protective against respiratory tract infections and allergic diseases early in life. Methods For the PRIMA human milk cohort we aim to recruit 1000 mother–child pairs in the first month postpartum. At one week, one, three, and six months after birth, fresh human milk samples will be collected and processed. In order to identify protective components, the level of pathogen specific antibodies, T cell composition, Human milk oligosaccharides, as well as extracellular vesicles (EVs) will be analysed, in the milk samples in relation to clinical data which are collected using two-weekly parental questionnaires. The primary outcome of this study is the number of parent-reported medically attended respiratory infections. Secondary outcomes that will be measured are physician diagnosed (respiratory) infections and allergies during the first year of life. Discussion The PRIMA human milk cohort will be a large prospective healthy birth cohort in which we will use an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to identify the longitudinal effect human milk components that play a role in preventing (respiratory) infections and allergies during the first year of life. Ultimately, we believe that this study will provide novel insights into immunomodulatory components in human milk. This may allow for optimizing formula feeding for all non-breastfed infants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07107-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H van Stigt
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Oude Rengerink
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Support, Clinical Trial Methodology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty W M Bloemenkamp
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter de Waal
- Department of Pediatrics, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine M P J Prevaes
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thuy-My Le
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Nederend
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke H Hellinga
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christianne S Lammers
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco den Hartog
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J C van Herwijnen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Léon M J Knippels
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lilly M Verhagen
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline G M de Theije
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Lopez-Rincon
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Belinda Van't Land
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Bont
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,ReSViNET Foundation, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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2
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van Esch BCAM, van Bilsen JHM, Gros-van Hest M, Kleinjans L, Belzer C, Jeurink PV, Garssen J, Smit JJ, Pieters RHH, Knippels LMJ. A multi-center assessment to compare residual allergenicity of partial hydrolyzed whey proteins in a murine model for cow's milk allergy - Comparison to the single parameter guinea pig model. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:312-321. [PMID: 32473296 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This 4-center study is part of a project to validate a food allergy murine model for safety testing of hydrolyzed infant formulas. AIM The aim of the current multi-center experiment was to evaluate the residual allergenicity of three partial hydrolyzed whey proteins (pWH) in a multiple-parameter cow's milk allergy murine model and to compare to the classically used guinea pig model. Previous work showed differences in the magnitude of the allergic response to whey between centers. To get a first insight in the effect of housing on the robustness of the mouse model, microbiota composition of non-sensitized mice was analyzed and compared between centers. METHODS Mice were sensitized intragastrically (i.g.) with whey, pWH or eWH using cholera toxin as an adjuvant. In mice, whey-IgE/IgG1, acute allergic symptoms were determined upon whey challenge. Guinea pigs were orally sensitized ad libitum via the drinking water (day 0-37) and challenged intravenously with whey on day 49. The microbial composition in fecal samples was determined in non-sensitized mice in all 4 research centers before and after conduct of the study. RESULTS Elevated levels of whey-IgG1 were detected in whey-sensitized mice in all centers. Except for pWH-A in center 4, we observed elevated levels of whey-IgE in whey-sensitized mice and mice sensitized with pWH-A, -B, -C. Center 2 was excluded from further analysis because of non-significant IgE levels in the positive control. In contrast to whey-mice, pWH-A treated mice showed no acute skin response, mMCP-1 release or change in body temperature upon whey challenge in all centers, which corresponds with the absence of anaphylactic shock symptoms in both the mouse and guinea pig model. pWH-B and -C induced anaphylactic shock symptoms in the guinea-pig and mice whereas results on the remaining allergic outcomes in mice were inconclusive. No differences in microbiota composition were measured in response to the challenge and Microbiota composition depended on the location of the centers. CONCLUSIONS Both animal models showed comparable results on the residual allergenicity of partial hydrolyzed whey proteins, but none of the centers was able to differentiate between the residual sensitizing capacities of the pWH-B and -C based on a single elicitation parameter in the murine model. Differences in microbiota composition might contribute to the robustness of the food allergy murine model. For a well-balanced prediction on the potential allergenicity of hydrolyzed infant formulas a multiple murine parameter model is suggested to decrease the risk of false positive or false negative results. A future challenge is to develop an overall scoring system for proper risk assessment, taking all parameters into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C A M van Esch
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - L Kleinjans
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P V Jeurink
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J J Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R H H Pieters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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van Bilsen JHM, Dulos R, van Stee MF, Meima MY, Rouhani Rankouhi T, Neergaard Jacobsen L, Staudt Kvistgaard A, Garthoff JA, Knippels LMJ, Knipping K, Houben GF, Verschuren L, Meijerink M, Krishnan S. Seeking Windows of Opportunity to Shape Lifelong Immune Health: A Network-Based Strategy to Predict and Prioritize Markers of Early Life Immune Modulation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:644. [PMID: 32362896 PMCID: PMC7182036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A healthy immune status is strongly conditioned during early life stages. Insights into the molecular drivers of early life immune development and function are prerequisite to identify strategies to enhance immune health. Even though several starting points for targeted immune modulation have been identified and are being developed into prophylactic or therapeutic approaches, there is no regulatory guidance on how to assess the risk and benefit balance of such interventions. Six early life immune causal networks, each compromising a different time period in early life (the 1st, 2nd, 3rd trimester of gestations, birth, newborn, and infant period), were generated. Thereto information was extracted and structured from early life literature using the automated text mining and machine learning tool: Integrated Network and Dynamical Reasoning Assembler (INDRA). The tool identified relevant entities (e.g., genes/proteins/metabolites/processes/diseases), extracted causal relationships among these entities, and assembled them into early life-immune causal networks. These causal early life immune networks were denoised using GeneMania, enriched with data from the gene-disease association database DisGeNET and Gene Ontology resource tools (GO/GO-SLIM), inferred missing relationships and added expert knowledge to generate information-dense early life immune networks. Analysis of the six early life immune networks by PageRank, not only confirmed the central role of the "commonly used immune markers" (e.g., chemokines, interleukins, IFN, TNF, TGFB, and other immune activation regulators (e.g., CD55, FOXP3, GATA3, CD79A, C4BPA), but also identified less obvious candidates (e.g., CYP1A2, FOXK2, NELFCD, RENBP). Comparison of the different early life periods resulted in the prediction of 11 key early life genes overlapping all early life periods (TNF, IL6, IL10, CD4, FOXP3, IL4, NELFCD, CD79A, IL5, RENBP, and IFNG), and also genes that were only described in certain early life period(s). Concluding, here we describe a network-based approach that provides a science-based and systematical method to explore the functional development of the early life immune system through time. This systems approach aids the generation of a testing strategy for the safety and efficacy of early life immune modulation by predicting the key candidate markers during different phases of early life immune development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Remon Dulos
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Mariël F van Stee
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Marie Y Meima
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Léon M J Knippels
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Karen Knipping
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Geert F Houben
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Meijerink
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Shaji Krishnan
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
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4
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Vonk MM, Engen PA, Naqib A, Green SJ, Keshavarzian A, Blokhuis BRJ, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ, van Esch BCAM. Altered microbial community structure and metabolism in cow's milk allergic mice treated with oral immunotherapy and fructo-oligosaccharides. Benef Microbes 2019; 11:19-32. [PMID: 32066258 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we showed enhanced efficacy of oral immunotherapy (OIT) using fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS, prebiotics) added to the diet of cow's milk allergic mice indicated by a reduction in clinical symptoms and mast cell degranulation. Prebiotics are fermented by gut bacteria, affecting both bacterial composition and availability of metabolites (i.e. short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)). It is thus far unknown which microbial alterations are involved in successful outcomes of OIT with prebiotic supplementation for the treatment of food allergy. To explore potential changes in the microbiota composition and availability of SCFA induced by OIT+FOS. C3H/HeOuJ mice were sensitised and received OIT with or without a FOS supplemented diet. After three weeks, faecal samples were collected to analyse gut microbiota composition using 16S rRNA sequencing. SCFA concentrations were determined in cecum content. FOS supplementation in sensitised mice changed the overall microbial community structure in faecal samples compared to sensitised mice fed the control diet (P=0.03). In contrast, a high level of resemblance in bacterial community structure was observed between the non-sensitised control mice and the OIT+FOS treated mice. OIT mice showed an increased relative abundance of the dysbiosis-associated phylum Proteobacteria compared to the OIT+FOS mice. FOS supplementation increased the relative abundance of genus Allobaculum (Firmicutes), putative butyrate-producing bacteria. OIT+FOS reduced the abundances of the genera's unclassified Rikenellaceae (Bacteroidetes, putative pro-inflammatory bacteria) and unclassified Clostridiales (Firmicutes) compared to sensitised controls and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus (Firmicutes, putative beneficial bacteria) compared to FOS. OIT+FOS mice had increased butyric acid and propionic acid concentrations. OIT+FOS induced a microbial profile closely linked to non-allergic mice and increased concentrations of butyric acid and propionic acid. Future research should confirm whether there is a causal relationship between microbial modulation and the reduction in acute allergic symptoms induced by OIT+FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Vonk
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Immunology Platform, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P A Engen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Section of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - A Naqib
- DNA Services Facility, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, A-310, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - S J Green
- DNA Services Facility, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, A-310, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - A Keshavarzian
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Section of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - B R J Blokhuis
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Garssen
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Immunology Platform, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L M J Knippels
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Immunology Platform, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - B C A M van Esch
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Immunology Platform, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
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5
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van Bilsen JHM, Verschuren L, Wagenaar L, Vonk MM, van Esch BCAM, Knippels LMJ, Garssen J, Smit JJ, Pieters RHH, van den Broek TJ. A network-based approach for identifying suitable biomarkers for oral immunotherapy of food allergy. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:206. [PMID: 31014233 PMCID: PMC6480866 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is a promising therapeutic approach to treat food allergic patients. However, concerns with regards to safety and long-term efficacy of OIT remain. There is a need to identify biomarkers that predict, monitor and/or evaluate the effects of OIT. Here we present a method to select candidate biomarkers for efficacy and safety assessment of OIT using the computational approaches Bayesian networks (BN) and Topological Data Analysis (TDA). RESULTS Data were used from fructo-oligosaccharide diet-supported OIT experiments performed in 3 independent cow's milk allergy (CMA) and 2 independent peanut allergy (PNA) experiments in mice. Bioinformatical approaches were used to understand the data structure. The BN predicted the efficacy of OIT in the CMA with 86% and indicated a clear effect of scFOS/lcFOS on allergy parameters. For the PNA model, this BN (trained on CMA data) predicted an efficacy of OIT with 76% accuracy and shows similar effects of the allergen, treatment and diet as compared to the CMA model. The TDA identified clusters of biomarkers closely linked to biologically relevant clinical symptoms and also unrelated and redundant parameters within the network. CONCLUSIONS Here we provide a promising application of computational approaches to a) compare mechanistic features of two different food allergies during OIT b) determine the biological relevance of candidate biomarkers c) generate new hypotheses to explain why CMA has a different disease pattern than PNA and d) select relevant biomarkers for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Wagenaar
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlotte M Vonk
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Betty C A M van Esch
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Léon M J Knippels
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost J Smit
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond H H Pieters
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Kleinjans L, Veening-Griffioen DH, Wehkamp T, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Knol J, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ, Belzer C, Jeurink PV. Mice co-administrated with partially hydrolysed whey proteins and prebiotic fibre mixtures show allergen-specific tolerance and a modulated gut microbiota. Benef Microbes 2018; 10:165-178. [PMID: 30525954 DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-breastfed infants at-risk of allergy are recommended to use a hydrolysed formula before the age of 6 months. The addition of prebiotics to this formula may reduce the allergy development in these infants, but clinical evidence is still inconclusive. This study evaluates (1) whether the exposure duration to different prebiotics alongside a partially hydrolysed whey protein (pHP) influences its' effectiveness to prevent allergy development and (2) whether the gut microbiota plays a role in this process. Mice orally sensitised with whey and/or cholera toxin were orally treated for six days before sensitization with phosphate buffered saline, whey or pHP to potentially induce tolerance. Two groups received an oligosaccharide diet only from day -7 until -2 (GFshort and GFAshort) whereas two other groups received their diets from day -15 until 37 (GFlong and GFAlong). On day 35, mice underwent an intradermal whey challenge, and the acute allergic skin response, shock score, and body temperatures were measured. At day 37, mice received whey orally and serum mouse mast cell protease-1, SLPI and whey-specific antibodies were assessed. Faecal samples were taken at day -15, -8 and 34. Feeding mice pHP alone during tolerance induction did not reduce ear swelling. The tolerance inducing mechanisms seem to vary according to the oligosaccharide-composition. GFshort, GFlong, and GFAlong reduced the allergic skin response, whereas GFAshort was not potent enough. However, in the treatment groups, the dominant Lactobacillus species decreased, being replaced by Bacteroidales family S24-7 members. In addition, the relative abundance of Prevotella was significantly higher in the GFlong, GFAshort and GFAlong groups. Co-administration of oligosaccharides and pHP can induce immunological tolerance in mice, although tolerance induction was strongest in the animals that were fed oligosaccharides during the entire protocol. Some microbial changes coincided with tolerance induction, however, a specific mechanism could not be determined based on these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kleinjans
- 3 Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - D H Veening-Griffioen
- 1 Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,2 Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - T Wehkamp
- 1 Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,2 Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J van Bergenhenegouwen
- 1 Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,2 Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Knol
- 1 Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,3 Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Garssen
- 1 Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,2 Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L M J Knippels
- 1 Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,2 Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Belzer
- 3 Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P V Jeurink
- 1 Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,2 Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
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7
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Gouw JW, Jo J, Meulenbroek LAPM, Heijjer TS, Kremer E, Sandalova E, Knulst AC, Jeurink PV, Garssen J, Rijnierse A, Knippels LMJ. Identification of peptides with tolerogenic potential in a hydrolysed whey-based infant formula. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1345-1353. [PMID: 29974988 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure to induce oral tolerance may result in food allergy. Hydrolysed cow's milk-based infant formulas are recommended in subjects with a high risk of developing allergic disease. Presentation of T cell epitopes is a prerequisite to generate regulatory T cells that could contribute to oral tolerance. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a specific hydrolysed whey-based infant formula contains peptides that function as T cell epitopes to support the development of oral tolerance to whey. METHODS First, a novel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed to characterize β-lactoglobulin-derived peptides present in a specific infant formula with a focus on region AA#13-48 of β-lactoglobulin, which has previously been described to contain T cell epitopes with tolerogenic potential. Second, the formula was subjected to the ProImmune ProPresent® antigen presentation assay and MHC class II binding algorithm to identify relevant HLA-DRB1-restricted peptides. Third, identified peptides were tested on human cow's milk protein-specific T cell lines to determine T cell recognition. RESULTS Thirteen peptides of minimal 9AAs long that overlap with AA#13-48 of β-lactoglobulin were identified. Six of them were found across all batches analysed. It was further confirmed that these peptides were processed and presented by human dendritic cells. The identified HLA-DRB1-restricted peptides were correlated to AA#11-30 and AA#23-39 of β-lactoglobulin. Importantly, the proliferation assay showed that the synthetic peptides were recognized by cow's milk protein-specific T cell lines and induced T cell proliferation. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study demonstrates that the tested hydrolysed infant formula contains functional HLA-DRB1-restricted T cell epitopes, which can potentially support the development of oral tolerance to whey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost W Gouw
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Juandy Jo
- Danone Nutricia Research, Singapore.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura A P M Meulenbroek
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T Sam Heijjer
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erica Kremer
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Sandalova
- Danone Nutricia Research, Singapore.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André C Knulst
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Prescilla V Jeurink
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Léon M J Knippels
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Kostadinova AI, Pablos-Tanarro A, Diks MAP, van Esch BCAM, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ, Willemsen LEM. Dietary Intervention with β-Lactoglobulin-Derived Peptides and a Specific Mixture of Fructo-Oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V Facilitates the Prevention of Whey-Induced Allergy in Mice by Supporting a Tolerance-Prone Immune Environment. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1303. [PMID: 29123515 PMCID: PMC5662887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk allergy (CMA) prevails in infants and brings increased risk of developing other allergic diseases. Oral administration of specific β-lactoglobulin (BLG)-derived peptides (PepMix) and a specific blend of short- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V (FF/Bb) was found to partially prevent CMA development in mice. In this study, we aimed to expand the knowledge on the preventive potential and the underlying mechanisms of this approach. Three-week-old female C3H/HeOuJ mice were orally exposed to PepMix±FF/Bb prior to a 5-week oral sensitization with whole whey and cholera toxin as an adjuvant. The acute allergic skin response was determined after an intradermal challenge with whole whey protein. Following an oral challenge with whey, regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the small intestine lamina propria (SI-LP) and mRNA expression of immune markers in the Peyer's patches (PP) were investigated. The early impact of PepMix and FF/Bb interventions on the immune system during the oral tolerance (OT) induction phase was investigated after the last OT administration. Pre-exposing mice to PepMix+FF/Bb partially prevented the acute allergic skin response compared to PBS and increased Tregs and activated T cells in the SI-LP compared to sham-sensitized mice. It also increased the mRNA expression of Tbet over GATA3 in the PP of whey-sensitized mice. Directly upon the 6-day OT phase, FF/Bb intervention enhanced cecal content levels of propionic and butyric acid in PepMix-fed mice and the former was positively correlated with Foxp3+ cell numbers in the colon. In the PP of PepMix+FF/Bb-exposed mice, IL-22 mRNA expression increased and IL-10 followed the same tendency, while the Foxp3 expression was increased over GATA3 and RorγT. In the colon, the Tbet mRNA expression increased over GATA3, while IL-22 decreased. In addition, the Foxp3+/GATA3+ and regulatory/effector T cell ratios in the mesenteric lymph nodes and the CD11b+/CD11b- conventional dendritic cells ratio in the SI-LP were increased. In conclusion, the FF/Bb diet facilitates the capacity of the specific BLG-peptides to partially prevent the allergic response after sensitization to whole whey protein, possibly by creating a tolerance-prone environment during the OT phase. Such a dietary intervention might contribute to tailoring successful strategies for CMA prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanaska I Kostadinova
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alba Pablos-Tanarro
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara A P Diks
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Betty C A M van Esch
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Léon M J Knippels
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linette E M Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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9
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Vonk MM, Diks MAP, Wagenaar L, Smit JJ, Pieters RHH, Garssen J, van Esch BCAM, Knippels LMJ. Improved Efficacy of Oral Immunotherapy Using Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides in a Murine Cow's Milk Allergy Model: A Potential Role for Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1230. [PMID: 29033945 PMCID: PMC5626810 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is a promising therapeutic approach to treat food allergic patients. However, there are some concerns regarding its safety and long-term efficacy. The use of non-digestible oligosaccharides might improve OIT efficacy since they are known to directly modulate intestinal epithelial and immune cells in addition to acting as prebiotics. Aim To investigate whether a diet supplemented with plant-derived fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) supports the efficacy of OIT in a murine cow’s milk allergy model and to elucidate the potential mechanisms involved. Methods After oral sensitization to the cow’s milk protein whey, female C3H/HeOuJ mice were fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with FOS (1% w/w) and received OIT (10 mg whey) 5 days a week for 3 weeks by gavage. Intradermal (i.d.) and intragastric (i.g.) challenges were performed to measure acute allergic symptoms and mast cell degranulation. Blood and organs were collected to measure antibody levels and T cell and dendritic cell populations. Spleen-derived T cell fractions (whole spleen- and CD25-depleted) were transferred to naïve recipient mice to confirm the involvement of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in allergy protection induced by OIT + FOS. Results OIT + FOS decreased acute allergic symptoms and mast cell degranulation upon challenge and prevented the challenge-induced increase in whey-specific IgE as observed in sensitized mice. Early induction of Tregs in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of OIT + FOS mice coincided with reduced T cell responsiveness in splenocyte cultures. CD25 depletion in OIT + FOS-derived splenocyte suspensions prior to transfer abolished protection against signs of anaphylaxis in recipients. OIT + FOS increased serum galectin-9 levels. No differences in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in the cecum were observed between the treatment groups. Concisely, FOS supplementation significantly improved OIT in the acute allergic skin response, %Foxp3+ Tregs and %LAP+ Th3 cells in MLN, and serum galectin-9 levels. Conclusion FOS supplementation improved the efficacy of OIT in cow’s milk allergic mice. Increased levels of Tregs in the MLN and abolished protection against signs of anaphylaxis upon transfer of CD25-depleted cell fractions, suggest a role for Foxp3+ Tregs in the protective effect of OIT + FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlotte M Vonk
- Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Immunology Platform, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mara A P Diks
- Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Laura Wagenaar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joost J Smit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raymond H H Pieters
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Immunology Platform, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Betty C A M van Esch
- Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Immunology Platform, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Léon M J Knippels
- Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Immunology Platform, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
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10
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Abstract
A large number of studies investigating various biomarkers for allergy have been published over the past decades. The aim of this review was to evaluate these biomarkers on their diagnostic and/or predictive value. To this date, no single or specific biomarker for allergy has been identified. As allergy is not one disease, but a collection of a number of allergic conditions, it is more plausible a combination of clinical history, clinical readouts, and diagnostic markers will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Knipping
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Léon M J Knippels
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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11
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Kostadinova AI, Meulenbroek LAPM, van Esch BCAM, Hofman GA, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM, Knippels LMJ. A Specific Mixture of Fructo-Oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V Facilitates Partial Non-Responsiveness to Whey Protein in Mice Orally Exposed to β-Lactoglobulin-Derived Peptides. Front Immunol 2017; 7:673. [PMID: 28127297 PMCID: PMC5226939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral tolerance is a promising approach for allergy prevention in early life, but it strongly depends on allergen exposure and proper immune environment. Small tolerance-inducing peptides and dietary immunomodulatory components may comprise an attractive method for allergy prevention in at-risk infants. This study aimed to investigate whether early oral exposure to β-lactoglobulin-derived peptides (BLG-peptides) and a specific synbiotic mixture of short- and long- chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS/lcFOS, FF) and Bifidobacterium breve (Bb) M-16V (FF/Bb) can prevent cow’s milk allergy (CMA). Three-week-old female C3H/HeOuJ mice were orally exposed to phosphate buffered saline (PBS), whey protein, or a mixture of four synthetic BLG-peptides combined with a FF/Bb-enriched diet prior to intragastric sensitization with whey protein and cholera toxin. To assess the acute allergic skin response and clinical signs of allergy, mice were challenged intradermally with whole whey protein. Serum immunoglobulins were analyzed after a whey protein oral challenge. Cytokine production by allergen-reactivated splenocytes was measured and changes in T cells subsets in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and intestinal lamina propria were investigated. Pre-exposing mice to a low dosage of BLG-peptides and a FF/Bb-enriched diet prior to whey protein sensitization resulted in a significant reduction of the acute allergic skin response to whey compared to PBS-pretreated mice fed a control diet. Serum immunoglobulins were not affected, but anaphylactic symptom scores remained low and splenocytes were non-responsive in whey-induced cytokine production. In addition, preservation of the Th1/Th2 balance in the small intestine lamina propria was a hallmark of the mechanism underlying the protective effect of the BLG-peptides–FF/Bb intervention. Prior exposure to BLG-peptides and a FF/Bb-enriched diet is a promising approach for protecting the intestinal Th1/Th2 balance and reducing the allergic response to whole whey protein. Therefore, it might have implications for developing successful nutritional strategies for CMA prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanaska I Kostadinova
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Betty C A M van Esch
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Hofman
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linette E M Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Léon M J Knippels
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
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12
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García-Vallejo JJ, Bloem K, Knippels LMJ, Garssen J, van Vliet SJ, van Kooyk Y. The Consequences of Multiple Simultaneous C-Type Lectin-Ligand Interactions: DCIR Alters the Endo-Lysosomal Routing of DC-SIGN. Front Immunol 2015; 6:87. [PMID: 25806031 PMCID: PMC4354414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are equipped with multiple receptors to allow proper pathogen recognition and capture. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) recognize glycan structures on pathogens and endogenous glycoproteins for internalization and antigen processing and presentation. Often, the glycan specificity of these receptors is overlapping and/or pathogens are decorated with ligands for multiple CLRs, posing the question whether interference or cooperativity within the CLR family exists. Here, we used imaging flow cytometry to investigate the internalization properties of four different CLRs [mannose receptor, DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), macrophage galactose-type lectin, and dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR)] on different APCs, as well as their intracellular routing. Although the internalization score of the investigated CLRs was similar on monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), DCIR internalization rates were lower compared to the other CLRs. Upon triggering, DCIR routed to intracellular compartments outside of the classical endo-lysosomal pathway, resulting in poor CD4(+) T-cell stimulation. Although DC maturation reduced CLR expression levels, it did not affect their internalization rates. Although CLR internalization appeared to be independently regulated, DC-SIGN routing was affected when DCIR was triggered simultaneously. In conclusion, our results provide new insights for the design of DC-based immunotherapeutic strategies and suggest that DCIR is an inferior target in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Karien Bloem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Danone Research, Centre for Specialized Nutrition , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | - Léon M J Knippels
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialized Nutrition , Wageningen , Netherlands ; Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialized Nutrition , Wageningen , Netherlands ; Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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13
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Kerperien J, Jeurink PV, Wehkamp T, van der Veer A, van de Kant HJG, Hofman GA, van Esch ECAM, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM, Knippels LMJ. Non-digestible oligosaccharides modulate intestinal immune activation and suppress cow's milk allergic symptoms. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014; 25:747-54. [PMID: 25410019 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cow's milk allergy is a common food allergy in childhood and no effective preventive or curative treatment is available. This study aimed at comparing single short-chain galacto- (scGOS), long-chain fructo- (lcFOS) or pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (pAOS) and/or mixtures of scGOS/lcFOS (GF) or scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS (GFA) to prevent or treat food allergy. METHODS In the preventive protocol, C3H/HeOuJ mice were fed diets containing single oligosaccharides or mixtures GF or GFA throughout the study protocol. In the treatment protocol, GF or GFA was provided for 4 wk starting after the last sensitization. The allergic skin response and anaphylaxis scores were determined, after oral challenge whey-specific immunoglobulins were measured, and qPCR for T-cell markers and Foxp3 counts using immunohistochemistry were performed on the small intestine and colon. RESULTS Only in the preventive setting, the GF or GFA mixture, but not the single oligosaccharides, reduced the allergic skin response and whey-IgG(1) levels in whey-sensitized mice, compared to the control diet. Both GF and GFA increased the number of Foxp3+ cells in the proximal small intestine of whey - compared to sham-sensitized mice. Expression of Th2 and Th17 mRNA markers increased in the middle part of the small intestine of whey-sensitized mice, which was prevented by GF. By contrast, GFA enhanced Tbet (Th1), IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA expression compared to GF which was maintained in the distal small intestine and/or colon. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with scGOS/lcFOS or scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS during sensitization, both effectively reduce allergic symptoms but differentially affect mucosal immune activation in whey-sensitized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kerperien
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Knipping K, Simons PJ, Buelens-Sleumer LS, Cox L, den Hartog M, de Jong N, Teshima R, Garssen J, Boon L, Knippels LMJ. Development of β-lactoglobulin-specific chimeric human IgEκ monoclonal antibodies for in vitro safety assessment of whey hydrolysates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106025. [PMID: 25153680 PMCID: PMC4143325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cow’s milk-derived whey hydrolysates are nutritional substitutes for allergic infants. Safety or residual allergenicity assessment of these whey hydrolysates is crucial. Currently, rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells expressing the human IgE receptor α-chain (huFcεRIα-RBL-2H3), sensitized with serum IgE from cow’s milk allergic children, are being employed to assess in vitro residual allergenicity of these whey hydrolysates. However, limited availability and inter-lot variation of these allergic sera impede standardization of whey hydrolysate safety testing in degranulation assays. Objective An oligoclonal pool of chimeric human (chu)IgE antibodies against bovine β-lactoglobulin (a major allergen in whey) was generated to increase sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of existing degranulation assays. Methods Mice were immunized with bovine β-lactoglobulin, and subsequently the variable domains of dissimilar anti-β-lactoglobulin mouse IgG antibodies were cloned and sequenced. Six chimeric antibodies were generated comprising mouse variable domains and human constant IgE/κ domains. Results After sensitization with this pool of anti-β-lactoglobulin chuIgEs, huFcεRIα-expressing RBL-2H3 cells demonstrated degranulation upon cross-linking with whey, native 18 kDa β-lactoglobulin, and 5–10 kDa whey hydrolysates, whereas a 3 kDa whey hydrolysate and cow’s milk powder (mainly casein) showed no degranulation. In parallel, allergic serum IgEs were less sensitive. In addition, our pool anti-β-lactoglobulin chuIgEs recognized multiple allergenic immunodominant regions on β-lactoglobulin, which were also recognized by serum IgEs from cow’s milk allergic children. Conclusion Usage of our ‘unlimited’ source and well-defined pool of β-lactoglobulin-specific recombinant chuIgEs to sensitize huFcεRIα on RBL-2H3 cells showed to be a relevant and sensitive alternative for serum IgEs from cow’s milk allergic patients to assess safety of whey-based non-allergic hydrolyzed formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Knipping
- Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (KK); (PS)
| | - Peter J. Simons
- Bioceros Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (KK); (PS)
| | | | - Linda Cox
- Bioceros Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Reiko Teshima
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Johan Garssen
- Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Léon M. J. Knippels
- Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Bloem K, Vuist IM, van den Berk M, Klaver EJ, van Die I, Knippels LMJ, Garssen J, García-Vallejo JJ, van Vliet SJ, van Kooyk Y. DCIR interacts with ligands from both endogenous and pathogenic origin. Immunol Lett 2013; 158:33-41. [PMID: 24239607 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
C-type lectins on dendritic cells function as antigen uptake and signaling receptors, thereby influencing cellular immune responses. Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) is one of the best-studied C-type lectin receptors expressed on DCs and its glycan specificity and functional requirements for ligand binding have been intensively investigated. The carbohydrate specificity of dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR), another DC-expressed lectin, was still debated, but we have recently confirmed DCIR as mannose/fucose-binding lectin. Since DC-SIGN and DCIR may potentially share ligands, we set out to elucidate the interaction of DCIR with established DC-SIGN-binding ligands, by comparing the carbohydrate specificity of DCIR and DC-SIGN in more detail. Our results clearly demonstrate that DC-SIGN has a broader glycan specificity compared to DCIR, which interacts only with mannotriose, sulfo-Lewis(a), Lewis(b) and Lewis(a). While most of the tested DC-SIGN ligands bound DCIR as well, Candida albicans and some glycoproteins on some cancer cell lines were identified as DC-SIGN-specific ligands. Interestingly, DCIR strongly bound human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp140 glycoproteins, while its interaction with the well-studied DC-SIGN-binding HIV-1 ligand gp120 was much weaker. Furthermore, DCIR-specific ligands were detected on keratinocytes. Furthermore, the interaction of DCIR with its ligands was strongly influenced by the glycosylation of DCIR. In conclusion, we show that sulfo-Lewis(a) is a high affinity ligand for DCIR and that DCIR interacts with ligands from both pathogenic and endogenous origin of which most are shared by DC-SIGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karien Bloem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Danone Research, Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilona M Vuist
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike van den Berk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elsenoor J Klaver
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irma van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Léon M J Knippels
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Juan J García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Meulenbroek LAPM, van Esch BCAM, Hofman GA, den Hartog Jager CF, Nauta AJ, Willemsen LEM, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAFM, Garssen J, van Hoffen E, Knippels LMJ. Oral treatment with β-lactoglobulin peptides prevents clinical symptoms in a mouse model for cow's milk allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24:656-64. [PMID: 24028387 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior exposure to partial whey hydrolysates has been shown to reduce the allergic response to whey in mice. This effect was more pronounced in combination with a diet containing non-digestible oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS). It is unknown which fractions/epitopes are responsible for this effect. Therefore, the prophylactic ability of synthetic peptides of β-lactoglobulin with/without a scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS-containing diet to reduce the allergic response in a mouse model for cow's milk allergy was investigated. METHODS Of 31 peptides, nine peptides were selected based on human T cell data. Mice were pre-treated orally with three peptide mixtures or single peptides for six consecutive days. During this period, they received a control or scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS-containing diet. Subsequently, mice were orally sensitized to whey and received an intradermal and oral challenge. After sacrifice, serum and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were collected for further analysis. RESULTS Prior exposure to peptide mixtures 1 and 3 significantly reduced the acute allergic skin response to whey. Mixture 2 showed no effect. An additive effect of the scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS-containing diet was only observed for mixture 1. Of the peptides in mixture 1, one peptide (LLDAQSAPLRVYVEELKP) showed the strongest effect on the acute allergic skin response. This peptide also tended to decrease whey-specific antibody levels and to increase the percentages of CD11b+CD103+ dendritic cells and CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in the MLN. CONCLUSIONS Prior exposure to specific peptides of β-lactoglobulin reduces the allergic response to whey, which may involve regulatory dendritic and T cells. Combining peptides with a sGOS/lcFOS/pAOS-containing diet enhances this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A P M Meulenbroek
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Abstract
Food allergy is a growing health concern in the westernized world with approx. 6% of children suffering from it. A lack of approved treatment has led to strict avoidance of the culprit food proteins being the only standard of care. Nowadays in-depth research is conducted to evaluate the possible use of allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) as an active therapeutic option for food allergy. Various routes of administration for the immunotherapy are investigated, including subcutaneous, oral, sublingual, and epicutaneous, and some appear to be successful in inducing a temporary tolerant state. Most research has been conducted with oral immunotherapy due to its efficacious and relatively safe profile. Increasing interest is dedicated to safer and more convenient approaches, such as sublingual and epicutaneous SIT; however, doubts exist about their possible capacity to induce temporary tolerant state and permanent oral tolerance. The high frequency of allergic adverse reactions of the various approaches and the inability to achieve permanent oral tolerance have highlighted the need of refinements in the strategies. A promising strategy for preventing IgE cross-linking and thus enhancing safety of SIT, while still activating T cells, is the use of tolerogenic peptides. The implementation of such an immunotherapy approach has the potential of not only increasing the chance of achieving a permanent state of tolerance, but also improving the safety and tolerability of the therapy. Immunotherapy for food allergy is still not ready for the clinic, but current and upcoming studies are dedicated to collect enough evidence for the possible implementation of allergen-SIT as a standard treatment for food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanaska I Kostadinova
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Meulenbroek LAPM, de Jong RJ, den Hartog Jager CF, Monsuur HN, Wouters D, Nauta AJ, Knippels LMJ, van Neerven RJJ, Ruiter B, Leusen JHW, Hack CE, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAFM, Knulst AC, Garssen J, van Hoffen E. IgG antibodies in food allergy influence allergen-antibody complex formation and binding to B cells: a role for complement receptors. J Immunol 2013; 191:3526-33. [PMID: 23997216 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergen-IgE complexes are more efficiently internalized and presented by B cells than allergens alone. It has been suggested that IgG Abs induced by immunotherapy inhibit these processes. Food-allergic patients have high allergen-specific IgG levels. However, the role of these Abs in complex formation and binding to B cells is unknown. To investigate this, we incubated sera of peanut- or cow's milk-allergic patients with their major allergens to form complexes and added them to EBV-transformed or peripheral blood B cells (PBBCs). Samples of birch pollen-allergic patients were used as control. Complex binding to B cells in presence or absence of blocking Abs to CD23, CD32, complement receptor 1 (CR1, CD35), and/or CR2 (CD21) was determined by flow cytometry. Furthermore, intact and IgG-depleted sera were compared. These experiments showed that allergen-Ab complexes formed in birch pollen, as well as food allergy, contained IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 Abs and bound to B cells. Binding of these complexes to EBV-transformed B cells was completely mediated by CD23, whereas binding to PBBCs was dependent on both CD23 and CR2. This reflected differential receptor expression. Upon IgG depletion, allergen-Ab complexes bound to PBBCs exclusively via CD23. These data indicated that IgG Abs are involved in complex formation. The presence of IgG in allergen-IgE complexes results in binding to B cells via CR2 in addition to CD23. The binding to both CR2 and CD23 may affect Ag processing and presentation, and (may) thereby influence the allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A P M Meulenbroek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Jeurink PV, van Esch BCAM, Rijnierse A, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ. Mechanisms underlying immune effects of dietary oligosaccharides. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:572S-7S. [PMID: 23824724 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.038596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The WHO refers to human milk as the nutritional gold standard for term infants. Human milk contains many immunomodulatory compounds, including oligosaccharides. Human-milk oligosaccharides can serve as prebiotics because the nondigestible oligosaccharides present in human milk show a clear bifidogenic effect on the gut microbiota. Dietary oligosaccharide structures that have prebiotic effects similar to human-milk oligosaccharides include galacto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides. Both animal studies and human clinical trials showed that dietary intervention with these dietary oligosaccharides in early life could lead to the prevention of atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic asthma. The immune-modulating effects of these oligosaccharides are likely assisted via alteration of the intestinal microbiota or in a microbiota-independent manner by direct interaction on immune cells or both. In this review, an overview of the prebiotic role of dietary oligosaccharides on the microbiota and the microbiota-independent immune modulation by these prebiotics is provided. In addition, recent publications that report on the pathways by which the oligosaccharides might exert their direct immunomodulatory effect are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prescilla V Jeurink
- Danone Research-Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Immunology Platform, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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20
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Bloem K, Vuist IM, van der Plas AJ, Knippels LMJ, Garssen J, García-Vallejo JJ, van Vliet SJ, van Kooyk Y. Ligand binding and signaling of dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR) is modulated by the glycosylation of the carbohydrate recognition domain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66266. [PMID: 23776650 PMCID: PMC3679074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins are innate receptors expressed on antigen-presenting cells that are involved in the recognition of glycosylated pathogens and self-glycoproteins. Upon ligand binding, internalization and/or signaling often occur. Little is known on the glycan specificity and ligands of the Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor (DCIR), the only classical C-type lectin that contains an intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM). Here we show that purified DCIR binds the glycan structures Lewisb and Man3. Interestingly, binding could not be detected when DCIR was expressed on cells. Since DCIR has an N-glycosylation site inside its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), we investigated the effect of this glycan in ligand recognition. Removing or truncating the glycans present on purified DCIR increased the affinity for DCIR-binding glycans. Nevertheless, altering the glycosylation status of the DCIR expressing cell or mutating the N-glycosylation site of DCIR itself did not increase glycan binding. In contrast, cis and trans interactions with glycans induced DCIR mediated signaling, resulting in a decreased phosphorylation of the ITIM sequence. These results show that glycan binding to DCIR is influenced by the glycosylation of the CRD region in DCIR and that interaction with its ligands result in signaling via its ITIM motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karien Bloem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilona M. Vuist
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arend-Jan van der Plas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Léon M. J. Knippels
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Juan J. García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra J. van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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21
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van Esch BCAM, Van Bilsen JHM, Jeurink PV, Garssen J, Verhoeckx KCM, Smit JJ, Pieters RHH, Knippels LMJ. Multicenter validation of a mouse model for cow's milk allergy to assess the allergenicity of hydrolysed cow's milk based infant formulae. Clin Transl Allergy 2013. [PMCID: PMC3723672 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-3-s3-p142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Schouten B, van Esch BCAM, Lim SM, Hofman GA, Knippels LMJ, Willemsen LEM, Vos AP, Garssen J. Invariant natural killer T cells contribute to the allergic response in cow's milk protein-sensitized mice. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 159:51-9. [PMID: 22555211 DOI: 10.1159/000335242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the contribution of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in the onset of food allergy. Using a mouse model for cow's milk allergy the function of iNKT cells was investigated. METHODS Mice were sensitized orally with casein or whey proteins. One hour before the sensitizations the mice were injected intraperitoneally with α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) or control. One week after the last sensitization acute allergic skin reactions were measured. Furthermore, in the liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) percentages of iNKT cells were analyzed and liver lymphocyte restimulation assays were performed. RESULTS Whey- or casein-sensitized mice treated with αGalCer showed enhanced acute allergic skin reactions. The percentage of iNKT cells in the liver of sensitized mice was reduced compared to sham-sensitized mice. αGalCer treatment was found to deplete iNKT cells in the liver of sensitized as well as sham-sensitized mice, and these hepatocytes did not respond to ex vivo restimulation with αGalCer. αGalCer treatment did not reduce iNKT cell percentages in the spleen and MLN of sham-sensitized mice but abrogated the increase in iNKT cell percentage in the spleen upon whey sensitization, whereas it enhanced the iNKT cell percentage in the MLN of casein-sensitized mice. Due to the repeated application of αGalCer, livers were functionally depleted of iNKT cells. This resulted in an increased allergic effector response which was most pronounced in whey-sensitized mice and associated with enhanced whey-specific immunoglobulin levels. CONCLUSION iNKT cells may suppress cow's milk allergic symptoms in mice and may differentially regulate oral sensitization for casein and whey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Schouten
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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van Vlies N, Hogenkamp A, Thijssen S, Dingjan GM, Knipping K, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ. Effects of short-chain galacto- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides on systemic and local immune status during pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 2012; 94:161-8. [PMID: 22464279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nondigestible oligosaccharides can positively influence health via various mechanisms. During pregnancy, supplementation of nondigestible oligosaccharides has positive effects on hypertension and metabolism and may be used to ameliorate pregnancy-related metabolic disturbances. In the nonpregnant state, nondigestible oligosaccharides have been shown to induce a tolerogenic immune response mediated by T-regulatory cells. Since relatively little is known about the effects of nondigestible oligosaccharides on the immune system during pregnancy, pregnant mice were supplemented with a specific mixture of short-chain galacto- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS; ratio 9:1). Systemic and local immune parameters were analyzed on day 18 of pregnancy. This study shows that, compared with virgin mice, scGOS/lcFOS supplementation appears to elicit a more tolerogenic immune reaction in pregnant mice and supplementation does not increase the Th1-dependent delayed type hypersensitivity response in pregnant mice as it does in virgin mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N van Vlies
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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24
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van Esch BCAM, Schouten B, de Kivit S, Hofman GA, Knippels LMJ, Willemsen LEM, Garssen J. Oral tolerance induction by partially hydrolyzed whey protein in mice is associated with enhanced numbers of Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22:820-6. [PMID: 21933283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoallergenic formulas are considered a good option for infants at risk for cow's milk allergy. The aim of this animal study was to investigate whether whey hydrolyzates (WH) have the capacity to induce oral tolerance to whey. METHODS Whey, partial or extensive WH was given via gavages to naïve mice prior to oral whey sensitization using cholera toxin as an adjuvant. The acute allergic skin response, mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1), whey-specific IgE, IgG(1) and effector Th2-cells, Th1-cells, and Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cells were determined in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). MLN cells from tolerized mice were adoptively transferred to naïve recipient mice prior to whey sensitization. RESULTS In contrast to the extensive WH, pre-treatment of naïve mice with whey or partial WH reduced the acute allergic skin response and mast cell degranulation after whey challenge. However, only treatment with whey prevented the generation of serum-specific IgE/IgG(1) . In partial WH tolerized mice, Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cell numbers in the MLN were increased compared to whey-sensitized mice. Both whey and partial WH treatment showed a tendency toward a decreased number of effector Th2-cells. Transfer of MLN cells from tolerized mice protected recipient mice from developing an acute allergic skin response. CONCLUSION These results show that partial WH with limited sensitizing properties reduced the effector response upon whey challenge. This effect is transferable using MLN cells and was associated with enhanced Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cell numbers in the MLN. Partial WH retained the capacity to induce active immune suppression in mice which may be relevant for allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty C A M van Esch
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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25
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Abstract
The immune system of infants is actively downregulated during pregnancy and therefore the first months of life represent a period of heightened susceptibility to infection. After birth, there is an age-dependent maturation of the immune system. Exposure to environmental microbial components is suggested to play an important role in the maturation process. The gastrointestinal tract is the major site of interaction between the host immune system and microorganisms, both commensal as well as potentially pathogenic. It is well established that the mammalian immune system is designed to help protect the host from invading microorganisms and other danger signals. However, recent research is emerging in the field of host-microbe interactions showing that commensal microorganisms (microbiota) are most likely one of the drivers of immune development and, in turn the immune system shapes the composition of the microbiota. Specific early microbial exposure of the gut is thought to dramatically reduce the incidence of inflammatory, autoimmune and atopic diseases further fuelling the scientific view that microbial colonisation plays an important role in regulating and fine-tuning the immune system throughout life. Therefore, the use of pre-, pro- and synbiotics may result in a beneficial microbiota composition that might have a pivotal role on the prevention of several important diseases that develop in early life such as necrotizing enterocolitis and atopic eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martin
- Danone Research, Center for Specialised Nutrition, P.O. Box 7005, 6700 CA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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van der Aa LB, Lutter R, Heymans HSA, Smids BS, Dekker T, van Aalderen WMC, Sillevis Smitt JH, Knippels LMJ, Garssen J, Nauta AJ, Sprikkelman AB. No detectable beneficial systemic immunomodulatory effects of a specific synbiotic mixture in infants with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 42:531-9. [PMID: 22092915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a murine model of allergic inflammation, Bifidobacterium breve M-16V has been shown to reduce IL-4 and IgE by inducing IL-10 and IFN-γ. However, it remains unknown whether this strain has the same effect in humans with allergic disease. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of Bifidobacterium breve M-16V combined with a prebiotic oligosaccharide mixture (synbiotic) on atopic markers, ex vivo cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and circulating regulatory T cell percentage in infants with atopic dermatitis. METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-centre trial, 90 infants with atopic dermatitis, age <7 months, were randomized to receive an infant formula with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V and a mixture of short chain galactooligosaccharides and long chain fructooligosaccharides (Immunofortis(®) ), or the same formula without synbiotics during 12 weeks. At week 0 and 12, plasma levels of IL-5, IgG1, IgG4, CTACK and TARC, ex vivo cytokine responses by PBMCs and percentage of regulatory T cells, were determined. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the synbiotic and the placebo group in IL-5, IgG1, IgG4, CTACK and TARC levels and ex vivo cytokine production by anti-CD3/anti-CD28-stimulated PBMCs. With allergen-specific stimuli, we found a decreased IL-12p40/70 and IL-12p70 production in response to egg allergen (P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively) and decreased IL-12p70 production in response to peanut allergen (P = 0.003) in the synbiotic compared with the placebo group. Circulating regulatory T cell percentage did not significantly differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This synbiotic mixture has no detectable effect on plasma levels of the analysed atopic disease markers, ex vivo cytokine production and circulating regulatory T cell percentage in infants with atopic dermatitis, besides down-regulation of IL-12 production in egg- and peanut-stimulated PBMCs. These results do not support the use of this synbiotic in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B van der Aa
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Schouten B, Van Esch BCAM, Kormelink TG, Moro GE, Arslanoglu S, Boehm G, Knippels LMJ, Redegeld FA, Willemsen LEM, Garssen J. Non-digestible oligosaccharides reduce immunoglobulin free light-chain concentrations in infants at risk for allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22:537-42. [PMID: 21771085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prebiotic oligosaccharides influence the intestinal microbiota and can positively modulate the infant's immune system. It was demonstrated that a special prebiotic mixture (Immunofortis(®)) of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) can reduce the cumulative incidence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in infants at risk for allergy as determined using the AD symptom score (SCORAD). Additionally, it was shown very recently that immunoglobulin free light-chain (Ig-fLC) might be involved in the pathophysiology of allergic disease. Increased Ig-fLC concentrations were found in patients suffering from AD, cow's milk allergy, allergic rhinitis, or asthma. In this study, the effect of supplementation of scGOS/lcFOS on the Ig-fLC plasma concentrations in infants at risk for allergy was assessed. The plasma kappa and lambda Ig-fLC concentrations were measured in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, in which infants at risk for developing allergic disease received a hypoallergenic whey formula containing 8 g/l of the scGOS/lcFOS mixture (n = 34) or maltodextrin as a placebo (n=40) for 6 months. After intervention, plasma samples were collected, and total plasma concentrations of lambda and kappa Ig-fLC were analyzed using ELISA. Total kappa and lambda Ig-fLC plasma concentrations were higher in infants suffering from AD when compared to infants without any sign of AD. In infants receiving the prebiotic mixture, the Ig-fLC levels were significantly lower compared to the placebo-fed infants (p<0.001). Interestingly, lambda Ig-fLC concentrations were positively correlated with total IgE (p<0.05). These data demonstrate for the first time that the specific scGOS/lcFOS mixture lowered kappa and lambda Ig-fLC plasma concentrations in infants at high risk for allergies when compared to infants receiving placebo formula. Because Ig-fLC concentrations were increased in infants suffering from AD, this may have contributed, at least in part, to the reduced incidence in AD as described previously. This suggests a possible role for Ig-fLC in the pathophysiology of AD in infants at risk for allergy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Schouten
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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28
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van der Aa LB, van Aalderen WMC, Heymans HSA, Henk Sillevis Smitt J, Nauta AJ, Knippels LMJ, Ben Amor K, Sprikkelman AB. Synbiotics prevent asthma-like symptoms in infants with atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2011; 66:170-7. [PMID: 20560907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants with atopic dermatitis (AD) have a high risk of developing asthma. We investigated the effect of early intervention with synbiotics, a combination of probiotics and prebiotics, on the prevalence of asthma-like symptoms in infants with AD. METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial, ninety infants with AD, age <7\ months, were randomized to receive an extensively hydrolyzed formula with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V and a galacto/fructooligosaccharide mixture (Immunofortis(®) ), or the same formula without synbiotics during 12 weeks. After 1 year, the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma medication use was evaluated, using a validated questionnaire. Also, total serum IgE and specific IgE against aeroallergens were determined. FINDINGS Seventy-five children (70.7% male, mean age 17.3 months) completed the 1-year follow-up evaluation. The prevalence of 'frequent wheezing' and 'wheezing and/or noisy breathing apart from colds' was significantly lower in the synbiotic than in the placebo group (13.9%vs 34.2%, absolute risk reduction (ARR) -20.3%, 95% CI -39.2% to -1.5%, and 2.8%vs 30.8%, ARR -28.0%, 95% CI -43.3% to -12.5%, respectively). Significantly less children in the synbiotic than in the placebo group had started to use asthma medication after baseline (5.6%vs 25.6%, ARR -20.1%, 95% CI -35.7% to -4.5%). Total IgE levels did not differ between the two groups. No children in the synbiotic and five children (15.2%) in the placebo group developed elevated IgE levels against cat (ARR -15.2%, 95% CI -27.4% to -2.9%). CONCLUSION These results suggest that this synbiotic mixture prevents asthma-like symptoms in infants with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B van der Aa
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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29
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van Esch BCAM, Schouten B, Hofman GA, van Baalen T, Nijkamp FP, Knippels LMJ, Willemsen LEM, Garssen J. Acute allergic skin response as a new tool to evaluate the allergenicity of whey hydrolysates in a mouse model of orally induced cow's milk allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21:e780-6. [PMID: 19563464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypoallergenic milk formulae are used for cow's milk allergic infants and may be a good option for infants at risk. Clinical studies have shown that the protein source or the hydrolysis methodology used may influence the effectiveness in infants stressing the importance of adequate pre-clinical testing of hypoallergenic formulae in an in vivo model of orally induced cow's milk allergy. This study was undertaken to introduce a new read-out system to measure the residual allergenicity of whey hydrolysates on both the sensitization and challenge phase of orally induced cow's milk allergy in mice. Mice were sensitized orally to whey or a partial whey hydrolysate (pWH) to measure the residual sensitizing capacity. To predict the residual allergenicity of hydrolysates, whey allergic mice were challenged in the ear with pWH, extensive whey hydrolysate or an amino acid-based formula. An acute allergic skin response (ear swelling at 1 h), whey-specific serum antibodies, and local MCP-1 concentrations were measured. In contrast to whey, oral sensitization with pWH did not result in the induction of whey-specific antibodies, although a minor residual skin response to whey was observed after challenge. Skin exposure to whey hydrolysates showed a hydrolysation dependent reduction of the acute allergic skin response in whey allergic mice. In contrast to whey, skin exposure to pWH did not enhance tissue MCP-1 levels. The acute allergic skin response in mice orally sensitized to cow's milk proteins reveals a new pre-clinical tool which might provide information about the residual sensitizing capacity of hydrolysates supporting the discussion on the use of hypoallergenic formulae in high risk children. This mouse model might be a relevant model for the screening of new hypoallergenic formulae aimed to prevent or treat cow's milk allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty C A M van Esch
- Division of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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30
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Schouten B, van Esch BCAM, Hofman GA, Boon L, Knippels LMJ, Willemsen LEM, Garssen J. Oligosaccharide-induced whey-specific CD25(+) regulatory T-cells are involved in the suppression of cow milk allergy in mice. J Nutr 2010; 140:835-41. [PMID: 20164372 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.116061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intervention with a unique prebiotic nondigestible carbohydrate mixture has been shown to reduce the development of allergic disease in infants at risk. In this study, the involvement of CD25(+) regulatory T-cells (Treg) in the carbohydrate-induced effects was investigated in mice orally sensitized with whey using adoptive transfer experiments. Donor mice were sensitized with whey and fed a diet containing short-chain galacto-, long-chain fructo- and acidic-oligosaccharides, or a control diet starting 2 wk before sensitization. The acute allergic skin reaction upon intradermal whey challenge was determined and whey-specific Ig were measured. Splenocytes of the donor mice were transferred to naïve recipient mice after partial ex vivo depletion of CD25(+) Treg. The prebiotic diet clearly diminished the acute allergic skin reaction (P < 0.001). Whey-sensitized recipient mice transferred with splenocytes from whey-sensitized, prebiotic-fed donor mice displayed almost complete prevention of the acute allergic skin reaction compared with mice receiving cells from sham-sensitized, prebiotic-fed donor mice (P < 0.001). Partial depletion of CD25(+) T-cells inhibited these effects (P < 0.001), although IgE sensitization was not prevented. This study indicates the involvement of whey-specific CD25(+) Treg in the suppression of the allergic effector response induced by dietary intervention with prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Schouten
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Hougee S, Vriesema AJM, Wijering SC, Knippels LMJ, Folkerts G, Nijkamp FP, Knol J, Garssen J. Oral treatment with probiotics reduces allergic symptoms in ovalbumin-sensitized mice: a bacterial strain comparative study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 151:107-17. [PMID: 19752564 DOI: 10.1159/000236000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Evidence demonstrating an important role of the intestinal microbiota in the incidence of allergic disorders has led to the concept of using probiotics as possible antiallergic therapy. This study aimed to select a bacterial strain with the best antiallergic treatment effects from a panel of 6 bacterial strains in a mouse model of ovalbumin(OVA)-allergic asthma. METHODS OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice were orally administered the bacterial strains Bifidobacterium breve M-16V, B. infantis NumRes251, B. animalis NumRes252 and NumRes253, Lactobacillus plantarum NumRes8 and L. rhamnosus NumRes6. After challenge by OVA inhalation in the lungs, the response to methacholine was measured. Pulmonary inflammation was assessed by analyzing bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the presence of eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes and for interleukin 4, interleukin 5, interleukin 10 and interferon-gamma. OVA-specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a were measured in serum. Next, the effect on acute allergic skin reaction was measured after treatment with B. breve M-16V and L. plantarum NumRes8. RESULTS Of the panel of 6 strains, B. breve M-16V and L. plantarum NumRes8 inhibited (1) the response to methacholine, (2) reduced the number of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, (3) reduced both OVA-specific IgE and (4) OVA-specific IgG1, whereas the other strains did not affect all these parameters simultaneously. B. breve M-16V but not L. plantarum NumRes8 reduced interleukin 4, interleukin 5 and interleukin 10. Furthermore, B. breve M-16V but not L. plantarum NumRes8 reduced acute allergic skin reactions to OVA. CONCLUSION B. breve M-16V was identified as the most potent antiallergic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hougee
- Danone Research-Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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32
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Schouten B, van Esch BCAM, Hofman GA, van Doorn SACM, Knol J, Nauta AJ, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM, Knippels LMJ. Cow milk allergy symptoms are reduced in mice fed dietary synbiotics during oral sensitization with whey. J Nutr 2009; 139:1398-403. [PMID: 19474160 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow milk allergy is the most common food allergy in children. So far, no effective treatment is available to prevent or cure food allergy. The purpose of this study was to compare effects of dietary supplementation with a prebiotic mixture (Immunofortis), a probiotic strain [Bifidobacterium breve M-16V], or a synbiotic diet combining both on the outcome of the allergic response when provided during oral sensitization with whey in mice. Mice were fed diets containing 2% (wt:wt) Immunofortis and/or the B. breve M-16V (n = 6/group). The acute allergic skin response was determined by measuring ear swelling. Antigen-induced anaphylaxis was scored. Furthermore, whey-specific serum immunoglobulins and mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) were determined. In mice fed the synbiotic mixture, the allergic skin response and the anaphylactic reaction were strongly reduced compared with whey-sensitized mice fed the control diet (P < 0.01). Immunofortis or B. breve M-16V alone were significantly less effective in reducing the allergic skin response than the synbiotic diet and did not reduce the anaphylactic reaction. The whey-specific IgE and IgG(1) responses were not affected; however, IgG(2a) was greater in all treated groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). Serum mMCP-1 concentrations, reflecting mucosal mast cell degranulation, were lower in mice fed synbiotics compared with those fed the control diet (P < 0.01). Dietary supplementation with Immunofortis, B. breve M-16V, and particularly the synbiotic mixture, provided during sensitization, reduces the allergic effector response in a murine model of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity that mimics the human route of sensitization. This model shows the potential for dietary intervention with synbiotics in reducing the allergic response to food allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Schouten
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CA, The Netherlands
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33
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Knippels LMJ, Penninks AH. Recent advances using rodent models for predicting human allergenicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 207:157-60. [PMID: 15979661 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential allergenicity of newly introduced proteins in genetically engineered foods has become an important safety evaluation issue. However, to evaluate the potential allergenicity and the potency of new proteins in our food, there are still no widely accepted and reliable test systems. The best-known allergy assessment proposal for foods derived from genetically engineered plants was the careful stepwise process presented in the so-called ILSI/IFBC decision tree. A revision of this decision tree strategy was proposed by a FAO/WHO expert consultation. As prediction of the sensitizing potential of the novel introduced protein based on animal testing was considered to be very important, animal models were introduced as one of the new test items, despite the fact that non of the currently studied models has been widely accepted and validated yet. In this paper, recent results are summarized of promising models developed in rat and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon M J Knippels
- Experimental Immunology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
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34
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Janssen GB, Penninks AH, Knippels LMJ, van Zijverden M, Spanhaak S. The evaluation of the immunomodulating properties of ERA-63 a pharmaceutical with estrogenic activity. Toxicol Lett 2008; 180:196-201. [PMID: 18602456 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes studies performed with ERA-63 a low molecular weight pharmaceutical with intended immunomodulatory effects. Since this compound was also known to have estrogenic activity a non-conventional approach was taken in order to differentiate between estrogenic and non-estrogenic-induced immunomodulatory effects. EE was included not only for qualitative comparison (hazard identification) between immunomodulatory effects but also, in case of similar effects, to facilitate the extrapolation of the findings in the rat to anticipated effects in humans. After 28 days of treatment with dosages ranging from pharmacological up to clearly toxic levels for both compounds the immunotoxic potential was assessed by performing a T cell-dependent antibody response and a host resistance assay in rats. Selected ERA-63 dose levels (0.167-0.2, 1.67-2 and 16.7-20mg/kg) were expected to have comparable estrogenic activity to respective EE dose levels (0.05, 0.5 and 5mg/kg). General toxicity parameters reflecting estrogenic activity (i.e. decreased body- and organ weights of thymus and testis, and increased bilirubin and GGT levels) confirmed the comparable estrogenic activity for both compounds at the dose levels tested. Together with the comparable estrogen-related immune suppression (i.e. decreases in specific antibody responses and an increased susceptibility for Listeria monocytogenes infects) for both compounds, this indicates that available clinical data for EE facilitates the human risk assessment of ERA-63.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Janssen
- Department of Toxicology and Drug Disposition, Organon, a part of Schering-Plough Corporation, P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands.
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35
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de Jonge JD, Ezendam J, Knippels LMJ, Penninks AH, Pieters R, van Loveren H. Lactobacillus casei Shirota does not decrease the food allergic response to peanut extract in Brown Norway rats. Toxicology 2008; 249:140-5. [PMID: 18524449 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are claimed to beneficially affect the immune system and their involvement in allergy prevention is being investigated extensively. However, the efficacy of probiotics in allergy prevention remains controversial. We investigated whether the probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) could modulate the food allergic response against peanut extract (PE) in Brown Norway (BN) rats. For this purpose BN rats were sensitized to PE (0, 1 and 10 mg/(rat d)) by daily oral gavage and the LcS-groups were additionally orally dosed with 1 x 10(9) colony forming units LcS/(rat d). LcS administration had minor effects in animals that were not sensitized. LcS increased Th1-(PE-specific IgG1), whereas the Th1/Th2 ratio based on PE-specific IgG1/PE-specific IgG2a shifted towards Th2 dominance in rats sensitized to PE in the presence of LcS as compared to rats that were sensitized to PE only. LcS stimulated PE-specific IgG2a; but for PE-specific IgE the effect was less clear; whereas there was no overall effect, two rats did not show detectable specific IgE antibodies, whereas the remainder showed significantly increased levels. LcS also resulted in increased numbers of basophilic granulocytes in blood. Furthermore, LcS increased levels of both Th1-(IFN-gamma) and Th2-(IL-4) related cytokines in PE stimulated spleen and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells, but predominantly IL-4 levels in the supernatants of both spleens and MLNs. Our study does not support the hypothesis that LcS down-regulates food allergic responses in a BN rat model for food allergy to peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D de Jonge
- Maastricht University, Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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36
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Ladics GS, van Bilsen JHM, Brouwer HMH, Vogel L, Vieths S, Knippels LMJ. Assessment of three human FcepsilonRI-transfected RBL cell-lines for identifying IgE induced degranulation utilizing peanut-allergic patient sera and peanut protein extract. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 51:288-94. [PMID: 18534732 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Specific IgE sera screening studies are employed to investigate protein cross-reactivity. Such nonfunctional immunochemical methods cannot measure the biological activity of proteins. Therefore, an assay using RBL cells transfected with human FcepsilonRI was developed. Our objective was to evaluate the degranulation of three cell-lines expressing either the alpha-(RBL-hEI(a)-2B12 and RBL-30/25cells) or alpha-, beta-, and gamma-subunits (RBL SX-38) of the human FcepsilonRI by beta-hexosaminidase release. Purified human IgE and serum-derived polyclonal IgE from peanut-allergic subjects following challenge with anti-IgE or peanut protein extract, respectively, were utilized. Robust degranulation was induced in all three: RBL-30/25 (84%), -hEI(a)-2B12 (54%), SX-38 (94%), respectively, using purified IgE+anti-human IgE. Good release (18%, 40-45%, and 65%, respectively) occurred for one peanut-allergic subject+peanut extract with all cell-lines. With serum from three other peanut-allergic subjects, no beta-hexosaminidase release occurred with RBL-hEI(a)-2B12 cells+peanut extract, while only serum from one subject induced good degranulation, 30% and 60%, respectively, with RBL-30/25 and RBL SX 38 cells. Consistent degranulation with a potent food allergen (peanuts) was not observed. The assay's utility in safety assessment, predictive value and reproducibility for evaluating the cross-reactivity of proteins with allergens needs further investigation with additional proteins and well-characterized sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Ladics
- DuPont Company, Building 353/334, Route 141 and Henry Clay Road, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA.
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37
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de Jonge JD, Ezendam J, Knippels LMJ, Odink J, Pourier MS, Penninks AH, Pieters R, van Loveren H. Bis(tributyltin)oxide (TBTO) decreases the food allergic response against peanut and ovalbumin in Brown Norway rats. Toxicology 2007; 239:68-76. [PMID: 17669578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Other factors than the allergen itself may be of importance in the development of food allergy. This report describes the influence of the immunosuppressive compound bis(tributyltin)oxide (TBTO), present in the food chain, on the development of food allergy to peanut or ovalbumin in Brown Norway (BN) rats. To study these effects BN rats were sensitized to either 1 or 10mg peanut or ovalbumin by daily oral gavage and the TBTO-groups were fed a diet containing 80 mg TBTO per kg diet. Co-exposure to TBTO not only resulted in decreased general immunologic parameters such as weights of mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, lymphocyte proliferation rates in splenocytes, but also on allergic parameters. In the peanut allergen-model TBTO decreased allergen-specific Th2 cytokine production by spleen cells, number of eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes in the blood and production of mast cell protease II after oral food challenge. In the ovalbumin allergen-model TBTO decreased the number of eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes, allergen-specific IgE and production of mast cell protease II after oral food challenge. The data imply that in the process of risk assessment of food allergy attention should be given to immunomodulating compounds present in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D de Jonge
- University Maastricht, Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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38
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van Wijk F, Nierkens S, de Jong W, Wehrens EJM, Boon L, van Kooten P, Knippels LMJ, Pieters R. The CD28/CTLA-4-B7 Signaling Pathway Is Involved in Both Allergic Sensitization and Tolerance Induction to Orally Administered Peanut Proteins. J Immunol 2007; 178:6894-900. [PMID: 17513738 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are believed to play an essential role in regulating the balance between immunogenic and tolerogenic responses to mucosal Ags by controlling T cell differentiation and activation via costimulatory and coinhibitory signals. The CD28/CTLA-4-CD80/CD86 signaling pathway appears to be one of the most important regulators of T cell responses but its exact role in responses to orally administered proteins remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the involvement of the CD28/CTLA-4-CD80/CD86 costimulatory pathway in the induction of allergic sensitization and oral tolerance to peanut proteins was investigated. In both an established C3H/HeOuJ mouse model of peanut hypersensitivity and an oral tolerance model to peanut, CD28/CTLA-4-CD80/CD86 interactions were blocked using the fusion protein CTLA-4Ig. To examine the relative contribution of CD80- and CD86-mediated costimulation in these models, anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 blocking Abs were used. In the hypersensitivity model, CTLA-4Ig treatment prevented the development of peanut extract-induced cytokine responses, peanut extract-specific IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE production and peanut extract-induced challenge responses. Blocking of CD80 reduced, whereas anti-CD86 treatment completely inhibited, the induction of peanut extract-specific IgE. Normal tolerance induction to peanut extract was found following CTLA-4Ig, anti-CD86, or anti-CD80 plus anti-CD86 treatment, whereas blockade of CD80 impaired the induction of oral tolerance. We show that CD28/CTLA-4-CD80/CD86 signaling is essential for the development of allergic responses to peanut and that CD86 interaction is most important in inducing peanut extract-specific IgE responses. Additionally, our data suggest that CD80 but not CD86 interaction with CTLA-4 is crucial for the induction of low dose tolerance to peanut.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Administration, Oral
- Allergens/administration & dosage
- Allergens/immunology
- Allergens/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Arachis/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-1 Antigen/physiology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Food Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunoconjugates/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin E/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Immunoglobulin E/physiology
- Ligands
- Mice
- Plant Extracts/administration & dosage
- Plant Extracts/immunology
- Plant Extracts/metabolism
- Plant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Plant Proteins/immunology
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke van Wijk
- Utrecht University, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Immunotoxicology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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39
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van Wijk F, Wehrens EJM, Nierkens S, Boon L, Kasran A, Pieters R, Knippels LMJ. CD4+CD25+T cells regulate the intensity of hypersensitivity responses to peanut, but are not decisive in the induction of oral sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:572-81. [PMID: 17430355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in the maintenance of self-tolerance and it has been suggested that these Tregs may also be involved in preventing allergic disease. OBJECTIVE The precise role of CD4+CD25+ T cells in the regulation of allergic responses to mucosal antigens remains to be elucidated. In the present study, it was investigated whether CD4+CD25+ T cells are involved in the induction of oral tolerance and whether they play a role in controlling hypersensitivity responses to food proteins. METHODS CD4+CD25+ T cells were depleted with PC61 mAb before the induction of low dose oral tolerance to peanut extract (PE). In addition, CD4+CD25+ T cell depletion was performed during sensitization or before oral challenge, using a C3H/HeOuJ mouse model of allergic sensitization to peanut. RESULTS Oral tolerance to PE could not be induced in CD4+CD25+ T cell-depleted mice. However, CD4+CD25+ T cell depletion during long-term exposure to PE alone did not result in allergic sensitization. In sensitized mice, anti-CD25 treatment during oral exposure resulted in higher levels of PE-specific IgE and increased mast cell degranulation upon an oral challenge. In contrast, anti-CD25 treatment of PE-sensitized mice before oral challenges did not affect the level of mast cell degranulation. CONCLUSION These results indicate that CD4+CD25+ Tregs are involved in maintaining tolerance to oral antigens and regulate the intensity of an IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity response, but are not crucial in preventing sensitization. Accordingly, CD4+CD25+ Tregs may represent a potential tool for the treatment of food allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F van Wijk
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Immunology, and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Immunotoxicology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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40
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de Jonge JD, Knippels LMJ, Ezendam J, Odink J, Penninks AH, van Loveren H. The importance of dietary control in the development of a peanut allergy model in Brown Norway rats. Methods 2007; 41:99-111. [PMID: 17161306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the further development of a peanut allergy model in Brown Norway (BN) rats and in particular the importance of allergen-free breeding of the laboratory animals for the allergen to be used. For this purpose BN rats were bred for 3 generations on soy- and peanut-free feed since it is known that the legumes peanut and soy are cross-reactive. In addition, the effect of cholera toxin (CT), an oral adjuvant often used to increase the sensitivity of food allergy models, was investigated in the BN rat model. BN rats that were bred on both soy- and peanut-free feed could be sensitized orally to peanut (all exposed rats developed peanut-specific IgE, IgG2a and IgG1) and the adjuvant CT could only enhance this sensitization to a limited extent. We also found different protein recognition patterns against purified peanut allergens (Ara h1, Ara h2 and Ara h3) between intraperitoneally (i.p.) and orally sensitized BN rats. Orally sensitized rats recognized all tested allergens whereas i.p. sensitized rats only recognized Ara h1 and Ara h2. Our conclusion is that a model for food allergy should preferably be (A) oral and (B) if possible without the use of adjuvantia. Our model in BN rats unites these preferred characteristics. In addition, we show the importance of dietary control when conducting oral sensitization studies. Special attention must be paid to unscheduled dietary pre-exposure of the animals to the protein under investigation to obtain optimal oral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D de Jonge
- University Maastricht, Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Universiteitssingel 50, Postbus 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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41
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van Wijk F, Nierkens S, Hassing I, Feijen M, Koppelman SJ, de Jong GAH, Pieters R, Knippels LMJ. The effect of the food matrix on in vivo immune responses to purified peanut allergens. Toxicol Sci 2005; 86:333-41. [PMID: 15858220 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little knowledge about the factors that determine the allergenicity of food proteins. One aspect that remains to be elucidated is the effect of the food matrix on immune responses to food proteins. To study the intrinsic immunogenicity of allergens and the influence of the food matrix, purified peanut allergens (Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, or Ara h 6) and a whole peanut extract (PE) were tested in the popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA) and in an oral model of peanut hypersensitivity. In the PLNA, peanut proteins were injected into the hind footpad of BALB/c mice; in the oral exposure experiments C3H/HeOuJ mice were gavaged weekly with PE or allergens in the presence of cholera toxin (CT). Upon footpad injection, none of the allergens induced significant immune activation. In contrast, PE induced an increase in cell number, cytokine production, and activation of antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, the presence of a food matrix enhanced the immune response to the individual allergens. Oral exposure to the purified allergens in the presence of CT induced specific IgE responses, irrespective of the presence of a food matrix. These results suggest that purified peanut allergens possess little intrinsic immune-stimulating capacity in contrast to a whole PE. Moreover, the data indicate that the food matrix can influence responses to individual proteins and, therefore, the food matrix must be taken into account when developing models for allergenic potential assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F van Wijk
- Department of Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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42
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van Wijk F, Hoeks S, Nierkens S, Koppelman SJ, van Kooten P, Boon L, Knippels LMJ, Pieters R. CTLA-4 signaling regulates the intensity of hypersensitivity responses to food antigens, but is not decisive in the induction of sensitization. J Immunol 2005; 174:174-9. [PMID: 15611239 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.1.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although food allergy has emerged as a major health problem, the mechanisms that are decisive in the development of sensitization to dietary Ag remain largely unknown. CTLA-4 signaling negatively regulates immune activation, and may play a crucial role in preventing induction and/or progression of sensitization to food Ag. To elucidate the role of CTLA-4 signaling in responses to food allergens, a murine model of peanut allergy was used. During oral exposure to peanut protein extract (PPE) together with the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT), which induces peanut allergy, CTLA-4 ligation was prevented using a CTLA-4 mAb. Additionally, the effect of inhibition of the CTLA-4 pathway on oral exposure to PPE in the absence of CT, which leads to unresponsiveness to peanut Ag, was explored. During sensitization, anti-CTLA-4 treatment considerably enhanced IgE responses to PPE and the peanut allergens, Ara h 1, Ara h 3, and Ara h 6, resulting in elevated mast cell degranulation upon an oral challenge. Remarkably, antagonizing CTLA-4 during exposure to PPE in the absence of CT resulted in significant induction of Th2 cytokines and an elevation in total serum IgE levels, but failed to induce allergen-specific IgE responses and mast cell degranulation upon a PPE challenge. These results indicate that CTLA-4 signaling is not the crucial factor in preventing sensitization to food allergens, but plays a pivotal role in regulating the intensity of a food allergic sensitization response. Furthermore, these data indicate that a profoundly Th2-biased cytokine environment is insufficient to induce allergic responses against dietary Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke van Wijk
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Immunotoxicology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80176, NL 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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van Wijk F, Hartgring S, Koppelman SJ, Pieters R, Knippels LMJ. Mixed antibody and T cell responses to peanut and the peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3 and Ara h 6 in an oral sensitization model. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:1422-8. [PMID: 15347376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut allergy is known for its severity and persistence through life. Several peanut proteins have been identified as allergenic and are indicated as Ara h 1-7. Very little is known about the mechanisms that underlie sensitization to peanut proteins. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to reveal the immune responses that are induced against peanut and the peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3 and Ara h 6 during sensitization, including the very early responses. METHODS Humoral and T cell responses against peanut and the peanut allergens were examined in an early and later stage of sensitization in an established murine model of peanut anaphylaxis. Therefore C3H/HeJ mice were orally exposed to two different doses of peanut extract plus cholera toxin. RESULTS Oral sensitization to peanut was characterized by an antigen-induced mixed cytokine response in the spleen (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-gamma), which could already be observed 7 days after the onset of exposure. Additionally, polyisotypic humoral responses (IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a) against peanut were found in the serum. Moreover, we demonstrated that these T helper (Th)1/Th2 cytokine and antibody responses were also directed specifically against the major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3 and Ara h 6. CONCLUSIONS This study implicates that both Th1 and Th2 phenomena are involved in the development of peanut allergy in the C3H/HeJ murine model. Furthermore, we show that the present oral model is suitable to examine immune responses to food allergens during different stages of sensitization upon treatment with a whole food extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- F van Wijk
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Immunotoxicology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes selected articles on animal models of food allergy published in 2003. The research areas that are covered include mechanistic studies, the search for new therapies, as well as screening models for hazard identification of potential allergens. RECENT FINDINGS Novel treatment options of both prevention and therapeutic strategies have been reported with promising results. The induction of de-sensitization to food proteins was achieved by exposure to a mixture of recombinant food allergens and T helper 1 (Th1)-skewing bacterial components. Furthermore, research in animal models has provided new insights into the role of protein structure, digestion, and gut permeability in sensitization and tolerance induction to food proteins. The Th2 hypothesis of food allergy was tested in mouse strains, linking genetic susceptibility to sensitization with differential Th1-Th2 responses. In this context, the role of the liver in development of food antigen-specific Th2 cells, and the importance of costimulatory molecules in Th2 skewing were demonstrated. Finally, rodent models to predict potential allergenicity of novel foods have been further developed using different routes of sensitization. SUMMARY Currently, several animal models of food allergy are used, including mouse, rat, swine, and dog. Continuing research in these models may elucidate the immunological mechanisms that underlie the sensitization and challenge phase of food allergy and may result in improved therapeutic options. Furthermore, the development of animal models to predict relative allergenicity of novel foods remains an important topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon M J Knippels
- Experimental Immunology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Coeliac disease is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the small intestine that is induced by ingestion of gluten proteins from wheat, barley, or rye. We postulate that Candida albicans is a trigger in the onset of coeliac disease. The virulence factor of C albicans-hyphal wall protein 1 (HWP1)-contains aminoacid sequences that are identical or highly homologous to known coeliac disease-related alpha-gliadin and gamma-gliadin T-cell epitopes. HWP1 is a transglutaminase substrate, and is used by C albicans to adhere to the intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, tissue transglutaminase and endomysium components could become covalently linked to the yeast. Subsequently, C albicans might function as an adjuvant that stimulates antibody formation against HWP1 and gluten, and formation of autoreactive antibodies against tissue transglutaminase and endomysium.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Nieuwenhuizen
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Nutrition and Food Research, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, Netherlands.
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Knippels LMJ, Penninks AH. Assessment of the allergic potential of food protein extracts and proteins on oral application using the brown Norway rat model. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111:233-238. [PMID: 12573912 PMCID: PMC1241357 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.5704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The need for widely accepted and validated animal models to test the potential allergenicity and potency of novel (biotechnology-derived) proteins has become an important issue for their safety evaluation. In this article, we summarize the results of the development of an oral sensitization protocol for food proteins in the rat. Young Brown Norway rats were exposed to either various purified allergenic proteins (e.g., ovalbumin, partly purified), a whole food (cow's milk), or total protein extracts (hen's egg white, peanut) by daily gavage dosing during 42 days without the use of an adjuvant. The results showed that Brown Norway rats can be sensitized orally to the various allergenic food proteins tested, resulting in antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgE responses, without the use of adjuvants. Animals orally exposed to cow's milk or total protein extracts of egg white also developed specific IgE and IgG antibodies that recognized the same proteins compared with antibodies from patients allergic to egg white or cow's milk. We also studied local and systemic immune-mediated effects. In ovalbumin-sensitized rats, some clinical symptoms of food allergy were studied upon an oral challenge with ovalbumin. The results demonstrated that gut permeability was increased and that in some animals breathing frequency and systolic blood pressure were temporarily decreased. The results obtained show that the Brown Norway rat provides a suitable animal model for food allergy research and for the study of relative allergenicity of existing and novel food proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon M J Knippels
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department of Target Organ Toxicology, Working Group Experimental Immunology, Zeist, The Netherlands
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Knippels LMJ, Penninks AH. Assessment of protein allergenicity: studies in brown norway rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 964:151-61. [PMID: 12023202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
For the safety evaluation of genetically engineered crops, the potential allergenicity of the newly introduced protein(s) has become an important issue. There is, however, no universal and reliable test system for the evaluation of the allergic sensitizing ability of food proteins. Therefore, there is a growing interest in the development of animal models. This paper summarizes the results of a promising food allergy model developed in Brown Norway (BN) rats. The results demonstrate that BN rats can be sensitized via the relevant oral route of exposure. Daily gavage dosing of the animals with several food proteins, without the use of adjuvants, resulted in significant antigen-specific IgE responses. In addition, the profile of allergens recognized by the immune system of the BN rat, appeared comparable to the profile of allergens recognized by allergic humans. Besides oral sensitization, local and systemic immune-mediated effects, such as increased gastrointestinal permeability, decreased breathing frequency, and decreased blood pressure, could also be observed in the sensitized animals after an oral challenge. All together, these observations suggest that this BN rat model might provide a suitable animal model to study the allergenicity of food proteins in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon M J Knippels
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Target Organ Toxicology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
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