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Boland L, Bennett KE, Cuffe S, Grant C, Kennedy MJ, Connolly D. Feasibility Randomised Control Trial of OptiMal: A Self-Management Intervention for Cancer Survivors. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:10195-10210. [PMID: 38132376 PMCID: PMC10742444 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30120742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer survivors can experience symptoms such as fatigue, pain and distress that persist for many months following treatment. These enduring symptoms often impact on participation in self-care activities, returning to school and/or work, and leisure and social activities. Self-management support is increasingly recognised as a core aspect of cancer survivorship care to reduce the impact of persistent symptoms. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a group-based self-management intervention, OptiMal, to improve the physical and psychological health of cancer survivors. OptiMal is a six-week intervention comprising weekly sessions on fatigue, stress and physical activity, diet and effective communication strategies. METHODS A feasibility randomised control trial was undertaken. Individuals up to two years after cancer treatment were randomised to OptiMal or usual care. Feasibility was examined through recruitment and retention metrics. Potential effectiveness was tested through patient-reported outcomes collected at baseline and three months post-intervention. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse study data. RESULTS Recruitment for this study was 32.5% (80/246 eligible individuals) with 77.5% retention at three-month follow-up (82.5% for intervention group and 72.5% for control group). Of those who attended the intervention, 19 (73%) attended all OptiMal sessions, indicating high adherence to the intervention. The majority of participants had breast cancer and were between 12 and 24 months post-treatment. The intervention group (n = 29) had statistically significant greater improvements in anxiety (p = 0.04) and health-related quality of life (health index score: p = 0.023, visual analogue score: p = 0.035) at three months post-intervention than the control group. CONCLUSIONS Recruitment and retention in this study was similar to other cancer trials and the high adherence rate indicates that OptiMal is an acceptable self-management intervention for cancer survivors and warrants further investigation. OptiMal is intended to address symptoms reported across different cancer types. However, a limitation of this study was that the majority of participants had breast cancer, and therefore, generalisability of findings cannot be assumed for other cancer types. Future studies of OptiMal therefore need to use different strategies to recruit survivors of other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Boland
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Kathleen E. Bennett
- Data Science Centre, School of Population Health, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Sinead Cuffe
- Medical Oncologist, St James’s Hospital, James’ St, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (S.C.); (C.G.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Cliona Grant
- Medical Oncologist, St James’s Hospital, James’ St, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (S.C.); (C.G.); (M.J.K.)
| | - M. John Kennedy
- Medical Oncologist, St James’s Hospital, James’ St, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (S.C.); (C.G.); (M.J.K.)
- Trinity St James’s Cancer Institute, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Connolly
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
- Trinity St James’s Cancer Institute, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
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Devenney K, Murphy N, Ryan R, Grant C, Kennedy MJ, Manecksha RP, Sheils O, McNeely ML, Hussey J, Sheill G. Implementing a physiotherapy led cancer exercise programme in a National Cancer Centre: the FIXCAS study. Physiotherapy 2023; 120:27-35. [PMID: 37364444 DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the feasibility of implementing a 10-week exercise-based cancer rehabilitation programme in a national cancer centre. DESIGN A single-arm prospective feasibility study. SETTING An outpatient physiotherapy department. PARTICIPANTS Forty de-conditioned cancer survivors (<1 year post completion of treatment). INTERVENTIONS A 10-week programme of twice weekly group-based supervised exercise sessions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A mixed methods approach was used. The primary outcome of the study was feasibility, evaluated in terms of recruitment, adherence, attrition and stakeholder acceptance of the programme. Secondary outcomes examined the effect of the exercise intervention on physical function and quality of life measures. RESULTS Forty patients (age 60 (SD 10.6) years; n = 12 breast cancer, n = 11 lung cancer, n = 7 prostate cancer, n = 5 colorectal cancer, n = 5 other) participated. In total 82% (n = 33) participants completed the post-programme assessment. Deterioration of health and concerns over COVID-19 were the most common reasons for dropout (both n = 2). Adherence to both the supervised exercise classes and home exercise programme was high (78% and 94% respectively). No adverse events were recorded during the intervention or assessments. Qualitative feedback from stakeholders highlighted the acceptability of the programme as well as many perceived benefits of the exercise programme. Improvements in three quality of life sub-scales (physical function, role function and emotional function), physical activity levels and aerobic fitness levels were found post-intervention. CONCLUSION It appears feasible to offer a 10-week exercise programme to patients attending a national cancer centre, with adequate recruitment, retention and adherence rates and high acceptability among stakeholders. CONTRIBUTION OF THE PAPER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Devenney
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | - Ronan Ryan
- Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Dublin 8, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Clíona Grant
- Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Dublin 8, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - M John Kennedy
- Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Dublin 8, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Rustom P Manecksha
- Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Dublin 8, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Orla Sheils
- Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | - Juliette Hussey
- Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Dublin 8, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Grainne Sheill
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Dublin 8, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Koscica R, Wan Y, He W, Kennedy MJ, Bowers JE. Heterogeneous integration of a III-V quantum dot laser on high thermal conductivity silicon carbide. Opt Lett 2023; 48:2539-2542. [PMID: 37186702 DOI: 10.1364/ol.486089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heat accumulation prevents semiconductor lasers from operating at their full potential. This can be addressed through heterogeneous integration of a III-V laser stack onto non-native substrate materials with high thermal conductivity. Here, we demonstrate III-V quantum dot lasers heterogeneously integrated on silicon carbide (SiC) substrates with high temperature stability. A large T0 of 221 K with a relatively temperature-insensitive operation occurs near room temperature, while lasing is sustained up to 105°C. The SiC platform presents a unique and ideal candidate for realizing monolithic integration of optoelectronics, quantum, and nonlinear photonics.
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Kieran R, Moloney C, Alken S, Corrigan L, Gallagher D, Grant C, Kelleher F, Kennedy MJ, Lowery MA, McCarthy M, O'Donnell DM, Sukor S, Cuffe S. Patient knowledge, personal experience, and impact of the first wave of the COVD-19 pandemic in an Irish oncology cohort. Ir J Med Sci 2022; 192:533-540. [PMID: 35411487 PMCID: PMC9001164 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-022-02999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Oncology patients have had to make many changes to minimise their exposure to COVID-19, causing stress. Despite education, some patients still do not recognise potential COVID symptoms. Aims We assessed patient knowledge of COVID, and its impact on their behaviours, concerns, and healthcare experience. Methods A 16-page questionnaire was distributed to 120 oncology patients attending the day unit of a tertiary Irish cancer centre for systemic anti-cancer therapy (May/June 2020). The Irish 7-day COVID incidence during this period ranged from 2 to 11 cases/100,000 people. Results One hundred and one responses were received, 1% had tested positive for COVID, and 31% had undergone testing. Participant insight into their knowledge about COVID and their own behaviour was limited in some cases. Seventy-five percent reported total compliance with restrictions, but many were not fully compliant. Self-reported confidence in knowledge was high, but did not predict demonstrated knowledge. Sixty percent did not recognise two or more symptoms; 40% did not self-identify as high-risk. Patients reported more health-related worry (72%), loneliness (51%), and lower mood (42%) since the pandemic began. Financial toxicity worsened, with increased financial worry (78%), reductions in household income (40%), and increased costs due to lockdown (62%). Use of facemasks introduced new communications barriers for 67% of those with hearing loss. Conclusions Despite self-reported confidence in knowledge, some patient’s recognition of COVID symptoms and the preventative strategies they should use are not optimal, highlighting the need for further education in this regard. COVID has been a significant stressor for patients and more practical, financial, and psychological supports are needed.
Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11845-022-02999-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kieran
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Carolyn Moloney
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Scheryll Alken
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lynda Corrigan
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Gallagher
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cliona Grant
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal Kelleher
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M John Kennedy
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,The Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maeve A Lowery
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,The Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael McCarthy
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Sue Sukor
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Cuffe
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Guinan EM, Devenney K, Quinn C, Sheill G, Eochagáin CM, Kennedy MJ, McDermott R, Balding L. Associations Among Physical Activity, Skeletal Related Events, and Patient Reported Outcomes in Patients with Bone Metastases. Semin Oncol Nurs 2022; 38:151274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2022.151274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Prior L, Keegan NM, Furney SJ, Walshe JM, Gullo G, Crown J, Kennedy MJ, Smith D, McCaffrey J, Kelly CM, Egan K, Kerr J, Given M, Sheehy N, O'Donovan P, Hernando A, Teiserskiene A, Parker I, Kay E, McDermott R, Keane MM, O'Reilly S, Grogan L, Breathnach O, Morris PG, Toomey S, Hennessy BT. Abstract P5-16-08: Phase Ib/II trial evaluating safety and efficacy of copanlisib (PI3K inhibitor) and trastuzumab in pre-treated advanced HER2-positive breast cancer: Results from the PantHER study. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-p5-16-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: De novo and acquired resistance to HER2 directed therapy is frequently encountered. Upregulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is an important mediator of treatment resistance. This can occur through an activating mutation of the PIK3CA gene or PTEN loss. PIK3CA mutations are present in approximately 20% of HER2 positive breast cancers and as such, the PI3K pathway has emerged as an attractive target for restoring sensitivity to HER2 directed therapy. Methods: We performed a single arm, multicentre, open label Phase Ib/II trial. Patients (pts) with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer whose disease had progressed on at least 1 line of Trastuzumab/T-DM1 based treatment in the metastatic setting were eligible if they met following criteria: ECOG PS ≤ 2 and adequate organ function. Pts with treated, controlled brain metastases were permitted to enrol. Exclusion criteria included uncontrolled hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Pts on Phase IB were treated according to a 6+6 study design with a dose escalation schedule of Copanlisib IV (level 1 = 45mg, level 2 = 60mg) on Day 1, 8 and 15 of a 28-day cycle along with a fixed dose of Trastuzumab 2mg/kg weekly. Phase II treatment was the MTD (maximum tolerated dose) of Copanlisib in combination with Trastuzumab. Archival tumour tissue, voluntary biopsies and serial plasma samples were collected for genomic sequencing. Primary endpoints were MTD (Phase I) and clinical benefit rate (CBR) which was defined as complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) at any time point; or stable disease (SD) lasting at least 24 weeks (Phase II). Secondary endpoints included safety and tolerability, tumor response rate, duration of response, time to treatment failure (TTF) and progression free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: Twelve pts were enrolled in Phase IB. No dose limiting toxicity was observed. The MTD was established as Copanlisib 60mg and Trastuzumab 2mg/kg. Fourteen pts were enrolled in Phase II (6 pts treated at the MTD in Phase IB were included in the final Phase II analysis resulting in a total of 20 pts). The median number of lines of prior treatment in the metastatic setting was 3 (1-8). The most common grade 3-4 toxicities encountered in the Phase Ib/II cohorts included hypertension (n=7, 27%), hyperglycaemia (n=2, 8%) and vomiting (n=2, 8%). Three pts discontinued treatment due to toxicity. The median follow-up for the Phase II cohort was 7.5 months (95% CI 6.0-14.5). PR was observed in 4 pts (20%) and SD (at any time point) was seen in 8 pts (40%). The CBR was 30% (n=6). The duration of response was 15.0 weeks (95% CI 4.9 - 16.1). The median TTF was 11.9 weeks (95% CI 7.5 - 21.1). The median PFS was 3.0 mo (95% CI 0.2 - 5.8) and OS was 14.0 mo (95% CI 5.2-22.8). At the time of analysis, 9 of 20 patients were alive. PIK3CA mutations were detectable in the archival tissue of 11 of 26 pts (42%). PIK3CA hotspot mutations (H1047R, E542K and E545K) were detectable in the plasma of all 26 pts at various points throughout treatment. Pre and post treatment biopsies of 2 pts in the Phase IB trial revealed somatic mutations in DNAH3 and TRRAP, the latter of which encodes a PI3K-like protein kinase. Targeted next generation sequencing was performed on the circulating tumour DNA of 20 pts in the Phase II cohort taken before, during and after treatment to further validate these findings and to assess for other mechanisms of response or resistance. The final translational results will be presented at the meeting. Conclusions: The combination of Copanlisib and Trastuzumab is a safe and tolerable regimen and is associated with clinical efficacy in a heavily pre-treated metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer population. Translational studies may have identified novel resistance biomarkers in this pt cohort.
Citation Format: Lisa Prior, Niamh M Keegan, Simon J Furney, Janice M Walshe, Giuseppe Gullo, John Crown, M John Kennedy, Diarmuid Smith, John McCaffrey, Catherine M Kelly, Keith Egan, Jennifer Kerr, Mark Given, Niall Sheehy, Peter O'Donovan, Andres Hernando, Ausra Teiserskiene, Imelda Parker, Elaine Kay, Ray McDermott, Maccon M Keane, Seamus O'Reilly, Liam Grogan, Oscar Breathnach, Patrick G Morris, Sinead Toomey, Bryan T Hennessy. Phase Ib/II trial evaluating safety and efficacy of copanlisib (PI3K inhibitor) and trastuzumab in pre-treated advanced HER2-positive breast cancer: Results from the PantHER study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-16-08.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Prior
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh M Keegan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon J Furney
- Genomic Oncology Research Group, Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Janice M Walshe
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giuseppe Gullo
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M John Kennedy
- Department of Medical Oncology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Diarmuid Smith
- Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John McCaffrey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Kelly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Keith Egan
- Cancer Clinical Trials & Research Unit, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Kerr
- Department of Radiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Given
- Department of Radiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall Sheehy
- Department of Radiology, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter O'Donovan
- Genomic Oncology Research Group, Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Elaine Kay
- Department of Pathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Maccon M Keane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - Seamus O'Reilly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Liam Grogan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oscar Breathnach
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick G Morris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Toomey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bryan T Hennessy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Mc Entee PD, Shokuhi P, Rogers AC, Mehigan BJ, McCormick PH, Gillham CM, Kennedy MJ, Gallagher DJ, Ryan CE, Muldoon CB, Larkin JO. Extramural venous invasion (EMVI) in colorectal cancer is associated with increased cancer recurrence and cancer-related death. European Journal of Surgical Oncology 2022; 48:1638-1642. [PMID: 35249791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) outcomes vary depending on tumour biology, with several features used to predict disease behaviour. Extramural venous invasion (EMVI) is associated with negative outcomes and its presence has been established as an indicator of more aggressive disease in CRC. METHODS A prospectively maintained database was examined for patients undergoing curative resection for non-metastatic CRC between 2012 and 2018 in a tertiary institution. Clinicopathological factors were compared to assess their impact on recurrence, all-cause mortality and cancer-related death. Kaplan Meier analysis of the association between EMVI and these endpoints was performed, and univariable and multivariable analysis was carried out to establish the relationship of predictive factors in oncological outcomes. RESULTS Eighty-eight (13.5%) of 654 patients developed recurrence. The mean time to recurrence was 19.8 ± 13.5 months. There were 36 (5.5%) cancer-related deaths at a mean duration of follow-up of 46.3 ± 21.6 months. Two hundred and sixty-six patients had extramural venous invasion (40.7%). EMVI was significantly associated with reduced overall recurrence-free survival, systemic recurrence-free survival, and increased cancer-related death on univariate analysis (p < 0.001 for all, Fig. 1), and multivariable analysis (OR 1.8 and 2.1 respectively, p < 0.05 for both). CONCLUSION EMVI is associated with a poor prognosis, independent of stage, nodal status and other histopathological features. The presence of EMVI should be strongly considered as an indication for adjuvant therapy.
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Prior L, O'Dwyer R, Farooq AR, Greally M, Ward C, O'Leary C, Aslam R, Darwish W, Ahmed N, Othman EC, Watson G, Kelly D, Gleeson J, Kiely L, Hassan A, Walsh EM, O'Reilly D, Jones A, Featherstone H, Lim M, Murray H, Hennessy BT, Smyth LM, Leonard G, Grogan L, Breathnach O, Calvert P, Horgan AM, Coate L, Jordan EJ, O'Mahony D, Gupta R, Keane MM, Westrup J, Duffy K, O'Connor M, Morris PG, Kennedy MJ, O'Reilly S, McCaffrey J, Kelly CM, Carney D, Gullo G, Crown J, Higgins MJ, Walsh PM, Walshe JM. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: evaluating maternal and foetal outcomes. A national study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 189:269-283. [PMID: 34125341 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is defined as breast cancer diagnosed during the gestational period (gp-PABC) or in the first postpartum year (pp-PABC). Despite its infrequent occurrence, the incidence of PABC appears to be rising due to the increasing propensity for women to delay childbirth. We have established the first retrospective registry study of PABC in Ireland to examine specific clinicopathological characteristics, treatments, and maternal and foetal outcomes. METHODS This was a national, multi-site, retrospective observational study, including PABC patients treated in 12 oncology institutions from August 2001 to January 2020. Data extracted included information on patient demographics, tumour biology, staging, treatments, and maternal/foetal outcomes. Survival data for an age-matched breast cancer population over a similar time period was obtained from the National Cancer Registry of Ireland (NCRI). Standard biostatistical methods were used for analyses. RESULTS We identified 155 patients-71 (46%) were gp-PABC and 84 (54%) were pp-PABC. The median age was 36 years. Forty-four patients (28%) presented with Stage III disease and 25 (16%) had metastatic disease at diagnosis. High rates of triple-negative (25%) and HER2+ (30%) breast cancer were observed. We observed an inferior 5-year overall survival (OS) rate in our PABC cohort compared to an age-matched breast cancer population in both Stage I-III (77.6% vs 90.9%) and Stage IV disease (18% vs 38.3%). There was a low rate (3%) of foetal complications. CONCLUSION PABC patients may have poorer survival outcomes. Further prospective data are needed to optimise management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Prior
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Richard O'Dwyer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Megan Greally
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cian Ward
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Connor O'Leary
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Razia Aslam
- Department of Medical Oncology, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Waseem Darwish
- Department of Medical Oncology, Letterkenny University Hospital, Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Nada Ahmed
- Department of Medical Oncology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - Elly Che Othman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Geoffrey Watson
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Kelly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jack Gleeson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lisa Kiely
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anees Hassan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elaine M Walsh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - David O'Reilly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alfred Jones
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hannah Featherstone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marvin Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hazel Murray
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bryan T Hennessy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lillian M Smyth
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gregory Leonard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - Liam Grogan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oscar Breathnach
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Calvert
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Anne M Horgan
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Linda Coate
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Emmet J Jordan
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Deirdre O'Mahony
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rajnish Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Maccon M Keane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Westrup
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen Duffy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Letterkenny University Hospital, Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Miriam O'Connor
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Patrick G Morris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M John Kennedy
- Department of Medical Oncology, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seamus O'Reilly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - John McCaffrey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Kelly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Desmond Carney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giuseppe Gullo
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michaela J Higgins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Janice M Walshe
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Harrold EC, Idris AF, Keegan NM, Corrigan L, Teo MY, O'Donnell M, Lim ST, Duff E, O'Donnell DM, Kennedy MJ, Sukor S, Grant C, Gallagher DG, Collier S, Kingston T, O'Dwyer AM, Cuffe S. Prevalence of Insomnia in an Oncology Patient Population: An Irish Tertiary Referral Center Experience. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020; 18:1623-1630. [PMID: 33285516 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2020.7611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NCCN Guidelines for Survivorship recommend dedicated sleep assessment. Reported insomnia prevalence in the general Irish population is 6% to 15%. Reported insomnia prevalence internationally among new/recently diagnosed patients with cancer varies from 30.9% to 54.3%. Insomnia prevalence has not been previously quantified in an Irish oncology cohort. METHODS A 40-item questionnaire was prospectively administered to ambulatory patients with cancer aged ≥18 years. Prespecified criteria to define insomnia syndrome combined those of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, version 1, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression/Anxiety (HADS-D/A) was used to screen for potential confounding variables. RESULTS The response rate to the questionnaire was 87% (294/337). The predominant respondent age group was 55 to 64 years (26%; 77/294), 70.7% were female (208/294), and the most common cancer subtypes were breast (37.4%), colorectal (12.9%), and lung (12.2%). A total of 62% (183/294) of patients reported sleep disturbance after diagnosis, 63% (115/183) reported moderate/severe distress related to this disturbance, and 37% (61/183) reported a significant impact on physical function. Although 33% (98/294) met insomnia syndrome criteria, only 34% (33/98) of these patients had a preexisting history of sleep disturbance. Female sex, age <65 years, cancer subtype, alcohol consumption, and HADS-D/A ≥11 were associated with statistically significant higher odds ratios (OR) of insomnia syndrome. Multivariate analysis identified breast cancer (OR, 3.17; P=.01), age <65 years (OR, 1.8; P=.03), and alcohol consumption (OR, 2.3; P=.005) as independent predictors of insomnia syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Insomnia syndrome prevalence in this cohort is comparable to that reported previously and supports dedicated sleep assessment. This study identifies potentially modifiable risk factors for insomnia and demonstrates additional utility of the HADS score in identifying patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Harrold
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ahmad F Idris
- 2Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh M Keegan
- 3Department of Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lynda Corrigan
- 2Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Min Yuen Teo
- 3Department of Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Sean Tee Lim
- 4Trinity College Medical School, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Eimear Duff
- 4Trinity College Medical School, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | | | - M John Kennedy
- 2Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sue Sukor
- 2Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cliona Grant
- 2Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David G Gallagher
- 2Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sonya Collier
- 5Department of Psychological Oncology Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tara Kingston
- 5Department of Psychological Oncology Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann Marie O'Dwyer
- 5Department of Psychological Oncology Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Cuffe
- 2Department of Medical Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Nyberg T, Frost D, Barrowdale D, Evans DG, Bancroft E, Adlard J, Ahmed M, Barwell J, Brady AF, Brewer C, Cook J, Davidson R, Donaldson A, Eason J, Gregory H, Henderson A, Izatt L, Kennedy MJ, Miller C, Morrison PJ, Murray A, Ong KR, Porteous M, Pottinger C, Rogers MT, Side L, Snape K, Tripathi V, Walker L, Tischkowitz M, Eeles R, Easton DF, Antoniou AC. Prostate Cancer Risk by BRCA2 Genomic Regions. Eur Urol 2020; 78:494-497. [PMID: 32532514 PMCID: PMC7532700 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A BRCA2 prostate cancer cluster region (PCCR) was recently proposed (c.7914 to 3') wherein pathogenic variants (PVs) are associated with higher prostate cancer (PCa) risk than PVs elsewhere in the BRCA2 gene. Using a prospective cohort study of 447 male BRCA2 PV carriers recruited in the UK and Ireland from 1998 to 2016, we estimated standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) compared with population incidences and assessed variation in risk by PV location. Carriers of PVs in the PCCR had a PCa SIR of 8.33 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.46-15.6) and were at a higher risk of PCa than carriers of other BRCA2 PVs (SIR = 3.31, 95% CI 1.97-5.57; hazard ratio = 2.34, 95% CI 1.09-5.03). PCCR PV carriers had an estimated cumulative PCa risk of 44% (95% CI 23-72%) by the age of 75 yr and 78% (95% CI 54-94%) by the age of 85 yr. Our results corroborate the existence of a PCCR in BRCA2 in a prospective cohort. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this report, we investigated whether the risk of prostate cancer for men with a harmful mutation in the BRCA2 gene differs based on where in the gene the mutation is located. We found that men with mutations in one region of BRCA2 had a higher risk of prostate cancer than men with mutations elsewhere in the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Nyberg
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Debra Frost
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Barrowdale
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Manchester Regional Genetics Service, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bancroft
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julian Adlard
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Munaza Ahmed
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Julian Barwell
- Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Angela F Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Carole Brewer
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Jackie Cook
- North Trent Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alan Donaldson
- South Western Regional Genetics Service, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Jacqueline Eason
- Nottingham Centre for Medical Genetics, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Helen Gregory
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alex Henderson
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Louise Izatt
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M John Kennedy
- St James's Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; National Centre for Medical Genetics, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Claire Miller
- Merseyside and Cheshire Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Patrick J Morrison
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Alex Murray
- Medical Genetics Services for Wales, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Kai-Ren Ong
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mary Porteous
- South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Pottinger
- Medical Genetics Services for Wales, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Bodelwyddan, UK
| | - Mark T Rogers
- All Wales Medical Genetics Service, NHS Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lucy Side
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Katie Snape
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Vishakha Tripathi
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lisa Walker
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Nyberg T, Frost D, Barrowdale D, Evans DG, Bancroft E, Adlard J, Ahmed M, Barwell J, Brady AF, Brewer C, Cook J, Davidson R, Donaldson A, Eason J, Gregory H, Henderson A, Izatt L, Kennedy MJ, Miller C, Morrison PJ, Murray A, Ong KR, Porteous M, Pottinger C, Rogers MT, Side L, Snape K, Walker L, Tischkowitz M, Eeles R, Easton DF, Antoniou AC. Prostate Cancer Risks for Male BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: A Prospective Cohort Study. Eur Urol 2020; 77:24-35. [PMID: 31495749 PMCID: PMC6926480 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations have been associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk but a wide range of risk estimates have been reported that are based on retrospective studies. OBJECTIVE To estimate relative and absolute PCa risks associated with BRCA1/2 mutations and to assess risk modification by age, family history, and mutation location. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a prospective cohort study of male BRCA1 (n = 376) and BRCA2 carriers (n = 447) identified in clinical genetics centres in the UK and Ireland (median follow-up 5.9 and 5.3 yr, respectively). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Standardised incidence/mortality ratios (SIRs/SMRs) relative to population incidences or mortality rates, absolute risks, and hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using cohort and survival analysis methods. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Sixteen BRCA1 and 26 BRCA2 carriers were diagnosed with PCa during follow-up. BRCA2 carriers had an SIR of 4.45 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.99-6.61) and absolute PCa risk of 27% (95% CI 17-41%) and 60% (95% CI 43-78%) by ages 75 and 85 yr, respectively. For BRCA1 carriers, the overall SIR was 2.35 (95% CI 1.43-3.88); the corresponding SIR at age <65 yr was 3.57 (95% CI 1.68-7.58). However, the BRCA1 SIR varied between 0.74 and 2.83 in sensitivity analyses to assess potential screening effects. PCa risk for BRCA2 carriers increased with family history (HR per affected relative 1.68, 95% CI 0.99-2.85). BRCA2 mutations in the region bounded by positions c.2831 and c.6401 were associated with an SIR of 2.46 (95% CI 1.07-5.64) compared to population incidences, corresponding to lower PCa risk (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.14-0.96) than for mutations outside the region. BRCA2 carriers had a stronger association with Gleason score ≥7 (SIR 5.07, 95% CI 3.20-8.02) than Gleason score ≤6 PCa (SIR 3.03, 95% CI 1.24-7.44), and a higher risk of death from PCa (SMR 3.85, 95% CI 1.44-10.3). Limitations include potential screening effects for these known mutation carriers; however, the BRCA2 results were robust to multiple sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS The results substantiate PCa risk patterns indicated by retrospective analyses for BRCA2 carriers, including further evidence of association with aggressive PCa, and give some support for a weaker association in BRCA1 carriers. PATIENT SUMMARY In this study we followed unaffected men known to carry mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes to investigate whether they are at higher risk of developing prostate cancer compared to the general population. We found that carriers of BRCA2 mutations have a high risk of developing prostate cancer, particularly more aggressive prostate cancer, and that this risk varies by family history of prostate cancer and the location of the mutation within the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Nyberg
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Debra Frost
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Barrowdale
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Manchester Regional Genetics Service, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bancroft
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Julian Adlard
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Munaza Ahmed
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Julian Barwell
- Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Angela F Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Carole Brewer
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Jackie Cook
- North Trent Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alan Donaldson
- South Western Regional Genetics Service, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Jacqueline Eason
- Nottingham Centre for Medical Genetics, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Helen Gregory
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alex Henderson
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Louise Izatt
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M John Kennedy
- St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; National Centre for Medical Genetics, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire Miller
- Merseyside and Cheshire Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Patrick J Morrison
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Alex Murray
- Medical Genetics Services for Wales, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Kai-Ren Ong
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mary Porteous
- South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Pottinger
- Medical Genetics Services for Wales, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Bodelwyddan, UK
| | - Mark T Rogers
- All Wales Medical Genetics Service, NHS Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lucy Side
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Katie Snape
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lisa Walker
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Chang L, Boes A, Pintus P, Xie W, Peters JD, Kennedy MJ, Jin W, Guo XW, Yu SP, Papp SB, Bowers JE. Low loss (Al)GaAs on an insulator waveguide platform. Opt Lett 2019; 44:4075-4078. [PMID: 31415550 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we demonstrate a low loss gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide on an insulator platform by heterogenous integration. The resonators on this platform exhibit record high quality factors up to 1.5×106, corresponding to a propagation loss ∼0.4 dB/cm. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the loss of integrated III-V semiconductor on insulator waveguides becomes comparable with that of the silicon-on-insulator waveguides. This Letter should have a significant impact on photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and become an essential building block for the evolving nonlinear PICs and integrated quantum photonic systems in the future.
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Hemming ML, Lawlor MA, Andersen JL, Hagan T, Chipashvili O, Scott TG, Raut CP, Sicinska E, Armstrong SA, Demetri GD, Bradner JE, Ganz PA, Tomlinson G, Olopade OI, Couch FJ, Wang X, Lindor NM, Pankratz VS, Radice P, Manoukian S, Peissel B, Zaffaroni D, Barile M, Viel A, Allavena A, Dall'Olio V, Peterlongo P, Szabo CI, Zikan M, Claes K, Poppe B, Foretova L, Mai PL, Greene MH, Rennert G, Lejbkowicz F, Glendon G, Ozcelik H, Andrulis IL, Thomassen M, Gerdes AM, Sunde L, Cruger D, Birk Jensen U, Caligo M, Friedman E, Kaufman B, Laitman Y, Milgrom R, Dubrovsky M, Cohen S, Borg A, Jernström H, Lindblom A, Rantala J, Stenmark-Askmalm M, Melin B, Nathanson K, Domchek S, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Huzarski T, Osorio A, Lasa A, Durán M, Tejada MI, Godino J, Benitez J, Hamann U, Kriege M, Hoogerbrugge N, van der Luijt RB, van Asperen CJ, Devilee P, Meijers-Heijboer EJ, Blok MJ, Aalfs CM, Hogervorst F, Rookus M, Cook M, Oliver C, Frost D, Conroy D, Evans DG, Lalloo F, Pichert G, Davidson R, Cole T, Cook J, Paterson J, Hodgson S, Morrison PJ, Porteous ME, Walker L, Kennedy MJ, Dorkins H, Peock S, Godwin AK, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, de Pauw A, Mazoyer S, Bonadona V, Lasset C, Dreyfus H, Leroux D, Hardouin A, Berthet P, Faivre L, Loustalot C, Noguchi T, Sobol H, Rouleau E, Nogues C, Frénay M, Vénat-Bouvet L, Hopper JL, Daly MB, Terry MB, John EM, Buys SS, Yassin Y, Miron A, Goldgar D, Singer CF, Dressler AC, Gschwantler-Kaulich D, Pfeiler G, Hansen TVO, Jønson L, Agnarsson BA, Kirchhoff T, Offit K, Devlin V, Dutra-Clarke A, Piedmonte M, Rodriguez GC, Wakeley K, Boggess JF, Basil J, Schwartz PE, Blank SV, Toland AE, Montagna M, Casella C, Imyanitov E, Tihomirova L, Blanco I, Lazaro C, Ramus SJ, Sucheston L, Karlan BY, Gross J, Schmutzler R, Wappenschmidt B, Engel C, Meindl A, Lochmann M, Arnold N, Heidemann S, Varon-Mateeva R, Niederacher D, Sutter C, Deissler H, Gadzicki D, Preisler-Adams S, Kast K, Schönbuchner I, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Aittomäki K, Nevanlinna H, Simard J, Spurdle AB, Holland H, Chen X, Platte R, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton DF. Enhancer Domains in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Regulate KIT Expression and Are Targetable by BET Bromodomain Inhibition. Cancer Res 2019. [PMID: 18483246 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by activating mutations in the related receptor tyrosine kinases KIT and PDGFRA. GIST relies on expression of these unamplified receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) genes through a large enhancer domain, resulting in high expression levels of the oncogene required for tumor growth. Although kinase inhibition is an effective therapy for many patients with GIST, disease progression from kinase-resistant mutations is common and no other effective classes of systemic therapy exist. In this study, we identify regulatory regions of the KIT enhancer essential for KIT gene expression and GIST cell viability. Given the dependence of GIST upon enhancer-driven expression of RTKs, we hypothesized that the enhancer domains could be therapeutically targeted by a BET bromodomain inhibitor (BBI). Treatment of GIST cells with BBIs led to cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and cell death, with unique sensitivity in GIST cells arising from attenuation of the KIT enhancer domain and reduced KIT gene expression. BBI treatment in KIT-dependent GIST cells produced genome-wide changes in the H3K27ac enhancer landscape and gene expression program, which was also seen with direct KIT inhibition using a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Combination treatment with BBI and TKI led to superior cytotoxic effects in vitro and in vivo, with BBI preventing tumor growth in TKI-resistant xenografts. Resistance to select BBI in GIST was attributable to drug efflux pumps. These results define a therapeutic vulnerability and clinical strategy for targeting oncogenic kinase dependency in GIST. SIGNIFICANCE: Expression and activity of mutant KIT is essential for driving the majority of GIST neoplasms, which can be therapeutically targeted using BET bromodomain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Hemming
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew A Lawlor
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica L Andersen
- Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy Hagan
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Otari Chipashvili
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas G Scott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chandrajit P Raut
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ewa Sicinska
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George D Demetri
- Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Girardi F, Barnes DR, Barrowdale D, Frost D, Brady AF, Miller C, Henderson A, Donaldson A, Murray A, Brewer C, Pottinger C, Evans DG, Eccles D, Lalloo F, Gregory H, Cook J, Eason J, Adlard J, Barwell J, Ong KR, Walker L, Izatt L, Side LE, Kennedy MJ, Tischkowitz M, Rogers MT, Porteous ME, Morrison PJ, Eeles R, Davidson R, Snape K, Easton DF, Antoniou AC. Risks of breast or ovarian cancer in BRCA1 or BRCA2 predictive test negatives: findings from the EMBRACE study. Genet Med 2018; 20:1575-1582. [PMID: 29565421 PMCID: PMC6033314 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2018.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE BRCA1/BRCA2 predictive test negatives are proven noncarriers of a BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation that is carried by their relatives. The risk of developing breast cancer (BC) or epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in these women is uncertain. The study aimed to estimate risks of invasive BC and EOC in a large cohort of BRCA1/BRCA2 predictive test negatives. METHODS We used cohort analysis to estimate incidences, cumulative risks, and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). RESULTS A total of 1,895 unaffected women were eligible for inclusion in the BC risk analysis and 1,736 in the EOC risk analysis. There were 23 incident invasive BCs and 2 EOCs. The cumulative risk of invasive BC was 9.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.9-15%) by age 85 years and the corresponding risk of EOC was 0.6% (95% CI 0.2-2.6%). The SIR for invasive BC was 0.93 (95% CI 0.62-1.40) in the overall cohort, 0.85 (95% CI 0.48-1.50) in noncarriers from BRCA1 families, and 1.03 (95% CI 0.57-1.87) in noncarriers from BRCA2 families. The SIR for EOC was 0.79 (95% CI 0.20-3.17) in the overall cohort. CONCLUSION Our results did not provide evidence for elevated risks of invasive BC or EOC in BRCA1/BRCA2 predictive test negatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Girardi
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel R Barnes
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Barrowdale
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Debra Frost
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angela F Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Claire Miller
- Cheshire and Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alex Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alan Donaldson
- Clinical Genetics Department, St Michael's Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Alex Murray
- All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - Carole Brewer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | | | - D Gareth Evans
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Division of Evolution and Genomic Science, Manchester University, Manchester Universities NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Diana Eccles
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Fiona Lalloo
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester Universities NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen Gregory
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jackie Cook
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jacqueline Eason
- Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Julian Adlard
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Julian Barwell
- Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Kai Ren Ong
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisa Walker
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Louise Izatt
- Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lucy E Side
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - M John Kennedy
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Trinity College Dublin and St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark T Rogers
- All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mary E Porteous
- South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrick J Morrison
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ros Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, South Glasgow University Hospitals, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katie Snape
- Medical Genetics Unit, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Keegan NM, Walshe JM, Toomey S, Gullo G, Kennedy MJ, Bulger KN, McCaffrey J, Kelly CM, Crown J, Egan K, Kerr J, Teiserskiene A, Hernando A, Parker I, McDermott R, Keane MM, Grogan W, Breathnach OS, Morris PG, Hennessy B. A phase Ib trial of copanlisib and tratuzumab in pretreated recurrent or metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer “PantHER”. J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.15_suppl.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sinead Toomey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - John McCaffrey
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - John Crown
- NSABP/NRG Oncology, and The IIrish Cooperative Oncology Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Keith Egan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Imelda Parker
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - William Grogan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Bryan Hennessy
- Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Wan Y, Zhang Z, Chao R, Norman J, Jung D, Shang C, Li Q, Kennedy MJ, Liang D, Zhang C, Shi JW, Gossard AC, Lau KM, Bowers JE. Monolithically integrated InAs/InGaAs quantum dot photodetectors on silicon substrates. Opt Express 2017; 25:27715-27723. [PMID: 29092242 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.027715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report InAs/InGaAs quantum dot (QD) waveguide photodetectors (PD) monolithically grown on silicon substrates. A high-crystalline quality GaAs-on-Si template was achieved by aspect ratio trapping together with the combined effects of cyclic thermal annealing and strain-balancing layer stacks. An ultra-low dark current of 0.8 nA and an internal responsivity of 0.9 A/W were measured in the O band. We also report, to the best of our knowledge, the first characterization of high-speed performance and the first demonstration of the on-chip photodetection for this QD-on-silicon system. The monolithically integrated waveguide PD shares the same platform as the previously demonstrated micro-ring lasers and can thus be integrated with laser sources for power monitors or amplifiers for pre-amplified receivers.
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17
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Wan Y, Jung D, Norman J, Shang C, MacFarlane I, Li Q, Kennedy MJ, Gossard AC, Lau KM, Bowers JE. O-band electrically injected quantum dot micro-ring lasers on on-axis (001) GaP/Si and V-groove Si. Opt Express 2017; 25:26853-26860. [PMID: 29092170 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.026853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report statistical comparisons of lasing characteristics in InAs quantum dot (QD) micro-rings directly grown on on-axis (001) GaP/Si and V-groove (001) Si substrates. CW thresholds as low as 3 mA and high temperature operation exceeding 80 °C were simultaneously achieved on the GaP/Si template template with an outer-ring radius of 50 µm and a ring width of 4 μm, while a sub-milliamp threshold of 0.6 mA was demonstrated on the V-groove Si template with a smaller cavity size of 5-μm outer-ring radius and 3-μm ring width. Evaluations were also made with devices fabricated simultaneously on native GaAs substrates over a significant sampling analysis. The overall assessment spotlights compelling insights in exploring the optimum epitaxial scheme for low-threshold lasing on industry standard Si substrates.
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18
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Toomey S, Eustace AJ, Fay J, Sheehan KM, Carr A, Milewska M, Madden SF, Teiserskiene A, Kay EW, O'Donovan N, Gallagher W, Grogan L, Breathnach O, Walshe J, Kelly C, Moulton B, Kennedy MJ, Gullo G, Hill AD, Power C, Duke D, Hambly N, Crown J, Hennessy BT. Impact of somatic PI3K pathway and ERBB family mutations on pathological complete response (pCR) in HER2-positive breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant HER2-targeted therapies. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:87. [PMID: 28750640 PMCID: PMC5530949 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis revealed that somatic EGFR, receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 (ERBB2), Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (ERBB3) and Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ERBB4) gene mutations (ERBB family mutations) occur alone or co-occur with somatic mutations in the gene encoding the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunit (PIK3CA) in 19% of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancers. Because ERBB family mutations can activate the PI3K/AKT pathway and likely have similar canonical signalling effects to PI3K pathway mutations, we investigated their combined impact on response to neoadjuvant HER2-targeted therapies. Methods Baseline tumour biopsies were available from 74 patients with HER2-positive breast cancer who were enrolled in the phase II TCHL neoadjuvant study (ICORG 10-05) assessing TCH (docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab) (n = 38) versus TCL (docetaxel, carboplatin, lapatinib) (n = 10) versus TCHL (docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab, lapatinib) (n = 40), each for six cycles. Activating mutations in PIK3CA and ERBB family genes were identified using mass spectrometry-based genotyping. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results PIK3CA and/or ERBB family mutations were detected in 23 (31.1%) tumour samples tested, whereas PTEN expression was low in 31.1% of cases tested. Mutation frequency was similar in each treatment arm (31.3% in TCH arm, 30% in TCL arm and 31.3% in TCHL arm) and was not influenced by oestrogen receptor (ER) status (27.6% in ER-negative patients, 33.3% in ER-positive patients) or progesterone receptor (PR) status (32.6% in PR-negative patients, 29% in PR-positive patients). There was no significant difference in pathological complete response (pCR) rates between 47 patients with wild-type (WT) tumours and 22 patients whose tumours carried mutations (in either PIK3CA or ERBB family genes) (42.5% vs. 54.5%; p = 0.439). Similarly, there was no significant difference in pCR rates between patients with PIK3CA/ERBB family mutated/PTEN-low (i.e., PI3K-activated) tumours and patients without PI3K activation (50% vs. 44%; p = 0.769). However, in the TCHL (but not the TCH) group, the pCR rate was higher for 9 patients with PIK3CA/ERBB family mutated tumours than for 20 patients with PIK3CA/ERBB family WT tumours (77.8% vs. 35%; p = 0.05). Conclusions Our results indicate that patients who receive neoadjuvant TCHL and have PIK3CA/ERBB family mutated tumours may be more likely to have a pCR than patients with WT tumours. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01485926. Registered on 2 December 2011. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0883-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Toomey
- Medical Oncology Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Alexander J Eustace
- Medical Oncology Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Joanna Fay
- Department of Histopathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katherine M Sheehan
- Department of Histopathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Carr
- Medical Oncology Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Malgorzata Milewska
- Medical Oncology Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Stephen F Madden
- Medical Oncology Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | - Elaine W Kay
- Department of Histopathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Norma O'Donovan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William Gallagher
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute,, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Liam Grogan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oscar Breathnach
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Janice Walshe
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Kelly
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - M John Kennedy
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guiseppe Gullo
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arnold D Hill
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons In Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Power
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons In Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Duke
- Department of Radiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Hambly
- Department of Radiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bryan T Hennessy
- Medical Oncology Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 9, Ireland.,Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Earl HM, Hiller L, Howard HC, Dunn JA, Young J, Bowden SJ, McDermaid M, Waterhouse AK, Wilson G, Agrawal R, O'Reilly S, Bowman A, Ritchie DM, Goodman A, Hickish T, McAdam K, Cameron D, Dodwell D, Rea DW, Caldas C, Provenzano E, Abraham JE, Canney P, Crown JP, Kennedy MJ, Coleman R, Leonard RC, Carmichael JA, Wardley AM, Poole CJ. Addition of gemcitabine to paclitaxel, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide adjuvant chemotherapy for women with early-stage breast cancer (tAnGo): final 10-year follow-up of an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:755-769. [PMID: 28479233 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tAnGo trial was designed to investigate the potential role of gemcitabine when added to anthracycline and taxane-containing adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer. When this study was developed, gemcitabine had shown significant activity in metastatic breast cancer, and there was evidence of a favourable interaction with paclitaxel. METHODS tAnGo was an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 superiority trial that enrolled women aged 18 years or older with newly diagnosed, early-stage breast cancer who had a definite indication for chemotherapy, any nodal status, any hormone receptor status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1, and adequate bone marrow, hepatic, and renal function. Women were recruited from 127 clinical centres and hospitals in the UK and Ireland, and randomly assigned (1:1) to one of two treatment regimens: epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel (four cycles of 90 mg/m2 intravenously administered epirubicin and 600 mg/m2 intravenously administered cyclophosphamide on day 1 every 3 weeks, followed by four cycles of 175 mg/m2 paclitaxel as a 3 h infusion on day 1 every 3 weeks) or epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel plus gemcitabine (the same chemotherapy regimen as the other group, with the addition of 1250 mg/m2 gemcitabine to the paclitaxel cycles, administered intravenously as a 0·5 h infusion on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks). Patients were randomly assigned by a central computerised deterministic minimisation procedure, with stratification by country, age, radiotherapy intent, nodal status, and oestrogen receptor and HER-2 status. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival and the trial aimed to detect 5% differences in 5-year disease-free survival between the treatment groups. Recruitment completed in 2004 and this is the final, intention-to-treat analysis. This trial is registered with EudraCT (2004-002927-41), ISRCTN (51146252), and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00039546). FINDINGS Between Aug 22, 2001, and Nov 26, 2004, 3152 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine (gemcitabine group; n=1576) or to epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel (control group; n=1576). 11 patients (six in the gemcitabine group and five in the control group) were ineligible because of pre-existing metastases and were therefore excluded from the analysis. At this protocol-specified final analysis (median follow-up 10 years [IQR 10-10]), 1087 disease-free survival events and 914 deaths had occurred. Disease-free survival did not differ significantly between the treatment groups at 10 years (65% [63-68] in the gemcitabine group vs 65% [62-67] in the control group), and median disease-free survival was not reached (adjusted hazard ratio 0·97 [95% CI 0·86-1·10], p=0·64). Toxicity, dose intensity, and a detailed safety substudy showed both regimens to be safe, deliverable, and tolerable. Grade 3 and 4 toxicities were reported at expected levels in both groups. The most common were neutropenia (527 [34%] of 1565 patients in the gemcitabine group vs 412 [26%] of 1567 in the control group), myalgia and arthralgia (207 [13%] vs 186 [12%]), fatigue (207 [13%] vs 152 [10%]), infection (202 [13%] vs 141 [9%]), vomiting (143 [9%] vs 108 [7%]), and nausea (132 [8%] vs 102 [7%]). INTERPRETATION The addition of gemcitabine to anthracycline and taxane-based adjuvant chemotherapy at this dose and schedule confers no therapeutic advantage in terms of disease-free survival in early breast cancer, although it can cause increased toxicity. Therefore, gemcitabine has not been added to standard adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer for any subgroup. FUNDING Cancer Research UK core funding for Clinical Trials Unit at the University of Birmingham, Eli Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Pfizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Earl
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK; NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Breast Cancer Research Unit, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Louise Hiller
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Helen C Howard
- Leeds Institute for Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Janet A Dunn
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jennie Young
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU), Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah J Bowden
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU), Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michelle McDermaid
- Scottish Clinical Trials Research Unit, NHS Natio nal Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna K Waterhouse
- Leeds Institute for Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Rajiv Agrawal
- Department of Oncology, Shrewsbury & Telford Hospitals NHS Trust, Shrewsbury, UK
| | - Susan O'Reilly
- Department of Oncology, Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, UK
| | - Angela Bowman
- Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Diana M Ritchie
- Department of Oncology, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew Goodman
- Exeter Oncology Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Tamas Hickish
- Department of Oncology, Poole Hospital, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust/Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, UK
| | - Karen McAdam
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Edith Cavell Campus, Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Peterborough, UK
| | - David Cameron
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Dodwell
- Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel W Rea
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU), Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK; NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Breast Cancer Research Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elena Provenzano
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK; Department of Histopathology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean E Abraham
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK; NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Breast Cancer Research Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Canney
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit (CaCTUS), Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - John P Crown
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Robert Coleman
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robert C Leonard
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher J Poole
- Arden Cancer Research Centre, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
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Keegan NM, Toomey S, Fay J, Madden SF, Moran B, Milewska M, Das S, O'Connor D, Kennedy MJ, Power C, Hill AD, Egan K, Teiserskiene A, Kay E, Crown J, Eustace AJ, Hennessy B. Effect of TCHL-based therapy on immune cell content in on-treatment, neoadjuvant-treated HER2-positive breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
583 Background: In the TCHL trial (NCT01485926) 78 women with HER2-positive breast cancer (BC) underwent neo-adjuvant treatment with either TCH (Docetaxel, Carboplatin, Trastuzumab) or TCHL (TCH + Lapatinib) therapy. Of the 78 patients, 24 consented to an optional on-treatment biopsy 20 days after 1 cycle of therapy. We analysed the impact of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) on pathological complete response (pCR) and also determined the impact of TCH/TCHL therapy on immune cell modulation after 20 days of treatment. Methods: We assessed TIL and stromal lymphocytes (SL) counts using immunohistochemical staining with Haemotoxalyin+Eosin, AE1/AE3 and CD45 in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) baseline biopsy samples and in fresh frozen (FF) biopsies taken 20-days post cycle 1 (Day-20) of TCH/TCHL. RNA libraries were generated, using the Truseq mRNA library prep kit on the Neoprep platform and sequenced on the NextSeq 500. We measured the transcriptomic profile of 8 pre and on-treatment sample pairs and then used the Microenvironment Cell Populations (MCP)-counter method to measure the abundance of 10 immune cell populations (T cells, CD8 T cells, cytotoxic lymphocytes, NK cells, B lineage, myeloid dendritic cells, neutrophils, endothelial cells and fibroblasts). Results: We found that higher baseline levels of TILs (p = 0.045) but not SL were associated with an increased likelihood of a patient achieving a pCR to TCH/L based therapy. We found in day 20 on-treatment biopsies of women that subsequently went onto have a pCR that levels of SLs but not TILs were significantly higher (p = 0.049) than in those women who did not have a pCR. Finally we found significant increases in the level of monocytes (p = 0.05) and fibroblasts (p = 0.01), but not other immune cell populations, in the day 20 on-treatment biopsies in comparison with the mutated pre-treatment biopsies. Conclusions: In our study baseline TILs but not SLs have a predictive role in the likelihood of a patient achieving a pCR. We also found that TCHL based therapy significantly altered both monocytes and fibroblasts, indicating a possible role for these immune subtypes in response to TCHL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinead Toomey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Fay
- Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen F. Madden
- Population Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Sudipto Das
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darran O'Connor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Colm Power
- LRCP and SI MB BCh NUI, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arnold D. Hill
- Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Keith Egan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Elaine Kay
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Pathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- Irish Cooperative Oncology Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alex J Eustace
- Medical Oncology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bryan Hennessy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Cahir C, Dombrowski SU, Kennedy MJ, Sharp L, Bennett K. Developing and validating a theoretical measure of modifiable influences on hormonal therapy medication taking behaviour in women with breast cancer. Psychol Health 2017; 32:1308-1326. [PMID: 28276740 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2017.1296151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Taking adjuvant hormonal therapy for 5-10 years is recommended to prevent breast cancer recurrence in those with oestrogen positive disease. Despite proven clinical efficacy many women do not take their hormonal therapy as prescribed. This study reports the development and initial validation of a questionnaire measuring the behavioural determinants of hormonal therapy medication taking behaviour (MTB) based on the theoretical domains framework (TDF). DESIGN Women with Stage I-III breast cancer (N = 223) completed the questionnaire based on the TDF. The TDF is an integrative framework consisting of 14 domains of behaviour change determinants to inform intervention design. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Items were developed from previous research, in-depth patient interviews and consultation with health professionals. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was undertaken to generate the model of best fit. RESULTS The final questionnaire consisted of eight domains and CFA produced a reasonable fit (χ2(810) = 942, p < .001; RMSEA = .03; CFI = .93 and WRMR = .91) as well as internal consistency (r = .16 to .64). There were adequate levels of discriminant validity for the majority of the domains. CONCLUSIONS A TDF-based measure of the behavioural determinants of MTB was developed. Further research is needed to confirm the reliability and validity of this measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona Cahir
- a Division of Population Health Sciences , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | | | - M John Kennedy
- c Medical Oncology, St James's Hospital, Ireland and Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Linda Sharp
- d Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University , Newcastle , UK
| | - Kathleen Bennett
- a Division of Population Health Sciences , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
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22
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Norman J, Kennedy MJ, Selvidge J, Li Q, Wan Y, Liu AY, Callahan PG, Echlin MP, Pollock TM, Lau KM, Gossard AC, Bowers JE. Electrically pumped continuous wave quantum dot lasers epitaxially grown on patterned, on-axis (001) Si. Opt Express 2017; 25:3927-3934. [PMID: 28241602 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.003927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
High performance III-V lasers at datacom and telecom wavelengths on on-axis (001) Si are needed for scalable datacenter interconnect technologies. We demonstrate electrically injected quantum dot lasers grown on on-axis (001) Si patterned with {111} v-grooves lying in the [110] direction. No additional Ge buffers or substrate miscut was used. The active region consists of five InAs/InGaAs dot-in-a-well layers. We achieve continuous wave lasing with thresholds as low as 36 mA and operation up to 80°C.
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Tran MA, Komljenovic T, Hulme JC, Kennedy MJ, Blumenthal DJ, Bowers JE. Integrated optical driver for interferometric optical gyroscopes. Opt Express 2017; 25:3826-3840. [PMID: 28241594 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the first chip-scale "integrated optical driver" (IOD) that can interrogate with a sensing coil to realize an interferometric optical gyroscope. The chip comprises a light source, three photodiodes, two phase modulators and two 3-dB couplers within an area of 4.5 mm2. This allows for a significant reduction in size, weight, power consumption and cost of optical gyroscopes.
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McGarrigle SA, Guinan EM, Hussey J, O'Sullivan J, Boyle T, Hanhauser Y, Al-azawi D, Kennedy MJ, Gallagher DJ, Connolly EM. Abstract P3-09-02: Unhealthy lifestyle patterns are prevalent in unaffected BRCA mutation carriers & are associated with increased oxidative stress and telomere length alterations. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-p3-09-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The lifetime-risk of breast-cancer is greatly increased in women carrying a deleterious mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Recently, there has been increased penetrance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations which may be due to lifestyle influences.
There is a need to identify approaches to reduce the penetrance of BRCA 1/2 mutations. Understanding how modifiable lifestyle-factors affect cancer-risk in BRCA-mutation carriers may have implications for risk-reduction in this group. At the molecular level, oxidative-stress and telomere dysfunction are early events in cancer development and these processes may be considered surrogate markers of cancer-risk. It has been reported that BRCA-mutation carriers are more susceptible to these pro-carcinogenic processes that non-carriers.
The aim of this pilot study was to objectively measure lifestyle factors in unaffected BRCA-mutation carriers and to assess the impact of these lifestyle-factors on oxidative-stress profiles and telomere length.
Participants (n=75) were recruited from breast-cancer family-risk clinics and cancer-genetics clinics. Body-composition (BMI, waist-circumference), metabolic profiles and physical-activity (triaxial accelerometry) were measured for each participant. Serum levels of the oxidative-stress markers 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-DG) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were measured in a subset of participants (n=30) by ELISA. Telomere length was measured in a subset of participants (n=30) by quantitative PCR (qPCR).
Participants demonstrated poor adherence to physical-activity guidelines with 94% not reaching physical-activity levels recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine. The majority of participants were overweight (39%) or obese (32%) with 73% exhibiting abdominal obesity. 21% of participants had the metabolic syndrome (MetS) at the time of study enrolment with the majority of participants (80%) presenting with at least one feature of the MetS. Circulating levels of 8-oxo-DG did not appear to be affected by body composition or MetS status, however, serum levels of the lipid peroxidation marker 4-HNE were significantly higher in participants with the MetS (p < 0.0001). Correlation of serum 4-HNE levels with individual features of the MetS and related parameters revealed significant direct correlations with waist circumference (p = 0.02), number of features of MetS (p = 0.0007), insulin (p = 0.02) insulin resistance score (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.01), HBA1c (p = 0.006), glucose (p = 0.048) and triglycerides (p <0.0001). Age-adjusted telomere length was not influenced by anthropometric measurements or MetS status in this group. Moderate physical activity levels were inversely associated with age-adjusted telomere length; particularly, among post-menopausal participants (p =0.009).
This work has provided compelling evidence that in this cohort of BRCA-mutation carriers, unhealthy lifestyle-patterns are prevalent. In addition, these results suggest that the potential may exist to modify pro-carcinogenic processes in this cohort by modifying physical activity levels and targeting the metabolic syndrome and its component features lifestyle interventions and/or medication.The lifetime-risk of breast-cancer is greatly increased in women carrying a deleterious mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Recently, there has been increased penetrance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations which may be due to lifestyle influences.
There is a need to identify approaches to reduce the penetrance of BRCA 1/2 mutations. Understanding how modifiable lifestyle-factors affect cancer-risk in BRCA-mutation carriers may have implications for risk-reduction in this group. At the molecular level, oxidative-stress and telomere dysfunction are early events in cancer development and these processes may be considered surrogate markers of cancer-risk. It has been reported that BRCA-mutation carriers are more susceptible to these pro-carcinogenic processes that non-carriers.
The aim of this pilot study was to objectively measure lifestyle factors in unaffected BRCA-mutation carriers and to assess the impact of these lifestyle-factors on oxidative-stress profiles and telomere length.
Participants (n=75) were recruited from breast-cancer family-risk clinics and cancer-genetics clinics. Body-composition (BMI, waist-circumference), metabolic profiles and physical-activity (triaxial accelerometry) were measured for each participant. Serum levels of the oxidative-stress markers 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-DG) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were measured in a subset of participants (n=30) by ELISA. Telomere length was measured in a subset of participants (n=30) by quantitative PCR (qPCR).
Participants demonstrated poor adherence to physical-activity guidelines with 94% not reaching physical-activity levels recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine. The majority of participants were overweight (39%) or obese (32%) with 73% exhibiting abdominal obesity. 21% of participants had the metabolic syndrome (MetS) at the time of study enrolment with the majority of participants (80%) presenting with at least one feature of the MetS. Circulating levels of 8-oxo-DG did not appear to be affected by body composition or MetS status, however, serum levels of the lipid peroxidation marker 4-HNE were significantly higher in participants with the MetS (p < 0.0001). Correlation of serum 4-HNE levels with individual features of the MetS and related parameters revealed significant direct correlations with waist circumference (p = 0.02), number of features of MetS (p = 0.0007), insulin (p = 0.02) insulin resistance score (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.01), HBA1c (p = 0.006), glucose (p = 0.048) and triglycerides (p <0.0001). Age-adjusted telomere length was not influenced by anthropometric measurements or MetS status in this group. Moderate physical activity levels were inversely associated with age-adjusted telomere length; particularly, among post-menopausal participants (p =0.009).
This work has provided compelling evidence that in this cohort of BRCA-mutation carriers, unhealthy lifestyle-patterns are prevalent. In addition, these results suggest that the potential may exist to modify pro-carcinogenic processes in this cohort by modifying physical activity levels and targeting the metabolic syndrome and its component features lifestyle interventions and/or medication.
Citation Format: McGarrigle SA, Guinan EM, Hussey J, O'Sullivan J, Boyle T, Hanhauser Y, Al-azawi D, Kennedy MJ, Gallagher DJ, Connolly EM. Unhealthy lifestyle patterns are prevalent in unaffected BRCA mutation carriers & are associated with increased oxidative stress and telomere length alterations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-09-02.
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Affiliation(s)
- SA McGarrigle
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - EM Guinan
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Hussey
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J O'Sullivan
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T Boyle
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Y Hanhauser
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Al-azawi
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - MJ Kennedy
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - DJ Gallagher
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - EM Connolly
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Keegan NM, Milewski M, Kelly CM, Murphy V, Chao C, Walsh J, Kennedy MJ, O'Connor M, Murphy C, O'Reilly S, Keane M, Duffy K, Hennessy B, Morris PG. Abstract OT3-04-03: The impact of the 21 gene recurrence score (RS) on chemotherapy prescribing in estrogen receptor (ER) positive, lymph node positive early stage breast cancer in Ireland. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-ot3-04-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
For Estrogen Receptor (ER) positive, early stage breast cancer, the 21 gene Recurrence Score (RS) has clinical use both as a prognostic tool and to predict chemotherapy benefit. The availability of this tool in Ireland has led to a reduction in the use of adjuvant chemotherapy for women with lymph node (LN) negative disease. However, the RS is not routinely funded for patients with LN positive (LN+) breast cancer in Ireland. In addition, there are limited international data on the use of this tool in the preoperative setting. In this prospective observational study, we are investigating whether access to the 21 gene RS leads to a reduction in the receipt of chemotherapy for patients with ER+, LN+ breast cancer, and to correlate the 21 gene RS with response to preoperative systemic therapy.
TRIAL DESIGN
This is a national, multi-site, prospective, observational study that will examine the impact of the 21 gene RS on chemotherapy recommendations in both the neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting. Prior to and following tumor testing with the 21 gene RS, Physicians will complete a questionnaire which details type and strength of systemic therapy recommendations.
ELIGIBILITY
Cohort 1 (postoperative) will include patients with ER+ tumors of any size with involvement of 1-3 lymph nodes (N1 including micrometastases). Cohort 2 (preoperative) will include patients with ER+, T2-T4 tumors with biopsy proven nodal metastases. Both cohorts will have ECOG PS 0 or 1 and be fit for consideration of chemotherapy as determined by the Investigator.
SPECIFIC AIMS
The primary endpoint is the percentage reduction in the number of patients for whom treating physicians recommend chemotherapy after testing with 21 gene RS. Secondary endpoints include the correlation between the 21 gene RS and residual cancer burden score, as well as pathological, clinical and radiological response rates. The economic impact of the 21 gene RS in ER+, LN+ will also be assessed.
STATISTICAL METHODS
The sample size is based on similar decision impact studies conducted in other countries. Physician recommendations for chemotherapy pre 21-gene RS and recommendations post 21-gene RS testing will be compared and percentage change estimated with 95% confidence intervals. For secondary endpoints, the Pearson correlation coefficient (rho) will be used to examine the strength of the correlation between the 21 gene RS category and response. A budget impact model will be used to estimate the cost reduction in adjuvant chemotherapy as a result of 21-gene RS testing.
PRESENT ACCRUAL AND TARGET ACCRUAL
Target accrual is 75 in each of the neoadjuvant and adjuvant cohorts to total 150 patients.
Supported by Genomic Health.
Citation Format: Keegan NM, Milewski M, Kelly CM, Murphy V, Chao C, Walsh J, Kennedy MJ, O'Connor M, Murphy C, O'Reilly S, Keane M, Duffy K, Hennessy B, Morris PG. The impact of the 21 gene recurrence score (RS) on chemotherapy prescribing in estrogen receptor (ER) positive, lymph node positive early stage breast cancer in Ireland [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT3-04-03.
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Affiliation(s)
- NM Keegan
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Milewski
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - CM Kelly
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - V Murphy
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Chao
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Walsh
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - MJ Kennedy
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M O'Connor
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Murphy
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S O'Reilly
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Keane
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K Duffy
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Hennessy
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - PG Morris
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Genomic Health, Ireland; St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland; Bon Secours, Cork, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Ireland; University College Hospital Galway, Ireland; Letterkenny General Hospital, Ireland; AMNCH and St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Klaebe RM, Kennedy MJ, Jarrett AJM, Brocks JJ. Local paleoenvironmental controls on the carbon-isotope record defining the Bitter Springs Anomaly. Geobiology 2017; 15:65-80. [PMID: 27718318 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Large magnitude (>10‰) carbon-isotope (δ13 C) excursions recorded in carbonate-bearing sediments are increasingly used to monitor environmental change and constrain the chronology of the critical interval in the Neoproterozoic stratigraphic record that is timed with the first appearance and radiation of metazoan life. The ~10‰ Bitter Springs Anomaly preserved in Tonian-aged (1000-720 Ma) carbonate rocks in the Amadeus Basin of central Australia has been offered as one of the best preserved examples of a primary marine δ13 C excursion because it is regionally reproducible and δ13 C values covary in organic and carbonate carbon arguing against diagenetic exchange. However, here we show that δ13 C values defining the excursion coincide with abrupt lithofacies changes between regularly cyclic grainstone and microbial carbonates, and desiccated red bed mudstones with interbedded evaporite and dolomite deposits, recording local environmental shifts from restricted marine conditions to alkaline lacustrine and playa settings that preserve negative (-4‰) and positive (+6‰) δ13 C values, respectively. The stratigraphic δ13 C pattern in both organic and carbonate carbon recurs within the basin in a similar way to associated sedimentary facies, reflecting the linkage of local paleoenvironmental conditions and δ13 C values. These local excursions may be time transgressive or record a relative sea-level influence manifest through exposure of sub-basins isolated by sea-level fall below shallow sills, but are independent of secular seawater variation. As the shallow intracratonic setting of the Bitter Springs Formation is typical of other Neoproterozoic carbonate successions used to construct the present δ13 C seawater record, it identifies the potential for local influences on δ13 C excursions that are neither diagenetic nor representative of the global exogenic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Klaebe
- Sprigg Geobiology Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M J Kennedy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A J M Jarrett
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - J J Brocks
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Toomey S, Eustace AJ, Fay J, Milewska M, Teiserkiene A, Kay E, O'Connor D, Young LS, O'Donovan N, Grogan W, Breathnach OS, Walshe JM, Kennedy MJ, Hill AD, Power C, Duke D, Hambly N, Gallagher WM, Crown J, Hennessy B. Impact of somatic PIK3CA and ERBB family mutations on pathological complete reponse (pCR) in HER2-positive breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant HER2-targeted therapies. J Clin Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.34.15_suppl.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Toomey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alex J Eustace
- Medical Oncology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Fay
- Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Elaine Kay
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Centre for Systems Medicine, Department of Pathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Leonie S Young
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Norma O'Donovan
- Molecular Therapeutics for Cancer Ireland, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William Grogan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Arnold D. Hill
- Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Power
- LRCP & SI MB BCh NUI, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - John Crown
- Irish Cooperative Oncology Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bryan Hennessy
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Centre for Systems Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Dublin, Ireland
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28
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Eustace AJ, Toomey S, Fay J, Teiserkiene A, Milewska M, Kay E, O'Connor D, Fagan A, Young LS, O'Donovan N, Walshe JM, Hill AD, Kennedy MJ, Power C, Duke D, Hambly N, Gallagher WM, Crown J, Hennessy B. The clinical impact of early immunological responses in human HER2-positive breast cancers on responsiveness to trastuzumab-based therapy. J Clin Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.34.15_suppl.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Eustace
- Medical Oncology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Toomey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Fay
- Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Elaine Kay
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Centre for Systems Medicine, Department of Pathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Ailis Fagan
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leonie S Young
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Norma O'Donovan
- Molecular Therapeutics for Cancer Ireland, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Arnold D. Hill
- Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Colm Power
- LRCP & SI MB BCh NUI, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - John Crown
- Irish Cooperative Oncology Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bryan Hennessy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Battley JE, Beamish R, O'Connor M, Murphy V, Stockunas A, Murphy CG, Bird BR, O'Mahony D, Ismail JR, Duffy KA, Walshe JM, Crowne JP, Martin MJ, Kelly CM, Kennedy MJ, Coate L, Brian H, Keane M, O'Reilly S. PO145 ICORG 13-01 ABC SURVEY: ARE WE MEETING THE NEEDS OF PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED BREAST CANCER (ABC) IN IRELAND? A NATIONWIDE SURVEY. Breast 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9776(15)30157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Castro E, Goh C, Leongamornlert D, Saunders E, Tymrakiewicz M, Dadaev T, Govindasami K, Guy M, Ellis S, Frost D, Bancroft E, Cole T, Tischkowitz M, Kennedy MJ, Eason J, Brewer C, Evans DG, Davidson R, Eccles D, Porteous ME, Douglas F, Adlard J, Donaldson A, Antoniou AC, Kote-Jarai Z, Easton DF, Olmos D, Eeles R. Effect of BRCA Mutations on Metastatic Relapse and Cause-specific Survival After Radical Treatment for Localised Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2015; 68:186-93. [PMID: 25454609 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline BRCA mutations are associated with worse prostate cancer (PCa) outcomes; however, the most appropriate management for mutation carriers has not yet been investigated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the response of BRCA carriers to conventional treatments for localised PCa by analysing metastasis-free survival (MFS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) following radical prostatectomy (RP) or external-beam radiation therapy (RT). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Tumour features and outcomes of 1302 patients with local/locally advanced PCa (including 67 BRCA mutation carriers) were analysed. RP was undergone by 535 patients (35 BRCA); 767 received RT (32 BRCA). Median follow-up was 64 mo. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Median survival and 3-, 5-, and 10-yr survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Generated survival curves were compared using the log-rank test. Cox regression analyses were used to assess the prognostic value of BRCA mutations. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS A total of 67 BRCA carriers and 1235 noncarriers were included. At 3, 5, and 10 yr after treatment, 97%, 94%, and 84% of noncarriers and 90%, 72%, and 50% of carriers were free from metastasis (p<0.001). The 3-, 5- and 10-yr CSS rates were significantly better in the noncarrier cohort (99%, 97%, and 85%, respectively) than in carriers (96%, 76%, and 61%, respectively; p<0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed BRCA mutations as an independent prognostic factor for MFS (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38-4.03; p=0.002) and CSS (HR: 2.17; 95% CI, 1.16-4.07; p=0.016). CONCLUSIONS BRCA carriers had worse outcomes than noncarriers when conventionally treated for local/locally advanced PCa. PATIENT SUMMARY Prostate cancer patients with germline BRCA mutations had worse outcomes than noncarriers when conventionally treated with surgery or radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Castro
- Prostate Cancer Unit, Clinical Research Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK.
| | - Chee Goh
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Daniel Leongamornlert
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Ed Saunders
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Malgorzata Tymrakiewicz
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Tokhir Dadaev
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Koveela Govindasami
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Michelle Guy
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Steve Ellis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Debra Frost
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bancroft
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Trevor Cole
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M John Kennedy
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacqueline Eason
- Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Carole Brewer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diana Eccles
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Mary E Porteous
- South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fiona Douglas
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Alan Donaldson
- Clinical Genetics Department, St. Michael's Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Olmos
- Prostate Cancer Unit, Clinical Research Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
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Conroy J, Ennis S, Nolan C, Clarke RM, Berkley E, Alazawi D, Connolly EM, Boyle T, Kennedy MJ, Gallagher DJ. Exome sequencing of an Irish familial breast cancer family. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Ennis
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C. Nolan
- St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Harrold E, Keegan N, Kelly CM, Conlon S, O'Leary CG, Collins R, Walshe JM, Kennedy MJ, O'Reilly S. Low oncotype recurrence score (RS) and poor clinical outcomes: An irish multicentre experience. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e11586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Niamh Keegan
- Waterford University Hospital, Waterford, Ireland
| | | | - Susie Conlon
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Blein S, Bardel C, Danjean V, McGuffog L, Healey S, Barrowdale D, Lee A, Dennis J, Kuchenbaecker KB, Soucy P, Terry MB, Chung WK, Goldgar DE, Buys SS, Janavicius R, Tihomirova L, Tung N, Dorfling CM, van Rensburg EJ, Neuhausen SL, Ding YC, Gerdes AM, Ejlertsen B, Nielsen FC, Hansen TVO, Osorio A, Benitez J, Conejero RA, Segota E, Weitzel JN, Thelander M, Peterlongo P, Radice P, Pensotti V, Dolcetti R, Bonanni B, Peissel B, Zaffaroni D, Scuvera G, Manoukian S, Varesco L, Capone GL, Papi L, Ottini L, Yannoukakos D, Konstantopoulou I, Garber J, Hamann U, Donaldson A, Brady A, Brewer C, Foo C, Evans DG, Frost D, Eccles D, Douglas F, Cook J, Adlard J, Barwell J, Walker L, Izatt L, Side LE, Kennedy MJ, Tischkowitz M, Rogers MT, Porteous ME, Morrison PJ, Platte R, Eeles R, Davidson R, Hodgson S, Cole T, Godwin AK, Isaacs C, Claes K, De Leeneer K, Meindl A, Gehrig A, Wappenschmidt B, Sutter C, Engel C, Niederacher D, Steinemann D, Plendl H, Kast K, Rhiem K, Ditsch N, Arnold N, Varon-Mateeva R, Schmutzler RK, Preisler-Adams S, Markov NB, Wang-Gohrke S, de Pauw A, Lefol C, Lasset C, Leroux D, Rouleau E, Damiola F, Dreyfus H, Barjhoux L, Golmard L, Uhrhammer N, Bonadona V, Sornin V, Bignon YJ, Carter J, Van Le L, Piedmonte M, DiSilvestro PA, de la Hoya M, Caldes T, Nevanlinna H, Aittomäki K, Jager A, van den Ouweland AMW, Kets CM, Aalfs CM, van Leeuwen FE, Hogervorst FBL, Meijers-Heijboer HEJ, Oosterwijk JC, van Roozendaal KEP, Rookus MA, Devilee P, van der Luijt RB, Olah E, Diez O, Teulé A, Lazaro C, Blanco I, Del Valle J, Jakubowska A, Sukiennicki G, Gronwald J, Lubinski J, Durda K, Jaworska-Bieniek K, Agnarsson BA, Maugard C, Amadori A, Montagna M, Teixeira MR, Spurdle AB, Foulkes W, Olswold C, Lindor NM, Pankratz VS, Szabo CI, Lincoln A, Jacobs L, Corines M, Robson M, Vijai J, Berger A, Fink-Retter A, Singer CF, Rappaport C, Kaulich DG, Pfeiler G, Tea MK, Greene MH, Mai PL, Rennert G, Imyanitov EN, Mulligan AM, Glendon G, Andrulis IL, Tchatchou S, Toland AE, Pedersen IS, Thomassen M, Kruse TA, Jensen UB, Caligo MA, Friedman E, Zidan J, Laitman Y, Lindblom A, Melin B, Arver B, Loman N, Rosenquist R, Olopade OI, Nussbaum RL, Ramus SJ, Nathanson KL, Domchek SM, Rebbeck TR, Arun BK, Mitchell G, Karlan BY, Lester J, Orsulic S, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Thomas G, Simard J, Couch FJ, Offit K, Easton DF, Chenevix-Trench G, Antoniou AC, Mazoyer S, Phelan CM, Sinilnikova OM, Cox DG. An original phylogenetic approach identified mitochondrial haplogroup T1a1 as inversely associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:61. [PMID: 25925750 PMCID: PMC4478717 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals carrying pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a high lifetime risk of breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in DNA double-strand break repair, DNA alterations that can be caused by exposure to reactive oxygen species, a main source of which are mitochondria. Mitochondrial genome variations affect electron transport chain efficiency and reactive oxygen species production. Individuals with different mitochondrial haplogroups differ in their metabolism and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Variability in mitochondrial genetic background can alter reactive oxygen species production, leading to cancer risk. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial haplogroups modify breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. METHODS We genotyped 22,214 (11,421 affected, 10,793 unaffected) mutation carriers belonging to the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 for 129 mitochondrial polymorphisms using the iCOGS array. Haplogroup inference and association detection were performed using a phylogenetic approach. ALTree was applied to explore the reference mitochondrial evolutionary tree and detect subclades enriched in affected or unaffected individuals. RESULTS We discovered that subclade T1a1 was depleted in affected BRCA2 mutation carriers compared with the rest of clade T (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34 to 0.88; P = 0.01). Compared with the most frequent haplogroup in the general population (that is, H and T clades), the T1a1 haplogroup has a HR of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.95; P = 0.03). We also identified three potential susceptibility loci, including G13708A/rs28359178, which has demonstrated an inverse association with familial breast cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates how original approaches such as the phylogeny-based method we used can empower classical molecular epidemiological studies aimed at identifying association or risk modification effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Blein
- />INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- />Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- />Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claire Bardel
- />Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- />Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- />UMR CNRS 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE), “Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive”, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment Grégor Mendel, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, cedex France
| | - Vincent Danjean
- />Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5217, Laboratoire d’Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), équipe-projet Multi-programmation et Ordonnancement sur ressources pour les Applications Interactives de Simulation (MOAIS), 38041 Grenoble, France
- />INRIA Rhône-Alpes, équipe-projet MOAIS, 38334 Saint Ismier, Cedex France
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sue Healey
- />Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel Barrowdale
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Lee
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joe Dennis
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karoline B Kuchenbaecker
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Penny Soucy
- />Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Charlesbourg, PQ Canada
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- />Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- />Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
- />Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
| | - David E Goldgar
- />Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Saundra S Buys
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Breast Cancer Family Registry
- />Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite 300, Fremont, CA 94538 USA
| | - Ramunas Janavicius
- />Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
- />Department of Molecular and Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Innovative Medicine, State Research Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Laima Tihomirova
- />Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rātsupītes iela 1, Rīga, LV-1067 Latvia
| | - Nadine Tung
- />Division of Hematology Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Shapiro 9, Boston, MA 02215-5400 USA
| | - Cecilia M Dorfling
- />Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth J van Rensburg
- />Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- />Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Yuan Chun Ding
- />Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Anne-Marie Gerdes
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Ejlertsen
- />Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn C Nielsen
- />Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas VO Hansen
- />Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Osorio
- />Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- />Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Benitez
- />Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- />Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Andrés Conejero
- />Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Avenida San Juan Bosco, 15, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ena Segota
- />Holy Cross Hospital, Michael and Dianne Bienes Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL USA
- />Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Jeffrey N Weitzel
- />Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope (for the Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network), City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Margo Thelander
- />John Muir Medical Center, Walnut Creek, CA, USA; c/o Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- />Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Radice
- />Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Pensotti
- />Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope (for the Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network), City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
- />Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- />Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- />Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Bernard Peissel
- />Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Zaffaroni
- />Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulietta Scuvera
- />Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- />Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Liliana Varesco
- />Unit of Hereditary Cancer, Department of Epidemiology, Prevention and Special Functions, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria “San Martino” di Genova, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriele L Capone
- />FiorGen Foundation for Pharmacogenomics, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- />Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Papi
- />Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Ottini
- />Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Drakoulis Yannoukakos
- />Department of Medical Oncology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irene Konstantopoulou
- />Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Judy Garber
- />Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Ute Hamann
- />Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alan Donaldson
- />Clinical Genetics Department, St Michael’s Hospital, Southwell Street, Bristol, BS2 8EG UK
| | - Angela Brady
- />North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow, UK
| | - Carole Brewer
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW UK
| | - Claire Foo
- />Merseyside and Cheshire Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Crown Street, Liverpool, Merseyside L8 7SS UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- />Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Debra Frost
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Diana Eccles
- />Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Mailpoint 801, South Academic Block, PAH/G/MP105, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - EMBRACE
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Fiona Douglas
- />Institute of Human Genetics, Northern Genetic Service, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4EP UK
| | - Jackie Cook
- />Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julian Adlard
- />Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Old Medical School, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX UK
| | - Julian Barwell
- />Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE1 5WW UK
| | - Lisa Walker
- />Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE UK
| | - Louise Izatt
- />Clinical Genetics Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, 7th floor, Borough Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Lucy E Side
- />North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Barclay House, 37, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BH UK
| | - M John Kennedy
- />North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Barclay House, 37, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BH UK
- />Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- />Medical Oncology Service, St James’s Hospital, James’s Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Level 6, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Mark T Rogers
- />All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW UK
| | - Mary E Porteous
- />South East Scotland Regional Genetic Service, Western General Hospital, David Brock Building, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Patrick J Morrison
- />Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK
- />Department of Medical Genetics, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB UK
| | - Radka Platte
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Ros Eeles
- />Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP UK
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- />Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Block 4, Glasgow, G3 8SJ UK
| | - Shirley Hodgson
- />South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Department of Medical Genetics, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Trevor Cole
- />West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG UK
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- />Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Claudine Isaacs
- />Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057 USA
| | - Kathleen Claes
- />Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim De Leeneer
- />Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alfons Meindl
- />Division of Tumor Genetics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Gehrig
- />Center of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Department of Medical Genetics, Institut für Humangenetik, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Wappenschmidt
- />Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cancer Center Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- />Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Sutter
- />Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- />Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dieter Niederacher
- />Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Doris Steinemann
- />Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Pathology and Forensic and Genetic Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hansjoerg Plendl
- />Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Kast
- />Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rhiem
- />Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cancer Center Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- />Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Ditsch
- />Division of Tumor Genetics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert Arnold
- />Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Raymonda Varon-Mateeva
- />Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité Berlin – Universtitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita K Schmutzler
- />Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cancer Center Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- />Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- />German Consortium of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (GC-HBOC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Preisler-Adams
- />Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Münster, Vesaliusweg 12-14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nadja Bogdanova Markov
- />Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Münster, Vesaliusweg 12-14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Shan Wang-Gohrke
- />Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Antoine de Pauw
- />Department of Tumour Biology, Institut Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm 75248, Paris, cedex 05 France
| | - Cédrick Lefol
- />Department of Tumour Biology, Institut Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm 75248, Paris, cedex 05 France
| | - Christine Lasset
- />UMR CNRS 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE), “Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive”, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment Grégor Mendel, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, cedex France
- />Unité de Prévention et d’Épidémiologie Génétique, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laenned, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Leroux
- />Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, CS 10217, 38043, Grenoble, cedex 9 France
- />Institut Albert Bonniot – Inserm U823, Université Joseph Fourier, Rond-point de la Chantourne, 38706 La Tronche, France
| | - Etienne Rouleau
- />Laboratoire d’Oncogénétique, Hôpital René Huguenin, Institut Curie, 35 rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Francesca Damiola
- />INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - GEMO Study Collaborators
- />INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- />Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- />Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- />UMR CNRS 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE), “Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive”, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment Grégor Mendel, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, cedex France
- />Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5217, Laboratoire d’Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), équipe-projet Multi-programmation et Ordonnancement sur ressources pour les Applications Interactives de Simulation (MOAIS), 38041 Grenoble, France
- />INRIA Rhône-Alpes, équipe-projet MOAIS, 38334 Saint Ismier, Cedex France
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- />Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Australia
- />Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Charlesbourg, PQ Canada
- />Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
- />Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
- />Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- />Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite 300, Fremont, CA 94538 USA
- />Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
- />Department of Molecular and Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Innovative Medicine, State Research Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
- />Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rātsupītes iela 1, Rīga, LV-1067 Latvia
- />Division of Hematology Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Shapiro 9, Boston, MA 02215-5400 USA
- />Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa
- />Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- />Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- />Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- />Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- />Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- />Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Avenida San Juan Bosco, 15, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- />Holy Cross Hospital, Michael and Dianne Bienes Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL USA
- />Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope (for the Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network), City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
- />John Muir Medical Center, Walnut Creek, CA, USA; c/o Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
- />Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
- />Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
- />Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
- />Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- />Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- />Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
- />Unit of Hereditary Cancer, Department of Epidemiology, Prevention and Special Functions, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria “San Martino” di Genova, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- />FiorGen Foundation for Pharmacogenomics, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- />Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- />Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- />Department of Medical Oncology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
- />Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
- />Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- />Clinical Genetics Department, St Michael’s Hospital, Southwell Street, Bristol, BS2 8EG UK
- />North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow, UK
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW UK
- />Merseyside and Cheshire Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Crown Street, Liverpool, Merseyside L8 7SS UK
- />Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
- />Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Mailpoint 801, South Academic Block, PAH/G/MP105, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- />Institute of Human Genetics, Northern Genetic Service, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4EP UK
- />Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, UK
- />Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Old Medical School, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX UK
- />Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE1 5WW UK
- />Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE UK
- />Clinical Genetics Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, 7th floor, Borough Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
- />North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Barclay House, 37, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BH UK
- />Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- />Medical Oncology Service, St James’s Hospital, James’s Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Level 6, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
- />All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW UK
- />South East Scotland Regional Genetic Service, Western General Hospital, David Brock Building, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
- />Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK
- />Department of Medical Genetics, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB UK
- />Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP UK
- />Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Block 4, Glasgow, G3 8SJ UK
- />South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Department of Medical Genetics, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
- />West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG UK
- />Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
- />Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057 USA
- />Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- />Division of Tumor Genetics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- />Center of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Department of Medical Genetics, Institut für Humangenetik, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- />Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cancer Center Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- />Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- />Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- />Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- />Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- />Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Pathology and Forensic and Genetic Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- />Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
- />Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- />Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
- />Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité Berlin – Universtitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- />German Consortium of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (GC-HBOC), Cologne, Germany
- />Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Münster, Vesaliusweg 12-14, 48149 Münster, Germany
- />Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- />Department of Tumour Biology, Institut Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm 75248, Paris, cedex 05 France
- />Unité de Prévention et d’Épidémiologie Génétique, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laenned, 69008 Lyon, France
- />Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, CS 10217, 38043, Grenoble, cedex 9 France
- />Institut Albert Bonniot – Inserm U823, Université Joseph Fourier, Rond-point de la Chantourne, 38706 La Tronche, France
- />Laboratoire d’Oncogénétique, Hôpital René Huguenin, Institut Curie, 35 rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
- />Département d’Oncogénétique, Centre Jean Perrin, Université de Clermont-Ferrand, 58 rue Montalembert, BP 392, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- />Gynaecological Oncology, Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
- />Gynecologic Oncology Group, Department of OB-GYN, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 103B Physicians’ Office Building, CB# 7572, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7572 USA
- />Gynecologic Oncology Group Statistical and Data Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263-0001 USA
- />Women & Infants Hospital, 1 Blackstone Place, Providence, RI 02905 USA
- />Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 700, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- />Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- />Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- />Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- />Family Cancer Clinic, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- />Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Groningen University, Groningen, the Netherlands
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- />Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, S4-P PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- />Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC L1Q Leiden, the Netherlands
- />Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- />Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Ráth György u 7-9, PO Box 1525 Budapest PF 21, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- />Oncogenetics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- />Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 3a planta - Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
- />Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 3a planta - Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
- />Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, al Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- />Landspítali National University Hospital of Iceland and Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland School of Medicine, Sæmundargötu 2, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- />Laboratoire de diagnostic génétique et Service d’Onco-hématologie, Les Hopitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 place de l’Hôpital, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg, France
- />Department of Surgical Sciences, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University, Clinical Surgery II, via Giustiniani 2, 35124 Padua, Italy
- />Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV) – Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padua, Italy
- />Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO-PORTO), Edifício dos Laboratórios, piso 6, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- />Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- />Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Human Genetics and Oncology, McGill University, 546 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC J2W 1S6 Canada
- />Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- />Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259 USA
- />National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 4B09, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2152, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-2152 USA
- />Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
- />Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, AKH – Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- />Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
- />National Israeli Cancer Control Center and Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Clalit Health Services Carmel Medical Center, 34361 Haifa, Israel
- />Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 2 Horev Street, 34362 Haifa, Israel
- />NN Petrov Institute of Oncology, 68 Leningradskaya Street, Pesochny, 197758 St Petersburg Russia
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- />Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8 Canada
- />Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Cancer Care Ontario, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L7 Canada
- />Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
- />Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Room 4386, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- />Department of Human Cancer Genetics, 1093 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- />Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, North Doan Tower, 395 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- />Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 1093 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- />The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G James Cancer Hospital and Richard J Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC – James), 460 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- />Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Soenderboulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 21 C, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- />Laboratorio di Genetica Oncologica, Divisione di Anatomia Patologica e di Diagnostica Molecolare ed Ultrastrutturale, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana – Ospedale S Chiara, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- />Sheba Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 52621 Tel Aviv, Israel
- />Institute of Oncology, Rivka Ziv Medical Center, Maimonides, 13100 Safed, Israel
- />Department of Cancer Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna L8:02, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- />Oncology, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- />Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, K7, Ärftlighetsmottagningen, Radiumhemmet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- />Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Barngatan 2B, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
- />Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- />Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- />Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, NOR-4435, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9175 USA
- />Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 750, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309 USA
- />Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 750, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309 USA
- />Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1354, PO Box 301439, Houston, TX 77230-1439 USA
- />Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, level 3, 10 St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002 Australia
- />Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Level 5, 161 Barry Street, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
- />Women’s Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- />Service de génétique oncologique, Institut Curie, Inserm U830, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris, France
- />Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue de l’école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France
- />Génétique médicale, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, Cedex 08 France
- />Institut National du Cancer (INCa), La Fondation Synergie Lyon Cancer, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, 69008 Lyon, Cedex 08 France
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- />Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- />Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon – Centre Léon Bérard, 69373 Lyon, Cedex 08 France
- />Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Hélène Dreyfus
- />Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, CS 10217, 38043, Grenoble, cedex 9 France
- />Institut Albert Bonniot – Inserm U823, Université Joseph Fourier, Rond-point de la Chantourne, 38706 La Tronche, France
| | - Laure Barjhoux
- />INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lisa Golmard
- />Department of Tumour Biology, Institut Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm 75248, Paris, cedex 05 France
| | - Nancy Uhrhammer
- />Département d’Oncogénétique, Centre Jean Perrin, Université de Clermont-Ferrand, 58 rue Montalembert, BP 392, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Bonadona
- />UMR CNRS 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE), “Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive”, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment Grégor Mendel, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, cedex France
- />Unité de Prévention et d’Épidémiologie Génétique, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laenned, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Sornin
- />INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yves-Jean Bignon
- />Département d’Oncogénétique, Centre Jean Perrin, Université de Clermont-Ferrand, 58 rue Montalembert, BP 392, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jonathan Carter
- />Gynaecological Oncology, Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Linda Van Le
- />Gynecologic Oncology Group, Department of OB-GYN, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 103B Physicians’ Office Building, CB# 7572, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7572 USA
| | - Marion Piedmonte
- />Gynecologic Oncology Group Statistical and Data Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263-0001 USA
| | - Paul A DiSilvestro
- />Women & Infants Hospital, 1 Blackstone Place, Providence, RI 02905 USA
| | - Miguel de la Hoya
- />Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Trinidad Caldes
- />Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 700, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Agnes Jager
- />Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ans MW van den Ouweland
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carolien M Kets
- />Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cora M Aalfs
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Flora E van Leeuwen
- />Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frans BL Hogervorst
- />Family Cancer Clinic, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hanne EJ Meijers-Heijboer
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - HEBON
- />INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- />Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- />Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- />UMR CNRS 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE), “Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive”, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment Grégor Mendel, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, cedex France
- />Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5217, Laboratoire d’Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), équipe-projet Multi-programmation et Ordonnancement sur ressources pour les Applications Interactives de Simulation (MOAIS), 38041 Grenoble, France
- />INRIA Rhône-Alpes, équipe-projet MOAIS, 38334 Saint Ismier, Cedex France
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- />Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Australia
- />Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Charlesbourg, PQ Canada
- />Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
- />Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
- />Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- />Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite 300, Fremont, CA 94538 USA
- />Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
- />Department of Molecular and Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Innovative Medicine, State Research Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
- />Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rātsupītes iela 1, Rīga, LV-1067 Latvia
- />Division of Hematology Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Shapiro 9, Boston, MA 02215-5400 USA
- />Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa
- />Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- />Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- />Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- />Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- />Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- />Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Avenida San Juan Bosco, 15, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- />Holy Cross Hospital, Michael and Dianne Bienes Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL USA
- />Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope (for the Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network), City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
- />John Muir Medical Center, Walnut Creek, CA, USA; c/o Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
- />Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
- />Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
- />Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
- />Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- />Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- />Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
- />Unit of Hereditary Cancer, Department of Epidemiology, Prevention and Special Functions, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria “San Martino” di Genova, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- />FiorGen Foundation for Pharmacogenomics, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- />Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- />Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- />Department of Medical Oncology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
- />Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
- />Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- />Clinical Genetics Department, St Michael’s Hospital, Southwell Street, Bristol, BS2 8EG UK
- />North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow, UK
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW UK
- />Merseyside and Cheshire Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Crown Street, Liverpool, Merseyside L8 7SS UK
- />Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
- />Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Mailpoint 801, South Academic Block, PAH/G/MP105, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- />Institute of Human Genetics, Northern Genetic Service, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4EP UK
- />Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, UK
- />Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Old Medical School, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX UK
- />Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Clinical Genetics, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE1 5WW UK
- />Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE UK
- />Clinical Genetics Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, 7th floor, Borough Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
- />North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Barclay House, 37, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BH UK
- />Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- />Medical Oncology Service, St James’s Hospital, James’s Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Level 6, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
- />All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW UK
- />South East Scotland Regional Genetic Service, Western General Hospital, David Brock Building, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
- />Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK
- />Department of Medical Genetics, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB UK
- />Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP UK
- />Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Block 4, Glasgow, G3 8SJ UK
- />South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Department of Medical Genetics, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
- />West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG UK
- />Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
- />Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057 USA
- />Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- />Division of Tumor Genetics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- />Center of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Department of Medical Genetics, Institut für Humangenetik, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- />Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cancer Center Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- />Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- />Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- />Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- />Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- />Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Pathology and Forensic and Genetic Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- />Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
- />Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- />Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
- />Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité Berlin – Universtitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- />German Consortium of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (GC-HBOC), Cologne, Germany
- />Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Münster, Vesaliusweg 12-14, 48149 Münster, Germany
- />Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- />Department of Tumour Biology, Institut Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm 75248, Paris, cedex 05 France
- />Unité de Prévention et d’Épidémiologie Génétique, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laenned, 69008 Lyon, France
- />Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, CS 10217, 38043, Grenoble, cedex 9 France
- />Institut Albert Bonniot – Inserm U823, Université Joseph Fourier, Rond-point de la Chantourne, 38706 La Tronche, France
- />Laboratoire d’Oncogénétique, Hôpital René Huguenin, Institut Curie, 35 rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
- />Département d’Oncogénétique, Centre Jean Perrin, Université de Clermont-Ferrand, 58 rue Montalembert, BP 392, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- />Gynaecological Oncology, Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
- />Gynecologic Oncology Group, Department of OB-GYN, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 103B Physicians’ Office Building, CB# 7572, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7572 USA
- />Gynecologic Oncology Group Statistical and Data Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263-0001 USA
- />Women & Infants Hospital, 1 Blackstone Place, Providence, RI 02905 USA
- />Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 700, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- />Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- />Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- />Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- />Family Cancer Clinic, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- />Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Groningen University, Groningen, the Netherlands
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- />Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, S4-P PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- />Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC L1Q Leiden, the Netherlands
- />Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- />Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Ráth György u 7-9, PO Box 1525 Budapest PF 21, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- />Oncogenetics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- />Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 3a planta - Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
- />Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 3a planta - Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
- />Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, al Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- />Landspítali National University Hospital of Iceland and Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland School of Medicine, Sæmundargötu 2, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- />Laboratoire de diagnostic génétique et Service d’Onco-hématologie, Les Hopitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 place de l’Hôpital, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg, France
- />Department of Surgical Sciences, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University, Clinical Surgery II, via Giustiniani 2, 35124 Padua, Italy
- />Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV) – Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padua, Italy
- />Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO-PORTO), Edifício dos Laboratórios, piso 6, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- />Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- />Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Human Genetics and Oncology, McGill University, 546 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC J2W 1S6 Canada
- />Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- />Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259 USA
- />National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 4B09, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2152, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-2152 USA
- />Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
- />Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, AKH – Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- />Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
- />National Israeli Cancer Control Center and Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Clalit Health Services Carmel Medical Center, 34361 Haifa, Israel
- />Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 2 Horev Street, 34362 Haifa, Israel
- />NN Petrov Institute of Oncology, 68 Leningradskaya Street, Pesochny, 197758 St Petersburg Russia
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- />Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8 Canada
- />Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Cancer Care Ontario, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L7 Canada
- />Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
- />Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Room 4386, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- />Department of Human Cancer Genetics, 1093 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- />Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, North Doan Tower, 395 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- />Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 1093 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- />The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G James Cancer Hospital and Richard J Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC – James), 460 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- />Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Soenderboulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 21 C, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- />Laboratorio di Genetica Oncologica, Divisione di Anatomia Patologica e di Diagnostica Molecolare ed Ultrastrutturale, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana – Ospedale S Chiara, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- />Sheba Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 52621 Tel Aviv, Israel
- />Institute of Oncology, Rivka Ziv Medical Center, Maimonides, 13100 Safed, Israel
- />Department of Cancer Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna L8:02, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- />Oncology, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- />Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, K7, Ärftlighetsmottagningen, Radiumhemmet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- />Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Barngatan 2B, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
- />Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- />Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- />Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, NOR-4435, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9175 USA
- />Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 750, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309 USA
- />Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 750, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309 USA
- />Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1354, PO Box 301439, Houston, TX 77230-1439 USA
- />Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, level 3, 10 St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002 Australia
- />Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Level 5, 161 Barry Street, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
- />Women’s Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- />Service de génétique oncologique, Institut Curie, Inserm U830, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris, France
- />Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue de l’école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France
- />Génétique médicale, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, Cedex 08 France
- />Institut National du Cancer (INCa), La Fondation Synergie Lyon Cancer, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, 69008 Lyon, Cedex 08 France
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- />Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- />Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon – Centre Léon Bérard, 69373 Lyon, Cedex 08 France
- />Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Jan C Oosterwijk
- />Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Groningen University, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kees EP van Roozendaal
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matti A Rookus
- />Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Devilee
- />Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, S4-P PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- />Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC L1Q Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob B van der Luijt
- />Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edith Olah
- />Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Ráth György u 7-9, PO Box 1525 Budapest PF 21, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orland Diez
- />Oncogenetics Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Teulé
- />Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 3a planta - Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conxi Lazaro
- />Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 3a planta - Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Blanco
- />Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 3a planta - Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Del Valle
- />Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 3a planta - Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- />Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, al Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sukiennicki
- />Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, al Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- />Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, al Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- />Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, al Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Durda
- />Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, al Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jaworska-Bieniek
- />Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, al Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bjarni A Agnarsson
- />Landspítali National University Hospital of Iceland and Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland School of Medicine, Sæmundargötu 2, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Christine Maugard
- />Laboratoire de diagnostic génétique et Service d’Onco-hématologie, Les Hopitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 place de l’Hôpital, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alberto Amadori
- />Department of Surgical Sciences, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University, Clinical Surgery II, via Giustiniani 2, 35124 Padua, Italy
- />Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV) – Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Montagna
- />Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV) – Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- />Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO-PORTO), Edifício dos Laboratórios, piso 6, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- />Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- />Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Australia
| | - William Foulkes
- />Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Human Genetics and Oncology, McGill University, 546 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC J2W 1S6 Canada
| | - Curtis Olswold
- />Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- />Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259 USA
| | - Vernon S Pankratz
- />Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Csilla I Szabo
- />National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 4B09, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2152, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-2152 USA
| | - Anne Lincoln
- />Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Lauren Jacobs
- />Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Marina Corines
- />Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Mark Robson
- />Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Joseph Vijai
- />Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Andreas Berger
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, AKH – Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anneliese Fink-Retter
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, AKH – Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F Singer
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, AKH – Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Rappaport
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, AKH – Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daphne Geschwantler Kaulich
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, AKH – Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Pfeiler
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, AKH – Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Muy-Kheng Tea
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, AKH – Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark H Greene
- />Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Phuong L Mai
- />Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Gad Rennert
- />Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- />National Israeli Cancer Control Center and Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Clalit Health Services Carmel Medical Center, 34361 Haifa, Israel
- />Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 2 Horev Street, 34362 Haifa, Israel
| | - Evgeny N Imyanitov
- />NN Petrov Institute of Oncology, 68 Leningradskaya Street, Pesochny, 197758 St Petersburg Russia
| | - Anna Marie Mulligan
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- />Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8 Canada
| | - Gord Glendon
- />Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Cancer Care Ontario, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L7 Canada
- />Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- />Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
- />Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Room 4386, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Sandrine Tchatchou
- />Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Amanda Ewart Toland
- />Department of Human Cancer Genetics, 1093 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- />Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, North Doan Tower, 395 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- />Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 1093 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- />The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G James Cancer Hospital and Richard J Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC – James), 460 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Inge Sokilde Pedersen
- />Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Soenderboulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Torben A Kruse
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Soenderboulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Uffe Birk Jensen
- />Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 21 C, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Maria A Caligo
- />Laboratorio di Genetica Oncologica, Divisione di Anatomia Patologica e di Diagnostica Molecolare ed Ultrastrutturale, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana – Ospedale S Chiara, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eitan Friedman
- />Sheba Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 52621 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jamal Zidan
- />Institute of Oncology, Rivka Ziv Medical Center, Maimonides, 13100 Safed, Israel
| | - Yael Laitman
- />Sheba Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 52621 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Annika Lindblom
- />Department of Cancer Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna L8:02, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Melin
- />Oncology, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Brita Arver
- />Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, K7, Ärftlighetsmottagningen, Radiumhemmet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Loman
- />Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Barngatan 2B, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- />Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olufunmilayo I Olopade
- />Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Robert L Nussbaum
- />Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Susan J Ramus
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, NOR-4435, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9175 USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- />Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 750, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309 USA
| | - Susan M Domchek
- />Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 750, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309 USA
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- />Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 750, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309 USA
| | - Banu K Arun
- />Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1354, PO Box 301439, Houston, TX 77230-1439 USA
| | - Gillian Mitchell
- />Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, level 3, 10 St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002 Australia
- />Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Level 5, 161 Barry Street, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- />Women’s Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Jenny Lester
- />Women’s Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Sandra Orsulic
- />Women’s Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- />Department of Tumour Biology, Institut Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm 75248, Paris, cedex 05 France
- />Service de génétique oncologique, Institut Curie, Inserm U830, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris, France
- />Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue de l’école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Thomas
- />Génétique médicale, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, Cedex 08 France
- />Institut National du Cancer (INCa), La Fondation Synergie Lyon Cancer, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, 69008 Lyon, Cedex 08 France
| | - Jacques Simard
- />Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Charlesbourg, PQ Canada
| | - Fergus J Couch
- />Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- />Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Kenneth Offit
- />Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Antonis C Antoniou
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sylvie Mazoyer
- />INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- />Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- />Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Catherine M Phelan
- />Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Olga M Sinilnikova
- />INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- />Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- />Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- />Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon – Centre Léon Bérard, 69373 Lyon, Cedex 08 France
| | - David G Cox
- />INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- />Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- />Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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Rebbeck TR, Mitra N, Wan F, Sinilnikova OM, Healey S, McGuffog L, Mazoyer S, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton DF, Antoniou AC, Nathanson KL, Laitman Y, Kushnir A, Paluch-Shimon S, Berger R, Zidan J, Friedman E, Ehrencrona H, Stenmark-Askmalm M, Einbeigi Z, Loman N, Harbst K, Rantala J, Melin B, Huo D, Olopade OI, Seldon J, Ganz PA, Nussbaum RL, Chan SB, Odunsi K, Gayther SA, Domchek SM, Arun BK, Lu KH, Mitchell G, Karlan BY, Walsh C, Lester J, Godwin AK, Pathak H, Ross E, Daly MB, Whittemore AS, John EM, Miron A, Terry MB, Chung WK, Goldgar DE, Buys SS, Janavicius R, Tihomirova L, Tung N, Dorfling CM, van Rensburg EJ, Steele L, Neuhausen SL, Ding YC, Ejlertsen B, Gerdes AM, Hansen TVO, Ramón y Cajal T, Osorio A, Benitez J, Godino J, Tejada MI, Duran M, Weitzel JN, Bobolis KA, Sand SR, Fontaine A, Savarese A, Pasini B, Peissel B, Bonanni B, Zaffaroni D, Vignolo-Lutati F, Scuvera G, Giannini G, Bernard L, Genuardi M, Radice P, Dolcetti R, Manoukian S, Pensotti V, Gismondi V, Yannoukakos D, Fostira F, Garber J, Torres D, Rashid MU, Hamann U, Peock S, Frost D, Platte R, Evans DG, Eeles R, Davidson R, Eccles D, Cole T, Cook J, Brewer C, Hodgson S, Morrison PJ, Walker L, Porteous ME, Kennedy MJ, Izatt L, Adlard J, Donaldson A, Ellis S, Sharma P, Schmutzler RK, Wappenschmidt B, Becker A, Rhiem K, Hahnen E, Engel C, Meindl A, Engert S, Ditsch N, Arnold N, Plendl HJ, Mundhenke C, Niederacher D, Fleisch M, Sutter C, Bartram CR, Dikow N, Wang-Gohrke S, Gadzicki D, Steinemann D, Kast K, Beer M, Varon-Mateeva R, Gehrig A, Weber BH, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Sinilnikova OM, Mazoyer S, Houdayer C, Belotti M, Gauthier-Villars M, Damiola F, Boutry-Kryza N, Lasset C, Sobol H, Peyrat JP, Muller D, Fricker JP, Collonge-Rame MA, Mortemousque I, Nogues C, Rouleau E, Isaacs C, De Paepe A, Poppe B, Claes K, De Leeneer K, Piedmonte M, Rodriguez G, Wakely K, Boggess J, Blank SV, Basil J, Azodi M, Phillips KA, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Romero A, Nevanlinna H, Aittomäki K, van der Hout AH, Hogervorst FBL, Verhoef S, Collée JM, Seynaeve C, Oosterwijk JC, Gille JJP, Wijnen JT, Gómez Garcia EB, Kets CM, Ausems MGEM, Aalfs CM, Devilee P, Mensenkamp AR, Kwong A, Olah E, Papp J, Diez O, Lazaro C, Darder E, Blanco I, Salinas M, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, Jaworska-Bieniek K, Durda K, Sukiennicki G, Huzarski T, Byrski T, Cybulski C, Toloczko-Grabarek A, Złowocka-Perłowska E, Menkiszak J, Arason A, Barkardottir RB, Simard J, Laframboise R, Montagna M, Agata S, Alducci E, Peixoto A, Teixeira MR, Spurdle AB, Lee MH, Park SK, Kim SW, Friebel TM, Couch FJ, Lindor NM, Pankratz VS, Guidugli L, Wang X, Tischkowitz M, Foretova L, Vijai J, Offit K, Robson M, Rau-Murthy R, Kauff N, Fink-Retter A, Singer CF, Rappaport C, Gschwantler-Kaulich D, Pfeiler G, Tea MK, Berger A, Greene MH, Mai PL, Imyanitov EN, Toland AE, Senter L, Bojesen A, Pedersen IS, Skytte AB, Sunde L, Thomassen M, Moeller ST, Kruse TA, Jensen UB, Caligo MA, Aretini P, Teo SH, Selkirk CG, Hulick PJ, Andrulis I. Association of type and location of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations with risk of breast and ovarian cancer. JAMA 2015; 313:1347-61. [PMID: 25849179 PMCID: PMC4537700 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.5985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Limited information about the relationship between specific mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) and cancer risk exists. OBJECTIVE To identify mutation-specific cancer risks for carriers of BRCA1/2. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Observational study of women who were ascertained between 1937 and 2011 (median, 1999) and found to carry disease-associated BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. The international sample comprised 19,581 carriers of BRCA1 mutations and 11,900 carriers of BRCA2 mutations from 55 centers in 33 countries on 6 continents. We estimated hazard ratios for breast and ovarian cancer based on mutation type, function, and nucleotide position. We also estimated RHR, the ratio of breast vs ovarian cancer hazard ratios. A value of RHR greater than 1 indicated elevated breast cancer risk; a value of RHR less than 1 indicated elevated ovarian cancer risk. EXPOSURES Mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Breast and ovarian cancer risks. RESULTS Among BRCA1 mutation carriers, 9052 women (46%) were diagnosed with breast cancer, 2317 (12%) with ovarian cancer, 1041 (5%) with breast and ovarian cancer, and 7171 (37%) without cancer. Among BRCA2 mutation carriers, 6180 women (52%) were diagnosed with breast cancer, 682 (6%) with ovarian cancer, 272 (2%) with breast and ovarian cancer, and 4766 (40%) without cancer. In BRCA1, we identified 3 breast cancer cluster regions (BCCRs) located at c.179 to c.505 (BCCR1; RHR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.22-1.74; P = 2 × 10(-6)), c.4328 to c.4945 (BCCR2; RHR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.01-1.78; P = .04), and c. 5261 to c.5563 (BCCR2', RHR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.22-1.55; P = 6 × 10(-9)). We also identified an ovarian cancer cluster region (OCCR) from c.1380 to c.4062 (approximately exon 11) with RHR = 0.62 (95% CI, 0.56-0.70; P = 9 × 10(-17)). In BRCA2, we observed multiple BCCRs spanning c.1 to c.596 (BCCR1; RHR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.06-2.78; P = .03), c.772 to c.1806 (BCCR1'; RHR = 1.63; 95% CI, 1.10-2.40; P = .01), and c.7394 to c.8904 (BCCR2; RHR = 2.31; 95% CI, 1.69-3.16; P = .00002). We also identified 3 OCCRs: the first (OCCR1) spanned c.3249 to c.5681 that was adjacent to c.5946delT (6174delT; RHR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.44-0.60; P = 6 × 10(-17)). The second OCCR spanned c.6645 to c.7471 (OCCR2; RHR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.41-0.80; P = .001). Mutations conferring nonsense-mediated decay were associated with differential breast or ovarian cancer risks and an earlier age of breast cancer diagnosis for both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Breast and ovarian cancer risks varied by type and location of BRCA1/2 mutations. With appropriate validation, these data may have implications for risk assessment and cancer prevention decision making for carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rebbeck
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia2Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Nandita Mitra
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Fei Wan
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Olga M Sinilnikova
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR Inserm, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sue Healey
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Mazoyer
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR Inserm, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia6Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Anya Kushnir
- Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Raanan Berger
- Oncology Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Jamal Zidan
- Oncology Institute, Rivkah Ziv Medical Center Zefat, Israel
| | | | - Hans Ehrencrona
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden12Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Stenmark-Askmalm
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Zakaria Einbeigi
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Loman
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katja Harbst
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rantala
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dezheng Huo
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olufunmilayo I Olopade
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joyce Seldon
- UCLA Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Patricia A Ganz
- UCLA Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert L Nussbaum
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Salina B Chan
- Cancer Risk Program, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Simon A Gayther
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia6Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Banu K Arun
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Karen H Lu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Gillian Mitchell
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 25Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christine Walsh
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jenny Lester
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Harsh Pathak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Eric Ross
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary B Daly
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alice S Whittemore
- Cancer Risk Program, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Esther M John
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont
| | | | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - David E Goldgar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Saundra S Buys
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Ramunas Janavicius
- Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine Center, Department of Molecular and Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Innovative Medicine Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Nadine Tung
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Linda Steele
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Yuan Chun Ding
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Departments of Oncology or Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Gerdes
- Departments of Oncology or Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas v O Hansen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ana Osorio
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), and Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genetics Group and Genotyping Unit, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), and Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Godino
- Hospital clinico Universitario "Lozano Blesa," Instituto de investigación sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria-Isabel Tejada
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory (Department of Genetics), Cruces University Hospital Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Duran
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics. Universidad de Valladolid (IBGM-UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jeffrey N Weitzel
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, Duarte, California
| | - Kristie A Bobolis
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, Duarte, California
| | - Sharon R Sand
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, Duarte, California
| | - Annette Fontaine
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, Duarte, California
| | - Antonella Savarese
- Unit of Genetic Counselling, Medical Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Pasini
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, and AO Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Bernard Peissel
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Zaffaroni
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giulietta Scuvera
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Loris Bernard
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy57Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Genuardi
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Catholic University, "A. Gemelli" Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy60IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCSCRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Pensotti
- Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Milan, Italy60IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Gismondi
- Unit of Hereditary Cancer, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Drakoulis Yannoukakos
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Florentia Fostira
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Judy Garber
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diana Torres
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia65Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Muhammad Usman Rashid
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany 66Department of Basic Sciences, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH & RC), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susan Peock
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Debra Frost
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Radka Platte
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Eccles
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Cole
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Cook
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Carole Brewer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley Hodgson
- Clinical Genetics Department, St Georges Hospital, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Morrison
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Walker
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E Porteous
- South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M John Kennedy
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Trinity College Dublin and St James's Hospital, Dublin, Eire
| | - Louise Izatt
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Adlard
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Donaldson
- South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Ellis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Rita Katharina Schmutzler
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Barbara Wappenschmidt
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Becker
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rhiem
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Hahnen
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Engert
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans Jörg Plendl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Mundhenke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Fleisch
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Sutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C R Bartram
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola Dikow
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shan Wang-Gohrke
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dorothea Gadzicki
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Doris Steinemann
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Kast
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marit Beer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Gehrig
- Centre of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard H Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France98Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Paris, France99Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Olga M Sinilnikova
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France101INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Mazoyer
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claude Houdayer
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France99Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Muriel Belotti
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France
| | | | - Francesca Damiola
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nadia Boutry-Kryza
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Christine Lasset
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5558, Lyon, France103Unité de Prévention et d'Epidémiologie Génétique, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Hagay Sobol
- Département Oncologie Génétique, Prévention et Dépistage, INSERM CIC-P9502, Institut Paoli-Calmettes/Université d'Aix-Marseille II, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Peyrat
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire Humaine, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - Danièle Muller
- Unité d'Oncogénétique, CLCC Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Marie-Agnès Collonge-Rame
- Service de Génétique Biologique-Histologie-Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | | | - Catherine Nogues
- Oncogénétique Clinique, Hôpital René Huguenin/Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Etienne Rouleau
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Hôpital René Huguenin/Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Claudine Isaacs
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Anne De Paepe
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruce Poppe
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Claes
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim De Leeneer
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jack Basil
- Ohio State, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kelly-Anne Phillips
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 25Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trinidad Caldes
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel de la Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Atocha Romero
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annemarie H van der Hout
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Senno Verhoef
- Family Cancer Clinic, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Margriet Collée
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Seynaeve
- Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Oosterwijk
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J P Gille
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juul T Wijnen
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Encarna B Gómez Garcia
- Department of Clinical Genetics and GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien M Kets
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet G E M Ausems
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cora M Aalfs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen R Mensenkamp
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ava Kwong
- Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry, Hong Kong135Cancer Genetics Center, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong136Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Edith Olah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Papp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orland Diez
- Oncogenetics Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain139University Hospital of Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conxi Lazaro
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Darder
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBGI-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Blanco
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Salinas
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jaworska-Bieniek
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland144Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Durda
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sukiennicki
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Huzarski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Byrski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | - Janusz Menkiszak
- Department of Surgical Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Adalgeir Arason
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland147BMC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Rosa B Barkardottir
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland147BMC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jacques Simard
- Canada Research Chair in Oncogenetics, Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada149Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachel Laframboise
- Medical Genetics Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada151Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Montagna
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Simona Agata
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Alducci
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Ana Peixoto
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal153Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Min Hyuk Lee
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sue K Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Won Kim
- Department of Surgery, Daerim St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tara M Friebel
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota159Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vernon S Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lucia Guidugli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xianshu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Human Genetics and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada161Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and MF MU, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph Vijai
- Clinical Genetics Service, Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Service, Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mark Robson
- Clinical Genetics Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rohini Rau-Murthy
- Clinical Genetics Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Noah Kauff
- Clinical Genetics Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anneliese Fink-Retter
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F Singer
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Rappaport
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Georg Pfeiler
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Muy-Kheng Tea
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Berger
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark H Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Phuong L Mai
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Amanda Ewart Toland
- Divison of Human Cancer Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Leigha Senter
- Divison of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Anders Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Inge Sokilde Pedersen
- Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Lone Sunde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | | | - Torben A Kruse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Uffe Birk Jensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Maria Adelaide Caligo
- Section of Genetic Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Aretini
- Section of Genetic Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Malaysia176Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Christina G Selkirk
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Department of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Peter J Hulick
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Department of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Irene Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Löhr SC, Kennedy MJ. Micro-trace fossils reveal pervasive reworking of Pliocene sapropels by low-oxygen-adapted benthic meiofauna. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6589. [PMID: 25762504 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal burrowers leave an indelible signature on the sedimentary record in most marine environments, with the seeming exception of low-oxygen environments. In modern sedimentary settings, however, sub-millimetre-sized benthic animals (meiofauna) are adapted to low oxygen and even sulfidic conditions. Almost nothing is known about their impact on ancient marine sediments because they leave few recognizable traces. Here we show, in classic Pliocene-aged anoxic facies from the Mediterranean, the first reported trace fossil evidence of meiofaunal activity and its relation to changing oxygenation. A novel approach utilizing electron imaging of ion-polished samples shows that meiofauna pervasively reworked sediment under oxygen-depleted conditions that excluded macrofauna, fragmenting organic laminae and emplacing 15- to 70-μm-diameter faecal pellets without macroscopically influencing the fabric. The extent of reworking raises the question: how pervasively altered are other sediments presently assumed to lack animal influence and how far into the geological record does this influence extend?
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Löhr
- Sprigg Geobiology Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - M J Kennedy
- Sprigg Geobiology Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Walsh EM, Farrell MP, Nolan C, Gallagher F, Clarke R, McCaffrey JA, Kennedy MJ, Barry M, Kell MR, Gallagher DJ. Breast cancer detection among Irish BRCA1 & BRCA2 mutation carriers: a population-based study. Ir J Med Sci 2015; 185:189-94. [PMID: 25673166 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-015-1267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-risk breast cancer screening for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with clinical breast exam, mammography and MRI has reported sensitivity of 100 %, but BRCA1/2 mutation carriers still present with interval cancers. AIMS We investigated the presentation and screening patterns of an Irish cohort of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with breast cancer were identified in this retrospective cohort study. Records were reviewed for BRCA1/2 mutation status, demographics, screening regimen, screening modality, stage and histology at diagnosis. RESULTS Fifty-three cases of breast cancer were diagnosed between 1968 and 2010 among 60 Irish hereditary breast ovarian cancer (HBOC) families. In 50 of 53 women, the diagnosis of breast cancer predated the identification of BRCA1/2 mutations. Breast cancer detection method was identified in 47 % of patients (n = 25): 80 % (n = 20) by clinical breast exam (CBE), 12 % by mammography (n = 3), 8 % by MRI (n = 2). Fourteen women (26 %) developed a second breast cancer. Ten of these patients (71 %) were involved in regular screening; 50 % were detected by screening mammography, 20 % by MRI and 30 % by CBE alone. Six patients (43 %) had a change in morphology from first to second breast cancers. There was no change in hormone receptor status between first and second breast cancers. CONCLUSION In this cohort of Irish BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, compliance with screening was inconsistent. There was a 30 % incidence of interval cancers occurring in women in high-risk screening. Preventive surgery may be a more effective risk reduction strategy for certain high-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Walsh
- Medical Oncology Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - M P Farrell
- Cancer Genetics Service, Mater Misericordiae and Mater Private Hospitals, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - C Nolan
- Cancer Genetics Service, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - F Gallagher
- Cancer Genetics Service, Mater Misericordiae and Mater Private Hospitals, Dublin 7, Ireland
- Cancer Genetics Service, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - R Clarke
- Cancer Genetics Service, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - J A McCaffrey
- Medical Oncology Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - M J Kennedy
- Medical Oncology Department, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - M Barry
- Surgery Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - M R Kell
- Surgery Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - D J Gallagher
- Cancer Genetics Service, Mater Misericordiae and Mater Private Hospitals, Dublin 7, Ireland
- Cancer Genetics Service, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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O'Kane G, Flannery D, O'Connor K, Nolan C, Farrell MP, Green AJ, Meighan B, McCormick P, Kennedy MJ, Muldoon C, Gallagher DJ. Routine screening for mismatch repair proteins: The impact on genetic testing. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.3_suppl.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
525 Background: Lynch Syndrome (LS) accounts for approximately 3% of all colorectal cancers (CRC) and is caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Increasing literature supports routine screening for LS using immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect loss of MMR protein expression on tumour samples. We evaluated genetic clinic referrals and consequent LS diagnoses at our institution pre and post the adoption of universal screening. Methods: Reflex immunohistochemistry (rIHC) on all colorectal adenocarcinomas was implemented in November 2008. Prior to this IHC was performed at the pathologist’s discretion or upon request. Tumour specimens reviewed from November 2004 to October 2008 (pre rIHC) and from November 2008 to October 2012 (post rIHC) were evaluated and patients with evidence of MMR deficiency (MMR-D) were identified. The number of genetic referrals and number of patients with confirmed LS were determined. Results: During an 8-year period, 1,131 pathology specimens were reviewed in 1,103 patients (Table). Completion of IHC increased from 19% to 75% post implementation of rIHC. Ninety-two percent of incomplete samples in the post rIHC period (133/145) had insufficient tumour material for analysis. In patients with available IHC, 18/96 (20%) in the pre rIHC era were MMR-D of which 44% were referred to genetics, resulting in the diagnosis of LS in 4 patients. In the post rIHC era 30/429 (7%) of patients had evidence of MMR-D of which 20% were referred for genetic testing resulting in the detection of 3 LS patients. Conclusions: Universal testing for MMR protein expression is difficult to achieve, and does not necessarily result in increased genetic testing or Lynch Syndrome diagnosis. Systematic work-up of test results is essential once mismatch repair evaluation is initiated. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael P. Farrell
- Mater Private Hospital and Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew J. Green
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Peterlongo P, Chang-Claude J, Moysich KB, Rudolph A, Schmutzler RK, Simard J, Soucy P, Eeles RA, Easton DF, Hamann U, Wilkening S, Chen B, Rookus MA, Schmidt MK, van der Baan FH, Spurdle AB, Walker LC, Lose F, Maia AT, Montagna M, Matricardi L, Lubinski J, Jakubowska A, Gómez Garcia EB, Olopade OI, Nussbaum RL, Nathanson KL, Domchek SM, Rebbeck TR, Arun BK, Karlan BY, Orsulic S, Lester J, Chung WK, Miron A, Southey MC, Goldgar DE, Buys SS, Janavicius R, Dorfling CM, van Rensburg EJ, Ding YC, Neuhausen SL, Hansen TVO, Gerdes AM, Ejlertsen B, Jønson L, Osorio A, Martínez-Bouzas C, Benitez J, Conway EE, Blazer KR, Weitzel JN, Manoukian S, Peissel B, Zaffaroni D, Scuvera G, Barile M, Ficarazzi F, Mariette F, Fortuzzi S, Viel A, Giannini G, Papi L, Martayan A, Tibiletti MG, Radice P, Vratimos A, Fostira F, Garber JE, Donaldson A, Brewer C, Foo C, Evans DGR, Frost D, Eccles D, Brady A, Cook J, Tischkowitz M, Adlard J, Barwell J, Walker L, Izatt L, Side LE, Kennedy MJ, Rogers MT, Porteous ME, Morrison PJ, Platte R, Davidson R, Hodgson SV, Ellis S, Cole T, Godwin AK, Claes K, Van Maerken T, Meindl A, Gehrig A, Sutter C, Engel C, Niederacher D, Steinemann D, Plendl H, Kast K, Rhiem K, Ditsch N, Arnold N, Varon-Mateeva R, Wappenschmidt B, Wang-Gohrke S, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Buecher B, Delnatte C, Houdayer C, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Damiola F, Coupier I, Barjhoux L, Venat-Bouvet L, Golmard L, Boutry-Kryza N, Sinilnikova OM, Caron O, Pujol P, Mazoyer S, Belotti M, Piedmonte M, Friedlander ML, Rodriguez GC, Copeland LJ, de la Hoya M, Segura PP, Nevanlinna H, Aittomäki K, van Os TAM, Meijers-Heijboer HEJ, van der Hout AH, Vreeswijk MPG, Hoogerbrugge N, Ausems MGEM, van Doorn HC, Collée JM, Olah E, Diez O, Blanco I, Lazaro C, Brunet J, Feliubadalo L, Cybulski C, Gronwald J, Durda K, Jaworska-Bieniek K, Sukiennicki G, Arason A, Chiquette J, Teixeira MR, Olswold C, Couch FJ, Lindor NM, Wang X, Szabo CI, Offit K, Corines M, Jacobs L, Robson ME, Zhang L, Joseph V, Berger A, Singer CF, Rappaport C, Kaulich DG, Pfeiler G, Tea MKM, Phelan CM, Greene MH, Mai PL, Rennert G, Mulligan AM, Glendon G, Tchatchou S, Andrulis IL, Toland AE, Bojesen A, Pedersen IS, Thomassen M, Jensen UB, Laitman Y, Rantala J, von Wachenfeldt A, Ehrencrona H, Askmalm MS, Borg Å, Kuchenbaecker KB, McGuffog L, Barrowdale D, Healey S, Lee A, Pharoah PDP, Chenevix-Trench G, Antoniou AC, Friedman E. Candidate genetic modifiers for breast and ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:308-16. [PMID: 25336561 PMCID: PMC4294951 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers are at substantially increased risk for developing breast and ovarian cancer. The incomplete penetrance coupled with the variable age at diagnosis in carriers of the same mutation suggests the existence of genetic and nongenetic modifying factors. In this study, we evaluated the putative role of variants in many candidate modifier genes. METHODS Genotyping data from 15,252 BRCA1 and 8,211 BRCA2 mutation carriers, for known variants (n = 3,248) located within or around 445 candidate genes, were available through the iCOGS custom-designed array. Breast and ovarian cancer association analysis was performed within a retrospective cohort approach. RESULTS The observed P values of association ranged between 0.005 and 1.000. None of the variants was significantly associated with breast or ovarian cancer risk in either BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers, after multiple testing adjustments. CONCLUSION There is little evidence that any of the evaluated candidate variants act as modifiers of breast and/or ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. IMPACT Genome-wide association studies have been more successful at identifying genetic modifiers of BRCA1/2 penetrance than candidate gene studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Peterlongo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy. Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy.
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten B Moysich
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rita K Schmutzler
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Germany. Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Germany. Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany, on behalf of the German Consortium of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (GC-HBOC)
| | - Jacques Simard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Penny Soucy
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wilkening
- Genomic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bowang Chen
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matti A Rookus
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Logan C Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Felicity Lose
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ana-Teresa Maia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, Portugal
| | - Marco Montagna
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Matricardi
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Olufunmilayo I Olopade
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert L Nussbaum
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, Pennsylvania
| | - Banu K Arun
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sandra Orsulic
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jenny Lester
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Alex Miron
- Department of Genetics and Genomics at Case Western Reserve Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - David E Goldgar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Saundra S Buys
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ramunas Janavicius
- Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine Center, Dept. of Molecular and Regenerative Medicine; State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Yuan Chun Ding
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Thomas V O Hansen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Gerdes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Jønson
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Osorio
- Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain. Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-Bouzas
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cruces Hospital Barakaldo, 48903-Barakaldo-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Javier Benitez
- Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain. Human Genetics Group and Genotyping Unit, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Edye E Conway
- Saint Alphonsus Regional Medical Center, care of City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, Duarte, California
| | | | - Jeffrey N Weitzel
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, Duarte, California (for the City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network)
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Bernard Peissel
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Zaffaroni
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Giulietta Scuvera
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Barile
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Filomena Ficarazzi
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy. Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Frederique Mariette
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy. Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Fortuzzi
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy. Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Viel
- Division of Experimental Oncology 1, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | | | - Laura Papi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Aline Martayan
- Unit of Genetic Counseling, Medical Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tibiletti
- UO Anatomia Patologica Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Polo Universitario Varese, Italy
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Athanassios Vratimos
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Florentia Fostira
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Alan Donaldson
- Clinical Genetics Department, St. Michael's Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Carole Brewer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Foo
- Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D Gareth R Evans
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Debra Frost
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Eccles
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Cook
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Adlard
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Barwell
- Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Walker
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Izatt
- Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy E Side
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - M John Kennedy
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark T Rogers
- All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E Porteous
- South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Morrison
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University of Belfast, Department of Medical Genetics, Belfast HSC Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Radka Platte
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley V Hodgson
- Medical Genetics Unit, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Ellis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Cole
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Kathleen Claes
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van Maerken
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Gehrig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Hansjoerg Plendl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein/University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Kast
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rhiem
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Germany. Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Germany. Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein/University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Wappenschmidt
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Germany. Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Germany. Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Shan Wang-Gohrke
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Brigitte Bressac-de Paillerets
- INSERM U946, Fondation Jean Dausset, Paris, France. Service de Génétique, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Bruno Buecher
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France
| | | | - Claude Houdayer
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France. Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Damiola
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Coupier
- Unité d'Oncogénétique, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France. Unité d'Oncogénétique, CRLCC Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Barjhoux
- Unité d'Oncogénétique, CRLCC Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Venat-Bouvet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France
| | - Lisa Golmard
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Boutry-Kryza
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon - Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Olga M Sinilnikova
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon - Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France. IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Olivier Caron
- Consultation de Génétique, Département de Médecine, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Pascal Pujol
- Unité d'Oncogénétique, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France. INSERM 896, CRCM Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Mazoyer
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Belotti
- Institut Curie, Department of Tumour Biology, Paris, France
| | - Marion Piedmonte
- Gynecologic Oncology Group Statistical and Data Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Michael L Friedlander
- Australia New Zealand Gynaecological Oncology Group (ANZGOG), Coordinating Centre, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Gustavo C Rodriguez
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Larry J Copeland
- Ohio State University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hilliard, Ohio
| | - Miguel de la Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Perez Segura
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo A M van Os
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Annemarie H van der Hout
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Groningen University, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike P G Vreeswijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nicoline Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Margreet G E M Ausems
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Helena C van Doorn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Erasmus University MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Margriet Collée
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edith Olah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orland Diez
- Oncogenetics Group, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Blanco
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conxi Lazaro
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Brunet
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBGI-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Durda
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Sukiennicki
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Adalgeir Arason
- BMC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jocelyne Chiquette
- Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Centre de Recherche FRSQ du Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), Porto University, Porto, Portugal. Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Curtis Olswold
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnessotta
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnessotta
| | | | - Xianshu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnessotta
| | - Csilla I Szabo
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marina Corines
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lauren Jacobs
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mark E Robson
- Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Liying Zhang
- Diagnostic Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Vijai Joseph
- Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andreas Berger
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F Singer
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Rappaport
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Georg Pfeiler
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Muy-Kheng M Tea
- Department of OB/GYN and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Catherine M Phelan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mark H Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Phuong L Mai
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Gad Rennert
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anna Marie Mulligan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gord Glendon
- Ontario Cancer Genetics Network: Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandrine Tchatchou
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Departments of Molecular Genetics and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Ewart Toland
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anders Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Inge Sokilde Pedersen
- Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Uffe Birk Jensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Johanna Rantala
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hans Ehrencrona
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Stenmark Askmalm
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Åke Borg
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karoline B Kuchenbaecker
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Barrowdale
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Healey
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Lee
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Kuchenbaecker KB, Neuhausen SL, Robson M, Barrowdale D, McGuffog L, Mulligan AM, Andrulis IL, Spurdle AB, Schmidt MK, Schmutzler RK, Engel C, Wappenschmidt B, Nevanlinna H, Thomassen M, Southey M, Radice P, Ramus SJ, Domchek SM, Nathanson KL, Lee A, Healey S, Nussbaum RL, Rebbeck TR, Arun BK, James P, Karlan BY, Lester J, Cass I, Registry BCF, Terry MB, Daly MB, Goldgar DE, Buys SS, Janavicius R, Tihomirova L, Tung N, Dorfling CM, van Rensburg EJ, Steele L, v O Hansen T, Ejlertsen B, Gerdes AM, Nielsen FC, Dennis J, Cunningham J, Hart S, Slager S, Osorio A, Benitez J, Duran M, Weitzel JN, Tafur I, Hander M, Peterlongo P, Manoukian S, Peissel B, Roversi G, Scuvera G, Bonanni B, Mariani P, Volorio S, Dolcetti R, Varesco L, Papi L, Tibiletti MG, Giannini G, Fostira F, Konstantopoulou I, Garber J, Hamann U, Donaldson A, Brewer C, Foo C, Evans DG, Frost D, Eccles D, Douglas F, Brady A, Cook J, Tischkowitz M, Adlard J, Barwell J, Ong KR, Walker L, Izatt L, Side LE, Kennedy MJ, Rogers MT, Porteous ME, Morrison PJ, Platte R, Eeles R, Davidson R, Hodgson S, Ellis S, Godwin AK, Rhiem K, Meindl A, Ditsch N, Arnold N, Plendl H, Niederacher D, Sutter C, Steinemann D, Bogdanova-Markov N, Kast K, Varon-Mateeva R, Wang-Gohrke S, Gehrig A, Markiefka B, Buecher B, Lefol C, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Rouleau E, Prieur F, Damiola F, Barjhoux L, Faivre L, Longy M, Sevenet N, Sinilnikova OM, Mazoyer S, Bonadona V, Caux-Moncoutier V, Isaacs C, Van Maerken T, Claes K, Piedmonte M, Andrews L, Hays J, Rodriguez GC, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Khan S, Hogervorst FBL, Aalfs CM, de Lange JL, Meijers-Heijboer HEJ, van der Hout AH, Wijnen JT, van Roozendaal KEP, Mensenkamp AR, van den Ouweland AMW, van Deurzen CHM, van der Luijt RB, Olah E, Diez O, Lazaro C, Blanco I, Teulé A, Menendez M, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Cybulski C, Gronwald J, Jaworska-Bieniek K, Durda K, Arason A, Maugard C, Soucy P, Montagna M, Agata S, Teixeira MR, Olswold C, Lindor N, Pankratz VS, Hallberg E, Wang X, Szabo CI, Vijai J, Jacobs L, Corines M, Lincoln A, Berger A, Fink-Retter A, Singer CF, Rappaport C, Kaulich DG, Pfeiler G, Tea MK, Phelan CM, Mai PL, Greene MH, Rennert G, Imyanitov EN, Glendon G, Toland AE, Bojesen A, Pedersen IS, Jensen UB, Caligo MA, Friedman E, Berger R, Laitman Y, Rantala J, Arver B, Loman N, Borg A, Ehrencrona H, Olopade OI, Simard J, Easton DF, Chenevix-Trench G, Offit K, Couch FJ, Antoniou AC. Associations of common breast cancer susceptibility alleles with risk of breast cancer subtypes in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:3416. [PMID: 25919761 PMCID: PMC4406179 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION More than 70 common alleles are known to be involved in breast cancer (BC) susceptibility, and several exhibit significant heterogeneity in their associations with different BC subtypes. Although there are differences in the association patterns between BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers and the general population for several loci, no study has comprehensively evaluated the associations of all known BC susceptibility alleles with risk of BC subtypes in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers. METHODS We used data from 15,252 BRCA1 and 8,211 BRCA2 carriers to analyze the associations between approximately 200,000 genetic variants on the iCOGS array and risk of BC subtypes defined by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and triple-negative- (TN) status; morphologic subtypes; histological grade; and nodal involvement. RESULTS The estimated BC hazard ratios (HRs) for the 74 known BC alleles in BRCA1 carriers exhibited moderate correlations with the corresponding odds ratios from the general population. However, their associations with ER-positive BC in BRCA1 carriers were more consistent with the ER-positive associations in the general population (intraclass correlation (ICC) = 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45 to 0.74), and the same was true when considering ER-negative associations in both groups (ICC = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.72). Similarly, there was strong correlation between the ER-positive associations for BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers (ICC = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.52 to 0.78), whereas ER-positive associations in any one of the groups were generally inconsistent with ER-negative associations in any of the others. After stratifying by ER status in mutation carriers, additional significant associations were observed. Several previously unreported variants exhibited associations at P <10(-6) in the analyses by PR status, HER2 status, TN phenotype, morphologic subtypes, histological grade and nodal involvement. CONCLUSIONS Differences in associations of common BC susceptibility alleles between BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers and the general population are explained to a large extent by differences in the prevalence of ER-positive and ER-negative tumors. Estimates of the risks associated with these variants based on population-based studies are likely to be applicable to mutation carriers after taking ER status into account, which has implications for risk prediction.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Alleles
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/metabolism
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Female
- Genes, BRCA1
- Genes, BRCA2
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Staging
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline B Kuchenbaecker
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Mark Robson
- Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Daniel Barrowdale
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Marie Mulligan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rita K Schmutzler
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, on behalf of the German Consortium of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (GC-HBOC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Wappenschmidt
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, HUS Finland
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Melissa Southey
- Department of Pathology, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Paolo Radice
- Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Susan J Ramus
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Andrew Lee
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sue Healey
- Department of Genetics & Computational Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia
| | - Robert L Nussbaum
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Abramson Cancer Center and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Banu K Arun
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Paul James
- Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Women’s Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jenny Lester
- Women’s Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ilana Cass
- Women’s Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | | | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Mary B Daly
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - David E Goldgar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Saundra S Buys
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Ramunas Janavicius
- Department of Molecular and Regenerative Medicine, Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Nadine Tung
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | | | | | - Linda Steele
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Thomas v O Hansen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Gerdes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn C Nielsen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julie Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Steven Hart
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Susan Slager
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Ana Osorio
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), and Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genetics Group and Genotyping Unit, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), and Biomedical Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Duran
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics, Universidad de Valladolid (IBGM-UVA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jeffrey N Weitzel
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope (for the City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network), Duarte, CA USA
| | - Isaac Tafur
- Covenant Health Joe Arrington Cancer Research Center, care of City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Mary Hander
- Kootenai Cancer Center, care of City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Bernard Peissel
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Roversi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Giulietta Scuvera
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Mariani
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare and Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Volorio
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare and Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano, PN Italy
| | - Liliana Varesco
- Unit of Hereditary Cancer, IRCCS AOU San Martino, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Papi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Florentia Fostira
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Konstantopoulou
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Judy Garber
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alan Donaldson
- Clinical Genetics Department, St Michael’s Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Carole Brewer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Claire Foo
- Cheshire and Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Debra Frost
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Diana Eccles
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Fiona Douglas
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Angela Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow, UK
| | - Jackie Cook
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Julian Barwell
- Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Kai-ren Ong
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham UK
| | - Lisa Walker
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Louise Izatt
- Clinical Genetics, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lucy E Side
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - M John Kennedy
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Trinity College Dublin and St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark T Rogers
- All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mary E Porteous
- South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrick J Morrison
- Department of Medical Genetics, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Radka Platte
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ros Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shirley Hodgson
- Medical Genetics Unit, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Steve Ellis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Kerstin Rhiem
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert Arnold
- University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein/University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hansjoerg Plendl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shan Wang-Gohrke
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Gehrig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Birgid Markiefka
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bruno Buecher
- Department of Tumour Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Cédrick Lefol
- Department of Tumour Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Department of Tumour Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris France
| | - Etienne Rouleau
- Laboratoire d’Oncogénétique, Hôpital René Huguenin, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Fabienne Prieur
- Service de Génétique Clinique Chromosomique et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de St Etienne, St Etienne, France
| | - Francesca Damiola
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Barjhoux
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique, CHU Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Michel Longy
- Cancer Genetics Unit, INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Sevenet
- Cancer Genetics Unit, INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olga M Sinilnikova
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Mazoyer
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Bonadona
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5558, Lyon, France
- Unité de Prévention et d’Epidémiologie Génétique, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Claudine Isaacs
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Tom Van Maerken
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Claes
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marion Piedmonte
- Gynecologic Oncology Group Statistical and Data Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Lesley Andrews
- ANZGOG Australia, New Zealand Gynaecological Oncology Group, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - John Hays
- The Ohio State University, Columbus Cancer Council, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Gustavo C Rodriguez
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Trinidad Caldes
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel de la Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia Khan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, HUS Finland
| | - Frans BL Hogervorst
- Family Cancer Clinic, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cora M Aalfs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - JL de Lange
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Annemarie H van der Hout
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juul T Wijnen
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - KEP van Roozendaal
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen R Mensenkamp
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ans MW van den Ouweland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien HM van Deurzen
- Department of Pathology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob B van der Luijt
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edith Olah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orland Diez
- Oncogenetics Group, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conxi Lazaro
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Blanco
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Teulé
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Menendez
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Hereditary Cancer Program, IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Durda
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Adalgeir Arason
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital and BMC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Christine Maugard
- Laboratoire de diagnostic génétique et Service d’Onco-hématologie, Hopitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, CHRU Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Penny Soucy
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
| | - Marco Montagna
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Simona Agata
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Curtis Olswold
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Vernon S Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Emily Hallberg
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Xianshu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Csilla I Szabo
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Joseph Vijai
- Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Lauren Jacobs
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Marina Corines
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Anne Lincoln
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Andreas Berger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, , Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anneliese Fink-Retter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, , Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F Singer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, , Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Rappaport
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, , Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daphne Gschwantler Kaulich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, , Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Pfeiler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, , Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Muy-Kheng Tea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, , Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Phuong L Mai
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Mark H Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Gad Rennert
- Clalit National Israeli Cancer Control Center and Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center and B Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Gord Glendon
- Ontario Cancer Genetics Network: Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Amanda Ewart Toland
- Divison of Human Cancer Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Anders Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Inge Sokilde Pedersen
- Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Uffe Birk Jensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Maria A Caligo
- Section of Genetic Oncology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Johanna Rantala
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brita Arver
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Loman
- Department of Oncology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ake Borg
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Ehrencrona
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jacques Simard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - EMBRACE Study
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - HEBON
- The Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Research Group Netherlands (HEBON), coordinating center: Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - KConFab Investigators
- kConFab: Kathleen Cuningham Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia
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Joyce EA, Fagan AJ, McMorrow JP, Byrne D, Kennedy MJ, Meaney JF, O'Keeffe SA. PB.30. Apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy values as biomarkers for treatment response in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2014. [PMCID: PMC4243081 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Pooley KA, McGuffog L, Barrowdale D, Frost D, Ellis SD, Fineberg E, Platte R, Izatt L, Adlard J, Bardwell J, Brewer C, Cole T, Cook J, Davidson R, Donaldson A, Dorkins H, Douglas F, Eason J, Houghton C, Kennedy MJ, McCann E, Miedzybrodzka Z, Murray A, Porteous ME, Rogers MT, Side LE, Tischkowitz M, Walker L, Hodgson S, Eccles DM, Morrison PJ, Evans DG, Eeles RA, Antoniou AC, Easton DF, Dunning AM. Lymphocyte telomere length is long in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers regardless of cancer-affected status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1018-24. [PMID: 24642354 PMCID: PMC4266102 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0635-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomere length has been linked to risk of common diseases, including cancer, and has previously been proposed as a biomarker for cancer risk. Germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations predispose to breast, ovarian, and other cancer types. METHODS We investigated telomere length in BRCA mutation carriers and their non-carrier relatives and further examined whether telomere length is a modifier of cancer risk in mutation carriers. We measured mean telomere length in DNA extracted from whole blood using high-throughput quantitative PCR. Participants were from the EMBRACE study in United Kingdom and Eire (n = 4,822) and comprised BRCA1 (n = 1,628) and BRCA2 (n = 1,506) mutation carriers and their non-carrier relatives (n = 1,688). RESULTS We find no significant evidence that mean telomere length is associated with breast or ovarian cancer risk in BRCA mutation carriers. However, we find mutation carriers to have longer mean telomere length than their non-carrier relatives (all carriers vs. non-carriers, Ptrend = 0.0018), particularly in families with BRCA2 mutations (BRCA2 mutation carriers vs. all non-carriers, Ptrend = 0.0016). CONCLUSIONS Our findings lend little support to the hypothesis that short mean telomere length predisposes to cancer. Conversely, our main and unexpected finding is that BRCA mutation carriers (regardless of cancer status) have longer telomeres than their non-mutation carrier, non-cancer-affected relatives. The longer telomere length in BRCA2 mutation carriers is consistent with its role in DNA damage response. Overall, it seems that increased telomere length may be a consequence of these mutations, but is not itself directly related to the increased cancer risk in carriers. IMPACT The finding that mutation carriers have longer mean telomere lengths than their non-carrier relatives is unexpected but biologically plausible and could open up new lines of research into the functions of the BRCA proteins. To our knowledge, this is the largest study of telomere length in BRCA mutation carriers and their relatives. The null cancer-risk association supports recent large prospective studies of breast and ovarian cancer and indicates that mean telomere length would not be a useful biomarker in these cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(6); 1018-24. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Pooley
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Daniel Barrowdale
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Debra Frost
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Steve D Ellis
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Elena Fineberg
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Radka Platte
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Louise Izatt
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Julian Adlard
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Julian Bardwell
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Carole Brewer
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Trevor Cole
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Jackie Cook
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Alan Donaldson
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Huw Dorkins
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Fiona Douglas
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Jacqueline Eason
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Catherine Houghton
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - M John Kennedy
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Emma McCann
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Zosia Miedzybrodzka
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Alex Murray
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Mary E Porteous
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Mark T Rogers
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Lucy E Side
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Lisa Walker
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Shirley Hodgson
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Diana M Eccles
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Patrick J Morrison
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Authors' Affiliations: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge; Department of Epigenetics, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital; North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust; Clinical Genetics Department, St. Georges Hospital, University of London, London; Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds; Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham;Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow; South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol; North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Harrow; Institute of Human Genetics, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne; Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool; All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl; North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian & University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, Singleton Hospital, Swansea; South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; All Wales Medical Genetics Services, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess A
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Coleman N, Jayaram A, Connell LC, Zahra Mohamad Rom F, Keegan N, Harrold E, Lee C, Mehigan B, Kennedy MJ. Evaluating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a positive predictive tool in locally advanced rectal cancer (RC): A retrospective 12-year experience. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.e14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Coleman
- Department of Medical Oncology St James University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anuradha Jayaram
- Department of Medical Oncology St. James University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Niamh Keegan
- Department of Medical Oncology, St James Univeristy Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emily Harrold
- Department of Medical Oncology, St James Univeristy Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Brian Mehigan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, St James's Hosiptal, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M. John Kennedy
- ICORG All Ireland Cooperative Oncology Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
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Keegan N, Keane F, Cuffe S, Cunningham M, Ravi N, Lee G, Kennedy MJ, Grogan W, O'Neill B, Power DG, Leonard G, Keane MM, Small C, Parker I, Moulton B, O'Reilly S, Reynolds JV. ICORG 10-14: Neo-AEGIS: A randomized clinical trial of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy (modified MAGIC regimen) versus neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CROSS protocol) in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.tps4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fionnuala Keane
- ICORG All Ireland Cooperative Oncology Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Cuffe
- St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - M. John Kennedy
- St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Brian O'Neill
- St. Luke’s Radiation Oncology Network, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Maccon M. Keane
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Cormac Small
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University College Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Imelda Parker
- ICORG All Ireland Cooperative Oncology Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Moulton
- ICORG All Ireland Cooperative Oncology Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
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Crown J, Kennedy MJ, Tresca P, Marty M, Espie M, Burris HA, DeSilvio M, Lau MR, Kothari D, Koch KM, Diéras V. Optimally tolerated dose of lapatinib in combination with docetaxel plus trastuzumab in first-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2014; 24:2005-11. [PMID: 23878115 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This phase IB, open-label, dose-escalation study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and optimally tolerated regimen (OTR) of lapatinib in combination with docetaxel and trastuzumab in patients with previously untreated stage IV metastatic breast cancer (MBC) tumors overexpressing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). PATIENTS AND METHODS Evaluated dose regimens included lapatinib (500-1500 mg/day), docetaxel (triweekly; 60-100 mg/m²), and trastuzumab (weekly; 2 mg/kg fixed dose); prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was included with regimens with ≥750 mg/day lapatinib. End points included OTR and safety/tolerability (primary), overall response rate (ORR), and pharmacokinetics (secondary). RESULTS None of the patients (N = 53) experienced dose-limiting toxic effects (DLTs) at the highest dose level; thus, the OTR of lapatinib with 100 mg/m(2) docetaxel was not determined. Common adverse events included diarrhea, nausea, alopecia, fatigue, and rash; grade 3/4 (≥2 patients) were neutropenia, diarrhea, leukopenia, peripheral neuropathy, and rash. Seven patients had DLTs (cycle 1). In 45 patients with measurable disease confirmed by bone scan, investigator-assessed ORR was 31%; without bone scan, confirmation was 64%; 8 patients without measurable disease were evaluated as stable. Lapatinib/docetaxel plasma concentrations were positively associated with complete response. CONCLUSIONS Lapatinib/docetaxel/trastuzumab is a feasible and well-tolerated treatment of untreated HER2-positive stage IV MBC. Two lapatinib/docetaxel OTR doses were recommended (1250 mg/75 mg/m²; 1000 mg/100 mg/m²). CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT00251433.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Crown
- All Ireland Cooperative Oncology Research Group, Dublin, Ireland.
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O'Brien C, Fogarty E, Walsh C, Dempsey O, Barry M, Kennedy MJ, McCullagh L. The cost of the inpatient management of febrile neutropenia in cancer patients--a micro-costing study in the Irish healthcare setting. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2014; 24:125-32. [PMID: 24472035 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the resource use and cost of hospitalisation for febrile neutropenia (FN) from the health-payer's perspective. This was a single centre study. Adults undergoing chemotherapy, who were admitted for FN, were identified prospectively. Patient medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Demographics and resource utilisation data were obtained from a cohort of 32 patients (69% female, mean age = 58.8 years). Twenty-five per cent of patients had more than one FN episode. In total, 42 FN episodes were captured; 60% of episodes had occurred within the first two cycles of chemotherapy. The bootstrap estimation was used to determine mean hospital length of stay (LOS) with standard deviation (±SD) and mean costs ± SD. The mean LOS was 7.3 ± 0.5 days. The mean cost per FN episode was €8915 ± 718. The major cost driver was hospital bed-stay (mean cost of €6851 ± 549). Other cost drivers included antibacterial treatment at €760 ± 156, laboratory investigations at €538 ± 47 and the requirement for blood bank products at €525 ± 189. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of the cost of chemotherapy induced FN within the context of the Irish healthcare setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O'Brien
- Department of Medical Oncology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Jayaram A, Teo M, Keegan N, Harrold E, Coleman N, Kennedy MJ. Does interval from histologic diagnosis (Dx) to start of chemotherapy (Ctx) impact survival in metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC)? J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.3_suppl.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
615 Background: Optimal timing from colorectal surgery to initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy is between 4 to 6 weeks based on recent data. In MCRC, therapeutic benefits of ctx are frequently calculated from start of treatment. We investigated whether the interval between dx and commencement of ctx influences overall survival (OS) in patients (pts) with MCRC. Methods: Pts with CRC were identified from the institutional database. Inclusion criteria were MCRC and receipt of ctx. Clinicopathologic details were collected. Intervals from histologic dx to ctx were calculated. Analyses were based on receipt of ctx within 4 weeks (w), 5-8w and > 8w of dx. Survival was compared between groups. OS was presented as hazard ratio (HR) with associated p value. Results: Between 2003 and 2013, 123 pts were identified, where 58 pts receive ctx within 4w, 38 within 5-8w and 27 > 8w. Median OS (mOS) was 8.7, 15.7 and 13.7 months (mths) respectively. Improvement in OS was noted in pts treated 5-8w and >8w compared to within 4w (HR 0.53, 0.45; p=<0.01, <0.01). Surgical resection of the primary was noted in 14% of pts receiving ctx in 4w, 45% between 5-8w and 70% > 8w and mOS amongst these groups were 19.5, 16.3, and 22.1 mths respectively versus 6.5, 10.5 and 8.9 mths in similar groups without surgery. Improved OS in resected pts is noted in when treated 5-8w and > 8w compared to 4w (HR 0.76, 0.72 p= 0.55, 0.46) with no difference in OS between groups treated at 5-8w and > 8 w (HR 1.06, p= 0.85). Univariate and multivariate analyses for 5 variables are described in the Table, two of which are statistically significant on multivariate analyses. Conclusions: Our data did not suggest a detrimental effect on OS from ctx delay and the lack of survival benefit from early ctx might be due to a number of confounding variables as described above. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Jayaram
- Department of Medical Oncology St. James University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - MinYuen Teo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Keegan
- Department of Medical Oncology, St James Univeristy Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emily Harrold
- Department of Medical Oncology, St James Univeristy Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Coleman
- Department of Medical Oncology St James University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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McGarrigle SA, Murphy A, Kennedy BN, Reynolds A, O'Sullivan JN, Kennedy MJ, Connolly EM. Abstract P2-09-16: Pre-clinical evaluation of novel anti-angiogenic agents as breast cancer therapeutics. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs13-p2-09-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There is a need to develop novel drugs that will improve survival in breast cancer patients. Angiogenesis is essential for breast tumour progression. To date, the most promising approach to inhibit angiogenesis in breast cancer patients has been the drug bevacizumab which targets the pro-angiogenic factor Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Recently, there has been controversy regarding the efficacy of bevacizumab for breast cancer treatment. In clinical trials, bevacizumab failed to establish an overall-survival benefit and was associated with serious toxicities. This resulted in the FDA revoking approval for the drug for the first line treatment of advanced breast cancer. Due to this uncertainty surrounding the efficacy of bevacizumab for the treatment of breast cancer it is clear that there is a clinical need for more effective novel anti-angiogenic drugs with better toxicity profiles for the treatment of breast cancer.
Aim
This study aimed to identify novel small-molecule anti-angiogenic agents with therapeutic potential in human breast cancer.
Methods
Compounds with physiochemical properties consistent with drug-like compounds were screened for anti-angiogenic activity by high-throughput screening involving zebrafish larvae. Human breast tumour explants were treated with the lead compound and secretion of angiogenic factors was assessed by ELISA.
Results
We have identified a novel small-molecule agent ‘SMG1’ that significantly inhibited inter-segmental blood-vessel development in zebrafish and showed no toxicity. Treatment of breast tumour explants with SMG1 significantly inhibited secretion of the potent pro-angiogenic cytokine VEGF (p = 0.01). Furthermore, SMG1 inhibited VEGF secretion more than the standard targeted breast cancer therapies tamoxifen and Herceptin® which have been reported to inhibit angiogenesis.
Conclusion
Continuing pre-clinical work will determine if SMG1 has potential as a therapeutic agent for human breast cancer.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-09-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- SA McGarrigle
- Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Academic Unit of Clinical and Medical Oncology, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Murphy
- Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Academic Unit of Clinical and Medical Oncology, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - BN Kennedy
- Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Academic Unit of Clinical and Medical Oncology, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Reynolds
- Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Academic Unit of Clinical and Medical Oncology, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - JN O'Sullivan
- Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Academic Unit of Clinical and Medical Oncology, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - MJ Kennedy
- Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Academic Unit of Clinical and Medical Oncology, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - EM Connolly
- Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Academic Unit of Clinical and Medical Oncology, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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O'Brien C, Dempsey O, Kennedy MJ. Febrile neutropenia risk assessment tool: improving clinical outcomes for oncology patients. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2013; 18:167-74. [PMID: 24290035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop, implement and evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-led risk assessment tool to reduce the incidence of febrile neutropenia (FN) and evaluate the nurse's role in FN risk assessment in a hospital-based oncology unit. METHODS AND SAMPLE A FN risk assessment tool was developed, implemented and evaluated. A comparative prospective observational chart review was undertaken to evaluate the tool. Clinical data were collected from 459 patients' records from August 2008 through July 2009. Patients had no intervention during the first six months (n = 233). Patients in the following six months (n = 226) had the FN risk assessment completed and appropriate granulocyte-colony stimulating factor prescribed. A self-questionnaire was utilised to evaluate the nurses' role in FN risk assessment. KEY RESULTS The incidence of FN was reduced by 52% (p = 0.02). Hospital days, dose reductions and treatment delays were reduced. Nurses felt they were the most appropriate person to carry out the assessment. CONCLUSIONS Through consistent risk assessment, nurses could determine which patients were at high risk of developing FN leading to significant reduction in life-threatening infections, hospitalisations, dose reductions and delays. Nurses can be confident and competent in decision-making to reduce life-threatening infections through the use of an FN risk assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine O'Brien
- Haematology Oncology Department, HOPE Directorate, St James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Orla Dempsey
- Centre for Practice and Healthcare Innovation, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - M John Kennedy
- Haematology Oncology Department, HOPE Directorate, St James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland; Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Pertl MM, Hevey D, Boyle NT, Hughes MM, Collier S, O'Dwyer AM, Harkin A, Kennedy MJ, Connor TJ. C-reactive protein predicts fatigue independently of depression in breast cancer patients prior to chemotherapy. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 34:108-19. [PMID: 23928287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.07.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heightened inflammatory activity has been proposed as a mechanism for the development of cancer-related fatigue (CRF), a common and distressing condition that can negatively affect quality of life. Inflammation is also implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, and depression is a strong predictor of CRF. Thus, the role of the pro-inflammatory cytokine network in CRF may be mediated by depression or both conditions may share similar underlying physiological processes. The current study investigated associations between fatigue, depression and inflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α) and CRP concentrations, as well as kynurenine pathway (KP) activation, in 61 breast cancer patients prior to chemotherapy. Changes in inflammatory markers and KP activation over time were also explored, and associations with changes in fatigue and depression were examined. Higher levels of CRP were significantly correlated with fatigue and depression before chemotherapy; nevertheless, CRP predicted fatigue independently of depression. Although greater kynurenine concentrations were associated with increased immune activation, there was no evidence that the KP played a role in fatigue or depression. Furthermore, no relationships emerged between either fatigue or depression and IFN-γ, IL-6, or TNF-α before chemotherapy. Nevertheless, kynurenine levels pre- and post-treatment significantly predicted changes in depression, suggesting that heightened KP activation may contribute to depressive symptoms in patients treated for cancer. In addition, IL-6 significantly covaried with fatigue. These preliminary findings provide some support for the idea that low-grade inflammation contributes to the development of CRF, independently of depression; however, there was no evidence that this is mediated by KP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Pertl
- School of Psychology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Guinan EM, Connolly EM, Kennedy MJ, Hussey J. The presentation of metabolic dysfunction and the relationship with energy output in breast cancer survivors: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J 2013; 12:99. [PMID: 23855321 PMCID: PMC3717288 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer prognosis can be adversely influenced by obesity, physical inactivity and metabolic dysfunction. Interventions aimed at improving surrogate markers of breast cancer risk such as insulin resistance may result in improved breast cancer outcomes. The design of such interventions may be improved through increased understanding of metabolic presentation in this cohort. This cross-sectional study aimed to characterise the metabolic profile of breast cancer survivors relative to abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. A secondary aim was to compare measures of energy output across these groups. Methods Sixty-nine women (mean (SD) age 53.43 (9.39) years) who had completed adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for breast cancer were recruited. All measures were completed during one assessment conducted 3.1 (1.0) years post diagnosis. Body composition was measured by bioimpedance analysis and waist circumference (WC). Fasting (12 hour) blood samples were drawn to measure lipid profile, glucose, insulin, glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HBA1c) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Insulin resistance was estimated by the homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA-IR)). Energy output was evaluated by resting metabolic rate (RMR) measured by indirect calorimetry and physical activity measured by accelerometry. Characteristics were compared across four groups (1. WC <80 cm, not insulin resistant; 2. WC 80–87.9 cm, not insulin resistant; 3. WC >88 cm, not insulin resistant; 4. WC >80 cm, insulin resistant) using ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results Group 4 was characterised by significant disturbances in measures of glucose metabolism (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and HBA1c) and raised CRP compared to other groups. Group 4 also displayed evidence of dyslipidemia and higher body composition values compared to Groups 1 and 2. Both absolute and adjusted RMR were significantly higher in the Group 4 versus all other groups. Physical activity levels were similar for all groups. Conclusions The results from this study suggest that participants who were both centrally obese and insulin resistant showed evidence of dyslipidemia, low-grade inflammation and glucose dysregulation. Metabolic profiles of participants who were centrally obese only were not significantly different from lean participants. Consideration of baseline metabolic presentation may be useful when considering the therapeutic targets for future interventions in this cohort.
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