Retraction Note: Autoantibodies detection in patients affected by autoimmune retinopathies

The article "Autoantibodies detection in patients affected by autoimmune retinopathies", by M.R. Ceccarini, M.C. Medori, K. Dhuli, S. Tezzele, G. Bonetti, C. Micheletti, P.E. Maltese, S. Cecchin, K. Donato, L. Colombo, L. Rossetti, G. Staurenghi, A.P. Salvetti, M. Oldani, L. Ziccardi, D. Marangoni, G. Iarossi, B. Falsini, G. Placidi, F. D'Esposito, F. Viola, M. Nassisi, G. Leone, L. Cimino, L. De Simone, V. Mastrofilippo, T. Beccari, M. Bertelli, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27 (6 Suppl): 57-63-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202312_34690-PMID: 38112948 has been retracted by the Editor in Chief for the following reasons. Following some concerns raised on PubPeer, the Editor in Chief has started an investigation to assess the validity of the results. The outcome of the investigation revealed that the manuscript presented major flaws in the following: -       Issues with ethical approval -       Undeclared conflict of interest In light of concerns regarding the potential manipulation of Supplementary Figure 2, the journal's inquiry has been unable to conclusively determine whether the alterations noted on PubPeer constitute figure manipulation. The investigation yielded divergent evaluations. However, given the aforementioned concerns, the Editor in Chief doubts the integrity of the findings presented and thus, has opted to retract the article. The authors disagree with this retraction. This article has been retracted. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/34690.

Retraction Note: Metabolomic profiling of amino acid alterations in anorexia nervosa: implications for appetite regulation and therapeutic strategies

The article "Metabolomic profiling of amino acid alterations in anorexia nervosa: implications for appetite regulation and therapeutic strategies", by K. Donato, K. Dhuli, A. Macchia, M.C. Medori, C. Micheletti, G. Bonetti, M.R. Ceccarini, T. Beccari, P. Chiurazzi, S. Cristoni, V. Benfatti, L. Dalla Ragione, M. Bertelli, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27 (6 Suppl): 64-76-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202312_34691-PMID: 38112949 has been retracted by the Editor in Chief for the following reasons. Following some concerns raised on PubPeer, the Editor in Chief has started an investigation to assess the validity of the results. The outcome of the investigation revealed that the manuscript presented major flaws in the following: -       Issues with ethical approval -       Undeclared conflict of interest Consequently, the Editor in Chief mistrusts the results presented and has decided to retract the article. The authors disagree with this retraction. This article has been retracted. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/34691.

Mechanical Transfer of Black Phosphorus on a Silk Fibroin Substrate: A Viable Method for Photoresponsive and Printable Biomaterials

Despite the technological importance of semiconductor black phosphorus (BP) in materials science, maintaining the stability of BP crystals in organic media and protecting them from environmental oxidation remains challenging. In this study, we present the synthesis of bulk BP and the exploitation of the viscoelastic properties of a regenerated silk fibroin (SF) film as a biocompatible substrate to transfer BP flakes, thereby preventing oxidation. A model based on the flow of polymers revealed that the applied flow-induced stresses exceed the yield stress of the BP aggregate. Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the exfoliation efficiency as well as the environmental stability of BP transferred on the SF substrate. Notably, BP flakes transferred to the SF substrate demonstrated improved stability when SF was dissolved in a phosphate-buffered saline medium, and in vitro cancer cell viability experiments demonstrate the tumor ablation efficiency under visible to near-infrared (Vis-nIR) radiation. Moreover, the SF and BP-enriched SF (SF/BP) solution was shown to be processable via extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing. Therefore, this work paves the way for a general method for the transferring of BP on natural biodegradable polymers and processing them via 3D printing toward novel functionalities and complex shapes for biomedical purposes.

Author Correction: Genetic variants identified in novel candidate genes for anorexia nervosa and analysis of molecular pathways for diagnostic applications

Correction to: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27 (6 Suppl): 77-88-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202312_34692 After publication and following some post-publication concerns, the authors have applied the following corrections to the galley proof. The conflict of interest section has been amended as follows: K. Donato is employee at MAGI EUREGIO and MAGISNAT. G. Marceddu is employee at MAGI EUREGIO. M. Bertelli is president of MAGI EUREGIO, MAGISNAT, and MAGI's LAB. M.C. Medori, A. Macchia, S. Cecchin, C. Micheletti, K. Dhuli, G. Madeo, G. Bonetti are employees at MAGI's LAB. M. Bertelli, M.R. Ceccarini, and P. Chiurazzi are patent inventors (US20220362260A11). M. Bertelli, P.E. Maltese, G. Marceddu, and S. Cecchin are patent inventors (US20230173003A1). M. Bertelli, K. Dhuli, and P.E. Maltese are patent inventors (WO2022079498A1). M. Bertelli, K. Donato, M.C. Medori, M.R. Ceccarini, T. Beccari, P. Chiurazzi, C. Micheletti, K. Dhuli, G. Bonetti, G. Marceddu are patent applicants (Application Number: 18/466.879). The remaining authors have no conflict of interest to disclose. Since the current study shares the same NGS panel for the genetic analysis as the study cited in Ref. 5 (Ceccarini MR, Precone V, Manara E, Paolacci S, Maltese PE, Benfatti V, Dhuli K, Donato K, Guerri G, Marceddu G, Chiurazzi P, Dalla Ragione L, Beccari T, Bertelli M. A next generation sequencing gene panel for use in the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27: 1869-1880), the authors amend the following sentence: "A subset comprising 163 genes from a dedicated Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) panel was analyzed5" in "A subset comprising 163 genes from a dedicated Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) panel, previously used in the study by Ceccarini et al5, was analyzed". The authors clarify that the analyzed patients of the two articles are completely independent. To clarify the data reported in Table II, the authors amend the following sentence: "Genetic variants identified in the AN population are reported in Table II." In "The genomic sequencing NGS was performed in all 135 patients recruited in the study. After obtaining the raw data, based on the ACMG guidelines (https://www.acmg.net/ACMG/Medical-Genetics-Practice-Resources/Practice-Guidelines.aspx), the results were filtered, and Table II reports the variants considered Pathogenic (P), likely pathogenic (LP), and Variable with Uncertain Significance (VUS), 61 patients in total". Consequently, to improve clarity, the legend of Table II has been amended as follows: Genetic variants identified in 61 patients out of the total 135 patients analyzed by NGS. There are amendments to this paper. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/34692.

Sphingomyelin Metabolism Modifies Luminal A Breast Cancer Cell Line under a High Dose of Vitamin C

The role of sphingomyelin metabolism and vitamin C in cancer has been widely described with conflicting results ranging from a total absence of effect to possible preventive and/or protective effects. The aim of this study was to establish the possible involvement of sphingomyelin metabolism in the changes induced by vitamin C in breast cancer cells. The MCF7 cell line reproducing luminal A breast cancer and the MDA-MB-231 cell line reproducing triple-negative breast cancer were used. Cell phenotype was tested by estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression, and proliferation index percentage. Sphingomyelin was localized by an EGFP-NT-Lys fluorescent probe. Sphingomyelin metabolism was analyzed by RT-PCR, Western blotting and UFLC-MS/MS. The results showed that a high dose of vitamin C produced reduced cell viability, modulated cell cycle related genes, and changed the cell phenotype with estrogen receptor downregulation in MCF7 cell. In these cells, the catabolism of sphingomyelin was promoted with a large increase in ceramide content. No changes in viability and molecular expression were observed in MB231 cells. In conclusion, a high dose of vitamin C induces changes in the luminal A cell line involving sphingomyelin metabolism.

Metabolomic profiling of amino acid alterations in anorexia nervosa: implications for appetite regulation and therapeutic strategies

OBJECTIVE

Anorexia nervosa (AN), a severe psychiatric disorder primarily affecting adolescents and young adults, is characterized by extreme dietary restriction and distorted body image. While the psychological aspects of AN are well-documented, its intricate metabolic underpinnings remain less explored. We think that metabolomic analysis of hair samples emerges as a promising tool to unveil the complex physiological alterations in AN. This study aims to comprehensively profile amino acid concentrations in hair samples from AN patients and healthy controls. Additionally, it seeks to elucidate potential correlations between amino acid alterations and appetite dysregulation in AN, thereby shedding light on the physiological basis of this debilitating disorder.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 25 AN patients and 25 age-matched healthy controls were recruited for this study. Hair samples were collected, and metabolites were extracted and analyzed using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clinical data and biochemical markers were also gathered to characterize participants' demographic and clinical profiles.

RESULTS

Metabolomic analysis revealed significant alterations in amino acid concentrations in AN patients compared to healthy controls. Notably, deficiencies in essential amino acids (EAAs) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) were observed, highlighting potential contributors to muscle wasting and appetite dysregulation. Further analysis identified specific amino acids as robust biomarkers capable of distinguishing AN patients with high sensitivity and specificity.

CONCLUSIONS

This study unveils the complex metabolic disturbances associated with AN and underscores the role of amino acid dysregulation in the disorder's pathophysiology. The identified biomarkers hold promise for diagnostic screening and potential therapeutic interventions, opening avenues for personalized approaches in AN treatment. Ultimately, this research contributes to our understanding of chronic disorders through the lens of metabolomics and the chemosensory underpinnings of appetite regulation.

Genetic variants identified in novel candidate genes for anorexia nervosa and analysis of molecular pathways for diagnostic applications

OBJECTIVE

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a relentless pursuit of thinness, and a distorted body image. Recent research highlights the substantial contribution of genetics to AN's etiology, with genes like BDNF, SLC6A4, and DRD2 implicated. However, a comprehensive genetic test for AN diagnosis is lacking. This study aims to elucidate the biological foundations of AN, examining variants in genes associated with syndromic forms, rare variants in AN patients, and candidate genes from GWAS studies, murine models, or established molecular pathways.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study involved 135 AN patients from Italy, diagnosed based on DSM-V criteria. A specialized Next-Generation Sequencing panel targeting 163 genes was designed. Sequencing was performed on an Illumina MiSeq System, and variants were analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Data on clinical parameters, exercise habits, and AN types were collected.

RESULTS

The AN cohort, predominantly female, exhibited diverse clinical characteristics. Our analysis identified gene variants associated with syndromic forms of AN, such as STRA6, NF1, MAT1A, and ABCC6. Variants were also found in known AN-related genes (CD36, DRD4, GCKR, GHRL, GRIN3B, GPR55, LEPR) and in other 16 candidate genes (A2M, AEBP1, ABHD4, ACBD7, CNTNAP, GFRAL, GRIN2D, LIPE, LMNA, NMU, PDE3B, POMC, RYR1, TNXB, TYK2, VPS13B), highlighting the complexity of AN's genetic landscape. The endocannabinoid and dopamine pathways play crucial roles. Skeletal muscle-related genes and appetite-regulating hormones also revealed potential connections. Adipogenesis-related genes suggest AN's association with subcutaneous adipose tissue deficiency.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides comprehensive insights into the genetic underpinnings of AN, emphasizing the importance of multiple pathways. The identified variants contribute.

Autoantibodies detection in patients affected by autoimmune retinopathies

OBJECTIVE

Autoimmune retinopathies (ARs) encompass a spectrum of immune diseases that are characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against retinal proteins in the bloodstream. These autoantibodies (AAbs) lead to a progressive and sometimes rapid loss of vision. ARs commonly affect subjects over 50 years of age, but also rare cases of kids under 3 years of age have been reported.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this study, 47 unrelated Caucasian patients were enrolled. All subjects showed negative cancer diagnoses and negative results in their genetic screenings. We studied 8 confirmed retinal antigens using Western blotting analysis, with α-enolase followed by carbonic anhydrase II being the two most frequently found in the patients' sera.

RESULTS

Nineteen patients were positive (40.4%), thirteen uncertain (27.7%), and fifteen were negative (31.9%). Their gender did not correlate with the presence of AAbs (p=0.409).

CONCLUSIONS

AAbs are responsible for retinal degeneration in some cases, while in others, they contribute to exacerbating the progression of the disease; however, their detection is crucial to reaching a better diagnosis and developing more effective treatments for these conditions. Moreover, finding good biomarkers is important not only for AR monitoring and prognosis, but also for helping with early cancer diagnosis.

Autoantibodies in patients with post-COVID syndrome: a possible link with severity?

OBJECTIVE

Coronavirus disease 2019 is an infectious disease associated with the respiratory system caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Right now, an increasing number of patients with Post-COVID Syndrome show, without clear evidence of organ dysfunction, a plethora of severe symptoms, such as fatigue, pain, shortness of breath, cognitive impairment, and sleep disturbance. It has already been demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 virus can disrupt the self-tolerance mechanism of the immune system, thus triggering autoimmune conditions. Several studies have recently documented the presence of autoantibodies in the sera of post-COVID patients, but until now, it is unclear whether the persistence of symptoms could be directly correlated with the presence of autoantibodies.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this study, serum autoantibodies (AAbs) levels against four G protein-coupled receptors in 78 patients with post-COVID syndrome have been analyzed. The AAbs investigated are clustered in two groups: adrenergic receptors (α1 and β2) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M3 and M4).

RESULTS

At least one or more AAbs were detected in 60.3% (47/78) of patients diagnosed with post-COVID syndrome, whereas 37.2% (29/78) of patients were positive for all receptors investigated. Interestingly, a strong correlation has been found between AAbs and pain intensity feeling by the patients measured by Visual Analogic Scale. A significant association was also obtained with insomnia and AABS-positive patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The identification of AAbs and their correlation with pathological symptoms seriousness underly the possible role of AAbs as future therapeutic targets.

Goji Berry in the Diet of the Rabbit Buck: Effects on Semen Quality, Oxidative Status and Histological Features of the Reproductive Tract

Goji berry (GB) shows beneficial effects on human health, although its effects on the male rabbit have been little investigated. This study examines the impact of GB dietary supplementation on the semen traits, antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma, and histological features of the reproductive tract of rabbit buck. Eighteen rabbits were distributed into two dietary groups: one receiving a commercial feed (Control), and the other a feed supplemented with 1% of GB (Goji). After a nutritional adaptation period of 60 days, the animals were subjected to semen collection every 15 days. The semen traits, libido, antioxidant, and inflammatory parameters were collected and analyzed. The rabbits were sacrificed after 60 days, and tissues of the genital tract were analyzed. Compared to the Control group, the Goji group showed higher spermatozoa concentration, motility, and vitality (p < 0.05), as well as fewer abnormal spermatozoa and a higher libido (p < 0.1). Histological features such as functional activity and hyperplasia were improved by GB and correlated with some semen traits (p < 0.05). Conversely, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory parameters were unaffected by the diet. These findings suggest that GB acts on the tissues of the reproductive tract positively influencing semen quality, although further studies are needed to understand the effect on oxidative stress.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in pancreas cancer

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, associated with poor prognosis outcomes and late treatment interventions. The pathological nature and extreme tissue heterogeneity of this disease has hampered all efforts to correctly diagnose and treat it. Omics sciences and precision medicine have revolutionized our understanding of pan-creatic cancer, providing a new hope for patients suffering from this devastating disease. By analyzing large-scale biological data sets and developing personalized treatment strategies, researchers and clinicians are working together to improve patient outcomes and ultimately find a cure for pancreatic cancer.

Nutrigenomics: SNPs correlated to physical activity, response to chiropractic treatment, mood and sleep

Abstract

Nutrigenomics, a rapidly evolving field that bridges genetics and nutrition, explores the intricate interactions between an individual's genetic makeup and how they respond to nutrients. At its core, this discipline focuses on investigating Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common genetic variations, which significantly influence a person's physiological status, mood regulation, and sleep patterns, thus playing a pivotal role in a wide range of health out-comes. Through decoding their functional implications, researchers are able to uncover genetic factors that impact physical fitness, pain perception, and susceptibility to mood disorders and sleep disruptions. The integration of nutrigenomics into healthcare holds the promise of transformative interventions that cater to individual well-being. Notable studies shed light on the connection between SNPs and personalized responses to exercise, as well as vulnerability to mood disorders and sleep disturbances. Understanding the intricate interplay between genetics and nutrition informs targeted dietary approaches, molding individual health trajectories. As research advances, the convergence of genetics and nourishment is on the brink of reshaping healthcare, ushering in an era of personalized health management that enhances overall life quality. Nutrigenomics charts a path toward tailored nutritional strategies, fundamentally reshaping our approach to health preservation and preventive measures.

Nutrigenomics: SNPs correlated to Food Preferences and Susceptibilities

Background

Nutrigenomics explores the intricate interplay between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), food preferences, and susceptibilities.

Methods

This study delves into the influence of SNPs on food sensitivities, allergies, tyramine intolerance, and taste preferences. Genetic factors intricately shape physiological reactions to dietary elements, with polymorphisms contributing to diverse sensitivities and immune responses.

Results

Tyramine intolerance, arising from metabolic inefficiencies, unveils genetic markers exerting influence on enzyme function. SNPs transcend genetic diversity by exerting substantial impact on food sensitivities/allergies, with specific variants correlating to heightened susceptibilities. Genes accountable for digesting food components play pivotal roles. Given the rising prevalence of food sensitivities/allergies, understanding genetic foundations becomes paramount. In the realm of taste and food preferences, SNPs sculpt perception and choice, yielding variances in taste perception and preferences for sweetness, bitterness, and umami. This genetic medley extends its reach to encompass wider health implications.

Conclusions

In this review article, we have focused on how polymorphisms wield significant sway over physiological responses, sensitivities, and dietary inclinations. Unraveling these intricate relationships illuminates the path to personalized nutrition, potentially revolutionizing tailored recommendations and interventions.

Unraveling the Role of Prickly Pear Extract as a Potent Nutraceutical Agent Against Metabolic Syndromes

Background

Prickly pear (Opuntia) extracts have garnered con-siderable attention in recent years due to their promising medicinal and nutritional properties. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted potential of prickly pear extracts in mitigating various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes, obesity, cancer, neuronal diseases, and renal diseases.

Methods

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse therapeutic applications of Opuntia extracts in managing chronic diseases. The collective evidence underscores the potential of prickly pear as a valuable natural resource for addressing global health challenges. Further research and clinical investigations are warranted to unlock the full potential of Opuntia in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.

Results

Studies have suggested that the bioactive compounds within prickly pear may influence glucose metabolism by improving insulin sensitivity, reducing insulin resistance, and modulating gut microbiota composition. These pathways exhibit potential in the reduction of hyperglycemia, which is a fundamental aspect of metabolic syndromes. Opuntia extracts demonstrate also antioxidant, anti-inflammatory capabilities that can contribute to improving health in various conditions.

Conclusion

Further research and clinical investigations are warranted to unlock the full potential of Opuntia in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in kidney cancer

Abstract

In the last decade, renal carcinoma has become more prevalent in European and North American regions. Kidney tumors are usually categorized based on histological features, with renal cell carcinoma being the most common subtype in adults. Despite conventional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, a rise in cancer incidence and recurrence necessitates a fresh approach to diagnosing and treating kidney cancer. This review focuses on novel multi-omics approaches, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics, to better understand the molecular and clinical features of renal cell carcinoma. Studies integrating omics sciences have shown early promise in enhancing prognostic and therapeutic outcomes for various kidney cancer subtypes and providing insight into fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms occurring at different molecular levels. This review highlights the importance of utilizing omics sciences as a revolutionary concept in diagnostics and therapeutics and the clinical implications of renal cell carcinoma. Finally, the review presents the most recent findings from large-scale multi-omics studies on renal cell carcinoma and its associations with patient subtyping and drug development.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in thyroid cancer

Background

Thyroid cancer, a heterogeneous disease originating from the thyroid gland, stands as the predominant endocrine malignan-cy worldwide. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, some patients still experience recurrence and mortality, which highlights the need for more personalized approaches to treatment. Omics sciences, encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, offer a high-throughput and impartial methodology for investigating the molecular signatures of thyroid cancer.

Methods

In the course of this review, we have adopted a focu-sed research strategy, meticulously selecting the most pertinent and emblematic articles related to the topic. Our methodology included a systematic examination of the scientific literature to guarantee a thorough and precise synthesis of the existing sources.

Results

These techniques enable the identification of molecular markers that can aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment selection. As an illustration, through genomics studies, numerous genetic alterations commonly discovered in thyroid cancer have been identified, such as mutations in the BRAF and RAS genes. Through transcriptomics studies, distinctively expressed genes in thyroid cancer have been uncovered, playing roles in diverse biological processes, including cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. These genes can serve as potential targets for novel therapies. Proteomics studies have unveiled differentially expressed proteins intricately involved in thyroid cancer pathogenesis, presenting promising biomarkers for early detection and disease progression monitoring. Metabolomics studies have identified alterations in metabolic pathways linked to thyroid cancer, offering promising avenues for potential therapeutic targets.

Conclusions

Precision medicine in thyroid cancer involves the integration of omics sciences with clinical data to develop personalized treatment plans for patients. Employing targeted therapies guided by molecular markers has exhibited promising outcomes in enhancing the prognosis of thyroid cancer patients. Notably, those with advanced hyroid cancer carrying BRAF mutations have displayed substantial responses to specific targeted therapies, such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib.

Nutrigenomics: SNPs correlated to vitamins' deficiencies

Abstract

Nutrients can influence the physiological processes in the body by interacting with molecular systems. Including nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics, nutritional genomics focuses on how bio-active food components interact with the genome. The purpose of this study is to clarify how nutrigenomics and vitamin dietary deficits relate to one another. Food tolerances among human sub-populations are known to vary due to genetic variation, which may also affect dietary needs. This raises the prospect of tailoring a person's nutritional intake for optimum health and illness prevention, based on their unique genome. To better understand the interplay between genes and nutrients and to plan tailored weight loss, nutrigenetic testing may soon become a key approach.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in Urothelial Carcinoma

Abstract

This comprehensive review explores the potential of omics sciences - such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics - in advancing the diagnosis and therapy of urothelial carcinoma (UC), a prevalent and heterogeneous cancer affecting the urinary tract. The article emphasizes the significant advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying UC development and progression, obtained through the application of omics approa-ches. Genomic studies have identified recurrent genetic alterations in UC, while transcriptomic analyses have revealed distinct gene expression profiles associated with different UC subtypes. Proteomic investigations have recognized protein biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic potential, and metabolomic profiling has found metabolic alterations that are specific to UC. The integration of multi-omics data holds promises in refining UC subtyping, identifying therapeutic targets, and predicting treatment response. However, challenges like the standardization of omics technologies, validation of biomarkers, and ethical considerations need to be addressed to successfully translate these findings into clinical practice. Omics sciences offer tremendous potential in revolutionizing the diagnosis and therapy of UC, enabling more precise diagnostic methods, prognostic evaluations, and personalized treatment selection for UC patients. Future research efforts should focus on overcoming these challenges and translating omics discoveries into meaningful clinical applications to improve outcomes for UC patients.

Olive tree polyphenols as effective and sustainable grain preservatives

Abstract

Whole grains play a crucial role in the human diet. Despite being cultivated in distinct regions, they are shipped everywhere, therefore making biosafety and security essential throughout the grain industry, from harvest to distribution. Phytopathogens, which have an impact on crop yield, induce grain spoiling and reduce grain quality in a number of ways, providing a constant danger to crop storage and distribution. Chemical control approaches, such as the use of pesticides and fungicides, are detrimental to the environment and hazardous to human health. The development of alternative, environmentally friendly, and generally acceptable solutions to ensure increased grain yield, biosafety, and quality during storage is crucial in order to guarantee sufficient food and feed supplies. As a means of self-defense against microbial infection and spoilage, plant matrices feature antimicrobial natural chemicals, which have led to their widespread usage as food preservatives in recent decades. Olive tree extracts, known for their high polyphenol content, have been widely used in the food preservation industry with great success, and are highly welcomed by people all over the world. In addition to their well-known health advantages, polyphenols are a valuable plant secondary metabolite because of their great antibacterial capabilities as natural preservatives. This article discusses the promising usage of polyphenols from olive trees as a natural alternative preservative, while also highlighting the future of olive eaves in the food industry.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in testicular cancer

Background

Cancer, a potentially fatal condition, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Among males aged 20 to 35, the most common cancer in healthy individuals is testicular cancer, accounting for 1% to 2% of all cancers in men.

Methods

Throughout this review, we have employed a targeted research approach, carefully handpicking the most representative and relevant articles on the subject. Our methodology involved a systematic review of the scientific literature to ensure a comprehensive and accurate overview of the available sources.

Results

The onset and spread of testicular cancer are significantly influenced by genetic changes, including mutations in oncogenes, tu-mor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. As a result of identifying these specific genetic mutations in cancers, targeted medications have been developed to disrupt the signaling pathways affected by these genetic changes. To improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease, it is crucial to understand its natural and clinical histories.

Conclusions

In order to comprehend cancer better and to discover new biomarkers and therapeutic targets, oncologists are increasingly employing omics methods, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Targeted medications that focus on specific genetic pathways and mutations hold promise for advancing the diagnosis and management of this disease.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in melanoma

Background

This article provides an overview of the application of omics sciences in melanoma research. The name omics sciences refers to the large-scale analysis of biological molecules like DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites.

Methods

In the course of this review, we have adopted a focu-sed research strategy, meticulously selecting the most pertinent and emblematic articles related to the topic. Our methodology included a systematic examination of the scientific literature to guarantee a thorough and precise synthesis of the existing sources.

Results

With the advent of high-throughput technologies, omics have become an essential tool for understanding the complexity of melanoma. In this article, we discuss the different omics approaches used in melanoma research, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. We also highlight the major findings and insights gained from these studies, including the identification of new therapeutic targets and the development of biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions in omics-based melanoma research, including the integration of multiple omics data and the development of personalized medicine approaches.

Conclusions

Overall, this article emphasizes the importance of omics science in advancing our understanding of melanoma and its potential for improving patient outcomes.

4D Printing Shape-Morphing Hybrid Biomaterials for Advanced Bioengineering Applications

Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an innovative additive manufacturing technology used to fabricate structures that can evolve over time when exposed to a predefined environmental stimulus. 4D printed objects are no longer static objects but programmable active structures that accomplish their functions thanks to a change over time in their physical/chemical properties that usually displays macroscopically as a shapeshifting in response to an external stimulus. 4D printing is characterized by several entangled features (e.g., involved material(s), structure geometry, and applied stimulus entities) that need to be carefully coupled to obtain a favorable fabrication and a functioning structure. Overall, the integration of micro-/nanofabrication methods of biomaterials with nanomaterials represents a promising approach for the development of advanced materials. The ability to construct complex and multifunctional triggerable structures capable of being activated allows for the control of biomedical device activity, reducing the need for invasive interventions. Such advancements provide new tools to biomedical engineers and clinicians to design dynamically actuated implantable devices. In this context, the aim of this review is to demonstrate the potential of 4D printing as an enabling manufacturing technology to code the environmentally triggered physical evolution of structures and devices of biomedical interest.

Polymeric Patches Based on Chitosan/Green Clay Composites and Hazelnut Shell Extract as Bio-Sustainable Medication for Wounds

Hazelnut shells, the main waste deriving from hazelnut processing, represent an interesting source of active molecules useful in pharmaceutics, although they have not yet been examined in depth. A hydrosoluble extract (hazelnut shell extract, HSE) was prepared by the maceration method using a hydroalcoholic solution and used as the active ingredient of patches (prepared by casting method) consisting of composites of highly deacetylated chitosan and green clay. In vitro studies showed that the formulation containing HSE is able to stimulate keratinocyte growth, which is useful for healing purposes, and to inhibit the growth of S. aureus (Log CFU/mL 0.95 vs. 8.85 of the control after 48 h); this bacterium is often responsible for wound infections and is difficult to treat by conventional antibiotics due to its antibiotic resistance. The produced patches showed suitable tensile properties that are necessary to withstand mechanical stress during both the removal from the packaging and application. The obtained results suggest that the developed patch could be a suitable product to treat wounds.

Development of Salmon Sperm DNA/Regenerated Silk Bio-Based Films for Biomedical Studies on Human Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells under Solar Spectrum

In this study, we fabricated adhesive patches from silkworm-regenerated silk and DNA to safeguard human skin from the sun's rays. The patches are realized by exploiting the dissolution of silk fibers (e.g., silk fibroin (SF)) and salmon sperm DNA in formic acid and CaCl₂ solutions. Infrared spectroscopy is used to investigate the conformational transition of SF when combined with DNA; the results indicated that the addition of DNA provides an increase in the SF crystallinity. UV-Visible absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy showed strong absorption in the UV region and the presence of B-form of DNA once dispersed in the SF matrix, respectively. Water absorption measurements as well as thermal dependence of water sorption and thermal analysis, suggested the stability of the fabricated patches. Biological results on cellular viability (MTT assay) of keratinocyte HaCaT cells after exposures to the solar spectrum showed that both SF and SF/DNA patches are photo-protective by increasing the cellular viability of keratinocytes after UV component exposure. Overall, these SF/DNA patches promise applications in wound dressing for practical biomedical purposes.

Formulation and characterization of sustainable bioadhesive films for wound treatment based on barley β-glucan extract obtained using the high power ultrasonic technique

β-glucan is a well-known functional and bioactive food ingredient. Recently, some studies highlighted several interesting pharmacological activities, such as hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The aim of this study is to evaluate a novel application of β-glucan, obtained from barley, for the development of formulations for skin use. Several water suspensions were obtained from barley flour of different particle sizes treated by high power ultrasonic (HPU) technique. Barley flour fraction in the range of 400-500 μm allowed to obtain a stable suspension, represented both by a water soluble and water insoluble fraction of β-glucans, that showed excellent film forming ability. The plasticizer sorbitol as well as the bioadhesive biopolymer acacia gum were added to this suspension in order to obtain a gel suitable to prepare films by casting. The obtained films demonstrated suitable mechanical properties and ability to stimulate in vitro keratinocytes growth suggesting its possible application in dermatological field as for wound treatment. This study demonstrated the dual use of barley suspension: as excipient and as active ingredient.

The Effect of Cholesterol in MCF7 Human Breast Cancer Cells

In the last decade, cholesterol level has been implicated in several types of cancer, including breast cancer. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the condition of lipid depletion, hypocholesterolemia or hypercholesterolemia reproduced in vitro to analyze the response of different human breast cancer cells. Thus, MCF7 as the luminal A model, MB453 as the HER2 model and MB231 as the triple-negative model were used. No effect on cell growth and viability was detected in MB453 and MB231 cells. In MCF7 cells, hypocholesterolemia (1) reduced cell growth, and Ki67 expression; (2) increased ER/PgR expression; (3) stimulated the 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and neutral sphingomyelinase and; (4) stimulated the expression of CDKN1A gene coding cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A protein, GADD45A coding growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible alpha protein and, PTEN gene coding phosphatase and tensin homolog. All these effects were exacerbated by the lipid-depleted condition and reversed by the hypercholesterolemic condition. The relationship between cholesterol level and sphingomyelin metabolism was demonstrated. In summary, our data suggest that cholesterol levels should be controlled in luminal A breast cancer.

SLC6A4 DNA Methylation Levels and Serum Kynurenine/Tryptophan Ratio in Eating Disorders: A Possible Link with Psychopathological Traits?

Background: The incidence of eating disorders (EDs), serious mental and physical conditions characterized by a disturbance in eating or eating-related behaviors, has increased steadily. The present study aims to develop insights into the pathophysiology of EDs, spanning over biochemical, epigenetic, psychopathological, and clinical data. In particular, we focused our attention on the relationship between (i) DNA methylation profiles at promoter-associated CpG sites of the SCL6A4 gene, (ii) serum kynurenine/tryptophan levels and ratio (Kyn/Trp), and (iii) psychopathological traits in a cohort of ED patients. Among these, 45 patients were affected by restricting anorexia nervosa (AN0), 21 by purging AN (AN1), 21 by bulimia (BN), 31 by binge eating disorders (BED), 23 by unspecified feeding or eating disorders (UFED), and finally 14 by other specified eating disorders (OSFED) were compared to 34 healthy controls (CTRs). Results: Kyn level was higher in BED, UFED, and OSFED compared to CTRs (p ≤ 0.001). On the other hand, AN0, AN1, and BN patients showed significatively lower Kyn levels compared to the other three ED groups but were closed to CTRs. Trp was significantly higher in AN0, AN1, and BN in comparison to other ED groups. Moreover, AN1 and BN showed more relevant Trp levels than CTRs (p <0.001). BED patients showed a lower Trp as compared with CTRs (p ≤ 0.001). In addition, Kyn/Trp ratio was lower in the AN1 subtype but higher in BED, UFED, and OSFED patients than in CTRs (p ≤ 0.001). SCL6A4 DNA methylation level at CpG5 was lower in AN0 compared to BED (p = 0.021), and the CpG6 methylation was also significantly lower in AN0 in comparison to CTRs (p = 0.025). The mean methylation levels of the six CpGs analyzed were lower only in the AN0 subgroup compared to CTRs (p = 0.008). Relevant psychological trait EDI-3 subscales were correlated with biochemical and epigenetic data. Conclusions: These findings underline the complexity of psychological and pathophysiological components of EDs.

Brain and gut microbiota disorders in the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa

Studies of pathophysiological mechanisms involved in eating disorders (EDs) have intensified over the past several years, revealing their unprecedented and unanticipated complexity. Results from many articles highlight critical aspects in each member of ED family. Notably, anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disorder due to undefined etiology, frequently associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsiveness, accompanied by endocrine alterations, altered immune response, increased inflammation, and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Hence, an advanced knowledge of how and why a multisystem involvement exists is of paramount importance to understand the pathogenetic mechanisms of AN. In this review, we describe the change in the brain structure/function focusing on hypothalamic endocrine disorders and the disequilibrium of gut microbiota in AN that might be responsible for the psychopathological complication.

Biocompatible and Printable Ionotronic Sensing Materials Based on Silk Fibroin and Soluble Plant-Derived Polyphenols

The emergence of ionotronic materials has been recently exploited for interfacing electronics and biological tissues, improving sensing with the surrounding environment. In this paper, we investigated the synergistic effect of regenerated silk fibroin (RS) with a plant-derived polyphenol (i.e., chestnut tannin) on ionic conductivity and how water molecules play critical roles in regulating ion mobility in these materials. In particular, we observed that adding tannin to RS increases the ionic conductivity, and this phenomenon is accentuated by increasing the hydration. We also demonstrated how silk-based hybrids could be used as building materials for scaffolds where human fibroblast and neural progenitor cells can highly proliferate. Finally, after proving their biocompatibility, RS hybrids demonstrate excellent three-dimensional (3D) printability via extrusion-based 3D printing to fabricate a soft sensor that can detect charged objects by sensing the electric fields that originate from them. These findings pave the way for a viable option for cell culture and novel sensors, with the potential base for tissue engineering and health monitoring.

Clinical assessment for diet prescription

Accurate nutritional assessment based on dietary intake, physical activity, genetic makeup, and metabolites is required to prevent from developing and/or to treat people suffering from malnutrition as well as other nutrition related health issues. Nutritional screening ought to be considered as an essential part of clinical assessment for every patient on admission to healthcare setups, as well as on change in clinical conditions. Therefore, a detailed nutritional assessment must be performed every time nutritional imbalances are observed or suspected. In this review we have explored different techniques used for nutritional and physical activity assessment. Dietary Intake (DI) assessment is a multidimensional and complex process. Traditionally, dietary intake is assessed through self-report techniques, but due to limitations like biases, random errors, misestimations, and nutrient databases-linked errors, questions arise about the adequacy of self-reporting dietary intake procedures. Despite the limitations in assessing dietary intake (DI) and physical activity (PA), new methods and improved technologies such as biomarkers analysis, blood tests, genetic assessments, metabolomic analysis, DEXA (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging), and CT (computed tomography) scanning procedures have made much progress in the improvement of these measures. Genes also plays a crucial role in dietary intake and physical activity. Similarly, metabolites are also involved in different nutritional pathways. This is why integrating knowledge about the genetic and metabolic markers along with the latest technologies for dietary intake (DI) and physical activity (PA) assessment holds the key for accurately assessing one's nutritional status and prevent malnutrition and its related complications.

Starch-based sustainable hydrogel loaded with Crocus sativus petals extract: A new product for wound care

The aim of the present study was to valorize Crocus sativus petals, the main waste deriving from saffron stigma harvesting, as source of bioactive molecules to be used in health field. Three different dry extracts were prepared by eco-friendly methods (maceration and ultrasound bath assisted maceration) using saffron petals as raw material and ethanol 70 % either ethanol 96 % as extraction solvents. A preliminary evaluation of the antioxidant activity (measured by ABTS*⁺, DPPH* and FRAP) highlighted that the most suitable extraction solvent is represented by ethanol 70 %. By in vitro studies on keratinocytes emerged that the extract obtained by maceration (rich in gallic and chlorogenic acids) stimulates their growth in a safe concentration range (0.02-0.4 mg/mL) suggesting a potential application in skin diseases such as superficial wounds. Due to the low manageability, the extract was firstly supported on corn starch powder particles and then formulated as starch gel. The obtained formulation showed both suitable rheological properties and spreadability necessary for an easy and pain free application on damaged skin. Moreover, in vitro microbiological studies of starch gel demonstrated antimicrobial activity toward S. epidermidis and self-preserving capacity.

Hypercholesterolemia in Cancer and in Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis for a Crosstalk

The relationship between cholesterol and cancer has been widely demonstrated. Clinical studies have shown changes in blood cholesterol levels in cancer patients. In parallel, basic research studies have shown that cholesterol is involved in the mechanisms of onset and progression of the disease. On the other hand, anorexic patients have high cholesterol levels and a high susceptibility to cancer. In this review, we first present a brief background on the relations among nutrition, eating disorders and cancer. Using several notable examples, we then illustrate the changes in cholesterol in cancer and in anorexia nervosa, providing evidence for their important relationship. Finally, we show a new possible link between cholesterol disorder in cancer and in anorexia nervosa.

MgAl and ZnAl-Hydrotalcites as Materials for Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Formulations: Study of Their Cytotoxicity on Different Cell Lines

The knowledge about the effect of hydrotalcites (HTlcs), largely used in pharmaceutics, on non-malignant cell lines is limited. The effect of MgAl-HTlc-and ZnAl-HTlc- (NO3−/Cl−/CO32−) on the cell viability of HaCat, fibroblasts and HepG2 was studied by MTT assay. Cells were incubated either with HTlc suspensions in the culture media and with the supernatant obtained from the suspension being centrifuged. MgAl-HTlcs suspensions resulted in being cytotoxic. As SEM and TEM analyses showed the presence of sub-micrometric particles in all the MgAl-HTlc examined, it could be hypothesized that this fraction can be internalized into cells reducing the viability. MgAl-HTlc-NO3 is the most cytotoxic probably due to the additional effect of NO3− anions. ZnAl-HTlcs are cytotoxic, especially for HaCat and HepG2 cells (viability <60% at all the concentrations assayed). The effect is attributable both to the sub-micrometric fraction (identified by TEM) and to the high Zn2+ levels found in the culture medium by ICP-OES analysis, suggesting that ZnAl-HTlcs are less stable than MgAl-HTlc in the used media. The obtained results suggest that it is very important to perform ad hoc studies in order to evaluate HTlc safety before to be introduced in a formulation.

A next generation sequencing gene panel for use in the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to increase knowledge of genes associated with anorexia nervosa (AN) and their diagnostic offer, using a next generation sequencing (NGS) panel for the identification of genetic variants. The rationale underlying this test is that we first analyze the genes associated with syndromic forms of AN, then genes that were found to carry rare variants in AN patients who had undergone segregation analysis, and finally candidate genes intervening in the same molecular pathways or identified by GWAS or in mouse models.

METHODS

We developed an NGS gene panel and used it to screen 68 Italian AN patients (63 females, 5 males). The panel included 162 genes. Family segregation study was conducted on available relatives of probands who reported significant genetic variants.

RESULTS

In our analysis, we found potentially deleterious variants in 2 genes (PDE11A and SLC25A13) associated with syndromic forms of anorexia and predicted deleterious variants in the following 12 genes: CD36, CACNA1C, DRD4, EPHX2, ESR1, GRIN2A, GRIN3B, LRP2, NPY4R, PTGS2, PTPN22 and SGPP2. Furthermore, by Sanger sequencing of the promoter region of NNAT, we confirmed the involvement of this gene in the pathogenesis of AN. Family segregation studies further strengthened the possible causative role of CACNA1C, DRD4, GRIN2A, PTGS2, SGPP2, SLC25A13 and NNAT genes in AN etiology.

CONCLUSION

The major finding of our study is the confirmation of the involvement of the NNAT gene in the pathogenesis of AN; furthermore, this study suggests that NGS-based testing can play an important role in the diagnostic evaluation of AN, excluding syndromic forms and increasing knowledge of the genetic etiology of AN.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level I, experimental study.

3D Printing Silk-Based Bioresorbable Piezoelectric Self-Adhesive Holey Structures for In Vivo Monitoring on Soft Tissues

Flexible and biocompatible adhesives with sensing capabilities can be integrated onto human body and organ surfaces, characterized by complex geometries, thus having the potential to sense their physiological stimuli offering monitoring and diagnosis of a wide spectrum of diseases. The challenges in this innovative field are the following: (i) the coupling method between the smart adhesive and the soft human substrates, (ii) the bioresorbable behavior of the material, and (iii) the electrical exchange with the substrate. Here, we introduce a multifunctional composite by mixing silk fibroin, featuring piezoelectric properties, with a soluble plant-derived polyphenol (i.e., chestnut tannin) modified with graphene nanoplatelets. This material behaves as a glue on different substrates and gives rise to high elongation at break, conformability, and adhesive performances to gastrointestinal tissues in a rat model and favors the printability via extrusion-based 3D printing. Exploiting these properties, we designed a bioresorbable 3D printed flexible and self-adhesive piezoelectric device that senses the motility once applied onto a phantom intestine and the hand gesture by signal translation. Experimental results also include the biocompatibility study using gastrointestinal cells. These findings could have applicability in animal model studies, and, thanks to the bioresorbable behavior of the materials, such an adhesive device could be used for monitoring the motility of the gastrointestinal tract and for the diagnosis of motility disorders.

Association Between DRD2 and DRD4 Polymorphisms and Eating Disorders in an Italian Population

Anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) are the three most common eating disorders (EDs). Their etiopathogenesis is multifactorial where both the environmental and genetic factors contribute to the disease outcome and severity. Several polymorphisms in genes involved in the dopaminergic pathways seem to be relevant in the susceptibility to EDs, but their role has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we have analyzed the association between selected common polymorphisms in the DRD2 and DRD4 genes in a large cohort of Italian patients affected by AN (n = 332), BN (n = 122), and BED (n = 132) compared to healthy controls (CTRs) (n = 172). Allelic and genotypic frequencies have been also correlated with the main psychopathological and clinical comorbidities often observed in patients. Our results showed significant associations of the DRD2-rs6277 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with AN and BN, of the DRD4-rs936461 SNP with BN and BED and of DRD4 120-bp tandem repeat (TR) polymorphism (SS plus LS genotypes) with BED susceptibility. Moreover, genotyping of DRD4 48-bp variable number TR (VNTR) identified the presence of ≥7R alleles as risk factors to develop each type of EDs. The study also showed that ED subjects with a history of drugs abuse were characterized by a significantly higher frequency of the DRD4 rs1800955 TT genotype and DRD4 120-bp TR short-allele. Our findings suggest that specific combinations of variants in the DRD2 and DRD4 genes are predisposing factors not only for EDs but also for some psychopathological features often coupled specifically to AN, BN, and BED. Further functional research studies are needed to better clarify the complex role of these proteins and to develop novel therapeutic compounds based on dopamine modulation.

A Multi-Gene Panel to Identify Lipedema-Predisposing Genetic Variants by a Next-Generation Sequencing Strategy

Lipedema is a disabling disease characterized by symmetric enlargement of the lower and/or upper limbs due to deposits of subcutaneous fat, that is easily misdiagnosed. Lipedema can be primary or syndromic, and can be the main feature of phenotypically overlapping disorders. The aim of this study was to design a next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel to help in the diagnosis of lipedema by identifying genes specific for lipedema but also genes for overlapping diseases, and targets for tailored treatments. We developed an NGS gene panel consisting of 305 genes potentially associated with lipedema and putative overlapping diseases relevant to lipedema. The genomes of 162 Italian and American patients with lipedema were sequenced. Twenty-one deleterious variants, according to 3 out of 5 predictors, were detected in PLIN1, LIPE, ALDH18A1, PPARG, GHR, INSR, RYR1, NPC1, POMC, NR0B2, GCKR, PPARA in 17 patients. This extended NGS-based approach has identified a number of gene variants that may be important in the diagnosis of lipedema, that may affect the phenotypic presentation of lipedema or that may cause disorders that could be confused with lipedema. This tool may be important for the diagnosis and treatment of people with pathologic subcutaneous fat tissue accumulation.

Goji Berries Supplementation in the Diet of Rabbits and Other Livestock Animals: A Mini-Review of the Current Knowledge

In the last decades, several nutraceutical substances have received great attention for their potential role in the prevention and treatment of different diseases as well as for their beneficial effects in promoting the health of humans and animals. Goji berries (GBs) are the fruit of Lycium barbarum and other species of Lycium, used in traditional Chinese medicine, and they have recently become very popular in the Occidental world because of their properties, such as anti-aging, antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective, cytoprotective, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. These effects are essentially evaluated in clinical trials in humans; in experimental animal models, such as mice and rats; and in cell lines in in vitro studies. Only recently has scientific research evaluated the effects of GBs diet supplementation in livestock animals, including rabbits. Although studies in the zootechnical field are still limited and the investigation of the GB mechanisms of action is in an early stage, the results are encouraging. This review includes a survey of the experimental trials that evaluated the effects of the GBs supplementation on reproductive and productive performances, immune system, metabolic homeostasis, and meat quality principally in the rabbit with also some references to other livestock animal species. Evidence supports the idea that GB supplementation could be used in rabbit breeding, although future studies should be conducted to establish the optimal dose to be administered and to assess the sustainability of the use of GBs in the diet of the rabbit.

LY294002 Inhibits Intermediate Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium (KCa3.1) Current in Human Glioblastoma Cells

Glioblastomas (GBs) are among the most common tumors with high malignancy and invasiveness of the central nervous system. Several alterations in protein kinase and ion channel activity are involved to maintain the malignancy. Among them, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity and intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa3.1) current are involved in several aspects of GB biology. By using the electrophysiological approach and noise analysis, we observed that KCa3.1 channel activity is LY294002-sensitive and Wortmannin-resistant in accordance with the involvement of PI3K class IIβ (PI3KC2β). This modulation was observed also during the endogenous activation of KCa3.1 current with histamine. The principal action of PI3KC2β regulation was the reduction of open probability in intracellular free calcium saturating concentration. An explanation based on the “three-gate” model of the KCa3.1 channel by PI3KC2β was proposed. Based on the roles of KCa3.1 and PI3KC2β in GB biology, a therapeutic implication was suggested to prevent chemo- and radioresistance mechanisms.

Study of the effects of Lemna minor extracts on human immune cell populations

OBJECTIVE

Lemna minor is a plant with a huge repertoire of secondary metabolites. The literature indicates that extracts of Lemna minor have antioxidant, antiradical, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of the present study was to find a suitable technique to extract active compounds from this plant and verify whether these extracts have immunomodulatory activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We grew L. minor on a standard medium with Gamborg B5 and vitamins. We extracted compounds from the plant by maceration and decoction. The phytochemical profile of the extracts was characterized by chromatography, spectrophotometry, and spectroscopy. The extracts were tested on cultures of mononuclear cells from four human subjects. These cells were pulsed with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester, grown in triplicate in standard culture medium without (control) and with increasing concentrations of Lemna extracts. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate cell death and proliferation of the total mononuclear cell population and of CD4+, CD8+, B cell and monocyte populations.

RESULTS

The Lemna extracts were not cytotoxic and did not cause cell necrosis or apoptosis in immune cells. At low concentrations, they induced very limited proliferation of CD4+ cells within 48 hours. At high concentrations, they induced proliferation of CD8+ cells and B lymphocytes within 48 hours.

CONCLUSIONS

Unfortunately, we failed to confirm any immunomodulatory activity of Lemna extracts. Growth and death rates of human immune cells were not significantly affected by adding Lemna extracts to the culture medium.

In vitro and clinical studies on the efficacy of α-cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol against SARS-CoV-2 infection

OBJECTIVE

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new coronavirus responsible for the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This virus attacks cells of the airway epithelium by binding transmembrane angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Hydroxytyrosol has anti-viral properties. Alpha-cyclodextrin can deplete sphingolipids and phospholipids from cell membranes. The aim of the present experimental study was to evaluate the efficacy of α-cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol in improving defenses against SARS-CoV-2 infection in in vitro cell models and humans.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

For in vitro experiments on Vero E6 cells, RNA for RT-qPCR analysis was extracted from Caco2 and human fibroblast cell lines. For study in humans, the treatment group consisted of 149 healthy volunteers in Northern Cyprus, considered at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection than the general population. The volunteers used nasal spray containing α-cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol for 4 weeks. The control group consisted of 76 healthy volunteers who did not use the spray.

RESULTS

RT-qPCR experiments on targeted genes involved in endocytosis showed a reduction in gene expression, whereas cytotoxicity and cytoprotective tests showed that the compounds exerted a protective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection at non-cytotoxic concentrations. None of the volunteers became positive to SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR assay during the 30 days of treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment with α-cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol nasal spray improved defenses against SARS-CoV-2 infection and reduced synthesis of viral particles.

Effect of a dietary supplement on the reduction of lymphedema-progression in mouse tail-cut model

OBJECTIVE

The aim of our study was to evaluate in vivo, in a mouse tail model of lymphedema, the effects of a dietary supplement, Garlive®, based on hydroxytyrosol from olive leaves, spermidine from rice seeds, hesperidin from citrus fruits and vitamin A. Hydroxytyrosol has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and inhibits leukotriene B4 generation; spermidine is able to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators; hesperidin inhibits the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines: IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10; vitamin A deficiency was shown to induce inflammation and aggravate existing inflammatory states, whereas supplementation with vitamin A could ameliorate inflammation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The active compounds were included in tablets: 250 mg of olive leaf extract titrated in 10% hydroxytyrosol, 200 mg of citrus fruits extract titrated in 60% hesperidin, 10 mg of rice (Oryza sativa) seeds extract titrated in 1% spermidine and 0.8 mg of vitamin A. Mice of an inbred group were randomly selected and divided in the control group and drug-treated group. The wound necessary for lymphedema generation was made on the tail of each mice 1 cm below the base of the trunk.

RESULTS

After surgical intervention, there was a gradual increase in the circumference of both ends of the wound. The control group showed higher increase of tail volume than the drug-treated group. The differences in tail swelling between the control group and the drug-treated group were significantly different. The peak of swelling was anticipated to the 6th day in the drug-treated group, whereas in the control group the peak was reached later on.

CONCLUSIONS

The tested drug prevented the induction of swelling from day 5th of wound creation and decreased the duration of swelling, favoring the wound healing.

Scoping review on the role and interactions of hydroxytyrosol and alpha-cyclodextrin in lipid-raft-mediated endocytosis of SARS-CoV-2 and bioinformatic molecular docking studies

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to show the effect that two naturally occurring compounds, a cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol, can have on the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The PubMed database was searched to retrieve studies published from 2000 to 2020, satisfying the inclusion criteria. The search keywords were: SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, lipid raft, endocytosis, hydroxytyrosol, cyclodextrin. Modeling of alpha-cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol were done using UCSF Chimera 1.14.

RESULTS

The search results indicated that cyclodextrins can reduce the efficiency of viral endocytosis and that hydroxytyrosol has antiviral properties. Bioinformatic docking studies showed that alpha-cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol, alone or in combination, interact with the viral spike protein and its host cell receptor ACE2, thereby potentially influencing the endocytosis process.

CONCLUSIONS

Hydroxytyrosol and alpha-cyclodextrin can be useful against the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Steroid-converting enzymes in human adipose tissues and fat deposition with a focus on AKR1C enzymes

Adipocytes express various enzymes, such as aldo-keto reductases (AKR1C), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD), aromatase, 5α-reductases, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSDs involved in steroid hormone metabolism in adipose tissues. Increased activity of AKR1C enzymes and their expression in mature adipocytes might indicate the association of these enzymes with subcutaneous adipose tissue deposition. The inactivation of androgens by AKR1C enzymes increases adipogenesis and fat mass, particularly subcutaneous fat. AKR1C also causes reduction of estrone, a weak estrogen, to produce 17β-estradiol, a potent estrogen and, in addition, it plays a role in progesterone metabolism. Functional impairments of adipose tissue and imbalance of steroid biosynthesis could lead to metabolic disturbances. In this review, we will focus on the enzymes involved in steroid metabolism and fat tissue deposition.

Improvement of quality of life by intake of hydroxytyrosol in patients with lymphedema and association of lymphedema genes with obesity

OBJECTIVE

Lymphedema is a debilitating disease and may be a comorbidity of obesity. New molecules have been investigated for the treatment of lymphedema; one of the most promising molecules is hydroxytyrosol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between mutations in genes mutated in lymphedema and the presence of obesity and making an estimate of the quality of life in lymphedema patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We recruited 71 Caucasian individuals with the diagnosis of primary lymphedema, and they undertook a questionnaire to assess their quality life. For this purpose, we developed a NGS custom-made panel comprising genes associated with lymphedema.

RESULTS

An obesity rate of 20% was detected. The average Lymph-ICF-LL value for patients who consume olive oil daily was 20 with a better quality of life. Twenty-three patients resulted positive to the genetic test. Genetic variants with a likely association with obesity have been identified in PROX1, FOXC2 and FLT4.

CONCLUSIONS

A obesity rate, higher than that reported by ISTAT, was detected. The use of olive oil enhances the quality of life of lymphedema patients. Moreover, a diagnostic approach by a NGS panel shows an association of lymphedema with obesity.

Stretchable, Bio-Compatible, Antioxidant and Self-Powering Adhesives from Soluble Silk Fibroin and Vegetal Polyphenols Exfoliated Graphite

The development of bio-glues is still a challenging task, regarding adhesion on wet surfaces; often, high performance and adaption to complex geometries need to be combined in one material. Here, we report biocompatible adhesives obtained by blending regenerated silk (RS) with a soluble plant-derived polyphenol (i.e., chestnut tannin) that was also used to exfoliate graphite to obtain graphene-based RS/tannin (G-RS/T) composites. The resultant G-RS/T hybrid material exhibited outstanding stretchability (i.e., 400%) and high shear strength (i.e., 180 kPa), superior to that of commercial bio-glues, and showed sealant properties for tissue approximation. Moreover, we showed how such nanocomposites exhibit electromechanical properties that could potentially be used for the realization of green and eco-friendly piezoelectric devices. Finally, we demonstrate the in vitro glue’s biocompatibility and anti-oxidant properties that enable their utilization in clinical applications.

Effect of Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum) Supplementation on Reproductive Performance of Rabbit Does

Simple Summary

Infectious diseases represent serious problems for the reproductive performance of livestock animals because they negatively affect not only the welfare of the animals, but also the profitability of the farm. Moreover, the European Community continues to promote the reduction of the use of antibiotics and hormones in animal breeding. In this context, it is necessary to find new nutritional approaches to reduce the negative energy balance, and at the same time, to reinforce the immune system of the animals. In this research, the effect of goji berry supplementation on the reproductive activity and productive performance of rabbits is evaluated. Lycium barbarum fruit is considered a nutraceutical natural product containing various biologically active substances that show health benefits for both humans and animals. In particular, the berry can modulate hormones and metabolites involved in energy balance and reproduction, stimulate and balance the immune system activity, contributing to the defense of the organism against pathogens. Our results suggest that the integration with goji berry in the rabbit diet at 1% affects the reproductive activity, influencing the pattern secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estrogens, as well as the sexual receptivity. Moreover, the fruit induced a higher milk production, improving the productive performance of young rabbits.

Abstract

Goji berry shows a wide range of beneficial properties in human health, but only a few studies evaluated its effects in livestock animals. The objective of this research was to assess the effects of goji berry supplementation on the hormonal profile, productive, and reproductive performance of does. Two months before artificial insemination, 105 nulliparous does were randomly divided into three groups (n = 35) based on the dietary treatment: commercial diet (C), or a diet supplemented with either 1% (G1), or 3% (G3) of goji berry, respectively. The results showed that receptivity was higher in G1 than in the C group (p < 0.05). Trends toward significance for differences between the G1 and G3 groups in marginal means of LH concentrations (p = 0.059), and between G1 and C in LH AUC values (p = 0.078), were evidenced. Estrogen concentrations showed a more fluctuating trend but a significant interaction effect (p < 0.001). The G1 group showed higher litter weight than C at birth (p = 0.008) and weaning (p < 0.001), as well as higher litter size at weaning (p = 0.020). The G1 group also exhibited the highest mean milk production (p < 0.01). In conclusion, goji berry influenced reproductive and productive performance, probably via modulating hormonal patterns and milk production in rabbits. However, further studies are needed to validate these preliminary results.

Development of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose based polymeric microparticles for in situ hydrogel wound dressing formation

18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (Gly), a natural compound obtained from licorice, is known both for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and for this reason useful for wound treatment. Due to its poor solubility, Gly is not suitable for formulations used in conventional topical products such as gels, foams and creams. Polymeric bioadhesive microparticles (MP), loaded with Gly, were developed to be introduced in the wound bed and swell, once in contact with the exudate, to form a hydrogel in situ able to close the wound. The MP were prepared by spray drying method from the polymeric solution of polysaccharide sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and copolymer Soluplus® (SL). Soluplus® introduction in MP composition, using a 3:1 ratio (CMC/SL wt./wt.), allowed to stabilize Gly in non-crystalline form, favoring the improvement of water solubility, and to obtain a spherical with rugged surface MP morphology. Ex vivo studies showed these MP maintain high swelling capability and are able to form in situ a hydrogel for wound repair. The controlled release of Gly from the hydrogel stimulates keratinocyte growth, potentially supporting the physiological healing processes.