1
|
Groenewald P, Kallis N, Holmgren C, Glass T, Anthony A, Maud P, Akhalwaya Y, Afonso E, Niewoudt I, Martin LJ, De Vaal C, Cheyip M, Morof D, Prinsloo M, Matzopoulos R, Bradshaw D. Further evidence of misclassification of the injury deaths in South Africa: When will the barriers to accurate injury death statistics be removed? S Afr Med J 2023; 113:30-35. [PMID: 37882130 PMCID: PMC11017197 DOI: 10.7196/samj.2023.v113i9.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrary to the World Health Organization's internationally recommended medical certificate of cause of death, the South African (SA) death notification form (DNF) does not allow for the reporting of the manner of death to permit accurate coding of external causes of injury deaths. OBJECTIVES To describe the injury cause-of-death profile from forensic pathology records collected for the National Cause-of-Death Validation (NCoDV) Project and compare it with profiles from other sources of injury mortality data. In particular, the recording of firearm use in homicides is compared between sources. METHODS The NCoDV Project was a cross-sectional study of deaths that occurred during a fixed period in 2017 and 2018, from a nationally representative sample of 27 health subdistricts in SA. Trained fieldworkers scanned forensic records for all deaths investigated at the forensic mortuaries serving the sampled subdistricts during the study period. Forensic practitioners reviewed the records and completed a medical certificate of cause of death for each decedent. Causes of death were coded to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10), using Iris automated coding software. Cause-specific mortality fractions for injury deaths were compared with Injury Mortality Survey 2017 (IMS 2017) and Statistics South Africa 2017 (Stats SA 2017) datasets. The cause profile for all firearm-related deaths was compared between the three datasets. RESULTS A total of 5 315 records were available for analysis. Males accounted for 77.6% of cases, and most decedents were aged between 25 and 44 years. Homicide was the leading cause of death (34.7%), followed by transport injuries (32.6%) and suicide (14.7%). This injury cause profile was similar to IMS 2017 but differed markedly from the official statistics, which showed markedly lower proportions of these three causes (15.0%, 11.6% and 0.7%, respectively), and a much higher proportion of other unintentional causes. Investigation of firearm-related deaths revealed that most were homicides in NCoDV 2017/18 (88.5%) and IMS 2017 (93.1%), while in the Stats SA 2017 data, 98.7% of firearm deaths were classified as accidental. Approximately 7% of firearm-related deaths were suicides in NCoDV 2017/18 and IMS 2017, with only 0.3% in Stats SA 2017. CONCLUSION The official cause-of-death data for injuries in SA in 2017 differed substantially from findings from the NCoDV 2017/18 study and IMS 2017. Accurate data sources would ensure that public health interventions are designed to reduce the high injury burden. Inclusion of the manner of death on the DNF, as is recommended internationally, is critically important to enable more accurate, reliable and valid reporting of the injury profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Groenewald
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - N Kallis
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - C Holmgren
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - T Glass
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - A Anthony
- Department of Health and Wellness, Western Cape Department of Health, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - P Maud
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Y Akhalwaya
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu (FAM-CRU), Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - E Afonso
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - I Niewoudt
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - L J Martin
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Forensic Pathology Service, Western Cape Department of Health, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - C De Vaal
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - M Cheyip
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - D Morof
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - M Prinsloo
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute for Lifecourse Development, Faculty of Education, Health and Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - R Matzopoulos
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - D Bradshaw
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martinelli P, Schaaf O, Mantoulidis A, Martin LJ, Fuchs JE, Bader G, Gollner A, Wolkerstorfer B, Rogers C, Balıkçı E, Lipp JJ, Mischerikow N, Doebel S, Gerstberger T, Sommergruber W, Huber KVM, Böttcher J. Discovery of a Chemical Probe to Study Implications of BPTF Bromodomain Inhibition in Cellular and in vivo Experiments. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200686. [PMID: 36649575 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The bromodomain and PHD-finger containing transcription factor (BPTF) is part of the nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) complex and has been implicated in multiple cancer types. Here, we report the discovery of a potent and selective chemical probe targeting the bromodomain of BPTF with an attractive pharmacokinetic profile enabling cellular and in vivo experiments in mice. Microarray-based transcriptomics in presence of the probe in two lung cancer cell lines revealed only minor effects on the transcriptome. Profiling against a panel of cancer cell lines revealed that the antiproliferative effect does not correlate with BPTF dependency score in depletion screens. Both observations and the multi-domain architecture of BPTF suggest that depleting the protein by proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) could be a promising strategy to target cancer cell proliferation. We envision that the presented chemical probe and the related negative control will enable the research community to further explore scientific hypotheses with respect to BPTF bromodomain inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Martinelli
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otmar Schaaf
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Mantoulidis
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laetitia J Martin
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian E Fuchs
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd Bader
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gollner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Wolkerstorfer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Catherine Rogers
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
| | - Esra Balıkçı
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
| | - Jesse J Lipp
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolai Mischerikow
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Doebel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gerstberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sommergruber
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kilian V M Huber
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
| | - Jark Böttcher
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matzopoulos R, Prinsloo M, Mhlongo S, Marineau L, Cornell M, Bowman B, Mamashela TA, Gwebushe N, Ketelo A, Martin LJ, Dekel B, Lombard C, Jewkes R, Abrahams N. South Africa's male homicide epidemic hiding in plain sight: exploring sex differences and patterns in homicide risk in a retrospective descriptive study of postmortem investigations. medRxiv 2023:2023.02.02.23285093. [PMID: 36778369 PMCID: PMC9915815 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.02.23285093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background South Africa has homicide rates six times the global average, predominantly among men, but little is known about male victims. As part of the country's first ever study of male homicide we compared 2017 male and female victim profiles for selected covariates, against global averages and previous estimates for 2009. Methods We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of routine data collected through postmortem investigations, calculating age-standardised mortality rates for manner of death by age, sex and province and male-to-female incidence rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals. We then used generalised linear models and linear regression models to assess the association between sex and victim characteristics including age and mechanism of injury (guns, stabs and blunt force) within and between years. Findings 87% of 19,477 homicides in 2017 were males, equating to seven male deaths for every female, with sharp force and firearm discharge the most common external causes. Rates were higher among males than females at all ages, and up to eight times higher among males aged 15-44 years. Provincial rates varied overall and by sex, with the highest comparative risk for men vs. women in the Western Cape Province (11.4 males for every 1 female). Male homicides peaked during December and were highest on weekends, underscoring the prominent role of alcohol as a risk factor. Significantly more males tested positive for alcohol than females. Interpretation The massive, disproportionate and enduring homicide risk borne by adult South African men highlights the negligible prevention response. Only through challenging the normative perception of male invulnerability can we begin to address the enormous burden of violence impacting men. There is an urgent need to address the insidious effect of such societal norms alongside implementing structural interventions to overcome the root causes of poverty and inequality and better control alcohol and firearms. Funding South African Medical Research Council and Ford Foundation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cheung DC, Martin LJ, Jivraj NK, Clarke H, Gomes T, Wijeysundera DN, Diong C, Nayan M, Saarela O, Alibhai S, Komisarenko M, Fleshner NE, Kulkarni GS, Finelli A. Opioid Use after Nephrectomy for Kidney Cancer in Ontario: A Population-Based Study. Urology 2022; 164:118-123. [PMID: 35182588 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the odds of early and prolonged post-operative opioid use in patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery (MIS) versus open surgery for nephrectomy. METHODS For opioid-naïve patients in Ontario who underwent nephrectomy for kidney cancer (1994-2017, n=7900), post-discharge opioid use was determined by prescriptions in the Ontario Drug Benefit database (age ≥65 years) and the Narcotics Monitoring System (all patients from 2012). Early opioid use was defined as ≥ 1 prescription 1-90 days after surgery. Two separate definitions of prolonged opioid use were examined: (1) prescription(s) for ≥ 60 days during post-operative days 90-365; (2) ≥ 1 prescriptions between both of: 1-90 days AND 91-180 days after surgery. Predictors of opioid use were assessed using multivariable generalized estimating equation logistic regression, accounting for surgeon clustering. RESULTS Overall, 67.4% of patients received early opioid prescriptions; however, prolonged use was low, ranging from 1.6 to 4.4% of patients depending on the definition. In multivariable analysis, open nephrectomy was associated with higher odds of early opioid use compared to MIS nephrectomy (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.36, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.19-1.55). Surgery type was not significantly associated with prolonged opioid use for either definition (OR 1.22, CI 0.79 1.89 and OR 1.06, CI 0.83, 1.35). CONCLUSIONS In this population-level study of patients undergoing nephrectomy for kidney cancer, patients who received open surgery were at increased odds of receiving early post-operative opioids compared to MIS. Prolonged opioid use was low overall and was not significantly with associated with type of surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Cheung
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - L J Martin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - N K Jivraj
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - H Clarke
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - T Gomes
- Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; ICES, Toronto, Canada
| | - D N Wijeysundera
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; ICES, Toronto, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - M Nayan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - O Saarela
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Smh Alibhai
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - M Komisarenko
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - N E Fleshner
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - G S Kulkarni
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - A Finelli
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cho C, Chan C, Martin LJ. Can Male Mice Develop Preference Towards Gentle Stroking by an Experimenter? Neuroscience 2020; 464:26-32. [PMID: 33385489 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gentle stroking, a type of affective touch that holds hedonic and rewarding value, is critical to our daily inter-individual communication. This positive socio-emotional aspect of touch is conveyed through a subclass of C afferents known as C-Tactile fibers in humans with an analogous system in rodents proposed. Here, we describe a novel tactile conditioned place preference paradigm using mice and demonstrate that gentle stroking by an experimenter is rewarding. In order to investigate the relationship between tactile preference and innate sociability, mice were subjected to the classic three-chambered test of social approach, where mice displayed significant preference towards the experimenter's hand. These findings suggest that gentle stroking evoked by an experimenter can play an important role in reward and preference and establish an affiliative relationship between mice and humans. Future research can potentially use this model to examine fiber type involvement and elucidate the significance of these findings for activation of the reward system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Cho
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L1C6, Canada
| | - C Chan
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L1C6, Canada
| | - L J Martin
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L1C6, Canada; Dept. of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L1C6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martin LJ, Chen Y, Serrano-Lomelin J, Talbot J, Yasui Y. Higher levels of social and material deprivation are associated with higher rates of influenza-like illness-related emergency department visits: Edmonton, Alberta, 2004-2014. Public Health 2020; 189:117-122. [PMID: 33221645 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neighbourhood-level deprivation is associated with hospitalization related to respiratory infections; however, hospitalizations exclude many who seek care with less severe respiratory illnesses. Another major seasonal contributor to respiratory illness-associated healthcare burdens are influenza-like illness (ILI)-related emergency department (ED) visits. We investigated associations between area-level social and material deprivation and ILI-related ED use. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective ecological study. METHODS We linked ILI-related ED visit data (2004-2014) for Edmonton, Alberta to a Canadian area-level material and social deprivation index, categorizing deprivation into quintiles. Using a multivariable Poisson model with log population as the offset, we modelled the relationship between visit rates and material and social deprivation adjusting for week and season, age, sex and the interaction between age and sex. RESULTS We included 67,585 ILI-related ED visits, representing 1075.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1067.4-1083.6) visits per 100,000 person-years. ILI-related visit rates increased as each of material and social deprivation increased; increases were slightly greater for material deprivation. Comparing the most deprived quintile to the least deprived quintile: for material deprivation, ILI-related ED visit rates were two times higher (rate ratio (RR) = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.96-2.05); and, for social deprivation, one-and-a-half times higher (RR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.44-1.51). CONCLUSIONS Higher area-level material and social deprivation were associated with higher ILI-related ED visit rates. These findings can be used to identify areas that may need additional public health and healthcare resources and to improve targeting of prevention strategies. Understanding differentials in healthcare use such as this may be especially relevant to ensuring equity of outcomes for pandemic preparedness planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Martin
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 - 87 Ave, Edmonton, T6G 1C9, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Y Chen
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 - 87 Ave, Edmonton, T6G 1C9, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Serrano-Lomelin
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 - 87 Ave, Edmonton, T6G 1C9, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Talbot
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 - 87 Ave, Edmonton, T6G 1C9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Y Yasui
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 - 87 Ave, Edmonton, T6G 1C9, Alberta, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bergner A, Cockcroft X, Fischer G, Gollner A, Hela W, Kousek R, Mantoulidis A, Martin LJ, Mayer M, Müllauer B, Siszler G, Wolkerstorfer B, Kessler D, McConnell DB. Front Cover: KRAS Binders Hidden in Nature (Chem. Eur. J. 52/2019). Chemistry 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bergner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 1120 Vienna Austria
| | - Xiaoling Cockcroft
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 1120 Vienna Austria
| | - Gerhard Fischer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 1120 Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Gollner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 1120 Vienna Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hela
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 1120 Vienna Austria
| | - Roland Kousek
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 1120 Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Mantoulidis
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 1120 Vienna Austria
| | - Laetitia J. Martin
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 1120 Vienna Austria
- Present address: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Grenzacherstrasse 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Moriz Mayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 1120 Vienna Austria
| | - Barbara Müllauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 1120 Vienna Austria
| | - Gabriella Siszler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 1120 Vienna Austria
| | | | - Dirk Kessler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 1120 Vienna Austria
| | - Darryl B. McConnell
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 1120 Vienna Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kessler D, Gmachl M, Mantoulidis A, Martin LJ, Zoephel A, Mayer M, Gollner A, Covini D, Fischer S, Gerstberger T, Gmaschitz T, Goodwin C, Greb P, Häring D, Hela W, Hoffmann J, Karolyi-Oezguer J, Knesl P, Kornigg S, Koegl M, Kousek R, Lamarre L, Moser F, Munico-Martinez S, Peinsipp C, Phan J, Rinnenthal J, Sai J, Salamon C, Scherbantin Y, Schipany K, Schnitzer R, Schrenk A, Sharps B, Siszler G, Sun Q, Waterson A, Wolkerstorfer B, Zeeb M, Pearson M, Fesik SW, McConnell DB. Drugging an undruggable pocket on KRAS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15823-15829. [PMID: 31332011 PMCID: PMC6689897 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904529116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3 human RAS genes, KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS, encode 4 different RAS proteins which belong to the protein family of small GTPases that function as binary molecular switches involved in cell signaling. Activating mutations in RAS are among the most common oncogenic drivers in human cancers, with KRAS being the most frequently mutated oncogene. Although KRAS is an excellent drug discovery target for many cancers, and despite decades of research, no therapeutic agent directly targeting RAS has been clinically approved. Using structure-based drug design, we have discovered BI-2852 (1), a KRAS inhibitor that binds with nanomolar affinity to a pocket, thus far perceived to be "undruggable," between switch I and II on RAS; 1 is mechanistically distinct from covalent KRASG12C inhibitors because it binds to a different pocket present in both the active and inactive forms of KRAS. In doing so, it blocks all GEF, GAP, and effector interactions with KRAS, leading to inhibition of downstream signaling and an antiproliferative effect in the low micromolar range in KRAS mutant cells. These findings clearly demonstrate that this so-called switch I/II pocket is indeed druggable and provide the scientific community with a chemical probe that simultaneously targets the active and inactive forms of KRAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Kessler
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Gmachl
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Mantoulidis
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laetitia J Martin
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Zoephel
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Moriz Mayer
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gollner
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Covini
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silke Fischer
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gerstberger
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Teresa Gmaschitz
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Craig Goodwin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Peter Greb
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Häring
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hela
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Hoffmann
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jale Karolyi-Oezguer
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Knesl
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kornigg
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Koegl
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Kousek
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lyne Lamarre
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Moser
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Silvia Munico-Martinez
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Peinsipp
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jason Phan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Jörg Rinnenthal
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiqing Sai
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Christian Salamon
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne Scherbantin
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Schipany
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Schnitzer
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schrenk
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernadette Sharps
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriella Siszler
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Alex Waterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Bernhard Wolkerstorfer
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeeb
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Mark Pearson
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen W Fesik
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Darryl B McConnell
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bergner A, Cockcroft X, Fischer G, Gollner A, Hela W, Kousek R, Mantoulidis A, Martin LJ, Mayer M, Müllauer B, Siszler G, Wolkerstorfer B, Kessler D, McConnell DB. KRAS Binders Hidden in Nature. Chemistry 2019; 25:12037-12041. [PMID: 31231840 PMCID: PMC6772028 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have proven to be a rich source of molecular architectures for drugs. Here, an integrated approach to natural product screening is proposed, which uncovered eight new natural product scaffolds for KRAS-the most frequently mutated oncogenic driver in human cancers, which has remained thus far undrugged. The approach combines aspects of virtual screening, fragment-based screening, structure-activity relationships (SAR) by NMR, and structure-based drug discovery to overcome the limitations in traditional natural product approaches. By using our approach, a new "snugness of fit" scoring function and the first crystal-soaking system of the active form of KRASG12D , the protein-ligand X-ray structures of a tricyclic indolopyrrole fungal alkaloid and an indoloisoquinolinone have been successfully elucidated. The natural product KRAS hits discovered provide fruitful ground for the optimization of highly potent natural-product-based inhibitors of the active form of oncogenic RAS. This integrated approach for screening natural products also holds promise for other "undruggable" targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bergner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaoling Cockcroft
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Fischer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gollner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hela
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Kousek
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Mantoulidis
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laetitia J Martin
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria.,Present address: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Moriz Mayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Müllauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriella Siszler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Wolkerstorfer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Kessler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Darryl B McConnell
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chidambaran V, Ding L, Moore DL, Spruance K, Cudilo EM, Pilipenko V, Hossain M, Sturm P, Kashikar-Zuck S, Martin LJ, Sadhasivam S. Predicting the pain continuum after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: A prospective cohort study. Eur J Pain 2017; 21:1252-1265. [PMID: 28346762 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) affects half a million children annually in the United States, with dire socioeconomic consequences, including long-term disability into adulthood. The few studies of CPSP in children are limited by sample size, follow-up duration, non-homogeneity of surgical procedure and factors evaluated. METHODS In a prospective study of 144 adolescents undergoing a single major surgery (spine fusion), we evaluated demographic, perioperative, surgical and psychosocial factors as predictors of a continuum of postsurgical pain: immediate, pain maintenance at 2-3 months (chronic pain/CP) and persistence of pain a year (persistent pain/PP) after surgery. RESULTS We found an incidence of 37.8% and 41.8% for CP and PP. CP and acute pain were both significant predictors for developing PP (p-value <0.001 and 0.003). Preoperative pain and higher postoperative opioid requirement was significantly associated with CP (p = 0.015, p = 0.002), while Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (p = 0.002) and surgical duration (p = 0.014) predicted PP. The final regression models had reasonable predictive accuracy (c-statistic of 0.73 and 0.83 for CP and PP, respectively). Anxiety scores and catastrophizing for child and parent were found to be significantly correlated (p = 0.005, p = 0.013 respectively). Pain trajectories revealed that 65% of patients who developed PP reported CP and high pain trends; however, 33% of those who developed PP could not be identified using solely pain criteria. CONCLUSION Persistent postsurgical pain in children is a significant problem. It can be predicted in part by combinations of psychological and clinical variables, which may provide evidence-based measures to prevent development of CPSP in the future. SIGNIFICANCE In a homogeneous cohort of adolescents undergoing spine fusion, we report a high incidence of persistent postsurgical pain (41.8%) predicted by child anxiety, perioperative pain, and surgical duration. Our results stress timely preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Chidambaran
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - L Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA.,Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - D L Moore
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - K Spruance
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - E M Cudilo
- Pediatric Anesthesia Associates Medical Group Fresno, CA
| | - V Pilipenko
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, USA
| | - M Hossain
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - P Sturm
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - S Kashikar-Zuck
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - L J Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, USA
| | - S Sadhasivam
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hohmann AF, Martin LJ, Minder J, Roe JS, Shi J, Steurer S, Bader G, McConnell D, Pearson M, Gerstberger T, Gottschamel T, Thompson D, Suzuki Y, Koegl M, Vakoc C. Abstract LB-206: A bromodomain-swap allele demonstrates that on-target chemical inhibition of BRD9 limits the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-lb-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed vital roles of SWI/SNF complexes in leukemia and a variety of other cancers, making this chromatin remodeler a candidate drug target in human malignancy. Chemical modulation of SWI/SNF activity, however, remains to be achieved. Given the success of pharmacological bromodomain inhibition, we evaluated the role of bromodomain-carrying SWI/SNF subunits and identified Bromodomain-containing protein 9 (BRD9) as critical for the growth of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). In AML cells, BRD9 binds the enhancer of the MYC proto-oncogene and sustains MYC transcription, rapid cell proliferation, as well as a block in differentiation. Based on these observations, we derived a small-molecule inhibitor of the BRD9 bromodomain, which partially displaces BRD9 from MYC enhancer elements and selectively suppresses the proliferation of mouse and human AML cell lines.
Given the known role of other bromodomains, namely those of BRD4, in leukemia growth, ruling out potential off-target activity of our BRD9 inhibitor was critical. Traditionally, bromodomain inhibitor selectivity is tested using in vitro binding assays that examine a subset of other bromodomains. To sample the entire space of potential off-target proteins, we sought an in-cell selectivity assay. To this end, we engineered a bromodomain-swap allele of BRD9, which retains functionality despite a radically altered bromodomain pocket. Expression of this allele in AML cells confers resistance to the anti-proliferative effects of our BRD9 inhibitor, thus establishing BRD9 as the relevant cellular target. Furthermore, we used an analogous domain-swap strategy to generate an inhibitor-resistant allele of EZH2.
Our study provides the first evidence for a role of BRD9 in cancer and further highlights a simple genetic strategy for constructing resistance alleles to demonstrate on-target activity of chemical probes in cells.
Citation Format: Anja F. Hohmann, Laetitia J. Martin, Jessica Minder, Jae-Seok Roe, Junwei Shi, Steffen Steurer, Gerd Bader, Darryl McConnell, Mark Pearson, Thomas Gerstberger, Teresa Gottschamel, Diane Thompson, Yutaka Suzuki, Manfred Koegl, Christopher Vakoc. A bromodomain-swap allele demonstrates that on-target chemical inhibition of BRD9 limits the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-206.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jae-Seok Roe
- 1Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Junwei Shi
- 1Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | | | - Gerd Bader
- 2Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mark Pearson
- 2Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Manfred Koegl
- 2Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hohmann AF, Martin LJ, Minder JL, Roe JS, Shi J, Steurer S, Bader G, McConnell D, Pearson M, Gerstberger T, Gottschamel T, Thompson D, Suzuki Y, Koegl M, Vakoc CR. Sensitivity and engineered resistance of myeloid leukemia cells to BRD9 inhibition. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:672-9. [PMID: 27376689 PMCID: PMC4990482 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we show that acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells require the BRD9 subunit of the SWI-SNF chromatin-remodeling complex to sustain MYC transcription, rapid cell proliferation and a block in differentiation. Based on these observations, we derived small-molecule inhibitors of the BRD9 bromodomain that selectively suppress the proliferation of mouse and human AML cell lines. To establish these effects as on-target, we engineered a bromodomain-swap allele of BRD9 that retains functionality despite a radically altered bromodomain pocket. Expression of this allele in AML cells confers resistance to the antiproliferative effects of our compound series, thus establishing BRD9 as the relevant cellular target. Furthermore, we used an analogous domain-swap strategy to generate an inhibitor-resistant allele of EZH2. To our knowledge, our study provides the first evidence for a role of BRD9 in cancer and reveals a simple genetic strategy for constructing resistance alleles to demonstrate on-target activity of chemical probes in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja F Hohmann
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA.,Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Laetitia J Martin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH and Company KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessica L Minder
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Jae-Seok Roe
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Junwei Shi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Steffen Steurer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH and Company KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd Bader
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH and Company KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Darryl McConnell
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH and Company KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Pearson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH and Company KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gerstberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH and Company KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Teresa Gottschamel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH and Company KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diane Thompson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH and Company KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Manfred Koegl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH and Company KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher R Vakoc
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA.,Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martin LJ, Koegl M, Bader G, Cockcroft XL, Fedorov O, Fiegen D, Gerstberger T, Hofmann MH, Hohmann AF, Kessler D, Knapp S, Knesl P, Kornigg S, Müller S, Nar H, Rogers C, Rumpel K, Schaaf O, Steurer S, Tallant C, Vakoc CR, Zeeb M, Zoephel A, Pearson M, Boehmelt G, McConnell D. Structure-Based Design of an in Vivo Active Selective BRD9 Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4462-75. [PMID: 26914985 PMCID: PMC4885110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Components of the chromatin remodelling
switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complex are recurrently mutated
in tumors, suggesting that altering the activity of the complex plays
a role in oncogenesis. However, the role that the individual subunits
play in this process is not clear. We set out to develop an inhibitor
compound targeting the bromodomain of BRD9 in order to evaluate its
function within the SWI/SNF complex. Here, we present the discovery
and development of a potent and selective BRD9 bromodomain inhibitor
series based on a new pyridinone-like scaffold. Crystallographic information
on the inhibitors bound to BRD9 guided their development with respect
to potency for BRD9 and selectivity against BRD4. These compounds
modulate BRD9 bromodomain cellular function and display antitumor
activity in an AML xenograft model. Two chemical probes, BI-7273 (1) and BI-9564 (2), were
identified that should prove to be useful in further exploring BRD9
bromodomain biology in both in vitro and in vivo settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred Koegl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Vienna 1121, Austria
| | - Gerd Bader
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Vienna 1121, Austria
| | | | - Oleg Fedorov
- SGC, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis Fiegen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG , Biberach 88400, Germany
| | | | - Marco H Hofmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Vienna 1121, Austria
| | - Anja F Hohmann
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, United States
| | - Dirk Kessler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Vienna 1121, Austria
| | - Stefan Knapp
- SGC, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Petr Knesl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Vienna 1121, Austria
| | - Stefan Kornigg
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Vienna 1121, Austria
| | - Susanne Müller
- SGC, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Nar
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG , Biberach 88400, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Rumpel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Vienna 1121, Austria
| | - Otmar Schaaf
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Vienna 1121, Austria
| | - Steffen Steurer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Vienna 1121, Austria
| | | | - Christopher R Vakoc
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, United States
| | - Markus Zeeb
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG , Biberach 88400, Germany
| | - Andreas Zoephel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Vienna 1121, Austria
| | - Mark Pearson
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Vienna 1121, Austria
| | - Guido Boehmelt
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Vienna 1121, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chidambaran V, Venkatasubramanian R, Zhang X, Martin LJ, Niu J, Mizuno T, Fukuda T, Meller J, Vinks AA, Sadhasivam S. ABCC3 genetic variants are associated with postoperative morphine-induced respiratory depression and morphine pharmacokinetics in children. Pharmacogenomics J 2016; 17:162-169. [PMID: 26810133 PMCID: PMC4959996 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory depression (RD) is a serious side effect of morphine and detrimental to effective analgesia. We reported that variants of the ATP binding cassette gene ABCC3 (facilitates hepatic morphine metabolite efflux) affect morphine metabolite clearance. In this study of 316 children undergoing tonsillectomy, we found significant association between ABCC3 variants and RD leading to prolonged postoperative care unit stay (prolonged RD). Allele A at rs4148412 and allele G at rs729923 caused a 2.36 (95% CI=1.28-4.37, P=0.0061) and 3.7 (95% CI 1.47-9.09, P=0.0050) times increase in odds of prolonged RD, respectively. These clinical associations were supported by increased formation clearance of morphine glucuronides in children with rs4148412 AA and rs4973665 CC genotypes in this cohort, as well as an independent spine surgical cohort of 67 adolescents. This is the first study to report association of ABCC3 variants with opioid-related RD, and morphine metabolite formation (in two independent surgical cohorts).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Chidambaran
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - X Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - L J Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J Niu
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - T Mizuno
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - T Fukuda
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J Meller
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Bioinformatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A A Vinks
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - S Sadhasivam
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang B, Armstrong JS, Reyes M, Kulikowicz E, Lee JH, Spicer D, Bhalala U, Yang ZJ, Koehler RC, Martin LJ, Lee JK. White matter apoptosis is increased by delayed hypothermia and rewarming in a neonatal piglet model of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Neuroscience 2015; 316:296-310. [PMID: 26739327 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia is widely used to treat neonatal hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injuries. However, potentially deleterious effects of delaying the induction of hypothermia and of rewarming on white matter injury remain unclear. We used a piglet model of HI to assess the effects of delayed hypothermia and rewarming on white matter apoptosis. Piglets underwent HI injury or sham surgery followed by normothermic or hypothermic recovery at 2h. Hypothermic groups were divided into those with no rewarming, slow rewarming at 0.5°C/h, or rapid rewarming at 4°C/h. Apoptotic cells in the subcortical white matter of the motor gyrus, corpus callosum, lateral olfactory tract, and internal capsule at 29h were identified morphologically and counted by hematoxylin & eosin staining. Cell death was verified by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. White matter neurons were also counted, and apoptotic cells were immunophenotyped with the oligodendrocyte marker 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase). Hypothermia, slow rewarming, and rapid rewarming increased apoptosis in the subcortical white matter relative to normothermia (p<0.05). The number of white matter neurons was not lower in groups with more apoptosis after hypothermia or rapid rewarming, indicating that the apoptosis occurred among glial cells. Hypothermic piglets had more apoptosis in the lateral olfactory tract than those that were rewarmed (p<0.05). The promotion of apoptosis by hypothermia and rewarming in these regions was independent of HI. In the corpus callosum, HI piglets had more apoptosis than shams after normothermia, slow rewarming, and rapid rewarming (p<0.05). Many apoptotic cells were myelinating oligodendrocytes identified by CNPase positivity. Our results indicate that delaying the induction of hypothermia and rewarming are associated with white matter apoptosis in a piglet model of HI; in some regions these temperature effects are independent of HI. Vulnerable cells include myelinating oligodendrocytes. This study identifies a deleterious effect of therapeutic hypothermia in the developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (JHU), United States
| | - J S Armstrong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (JHU), United States
| | - M Reyes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (JHU), United States
| | - E Kulikowicz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (JHU), United States
| | - J-H Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (JHU), United States
| | - D Spicer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (JHU), United States
| | - U Bhalala
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (JHU), United States
| | - Z-J Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (JHU), United States
| | - R C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (JHU), United States
| | - L J Martin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, JHU, United States
| | - J K Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (JHU), United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sadhasivam S, Chidambaran V, Zhang X, Meller J, Esslinger H, Zhang K, Martin LJ, McAuliffe J. Opioid-induced respiratory depression: ABCB1 transporter pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics J 2014; 15:119-26. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2014.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
Chidambaran V, Mavi J, Esslinger H, Pilipenko V, Martin LJ, Zhang K, Sadhasivam S. Association of OPRM1 A118G variant with risk of morphine-induced respiratory depression following spine fusion in adolescents. Pharmacogenomics J 2014; 15:255-62. [PMID: 25266679 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The μ1 opioid receptor (OPRM1) genetic variant A118G results in decreased μ-receptor binding potential in the brain and increases morphine requirement. We hypothesized that OPRM1 A118G polymorphism will affect morphine-induced respiratory depression (MIRD) risk in children receiving morphine. A prospective genotype-blinded study was conducted in 88 healthy adolescents (11-18 years; 67% female, 85% Caucasian) who underwent spine fusion for scoliosis. They were followed for 48 h postoperatively for MIRD, pain scores, morphine consumption and use of analgesic adjuvants. Patients were genotyped for OPRM1 A118G variant-76% were wild type (AA) and 24% heterozygous/homozygous for variant (AG/GG). Multivariable logistic regression showed that the risk of MIRD in patients with AA genotype was significantly higher (odds ratio 5.6, 95% CI: 1.4-37.2, P=0.030). Presence of G allele was associated with higher pain scores (effect size 0.73, P=0.045). This novel association is an important step toward predicting MIRD susceptibility and personalizing morphine use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Chidambaran
- 1] Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J Mavi
- 1] Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - H Esslinger
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - V Pilipenko
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - L J Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - K Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - S Sadhasivam
- 1] Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tekes A, Poretti A, Scheurkogel MM, Huisman TAGM, Howlett JA, Alqahtani E, Lee JH, Parkinson C, Shapiro K, Chung SE, Jennings JM, Gilmore MM, Hogue CW, Martin LJ, Koehler RC, Northington FJ, Lee JK. Apparent diffusion coefficient scalars correlate with near-infrared spectroscopy markers of cerebrovascular autoregulation in neonates cooled for perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014; 36:188-93. [PMID: 25169927 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neurologic morbidity remains high in neonates with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury despite therapeutic hypothermia. DTI provides qualitative and quantitative information about the microstructure of the brain, and a near-infrared spectroscopy index can assess cerebrovascular autoregulation. We hypothesized that lower ADC values would correlate with worse autoregulatory function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-one neonates with hypoxic-ischemic injury were enrolled. ADC scalars were measured in 27 neonates (age range, 4-15 days) in the anterior and posterior centrum semiovale, basal ganglia, thalamus, posterior limb of the internal capsule, pons, and middle cerebellar peduncle on MRI obtained after completion of therapeutic hypothermia. The blood pressure range of each neonate with the most robust autoregulation was identified by using a near-infrared spectroscopy index. Autoregulatory function was measured by blood pressure deviation below the range with optimal autoregulation. RESULTS In neonates who had MRI on day of life ≥10, lower ADC scalars in the posterior centrum semiovale (r = -0.87, P = .003, n = 9) and the posterior limb of the internal capsule (r = -0.68, P = .04, n = 9) correlated with blood pressure deviation below the range with optimal autoregulation during hypothermia. Lower ADC scalars in the basal ganglia correlated with worse autoregulation during rewarming (r = -0.71, P = .05, n = 8). CONCLUSIONS Blood pressure deviation from the optimal autoregulatory range may be an early biomarker of injury in the posterior centrum semiovale, posterior limb of the internal capsule, and basal ganglia. Optimizing blood pressure to support autoregulation may decrease the risk of brain injury in cooled neonates with hypoxic-ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tekes
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology (A.T., A.P., M.M.S., T.A.G.M.H., E.A.), Department of Radiology Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery Program (A.T., A.P., T.A.G.M.H, J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N., J.K.L.)
| | - A Poretti
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology (A.T., A.P., M.M.S., T.A.G.M.H., E.A.), Department of Radiology Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery Program (A.T., A.P., T.A.G.M.H, J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N., J.K.L.)
| | - M M Scheurkogel
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology (A.T., A.P., M.M.S., T.A.G.M.H., E.A.), Department of Radiology
| | - T A G M Huisman
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology (A.T., A.P., M.M.S., T.A.G.M.H., E.A.), Department of Radiology Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery Program (A.T., A.P., T.A.G.M.H, J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N., J.K.L.)
| | - J A Howlett
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery Program (A.T., A.P., T.A.G.M.H, J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N., J.K.L.) Division of Neonatology, (J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N.), Department of Pediatrics
| | - E Alqahtani
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology (A.T., A.P., M.M.S., T.A.G.M.H., E.A.), Department of Radiology
| | - J-H Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (J.-H.L., C.W.H., R.C.K.)
| | - C Parkinson
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery Program (A.T., A.P., T.A.G.M.H, J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N., J.K.L.) Division of Neonatology, (J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N.), Department of Pediatrics
| | - K Shapiro
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery Program (A.T., A.P., T.A.G.M.H, J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N., J.K.L.) Division of Neonatology, (J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N.), Department of Pediatrics
| | - S-E Chung
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (S.-E.C., J.M.J.), Department of Pediatrics Center for Child and Community Health Research (S.-E.C., J.M.J., J.K.L.)
| | - J M Jennings
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (S.-E.C., J.M.J.), Department of Pediatrics Center for Child and Community Health Research (S.-E.C., J.M.J., J.K.L.)
| | - M M Gilmore
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery Program (A.T., A.P., T.A.G.M.H, J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N., J.K.L.) Division of Neonatology, (J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N.), Department of Pediatrics
| | - C W Hogue
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (J.-H.L., C.W.H., R.C.K.)
| | - L J Martin
- Division of Neuropathology (L.J.M.), Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - R C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (J.-H.L., C.W.H., R.C.K.)
| | - F J Northington
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery Program (A.T., A.P., T.A.G.M.H, J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N., J.K.L.) Division of Neonatology, (J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N.), Department of Pediatrics
| | - J K Lee
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery Program (A.T., A.P., T.A.G.M.H, J.A.H., C.P., K.S., M.M.G., F.J.N., J.K.L.) Center for Child and Community Health Research (S.-E.C., J.M.J., J.K.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chavez-Valdez R, Martin LJ, Razdan S, Gauda EB, Northington FJ. Sexual dimorphism in BDNF signaling after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and treatment with necrostatin-1. Neuroscience 2013; 260:106-19. [PMID: 24361177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury due to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is more homogenously severe in male than in female mice. Because, necrostatin-1 (nec-1) prevents injury progression only in male mice, we hypothesized that changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling after HI and nec-1 are also sex-specific providing differential conditions to promote recovery of those more severely injured. The increased aromatization of testosterone in male mice during early development and the link between 17-β-estradiol (E2) levels and BDNF transcription substantiate this hypothesis. Hence, we aimed to investigate if sexual differences in BDNF signaling existed in forebrain and diencephalon after HI and HI/nec-1 and their correlation with estrogen receptors (ER). C57B6 mice (p7) received nec-1 (0.1μl [8μM]) or vehicle (veh) intracerebroventricularly after HI. At 24h after HI, BDNF levels increased in both sexes in forebrain without evidence of tropomyosin-receptor-kinase B (TrkB) activation. At 96h after HI, BDNF levels in forebrain decreased below those seen in control mice of both sexes. Additionally, only in female mice, truncated TrkB (Tc.TrkB) and p75 neurotrophic receptor (p75ntr) levels increased in forebrain and diencephalon. In both, forebrain and diencephalon, nec-1 treatment increased BDNF levels and TrkB activation in male mice while, nec-1 prevented Tc.TrkB and p75ntr increases in female mice. While E2 levels were unchanged by HI or HI/nec-1 in either sex or treatment, ERα:ERβ ratios were increased in diencephalon of nec-1-treated male mice and directly correlated with BDNF levels. Neonatal HI produces sex-specific signaling changes in the BDNF system, that are differentially modulated by nec-1. The regional differences in BDNF levels may be a consequence of injury severity after HI, but sexual differences in response to nec-1 after HI may represent a differential thalamo-cortical preservation or alternatively off-target regional effect of nec-1. The biological significance of ERα predominance and its correlation with BDNF levels is still unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Chavez-Valdez
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 6-104, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - L J Martin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 558, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 558, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - S Razdan
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 6-104, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - E B Gauda
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 6-104, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - F J Northington
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 6-104, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chavez-Valdez R, Martin LJ, Flock DL, Northington FJ. Necrostatin-1 attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons and astrocytes following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Neuroscience 2012; 219:192-203. [PMID: 22579794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein (RIP)-1 kinase activity mediates a novel pathway that signals for regulated necrosis, a form of cell death prominent in traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Recently, we showed that an allosteric inhibitor of RIP-1 kinase activity, necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), provides neuroprotection in the forebrain following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Because Nec-1 also prevents early oxidative injury, we hypothesized that mechanisms involved in this neuroprotection may involve preservation of mitochondrial function and prevention of secondary energy failure. Therefore, our objective was to determine if Nec-1 treatment following neonatal HI attenuates oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury. Postnatal day (p) 7 mice exposed to HI were injected intracerebroventricularly with 0.1 μL (80 μmol) of Nec-1 or vehicle. Nec-1 treatment prevented nitric oxide (NO•), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and 3-nitrotyrosine increase, and attenuated glutathione oxidation that was found in vehicle-treated mice at 3h following HI. Similarly, Nec-1 following HI prevented: (i) up-regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) expression, (ii) decline in mitochondrial complex-I activity, (iii) decrease in ATP levels, and (iv) mitochondrial structural pathology in astrocytes and in neurons. Up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) following HI was also prevented by Nec-1 treatment. No differences by gender were observed. We conclude that Nec-1 immediately after HI, is strongly mitoprotective and prevents secondary energy failure by blocking early NO• accumulation, glutathione oxidation and attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Chavez-Valdez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 6-104, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Urbina EM, Gao Z, Khoury PR, Martin LJ, Dolan LM. Insulin resistance and arterial stiffness in healthy adolescents and young adults. Diabetologia 2012; 55:625-31. [PMID: 22193511 PMCID: PMC3269756 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Increased arterial stiffness is a risk factor for adverse cardiovascular events in adults with obesity-related insulin resistance (IR) or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adolescents with type 2 diabetes have stiffer vessels. Whether stiffness is increased in obesity/IR in youth is not known. We sought to determine if IR was a determinant of arterial stiffness in youth, independent of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS We measured cardiovascular risk factors, IR, adipocytokines and arterial stiffness (brachial artery distensibility [BrachD], pulse wave velocity [PWV]) and wave reflection (augmentation index [AIx]) in 343 adolescents and young adults without type 2 diabetes (15-28 years old, 47% male, 48% non-white). Individuals <85th percentile of BMI were classified as lean (n = 232). Obese individuals were grouped by HOMA index as not insulin resistant (n = 46) or insulin resistant (n = 65) by the 90th percentile for HOMA for lean. Mean differences were evaluated by ANOVA. Multivariate models evaluated whether HOMA was an independent determinant of arterial stiffness. RESULTS Risk factors deteriorated from lean to obese to obese/insulin resistant (all p ≤ 0.017). Higher AIx, lower BrachD and higher PWV indicated increased arterial stiffness in obese and obese/insulin-resistant participants. HOMA was not an independent determinant. Age, sex, BMI and BP were the most consistent determinants, with HDL-cholesterol playing a role for BrachD and leptin for PWV (AIx R²= 0.34; BrachD R² = 0.37; PWV R² = 0.40; all p ≤ 0.02). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Although IR is associated with increased arterial stiffness, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, especially obesity and BP, are the major determinants of arterial stiffness in healthy young people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Urbina
- Department of Pediatrics, Preventive Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC-7002, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Martin LJ, Houston S, Yasui Y, Wild TC, Saunders LD. Rates of initial virological suppression and subsequent virological failure after initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy: the impact of aboriginal ethnicity and injection drug use. Curr HIV Res 2011; 8:649-58. [PMID: 21187007 PMCID: PMC4428381 DOI: 10.2174/157016210794088227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To compare rates of initial virological suppression and subsequent virological failure by Aboriginal ethnicity after starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of antiretroviral-naïve HIV-patients starting HAART in January
1999-June 2005 (baseline), followed until December 31, 2005 in Alberta, Canada. We compared the odds of achieving
initial virological suppression (viral load <500 copies/mL) by Aboriginal ethnicity using logistic regression and, among
those achieving suppression, rates of virological failure (the first of two consecutive viral loads > 1000 copies/mL) by
Aboriginal ethnicity using cumulative incidence curves and Cox proportional hazards models. Sex, injection drug use as
an HIV exposure category (IDU), baseline age, CD4 cell count, viral load, calendar year, and HAART regimen were
considered as potential confounders. Results: Of 461 study patients, 37% were Aboriginal and 48% were IDUs; 71% achieved initial virological suppression
and were followed for 730.4 person-years. After adjusting for confounding variables, compared to non-Aboriginals with
other exposures, the odds of achieving initial virological suppression were lower for Aboriginal IDUs (odds ratio
(OR)=0.33, 95% CI=0.19-0.60, p=0.0002), non-Aboriginal IDUs (OR=0.30, 95% CI=0.15-0.60, p=0.0006), and
Aboriginals with other exposures (OR=0.38, 95% CI=0.21-0.67, p=0.0009). Among those achieving suppression,
Aboriginals experienced higher virological failure rates ≥1 year after suppression (hazard ratio=3.35, 95% CI=1.68-6.65,
p=0.0006). Conclusions: Future research should investigate adherence among Aboriginals and IDUs treated with HAART and
explore their treatment experiences to assess ways to improve outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Martin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hernot DC, Nery J, Biourge VC, Martin LJ, Dumon HJ, Nguyen PG. Colonic permeability is higher in Great Danes compared with smaller breed-dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 93:703-9. [PMID: 18700845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fed the same dry diet, large dogs show poorer fecal quality than small ones. A high colonic permeability could explain a low water and electrolyte net balance leading to high fecal water content. This experiment was conducted to evaluate colonic permeability in dogs varying in body size and to determine whether colonic permeability is related to fecal sodium concentration and fecal quality. Four breeds of dogs were used: six Miniature Poodles (MP), six Standard Schnauzers (SS), six Giant Schnauzers (GS) and six Great Danes (GD). Colonic permeability was evaluated using the ratio of urinary lactulose to sucralose (L:S) after oral administration. Fecal sodium concentration was measured by flame photometry. The urinary L:S ratio was significantly lower in GD, indicating a higher colonic permeability, than in the three other breeds (0.35 ± 0.12 for GD and 0.51 ± 0.05 for MP). GD also presented the higher fecal sodium concentrations and the poorest fecal quality. The higher fecal sodium concentration observed in GD could be explained by the higher colonic permeability and both these variables could be important explanations for higher fecal moisture in large dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Hernot
- Unité de Nutrition et Endocrinologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Paddock VL, Phipps RJ, Conde-Angulo A, Blanco-Martin A, Giró-Mañas C, Martin LJ, White AJP, Spivey AC. (±)-trans,cis-4-Hydroxy-5,6-di-O-isopropylidenecyclohex-2-ene-1-one: Synthesis and Facile Dimerization to Decahydrodibenzofurans. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1483-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102314w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan C. Spivey
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AY, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martin LJ, Marzinzik AL, Ley SV, Baxendale IR. Safe and Reliable Synthesis of Diazoketones and Quinoxalines in a Continuous Flow Reactor. Org Lett 2010; 13:320-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol1027927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia J. Martin
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Forum 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Andreas L. Marzinzik
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Forum 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Forum 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Forum 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Y, Smith EM, Baye TM, Eckert JV, Abraham LJ, Moses EK, Kissebah AH, Martin LJ, Olivier M. Serotonin (5-HT) receptor 5A sequence variants affect human plasma triglyceride levels. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42:168-76. [PMID: 20388841 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00038.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters such as serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) work closely with leptin and insulin to fine-tune the metabolic and neuroendocrine responses to dietary intake. Losing the sensitivity to excess food intake can lead to obesity, diabetes, and a multitude of behavioral disorders. It is largely unclear how different serotonin receptor subtypes respond to and integrate metabolic signals and which genetic variations in these receptor genes lead to individual differences in susceptibility to metabolic disorders. In an obese cohort of families of Northern European descent (n = 2,209), the serotonin type 5A receptor gene, HTR5A, was identified as a prominent factor affecting plasma levels of triglycerides (TG), supported by our data from both genome-wide linkage and targeted association analyses using 28 publicly available and 12 newly discovered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), of which 3 were strongly associated with plasma TG levels (P < 0.00125). Bayesian quantitative trait nucleotide (BQTN) analysis identified a putative causal promoter SNP (rs3734967) with substantial posterior probability (P = 0.59). Functional analysis of rs3734967 by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed distinct binding patterns of the two alleles of this SNP with nuclear proteins from glioma cell lines. In conclusion, sequence variants in HTR5A are strongly associated with high plasma levels of TG in a Northern European population, suggesting a novel role of the serotonin receptor system in humans. This suggests a potential brain-specific regulation of plasma TG levels, possibly by alteration of the expression of HTR5A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Smith EM, Zhang Y, Baye TM, Gawrieh S, Cole R, Blangero J, Carless MA, Curran JE, Dyer TD, Abraham LJ, Moses EK, Kissebah AH, Martin LJ, Olivier M. INSIG1 influences obesity-related hypertriglyceridemia in humans. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:701-8. [PMID: 19965593 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m001404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In our analysis of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for plasma triglyceride (TG) levels [logarithm of odds (LOD) = 3.7] on human chromosome 7q36, we examined 29 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across INSIG1, a biological candidate gene in the region. Insulin-induced genes (INSIGs) are feedback mediators of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in animals, but their role in human lipid regulation is unclear. In our cohort, the INSIG1 promoter SNP rs2721 was associated with TG levels (P = 2 x 10(-3) in 1,560 individuals of the original linkage cohort, P = 8 x 10(-4) in 920 unrelated individuals of the replication cohort, combined P = 9.9 x 10(-6)). Individuals homozygous for the T allele had 9% higher TG levels and 2-fold lower expression of INSIG1 in surgical liver biopsy samples when compared with individuals homozygous for the G allele. Also, the T allele showed additional binding of nuclear proteins from HepG2 liver cells in gel shift assays. Finally, the variant rs7566605 in INSIG2, the only homolog of INSIG1, enhances the effect of rs2721 (P = 0.00117). The variant rs2721 alone explains 5.4% of the observed linkage in our cohort, suggesting that additional, yet-undiscovered genes and sequence variants in the QTL interval also contribute to alterations in TG levels in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Smith
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Urbina EM, Khoury P, Martin LJ, D'Alessio D, Dolan LM. Gender differences in the relationships among obesity, adiponectin and brachial artery distensibility in adolescents and young adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33:1118-25. [PMID: 19704412 PMCID: PMC2768126 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity-related cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Obesity-related reduction in vascular protective adipose-derived proteins, such as adiponectin (APN), has an important role. METHODS We compared brachial artery distensibility (BrachD) with APN, the level of adiposity and other CV risk factors (CVRFs) in 431 post-pubertal subjects (mean 17.9 years). Gender differences in average values were examined by t-tests. Correlations among BrachD, obesity and other CVRFs were examined. Regression analysis was performed to determine whether APN provided an independent contribution to BrachD, while controlling for obesity and other CVRFs. RESULTS Male subjects had lower BrachD (5.72+/-1.37 vs 6.45+/-1.60% change per mm Hg, P<0.0001) and lower APN (10.50+/-4.65 vs 13.20+/-6.53; all P<0.04) than female subjects. BrachD correlated with APN (r=0.25, P< 0.0001). Both BrachD and APN correlated with measures of body size, including height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Both correlated with higher systolic blood pressure, glucose, insulin and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all P<0.01). In multivariate analysis, APN, gender, APN*gender and BMI z-score predicted BrachD (r(2)=0.305). On the basis of gender difference, only BMI z-score was significant for male subjects (r(2)=0.080), whereas APN and BMI z-score contributed for female subjects (r(2)=0.242, all P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS BrachD is independently influenced by obesity in both male and female subjects. In female subjects, APN exerts an additional independent effect even after adjusting for blood pressure (BP), lipid levels and insulin. Differences in the effect of the APN-adiposity relationship on obesity-related vascular disease may be one reason for gender differences in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Urbina
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Martin LJ, Koren SA, Persinger MA. INFLUENCE OF A COMPLEX MAGNETIC FIELD APPLICATION IN RATS UPON THERMAL NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS: THE IMPORTANCE OF POLARITY AND TIMING. Int J Neurosci 2009; 114:1259-76. [PMID: 15370185 DOI: 10.1080/00207450490475689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The application of a weak (1 microTesla) complex magnetic field pattern with a relevant electrophysiological signature produced an analgesic response in rats to thermal stimuli when the pattern was presented once every 4 sec for 30 min through iron-core solenoids. In one experiment, the burst-firing pattern was presented once every 4 s for 30 min and restricted to the positive polarity, negative polarity or a bipolar equivalent. The strongest analgesia occurred when the burst-firing pattern was presented with positive polarity or as the typical bipolar signal. Administrations of the burst-firing pattern once per week for four consecutive weeks produced analgesia that was clearly evident during the first, third, and fourth weeks but not during the second week of treatment. A telephone sensor coil (that can be readily obtained from local electronic shops) was then used instead of the solenoids along with an audio (.wav) file to generate the magnetic field; the analgesia was still apparent. However, when the magnetic pattern was generated from a compact disc source the analgesia was not evoked. The current results suggest that these fields can be generated through simple commercial devices controlled by available computer software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Martin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
In this review, we propose that age-related changes in mammographic density and breast tissue involution are closely related phenomena, and consider their potential relevance to the aetiology of breast cancer. We propose that the reduction in mammographic density that occurs with increasing age, parity and menopause reflects the involution of breast tissue. We further propose that age-related changes in both mammographic density and breast tissue composition are observable and measurable phenomena that resemble Pike's theoretical construct of ‘breast tissue ageing’. Extensive mammographic density and delayed breast involution are both associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and are consistent with the hypothesis of the Pike model that cumulative exposure of breast tissue to hormones and growth factors that stimulate cell division, as well as the accumulation of genetic damage in breast cells, are major determinants of breast cancer incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O M Ginsburg
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Spivey AC, Martin LJ, Tseng CC, Ellames GJ, Kohler AD. A strategy for isotope containment during radiosynthesis—devolatilisation of bromobenzene by fluorous-tagging–Ir-catalysed borylation en route to the 4-phenylpiperidine pharmacophore. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4093-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b816217b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
33
|
Abstract
Adiponectin plays an important role in insulin sensitivity via adiponectin receptor 1 and 2 signalling. To date, six genetic association studies have examined the role of polymorphisms in the adiponectin receptor 1 and 2 genes (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. These studies are summarized in this review along with unpublished data from the authors. In addition, these polymorphism studies are used to illustrate some of the potential pitfalls and reasons for poor reproducibility of findings in genetic association studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Crimmins
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Northington FJ, Zelaya ME, O'Riordan DP, Blomgren K, Flock DL, Hagberg H, Ferriero DM, Martin LJ. Failure to complete apoptosis following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia manifests as "continuum" phenotype of cell death and occurs with multiple manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction in rodent forebrain. Neuroscience 2007; 149:822-33. [PMID: 17961929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Controversy surrounds proper classification of neurodegeneration occurring acutely following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). By ultrastructural classification, in the first 24 h after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in the 7-day-old (p7) rat, the majority of striatal cells die having both apoptotic and necrotic features. There is formation of a functional apoptosome, and activation of caspases-9 and -3 occurring simultaneously with loss of structurally intact mitochondria to 34.7+/-25% and loss of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity to 34.7+/-12.7% of control levels by 3 h after hypoxia-ischemia. There is also loss of the mitochondrial motor protein, kinesin. This combination of activation of apoptosis pathways simultaneous with significant mitochondrial dysfunction may cause incomplete packaging of nuclear and cytoplasmic contents and a hybrid of necrotic and apoptotic features. Evidence for an intermediate biochemistry of cell death including expression of the 17 kDa isoform of caspase-3 in dying neurons lacking a classic apoptotic morphology and degradation of the neuronal cytoskeletal protein spectrin by caspase-3 and calcium-activated calpains yielding 120 kDa and 145/150 kDa fragments, respectively, is also found. In summary, neonatal hypoxia-ischemia triggers apoptotic cascades, and simultaneously causes mitochondrial structural and functional failure. The presence of a "continuum" phenotype of cell death that varies on a cell-by-cell basis suggests that the phenotype of cell death is dependent on the energy available to drive the apoptotic pathways to completion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J Northington
- Department of Pediatrics, CMSC 6-104, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Martin LJ, Spivey AC, Ellames GJ, Kohler AD. The devolatilization of [14C]-labelled aromatics towards the synthesis of [14C]-labelled NK antagonists for PK studies. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
36
|
Peters CJ, Ahmed ML, Storr HL, Davies KM, Martin LJ, Allgrove J, Grossman AB, Savage MO. Factors influencing skeletal maturation at diagnosis of paediatric Cushing's disease. Horm Res 2007; 68:231-5. [PMID: 17389813 DOI: 10.1159/000101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Growth retardation is a recognised complication of paediatric Cushing's disease (CD), but there are few published data on skeletal maturation at diagnosis. We assessed factors contributing to skeletal maturation in patients with paediatric CD. PATIENTS/METHODS 17 patients, 12 males, 5 females (median age 12.1 years, range 5.8-17.4) were studied. The bone age (BA) of each child was determined by a single observer using the TW3 RUS method. BA delay, i.e. the difference between chronological age (CA) and BA, was compared with clinical and biochemical variables. RESULTS BA delay was present in 15/17 patients (mean delay 2.0 years, range -0.5 to 4.1 years) and correlated negatively with height SDS (r = -0.70, p < 0.01) and positively with duration of symptoms (r = 0.48, p = 0.05) and CA (r = 0.48, p = 0.05). No relationships were found with midnight cortisol, ACTH, DHEA-S or cortisol suppression during the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test. CONCLUSIONS BA in most children with CD was delayed and related to length of symptoms and height SDS at diagnosis. Early diagnosis will reduce delay in skeletal maturation and thus contribute to optimal catch-up growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Peters
- Department of Paediatric, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Spivey AC, Martin LJ, Noban C, Jones TC, Ellames GJ, Kohler AD. Opportunities for isotopic labelling via phase-tagged synthesis with organogermanium linkers. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
38
|
Spivey AC, Martin LJ, Grainger DM, Ortner J, White AJP. Cis and Trans Selective 1,4-Addition of a Lithium Dithioester Enolate to 4-O-TBS-2-cyclohexenone. Org Lett 2006; 8:3891-4. [PMID: 16928031 DOI: 10.1021/ol0611090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 1,4-addition of the lithium enolate of methyldithioacetate (LMDTA) to (+/-)-4-O-TBS-2-cyclohexenone (3) can be varied from being highly 3,4-trans selective to being highly 3,4-cis selective simply by varying the reaction temperature. This stereodivergency allows expedient syntheses of the corresponding trans and cis methyl esters 6t and 6c and derived bicyclic ketolactones 7t and 7c.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Spivey
- Department of Chemistry, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Golden WC, Martin LJ. Low-dose ouabain protects against excitotoxic apoptosis and up-regulates nuclear Bcl-2 in vivo. Neuroscience 2005; 137:133-44. [PMID: 16297565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-potassium ATPase (Na+,K+-ATPase) regulates the electrochemical gradient in cells, thereby providing fluid and ionic homeostasis. Additionally, interaction of the Na+,K+ pump with cardiac glycosides can activate intracellular signaling cascades (resulting in cell growth) and up-regulate transcription factors that promote cell survival. We used an in vivo excitotoxicity model to assess if Na+,K+-ATPase plays a role in neuronal apoptosis. After unilateral, intrastriatal injection of the glutamate receptor agonist kainic acid into postnatal day 7 rats, Na+,K+ pump function was increased at 12 h after excitotoxic challenge, and levels of neuron-specific enzyme subunits were preserved (up to 24 h after injection) in membrane-enriched striatal fractions. In addition, co-injection of kainic acid with a low-dose (0.01 nmol) of the cardiac glycoside ouabain significantly (P<0.05) reduced striatal apoptosis (at 24 h post-injection) without diminishing Na+,K+-ATPase activity. To evaluate the possible mechanisms for this neuroprotection, we examined the levels of nuclear factor kappa B and Bcl-2 after cardiac glycoside exposure. Low-dose ouabain increased nuclear Bcl-2 (but not nuclear factor kappa B) protein levels at 6 h post injection. Our results suggest that Na+,K+-ATPase allows for progression of apoptosis in excitotoxically-injured neurons, and that sublethal concentrations of ouabain provide neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. The mechanism for this ouabain neuroprotection could be intracellular cascades linked to the Na+,K+-ATPase-ouabain interaction that modulate subcellular Bcl-2 levels. Targeted, therapeutic inhibition of apoptosis through cardiac glycosides may represent an effective strategy against excitotoxicity-mediated neuronal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W C Golden
- Department of Pediatrics, Eudowood Neonatal Pulmonary Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Nelson-Harvey 2-133, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder with a strong genetic component. While candidate regions of the genome have been identified, location of genes conferring susceptibility to autism has been hindered by the heterogeneity within this clinically defined disorder, and the likely contribution of many genes of weak effect. Subsetting samples on the basis of distinct, nondiagnostic clinical features has been recommended to decrease sample heterogeneity. In this study, linkage analysis was performed on a subset of families in the database of the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE). This set of autism-affected relative pairs (n=34) was also concordant for a history of developmental regression as measured by the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). In this sample, a maximum multipoint LOD score of 3.4 under the dominant mode of inheritance and an NPL score of 3.0 (P=1.3 x 10(-3)) were observed on chromosome 21 near D21S1437. On chromosome 7 near D7S483 a LOD score of 2.0 under the dominant mode of inheritance and an NPL score of 3.7 (P=7.9 x 10(-5)) were observed. Genetic elements in these regions of 21q and 7q are likely to confer susceptibility to autism or modify the disease presentation in a subgroup of children characterized by a history of developmental regression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Molloy
- Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hernot DC, Biourge VC, Martin LJ, Dumon HJ, Nguyen PG. Relationship between total transit time and faecal quality in adult dogs differing in body size. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2005; 89:189-93. [PMID: 15787993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fed the same diet, large and giant-breed dogs have higher faecal moisture and increased frequency of soft stools than small ones. This could be the result of physiological differences, such as a different gastrointestinal transit time. In this study, we have correlated mean total transit time (MTT) with body size and faecal consistency in dogs varying in body size. Fifty dogs from 13 different breeds were used, from a Dachshund to a Great Dane. The MTT was determined using coloured plastic beads [Cummings and Wiggins, Gut, Vol. 17 (1976), p. 219], and faecal consistency was scored daily during the study. We confirmed the strong correlation between height at the shoulder (body size) and faecal score (r = 0.76; p < 0.0001). The MTT increased with body size, from 22 h for a Miniature Poodle to 59 h for a Giant Schnauzer. We found significant positive correlations (p < 0.0001) between MTT and body size as well as faecal scores (r = 0.71 and 0.70 respectively). In the present study, we observed an effect of body size on MTT. In our 50 healthy dogs a longer MTT was related to a poorer faecal quality. Previous studies reported no relationship between body size and the upper gastrointestinal transit time in healthy dogs. So, we hypothesized that body size would mainly affect colonic transit time and that a longer colonic residence time would be related to a poorer faecal quality by promoting fermentation activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Hernot
- Nutrition and Endocrinology Unit, National Veterinary School of Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mosher MJ, Martin LJ, Cupples LA, Yang Q, Dyer TD, Williams JT, North KE. Genotype-by-Sex Interaction in the Regulation of High-Density Lipoprotein: The Framingham Heart Study. Hum Biol 2005; 77:773-93. [PMID: 16715837 DOI: 10.1353/hub.2006.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are widely documented as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, there is marked sexual dimorphism in both HDL levels and the prevalence of CVD. However, the extent to which genetic factors contribute to such dimorphism has been largely unexplored. We examined the evidence for genotype-by-sex effects on HDL in a longitudinal sample of 1562 participants from 330 families in the Framingham Heart Study at three times points corresponding approximately to 1971-1974, 1980-1983, and 1988-1991. Using a variance component method, we conducted a genome scan of HDL at each time point in males and females, separately and combined, and tested for genotype-by-sex interaction at a quantitative trait locus (QTL) at each time point. Consistent findings were noted only for females on chromosome 2 near marker D2S1328, with adjusted LOD scores of 2.6, 2.2, and 2.1 across the three time points, respectively. In males suggestive linkage was detected on chromosome 16 near marker D16S3396 at the second time point and on chromosome 18 near marker D18S851 at the third time point (adjusted LOD = 2.2 and 2.4, respectively). Although the heritability of HDL is similar in males and females, sex appears to exert a substantial effect on the QTL-specific variance of HDL. When genotype-by-sex interactions exist and are not modeled, the power to detect linkage is reduced; thus our results may explain in part the paucity of significant linkage findings for HDL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Mosher
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin Street, Suite 306 CB 8050, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Galic MA, Fournier NM, Martin LJ. α2-Adrenergic inhibition prevents the accompanied anticonvulsant effect of swim stress on behavioral convulsions induced by lithium and pilocarpine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 79:309-16. [PMID: 15501307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been much debate regarding the potential influence of stress on epilepsy. Many studies have reported that stress can affect seizure susceptibility through eliciting either proconvulsant or anticonvulsant effects within the nervous system. In this study, we investigated the potential anticonvulsant effect of a 10-min swim stress on convulsions induced by a single systemic injection of lithium chloride followed 4 h later with pilocarpine. Rats pretreated with lithium chloride and exposed to a 10-min swim stressor prior to pilocarpine injection displayed a significant delay to seizure onset compared to unstressed rats or rats exposed to swim stress 10 min after lithium chloride, 2 h after lithium chloride, or immediately after pilocarpine injection. We then determined whether administration of a glucocorticoid antagonist (mifepristone; 10 or 50 mg/kg), an alpha(2)-adrenergic antagonist (yohimbine; 2 or 5 mg/kg), or a nonspecific opioid blocker (naloxone; 0.2 or 1 mg/kg) could prevent the anticonvulsant effect of swim stress. Only the high dose of yohimbine was capable of inhibiting the anticonvulsant effect of swim stress on lithium-pilocarpine seizures. Our findings highlight the importance of an endogenous noradrenergic-dependent anticonvulsant system in mediating the effects of swim stress on seizures. Further studies exploring the benefits of treatments with noradrenergic acting drugs in epilepsy is well warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Galic
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Martin LJ, Persinger MA. Thermal analgesia induced by 30-min exposure to 1 μT burst-firing magnetic fields is strongly enhanced in a dose-dependent manner by the α2 agonist clonidine in rats. Neurosci Lett 2004; 366:226-9. [PMID: 15276252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most of the research concerning analgesia following brief exposures to physiologically patterned weak magnetic fields has focused upon their morphine-related properties. However, the alpha-adrenergic system interacts with morphine-induced analgesia. In the present study we found that prazosin, phenylephrine, and yohimbine did not augment the robust analgesia to thermal stimuli in rats evoked by whole-body exposures to a 1 microT, burst-firing magnetic field presented once every 4s for 30 min. However, the alpha2 agonist clonidine enhanced the field-induced analgesia in a dose-dependent manner that reflected a receptor-saturation response. Potentiation between the field and clonidine was evident at 0.2 mg/kg and approached asymptote at 1 mg/kg. The combination of the effects from exposure to the magnetic field and the clonidine explained more than 75% of the variance in the change in nociceptive thresholds from baseline levels. The possibility that properly patterned weak magnetic fields could be a powerful adjunct to pharmacological treatments of pain is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Martin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont., P3E 2C6, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Primatologists have recognized that non-humans undergo the menopause [Biol. Reprod. 68 (2003) 10], which is preceded by years of irregular cycles and decreased fecundity. The similarity of reproductive changes between humans and baboons suggests that the aging female baboon is a particularly promising model to study human menopause and changes that precede it. In an effort to provide an assessment of potential peri-menopausal changes in reproductive function in non-human primates, our goals were to determine if menstrual cycles become more variable with age and to identify the onset of changes consistent with peri-menopause and menopause in baboons. To accomplish these goals, we calculated means and variances for menstrual cycle lengths of females at ages 5, 10, 15, and 20 years and identified onset of menstrual cycle variability (peri-menopause) and cessation of menstruation (menopause). Mean cycle lengths were not significantly different, but significant heterogeneity of variances existed, with younger animals experiencing less variability than older animals. Mean ages of onset for the peri- and menopausal transitions were 18.89 and 26.34 years, respectively. These results provide evidence that captive aging female baboons experience menstrual cycle changes similar to peri- and menopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Martin
- Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Martin LJ, Koren SA, Persinger MA. Thermal analgesic effects from weak, complex magnetic fields and pharmacological interactions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 78:217-27. [PMID: 15219761 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2003] [Revised: 03/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In several experiments, robust analgesia (equivalent to about 4 mg/kg of morphine) in male rats to thermal stimuli following exposures to weak (1 microT) complex magnetic fields was explored. The analgesia occurred when patterns of magnetic fields with burst-firing-like configurations were presented for 30 min once every approximately 4 s. The analgesic effects were intensity dependent. A different frequency-modulated pattern produced analgesia more quickly. The analgesic effects following exposure to the burst-firing magnetic fields were augmented conspicuously by preinjections of morphine (4 mg/kg) or agmatine (10 mg/kg), but blocked by naloxone (1 mg/kg). The results of these experiments suggest that rational design of the temporal structure of weak magnetic fields may be a novel, inexpensive, and reliable technique for elevating thresholds to some classes of painful stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Martin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Martin LJ, Fournier NM, Galic MA, Emond MH. Chronic administration of the L-type calcium channel blocker nimodipine can facilitate the acquisition of sequence learning in a radial-arm maze. Behav Pharmacol 2004; 15:133-9. [PMID: 15096913 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200403000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nimodipine, a dihydropyridine L-type voltage-gated calcium-channel blocker, was examined for its potential effect on the acquisition of a complex-arm sequence task in an automated radial maze. Young (60-day-old) male Wistar rats were injected with saline or nimodipine (5 mg/kg) 15 min prior to radial maze training, or immediately following the radial maze testing. The results of the learning task (over 7 days of testing) showed that rats injected with nimodipine each training session acquired the task more quickly and more efficiently compared to saline-treated animals. There were no significant differences for rats that were pre-/post-treated with nimodipine during the maze-learning task. The number of incorrect arm entries and number of additional lever presses in the same arm were found to be significantly lower in rats treated with nimodipine compared to saline-injected controls. The beneficial effect of nimodipine treatment occurred only in rats that were acquiring the task, and not in rats that had already learned the arm sequence paradigm. There were no potential non-specific influences on locomotor activity or appetite caused by chronic nimodipine treatments. These results strongly suggest that nimodipine can facilitate the acquisition of a complex learning task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Martin
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Animal experiments and human ecological studies suggest that dietary fat intake is associated with a risk of breast cancer, but individual-based studies have given contradictory results. We have carried out a meta-analysis of this association to include all papers published up to July 2003. Case–control and cohort studies that examined the association of dietary fat, or fat-containing foods, with risk of breast cancer were identified. A total of 45 risk estimates for total fat intake were obtained. Descriptive data from each study were extracted with an estimate of relative risk and its associated 95% confidence interval (CI), and were analysed using the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird. The summary relative risk, comparing the highest and lowest levels of intake of total fat, was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.03–1.25). Cohort studies (N=14) had a summary relative risk of 1.11 (95% CI: 0.99–1.25) and case–control studies (N=31) had a relative risk of 1.14 (95% CI 0.99–1.32). Significant summary relative risks were also found for saturated fat (RR, 1.19; 95% CI: 1.06–1.35) and meat intake (RR, 1.17; 95% CI 1.06–1.29). Combined estimates of risk for total and saturated fat intake, and for meat intake, all indicate an association between higher intakes and an increased risk of breast cancer. Case–control and cohort studies gave similar results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N F Boyd
- Division of Epidemiology and Statistics, Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1K9.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Stone J, Gunasekara A, Martin LJ, Yaffe M, Minkin S, Boyd NF. The detection of change in mammographic density. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12:625-30. [PMID: 12869401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammographic density is associated with risk of breast cancer, and factors that change density may also change risk. There has, however, been little research into how change in serial mammograms is best detected. The purpose of the work described here was to examine the effects of different reading conditions on the detection of change in mammographic features. Mammograms were selected from women who had participated in a randomized controlled trial of screening for breast cancer. We selected two age-matched groups of subjects, one had undergone menopause after entry (n = 202) and another who had not (n = 202). Serial mammograms from these subjects were then measured four times using a computer-assisted method under different conditions: (a) films were randomized; (b) subjects were randomized (i.e., pairs of films from individuals were read one after the other), but the order of films was random and unknown to the reader; (c) subjects were randomized, and the order of films was sequential and known to the reader; and (d) subjects were randomized, and the order of films was random and unknown to the reader, but both films in each pair were read simultaneously on separate computer screens. The mean effect of the menopause on change in the mammographic measures of total, dense and nondense areas, percent density, and the associated variances were then compared. With one exception, all of the randomization and viewing methods confirmed a change in all mammographic measures at menopause and produced very similar overall results, suggesting that mammographic density is a robust measure. Compared with randomization of all films, the method in which subjects were randomized and paired films read one after the other in random and unknown order was associated with a slightly smaller mean difference and achieved a substantial reduction in variability, suggesting that it is the most sensitive method of randomization and viewing for the detection of change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Stone
- Division of Epidemiology and Statistics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1K9 Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leptin gene expression is higher in females than in males, and is regulated by many factors including energy intake and insulin, but little is known about the inheritance of leptin gene expression. We have investigated leptin (LEP) gene express-ion, to determine whether it is heritable, and whether the difference in LEP expression between males and females has a genetic component. STUDY POPULATION A total of 319 baboons (Papio hamadryas) (220 females, 99 males) from a captive, pedigreed colony. MEASUREMENTS AND METHODS We cloned a baboon LEP cDNA, and quantified LEP mRNA expression in baboon omental adipose tissue using a ribonuclease protection assay. In addition, we assayed circulating leptin levels, adipocyte cell volume, and weight. We used maximum likelihood-based variance decomposition methods to determine the genetic architecture of LEP levels, including testing for genotype-by-sex interaction. RESULTS Omental LEP mRNA expression was significantly and positively correlated with weight and adipocyte cell volume in baboons. Both mRNA and plasma levels of leptin were higher in females than in males, and both measures were heritable. The results of our genetic analysis show that there was a genotype-by-sex interaction in the levels of plasma leptin, but not in omental LEP mRNA. CONCLUSIONS As in humans, baboon leptin mRNA and protein levels are expressed at a higher level in females than in males. We detected evidence that the plasma levels were affected by genes that are differentially expressed in males and females, while the omental mRNA levels were not. This finding suggests that the genes that differentially regulate plasma leptin levels between males and females may exert their effects on post-transcriptional processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Cole
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|