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Godfrey JK, Gao L, Shouse G, Song JY, Pak S, Lee B, Chen BT, Kallam A, Baird JH, Marcucci G, Ghoda LY, Vauleon S, Danilov AV, Herrera AF, Kwak LW, Budde LE. Glofitamab stimulates immune cell infiltration of CNS tumors and induces clinical responses in secondary CNS lymphoma. Blood 2024:blood.2024024168. [PMID: 38484137 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2024024168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Although CD20xCD3 bispecific antibodies are effective against systemic B-cell lymphomas, their efficacy in CNS lymphoma is unknown. Here, we report the CD20xCD3 bispecific, glofitamab, penetrates the blood-brain barrier, stimulates immune-cell infiltration of CNS tumors, and induces responses in CNS lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Gao
- City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Geoffrey Shouse
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Joo Y Song
- City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Stacy Pak
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Brian Lee
- City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States
| | | | | | | | - Guido Marcucci
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Lucy Y Ghoda
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Lihua E Budde
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States
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2
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Qiao J, Zhao D, Nguyen LXT, Chen F, Liang C, Estrella K, Ghoda LY, Heisterkamp N, Marcucci EC, Kuo YH, Marcucci G, Zhang B. Targeting miR-126 in Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2023:10.1038/s41375-023-01933-w. [PMID: 37296274 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01933-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjing Qiao
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Le Xuan Truong Nguyen
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Katrina Estrella
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Lucy Y Ghoda
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nora Heisterkamp
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Emanuela C Marcucci
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ya-Huei Kuo
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.
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3
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Wu Y, Jin M, Fernandez M, Hart KL, Liao A, Ge X, Fernandes SM, McDonald T, Chen Z, Röth D, Ghoda LY, Marcucci G, Kalkum M, Pillai RK, Danilov AV, Li JJ, Chen J, Brown JR, Rosen ST, Siddiqi T, Wang L. METTL3-Mediated m6A Modification Controls Splicing Factor Abundance and Contributes to Aggressive CLL. Blood Cancer Discov 2023; 4:228-245. [PMID: 37067905 PMCID: PMC10150290 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-22-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA splicing dysregulation underlies the onset and progression of cancers. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), spliceosome mutations leading to aberrant splicing occur in ∼20% of patients. However, the mechanism for splicing defects in spliceosome-unmutated CLL cases remains elusive. Through an integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis, we discover that proteins involved in RNA splicing are posttranscriptionally upregulated in CLL cells, resulting in splicing dysregulation. The abundance of splicing complexes is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis. Moreover, increased splicing factor expression is highly correlated with the abundance of METTL3, an RNA methyltransferase that deposits N6-methyladenosine (m6A) on mRNA. METTL3 is essential for cell growth in vitro and in vivo and controls splicing factor protein expression in a methyltransferase-dependent manner through m6A modification-mediated ribosome recycling and decoding. Our results uncover METTL3-mediated m6A modification as a novel regulatory axis in driving splicing dysregulation and contributing to aggressive CLL. SIGNIFICANCE METTL3 controls widespread splicing factor abundance via translational control of m6A-modified mRNA, contributes to RNA splicing dysregulation and disease progression in CLL, and serves as a potential therapeutic target in aggressive CLL. See related commentary by Janin and Esteller, p. 176. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 171.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wu
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, California
| | - Meiling Jin
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, California
| | - Mike Fernandez
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, California
| | - Kevyn L. Hart
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, California
| | - Aijun Liao
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, California
| | - Xinzhou Ge
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stacey M. Fernandes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tinisha McDonald
- The Hematopoietic Tissue Biorepository, City of Hope National Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, California
| | - Daniel Röth
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Lucy Y. Ghoda
- The Hematopoietic Tissue Biorepository, City of Hope National Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Guido Marcucci
- The Hematopoietic Tissue Biorepository, City of Hope National Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Raju K. Pillai
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Alexey V. Danilov
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jingyi Jessica Li
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, California
| | - Jennifer R. Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven T. Rosen
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Tanya Siddiqi
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, California
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
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4
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Nguyen LXT, Zhang B, Hoang DH, Zhao D, Wang H, Wu H, Su YL, Dong H, Rodriguez-Rodriguez S, Armstrong B, Ghoda LY, Perrotti D, Pichiorri F, Chen J, Li L, Kortylewski M, Rockne RC, Kuo YH, Khaled S, Carlesso N, Marcucci G. Cytoplasmic DROSHA and non-canonical mechanisms of MiR-155 biogenesis in FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2021; 35:2285-2298. [PMID: 33589748 PMCID: PMC8973317 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We report here on a novel pro-leukemogenic role of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) that interferes with microRNAs (miRNAs) biogenesis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts. We showed that FLT3-ITD interferes with the canonical biogenesis of intron-hosted miRNAs such as miR-126, by phosphorylating SPRED1 protein and inhibiting the "gatekeeper" Exportin 5 (XPO5)/RAN-GTP complex that regulates the nucleus-to-cytoplasm transport of pre-miRNAs for completion of maturation into mature miRNAs. Of note, despite the blockage of "canonical" miRNA biogenesis, miR-155 remains upregulated in FLT3-ITD+ AML blasts, suggesting activation of alternative mechanisms of miRNA biogenesis that circumvent the XPO5/RAN-GTP blockage. MiR-155, a BIC-155 long noncoding (lnc) RNA-hosted oncogenic miRNA, has previously been implicated in FLT3-ITD+ AML blast hyperproliferation. We showed that FLT3-ITD upregulates miR-155 by inhibiting DDX3X, a protein implicated in the splicing of lncRNAs, via p-AKT. Inhibition of DDX3X increases unspliced BIC-155 that is then shuttled by NXF1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is processed into mature miR-155 by cytoplasmic DROSHA, thereby bypassing the XPO5/RAN-GTP blockage via "non-canonical" mechanisms of miRNA biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xuan Truong Nguyen
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dinh Hoa Hoang
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Huafeng Wang
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Herman Wu
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Lin Su
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Haojie Dong
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Brian Armstrong
- Light Microscopy Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Lucy Y Ghoda
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Danilo Perrotti
- Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Marlene and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of System Biology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Marcin Kortylewski
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Russell C Rockne
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ya-Huei Kuo
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Samer Khaled
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nadia Carlesso
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
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5
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Ghoda LY, Rosen ST, Kwak LW. The changing investment in translational science by academic medical centers: HOPE in the Valley of Death. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3333-3335. [PMID: 32484455 DOI: 10.1172/jci138640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Y Ghoda
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute.,Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research
| | - Steven T Rosen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute.,Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, and.,Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Larry W Kwak
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute.,Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, and.,Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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6
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Wang H, Zhao D, Nguyen LX, Wu H, Li L, Dong D, Troadec E, Zhu Y, Hoang DH, Stein AS, Al Malki M, Aldoss I, Lin A, Ghoda LY, McDonald T, Pichiorri F, Carlesso N, Kuo YH, Zhang B, Jin J, Marcucci G. Targeting cell membrane HDM2: A novel therapeutic approach for acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2019; 34:75-86. [PMID: 31337857 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ligase human double minute 2 (HDM2) regulates the activity of the tumor suppressor protein p53. A p53-independent HDM2 expression has been reported on the membrane of cancer cells but not on that of normal cells. Herein, we first showed that membrane HDM2 (mHDM2) is exclusively expressed on human and mouse AML blasts, including leukemia stem cell (LSC)-enriched subpopulations, but not on normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Higher mHDM2 levels in AML blasts were associated with leukemia-initiating capacity, quiescence, and chemoresistance. We also showed that a synthetic peptide PNC-27 binds to mHDM2 and enhances the interaction of mHDM2 and E-cadherin on the cell membrane; in turn, E-cadherin ubiquitination and degradation lead to membrane damage and cell death of AML blasts by necrobiosis. PNC-27 treatment in vivo resulted in a significant killing of both AML "bulk" blasts and LSCs, as demonstrated respectively in primary and secondary transplant experiments, using both human and murine AML models. Notably, PNC-27 spares normal HSC activity, as demonstrated in primary and secondary BM transplant experiments of wild-type mice. We concluded that mHDM2 represents a novel and unique therapeutic target, and targeting mHDM2 using PNC-27 selectively kills AML cells, including LSCs, with minimal off-target hematopoietic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Le Xuan Nguyen
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Herman Wu
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dan Dong
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.,Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Estelle Troadec
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yinghui Zhu
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dinh Hoa Hoang
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Anthony S Stein
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Monzr Al Malki
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Aldoss
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Allen Lin
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Lucy Y Ghoda
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Tinisha McDonald
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nadia Carlesso
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ya-Huei Kuo
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.
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7
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Ghoda LY, Tirughana R, Gilchrist M, Metz M, Gutova M, Khankaldyyan V, Synold T, Blanchard S, D'Apuzzo M, Moats R, Barish M, Aboody KS. 20. Carboxylesterase-Secreting Neural Stem Cells Increase Efficacy of Irinotecan in Orthotopic Glioma Models: Translation Toward the Clinic. Mol Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(16)33624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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8
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Metz MZ, Gutova M, Lacey SF, Abramyants Y, Vo T, Gilchrist M, Tirughana R, Ghoda LY, Barish ME, Brown CE, Najbauer J, Potter PM, Portnow J, Synold TW, Aboody KS. Neural stem cell-mediated delivery of irinotecan-activating carboxylesterases to glioma: implications for clinical use. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:983-92. [PMID: 24167321 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CPT-11 (irinotecan) has been investigated as a treatment for malignant brain tumors. However, limitations of CPT-11 therapy include low levels of the drug entering brain tumor sites and systemic toxicities associated with higher doses. Neural stem cells (NSCs) offer a novel way to overcome these obstacles because of their inherent tumor tropism and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, which enables them to selectively target brain tumor sites. Carboxylesterases (CEs) are enzymes that can convert the prodrug CPT-11 (irinotecan) to its active metabolite SN-38, a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor. We have adenovirally transduced an established clonal human NSC line (HB1.F3.CD) to express a rabbit carboxylesterase (rCE) or a modified human CE (hCE1m6), which are more effective at converting CPT-11 to SN-38 than endogenous human CE. We hypothesized that NSC-mediated CE/CPT-11 therapy would allow tumor-localized production of SN-38 and significantly increase the therapeutic efficacy of irinotecan. Here, we report that transduced NSCs transiently expressed high levels of active CE enzymes, retained their tumor-tropic properties, and mediated an increase in the cytotoxicity of CPT-11 toward glioma cells. CE-expressing NSCs (NSC.CEs), whether administered intracranially or intravenously, delivered CE to orthotopic human glioma xenografts in mice. NSC-delivered CE catalyzed conversion of CPT-11 to SN-38 locally at tumor sites. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of NSC-mediated delivery of CE to glioma and lay the foundation for translational studies of this therapeutic paradigm to improve clinical outcome and quality of life in patients with malignant brain tumors.
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9
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Gutova M, Frank JA, D'Apuzzo M, Khankaldyyan V, Gilchrist MM, Annala AJ, Metz MZ, Abramyants Y, Herrmann KA, Ghoda LY, Najbauer J, Brown CE, Blanchard MS, Lesniak MS, Kim SU, Barish ME, Aboody KS, Moats RA. Magnetic resonance imaging tracking of ferumoxytol-labeled human neural stem cells: studies leading to clinical use. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:766-75. [PMID: 24014682 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous stem cell-based therapies are currently under clinical investigation, including the use of neural stem cells (NSCs) as delivery vehicles to target therapeutic agents to invasive brain tumors. The ability to monitor the time course, migration, and distribution of stem cells following transplantation into patients would provide critical information for optimizing treatment regimens. No effective cell-tracking methodology has yet garnered clinical acceptance. A highly promising noninvasive method for monitoring NSCs and potentially other cell types in vivo involves preloading them with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIOs) to enable cell tracking using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We report here the preclinical studies that led to U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for first-in-human investigational use of ferumoxytol to label NSCs prior to transplantation into brain tumor patients, followed by surveillance serial MRI. A combination of heparin, protamine sulfate, and ferumoxytol (HPF) was used to label the NSCs. HPF labeling did not affect cell viability, growth kinetics, or tumor tropism in vitro, and it enabled MRI visualization of NSC distribution within orthotopic glioma xenografts. MRI revealed dynamic in vivo NSC distribution at multiple time points following intracerebral or intravenous injection into glioma-bearing mice that correlated with histological analysis. Preclinical safety/toxicity studies of intracerebrally administered HPF-labeled NSCs in mice were also performed, and they showed no significant clinical or behavioral changes, no neuronal or systemic toxicities, and no abnormal accumulation of iron in the liver or spleen. These studies support the clinical use of ferumoxytol labeling of cells for post-transplant MRI visualization and tracking.
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Gifford AH, Matsuoka M, Ghoda LY, Homer RJ, Enelow RI. Chronic inflammation and lung fibrosis: pleotropic syndromes but limited distinct phenotypes. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:480-4. [PMID: 22806097 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental models of lung fibrosis have been disappointing in predicting therapeutic responses to a wide variety of interventions in clinical fibrosing lung diseases. There are multiple potential reasons, but this fundamentally calls into question the validity of the models and their fidelity to clinical syndromes. We propose that the clinical diseases associated with pulmonary fibrosis, although manifesting a broad array of widely different clinical presentations and features, result in essentially two distinct phenotypes of fibrosis that we will describe. The most common and problematic of these are not effectively modeled experimentally. In this review, we present several clinical entities as examples of the phenotypic distinctions. The first two represent the extremes: postinflammatory fibrosis observed in hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) and dysregulated matrix deposition as observed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We also present a third clinical entity, that of lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis (rheumatoid lung), representing a condition that can manifest as either phenotype, and offering a potential opportunity to explore the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the two distinct fibrotic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Gifford
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Dreyfus DH, Tompkins SM, Fuleihan R, Ghoda LY. Gene silencing in the therapy of influenza and other respiratory diseases: Targeting to RNase P by use of External Guide Sequences (EGS). Biologics 2007; 1:425-32. [PMID: 19707312 PMCID: PMC2721295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases provide an attractive target for gene silencing using small nucleic acids since the respiratory epithelium can be reached by inhalation therapy. Natural surfactant appears to facilitate the uptake and distribution of these types of molecules making aerosolized nucleic acids a possible new class of therapeutics. This article will review the rationale for the use of External Guide Sequence (EGS) in targeting specific mRNA molecules for RNase P-mediated intracellular destruction. Specific destruction of target mRNA results in gene-specific silencing similar to that instigated by siRNA via the RISC complex. The application of EGS molecules specific for influenza genes are discussed as well as the potential for synergy with siRNA. Furthermore, EGS could be adapted to target other respiratory diseases of viral etiology as well as conditions such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Dreyfus
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA;, Keren Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ramsay Fuleihan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lucy Y Ghoda
- Keren Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT, USA;, The Webb-Waring Institute and the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO,Correspondence: Lucy Y Ghoda, The Webb-Waring Institute, UCDHSC, 4200 East Ninth Ave, Campus Box C321, Denver, CO 80262, USA, Tel +1 303 315 7961, Email
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Dreyfus DH, Nagasawa M, Gelfand EW, Ghoda LY. Modulation of p53 activity by IkappaBalpha: evidence suggesting a common phylogeny between NF-kappaB and p53 transcription factors. BMC Immunol 2005; 6:12. [PMID: 15969767 PMCID: PMC1184076 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this work we present evidence that the p53 tumor suppressor protein and NF-kappaB transcription factors could be related through common descent from a family of ancestral transcription factors regulating cellular proliferation and apoptosis. P53 is a homotetrameric transcription factor known to interact with the ankyrin protein 53BP2 (a fragment of the ASPP2 protein). NF-kappaB is also regulated by ankyrin proteins, the prototype of which is the IkappaB family. The DNA binding sequences of the two transcription factors are similar, sharing 8 out of 10 nucleotides. Interactions between the two proteins, both direct and indirect, have been noted previously and the two proteins play central roles in the control of proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS Using previously published structure data, we noted a significant degree of structural alignment between p53 and NF-kappaB p65. We also determined that IkappaBalpha and p53 bind in vitro through a specific interaction in part involving the DNA binding region of p53, or a region proximal to it, and the amino terminus of IkappaBalpha independently or cooperatively with the ankyrin 3 domain of IkappaBalpha In cotransfection experiments, kappaBalpha could significantly inhibit the transcriptional activity of p53. Inhibition of p53-mediated transcription was increased by deletion of the ankyrin 2, 4, or 5 domains of IkappaBalpha Co-precipitation experiments using the stably transfected ankyrin 5 deletion mutant of kappaBalpha and endogenous wild-type p53 further support the hypothesis that p53 and IkappaBalpha can physically interact in vivo. CONCLUSION The aggregate results obtained using bacterially produced IkappaBalpha and p53 as well as reticulocyte lysate produced proteins suggest a correlation between in vitro co-precipitation in at least one of the systems and in vivo p53 inhibitory activity. These observations argue for a mechanism involving direct binding of IkappaBalpha to p53 in the inhibition of p53 transcriptional activity, analogous to the inhibition of NF-kappaB by kappaBalpha and p53 by 53BP2/ASPP2. These data furthermore suggest a role for ankyrin proteins in the regulation of p53 activity. Taken together, the NFkappaB and p53 proteins share similarities in structure, DNA binding sites and binding and regulation by ankyrin proteins in support of our hypothesis that the two proteins share common descent from an ancestral transcriptional factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Dreyfus
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical Research Center, Denver, CO 80262 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Masayuki Nagasawa
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical Research Center, Denver, CO 80262 USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Postgraduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical Research Center, Denver, CO 80262 USA
| | - Lucy Y Ghoda
- The Webb-Waring Institute for Cancer, Aging, and Antioxidant Research and the Department of Medicine, the University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver CO 80262 USA; To whom correspondence should be addressed at The Webb-Waring Institute, UCDHSC, Box C321, 4200 East Ninth Ave., Denver, CO 80262 USA
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Ghoda LY, Savarese TM, Northup CH, Parks RE, Garofalo J, Katz L, Ellenbogen BB, Bacchi CJ. Substrate specificities of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from Trypanosoma brucei brucei and mammalian cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1988; 27:109-18. [PMID: 3125430 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(88)90030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The separation by chromatofocusing of two distinct purine nucleoside cleaving activities from crude extracts of Trypanosoma brucei brucei is described. One catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MeSAdo) and adenosine (Ado) and was designated an MeSAdo/Ado phosphorylase, while the other catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine, inosine, and guanosine but not MeSAdo. The substrate specificity of trypanosomal MeSAdo/Ado phosphorylase differed from that of a mammalian MeSAdo phosphorylase (derived from murine Sarcoma 180 cells) in that it was able to phosphorolyze 2'-deoxyadenosine, 3'-deoxyadenosine and 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine. In addition, the trypanosomal phosphorylase was able to utilize the nucleoside analog, 6-methylpurine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside, as an alternative substrate, whereas the mammalian enzyme could not. Because of these differences, cytotoxic analogs of MeSAdo may be designed that are selectively activated by the trypanosomal MeSAdo/Ado phosphorylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Ghoda
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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Ghoda LY, Savarese TM, Dexter DL, Parks RE, Trackman PC, Abeles RH. Characterization of a defect in the pathway for converting 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine to methionine in a subline of a cultured heterogeneous human colon carcinoma. J Biol Chem 1984; 259:6715-9. [PMID: 6725268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
5'-Deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (methylthioadenosine) is cleaved to adenine and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate (methylthioribose-1-P). Methylthioribose-1-P is converted to 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate ( ketomethylthiobutyrate ) which is transaminated to methionine. We report that one subline of a heterogeneous human colon carcinoma, DLD-1 Clone D, only forms methylthioribose-1-P from methylthioadenosine or 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioinosine (methylthioinosine), a deaminated derivative of methylthioadenosine, whereas Clone A converts methylthioadenosine and methylthioinosine to methionine, as shown by growth studies in culture of Clone A and Clone D cells and radioactive studies utilizing [methyl-14C]methylthioadenosine or [methyl-14C]methylthioinosine in the presence of extracts of these cells lines. To characterize this defect, we utilized three protein fractions isolated from rat liver which together convert methylthioribose-1-P to ketomethylthiobutyrate . Addition of only Fraction A to Clone D sonicates restores its ability to convert methylthioadenosine to methionine. This fraction is responsible for converting methylthioribose-1-P to 5- methylthioribulose -1-phosphate; radioactive studies confirm this observation. Thus, Clone D is deficient in an enzyme contained in Fraction A; this represents a qualitative biochemical difference between the two clones derived from a single human tumor.
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Ghoda LY, Savarese TM, Dexter DL, Parks RE, Trackman PC, Abeles RH. Characterization of a defect in the pathway for converting 5‘-deoxy-5‘-methylthioadenosine to methionine in a subline of a cultured heterogeneous human colon carcinoma. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Savarese TM, Ghoda LY, Dexter DL, Parks RE. Conversion of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine and 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioinosine to methionine in cultured human leukemic cells. Cancer Res 1983; 43:4699-702. [PMID: 6411330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
5'-Deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine and 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioinosine, which are metabolized to the methionine precursor, 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate, by 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase, respectively, can serve as sources of methionine for cultured HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. CCRF-CEM T-cell leukemia cells, which lack 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, convert 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioinosine (but not 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine) to methionine; this conversion is blocked by purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors. Therefore, the pathway for the conversion of 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate to methionine is present in both human leukemic lines.
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Spremulli EN, Crabtree GW, Dexter DL, Chu SH, Farineau DM, Ghoda LY, McGowan DL, Diamond I, Parks RE, Calabresi P. Biochemical pharmacology and toxicology of formycin alone and in combination with 2'-deoxycoformycin (pentostatin). Cancer Treat Rep 1983; 67:267-274. [PMID: 6600968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The toxicology and pharmacology of formycin both as a single agent and combined with the adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2'-deoxycoformycin (dCF) were examined in outbred Swiss mice heterozygous for the nude gene (nu/+). The LD10 for formycin alone given on a daily x 5 schedule was 21 mg/kg. When the animals were pretreated with 1 mg/kg of dCF 1 hour prior to each dose of formycin, toxicity was approximately doubled, ie, LD10 was reduced to 10 mg/kg. Death was associated with hepatic toxicity in both treatment regimens; suppression of leukocyte counts was mild except at doses greater than the LD10. Formycin nucleotides were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography in the livers of mice treated with formycin either alone or combined with dCF. When isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated for 2 hours with either formycin or dCF plus formycin, analog nucleotides accumulated in the cells. Cellular ATP decreased to below the limits of detection, whereas a large peak corresponding to formycin-5'-triphosphate was present. This replacement of cellular ATP by formycin-5'-triphosphate may help explain the hepatic toxicity observed.
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Spremulli EN, Crabtree GW, Dexter DL, Chu SH, Farineau DM, Ghoda LY, McGowan DL, Diamond I, Parks RE, Calabresi P. Biochemical pharmacology and toxicology of 8-azaadenosine alone and in combination with 2'-deoxycoformycin (pentostatin). Biochem Pharmacol 1982; 31:2415-21. [PMID: 6982043 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The toxicology and metabolism of 8-azaadenosine (8-azaAdo) were examined both as a single agent and in combination with the adenosine deaminase inhibitor, 2'-deoxycoformycin (dCF). The LD10 (mice) for 8-azaAdo alone on a once daily for 5 days (q.d. x 5) schedule was 30 mg . kg-1 . day-1. When the animals were pretreated with 0.1 mg . kg-1 . day-1 of dCF, the LD10 dose was reduced to 10 mg . kg-1 . day-1 x 5. The major organ toxicity seen was hepatic. Bone marrow cellularity was only slightly altered at the LD10 dose. 8-AzaAdo nucleotides were detected in the livers of treated mice as determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Further, after 2 hr of incubation, isolated rat hepatocytes accumulated 8-azaATP to levels of 2.2 mumoles/g of cells with 8-azaAdo (1 mM) alone and to 4.3 mumoles/g of cells when 8-azaAdo was used in combination with dCF (1 microgram/ml). ATP levels decreased to below the limits of detection after 2 hr in cells treated with the combination. The replacement of cellular ATP by 8-azaATP may provide an explanation for the hepatotoxicity observed in the murine toxicology studies.
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Crabtree GW, Dexter DL, Stoeckler JD, Savarese TM, Ghoda LY, Rogler-Brown TL, Calabresi P, Parks RE. Activities of purine-metabolizing enzymes in human colon carcinoma cell lines and xenograft tumors. Biochem Pharmacol 1981; 30:793-8. [PMID: 7247963 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(81)90167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Dexter DL, Crabtree GW, Stoeckler JD, Savarese TM, Ghoda LY, Rogler-Brown TL, Parks RE, Calabresi P. N,N-dimethylformamide and sodium butyrate modulation of the activities of purine-metabolizing enzymes in cultured human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 1981; 41:808-12. [PMID: 7459868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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