1
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Zhang BC, Laursen MF, Hu L, Hazrati H, Narita R, Jensen LS, Hansen AS, Huang J, Zhang Y, Ding X, Muyesier M, Nilsson E, Banasik A, Zeiler C, Mogensen TH, Etzerodt A, Agger R, Johannsen M, Kofod-Olsen E, Paludan SR, Jakobsen MR. Cholesterol-binding motifs in STING that control endoplasmic reticulum retention mediate anti-tumoral activity of cholesterol-lowering compounds. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2760. [PMID: 38553448 PMCID: PMC10980718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway plays a crucial role in anti-tumoral responses by activating inflammation and reprogramming the tumour microenvironment. Upon activation, STING traffics from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi, allowing signalling complex assembly and induction of interferon and inflammatory cytokines. Here we report that cGAMP stimulation leads to a transient decline in ER cholesterol levels, mediated by Sterol O-Acyltransferase 1-dependent cholesterol esterification. This facilitates ER membrane curvature and STING trafficking to Golgi. Notably, we identify two cholesterol-binding motifs in STING and confirm their contribution to ER-retention of STING. Consequently, depletion of intracellular cholesterol levels enhances STING pathway activation upon cGAMP stimulation. In a preclinical tumour model, intratumorally administered cholesterol depletion therapy potentiated STING-dependent anti-tumoral responses, which, in combination with anti-PD-1 antibodies, promoted tumour remission. Collectively, we demonstrate that ER cholesterol sets a threshold for STING signalling through cholesterol-binding motifs in STING and we propose that this could be exploited for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Cun Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Marlene F Laursen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, DK-9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lili Hu
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hossein Hazrati
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ryo Narita
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lea S Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Aida S Hansen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jinrong Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Xiangning Ding
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Emil Nilsson
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Banasik
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, DK-9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christina Zeiler
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, DK-9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anders Etzerodt
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ralf Agger
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, DK-9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Emil Kofod-Olsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, DK-9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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2
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Cham LB, Gunst JD, Schleimann MH, Frattari GS, Rosas-Umbert M, Vibholm LK, van der Sluis RM, Jakobsen MR, Olesen R, Lin L, Tolstrup M, Søgaard OS. Single cell analysis reveals a subset of cytotoxic-like plasmacytoid dendritic cells in people with HIV-1. iScience 2023; 26:107628. [PMID: 37664600 PMCID: PMC10470411 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a central role in initiating and activating host immune responses during infection. To understand how the transcriptome of pDCs is impacted by HIV-1 infection and exogenous stimulation, we isolated pDCs from healthy controls, people with HIV-1 (PWH) before and during toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist treatment and performed single-cell (sc)-RNA sequencing. Our cluster analysis revealed four pDC clusters: pDC1, pDC2, cytotoxic-like pDC and an exhausted pDC cluster. The inducible cytotoxic-like pDC cluster is characterized by high expression of both antiviral and cytotoxic genes. Further analyses confirmed that cytotoxic-like pDCs are distinct from NK and T cells. Cell-cell communication analysis also demonstrated that cytotoxic-like pDCs exhibit similar incoming and outgoing cellular communicating signals as other pDCs. Thus, our study presents a detailed transcriptomic atlas of pDCs and provides new perspectives on the mechanisms of regulation and function of cytotoxic-like pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamin B. Cham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper D. Gunst
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mariane H. Schleimann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Giacomo S. Frattari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Miriam Rosas-Umbert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line K. Vibholm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Rikke Olesen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole S. Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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Hansen AS, Jensen LS, Gammelgaard KR, Ryttersgaard KG, Krapp C, Just J, Jønsson KL, Jensen PB, Boesen T, Johannsen M, Etzerodt A, Deleuran BW, Jakobsen MR. T-cell derived extracellular vesicles prime macrophages for improved STING based cancer immunotherapy. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12350. [PMID: 37525396 PMCID: PMC10390661 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A key phenomenon in cancer is the establishment of a highly immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME). Despite advances in immunotherapy, where the purpose is to induce tumour recognition and hence hereof tumour eradication, the majority of patients applicable for such treatment still fail to respond. It has been suggested that high immunological activity in the tumour is essential for achieving effective response to immunotherapy, which therefore have led to exploration of strategies that triggers inflammatory pathways. Here activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling pathway has been considered an attractive target, as it is a potent trigger of pro-inflammatory cytokines and types I and III interferons. However, immunotherapy combined with targeted STING agonists has not yielded sustained clinical remission in humans. This suggests a need for exploring novel adjuvants to improve the innate immunological efficacy. Here, we demonstrate that extracellular vesicles (EVs), derived from activated CD4+ T cells (T-EVs), sensitizes macrophages to elevate STING activation, mediated by IFNγ carried on the T-EVs. Our work support that T-EVs can disrupt the immune suppressive environment in the tumour by reprogramming macrophages to a pro-inflammatory phenotype, and priming them for a robust immune response towards STING activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida S. Hansen
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Lea S. Jensen
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | | | | | - Christian Krapp
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Department of Clinical MedicineCenter of Functionally Integrative NeuroscienceAarhus UniversityAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Kasper L. Jønsson
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Pia B. Jensen
- Interdiciplinary Nanoscience Center – iNANOAarhus UniversityAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Thomas Boesen
- Interdiciplinary Nanoscience Center – iNANOAarhus UniversityAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Anders Etzerodt
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Bent W. Deleuran
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Martin R. Jakobsen
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
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4
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Gammelgaard KR, Godsk SH, Olivier AG, Riedel M, Nielsen SD, van Renterghem A, Larsen TV, Etzerodt A, Voest E, Jakobsen MR. Abstract A50: IFNλ1 is a marker of DNA damage-triggered STING-signaling in lung cancer that induces immune activation through macrophage stimulation. Cancer Immunol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm22-a50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a fundamental pillar in the treatment of lung cancer but remains inefficient in half of the treated patients. Recent clinical trials showed synergistic effects of combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy for lung cancer, suggesting that increased DNA damage imposed by chemotherapy modulates the tumor microenvironment to aid the efficacy of immunotherapy. But the immunological mechanisms related to this remains to be fully elucidated. The cGAS-STING pathway senses cytosolic DNA introduced by DNA-damaging agents such as chemotherapy. Activation of this pathway and induction of inflammatory cytokines may contribute to better immunotherapy efficacy. In particular, the release of type I IFN is a hallmark for STING pathway activation. However, we also know that IFNλ – a type III IFN – can be induced by STING-signaling. Despite the relevance of IFNλ in controlling inflammatory responses, its contribution in cancer remains unclear. Here, we investigated cGAS-STING expression and signaling in a panel of lung cancer cells. We identified IFNλ1 as an alternative hallmark for cGAS-STING DNA-sensing with higher expression after DNA-stimulation than IFNb in 6 out of 8 cell lines with one cell line having no IFNb expression at all. We then tested IFN induction after chemotherapeutic treatment in three different NSCLC cell lines and saw significant increase in both IFNb and IFNλ1 expression across four different chemotherapeutics, but with a higher fold change for IFNλ1. The induction of both IFNb and IFNλ1 was abolished when STING KO cell lines were treated with doxorubicin pointing to a STING-dependent response. To access the effect of IFNλ1 on macrophages, a prevalent cell type in the tumor microenvironment expressing IFNLR1, we performed RNA-sequencing on four primary human macrophage donors stimulated with IFNλ1. This stimulation led to a significant increase in well-known interferon-stimulated genes including the chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL11. We also explored whether IFNλ1 stimulation led to increased macrophage-dependent activation of autologous CD8+ T-cells. Interestingly, we found increased expression of both IFNg (p = 0.0215, n = 6) and Granzyme B (p = 0.0033, n = 6) measured by flow cytometry and ELISA (p > 0.0001, n = 6 for both). The addition of IFNλ1 during direct co-culture of macrophages and lung tumor organoids furthermore dampened the induction of the signal regulatory protein-a (SIRPa), a phagocytosis-inhibiting receptor, (p = 0.0041, n = 4) otherwise induced by the tumor organoids, but not matched healthy organoids. In support of this, there was an increased activation of CD8+ T-cells measured by IFNg production in an organoid-macrophage-CD8+ T-cell co-culture model. To summarize, we demonstrate that IFNλ1 may be a strong and broad marker of STING activation induced by chemotherapy in NSCLC and that IFNλ1 has the ability to prime a wider immune response by targeting macrophages. Hence, we propose that an IFNλ1 induced immune response has the potential to support and boost the response induced by existing immunotherapies.
Citation Format: Kristine R Gammelgaard, Stine H Godsk, Albert G Olivier, Maria Riedel, Silke D Nielsen, Allard van Renterghem, Trine V Larsen, Anders Etzerodt, Emile Voest, Martin R Jakobsen. IFNλ1 is a marker of DNA damage-triggered STING-signaling in lung cancer that induces immune activation through macrophage stimulation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2022 Oct 21-24; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2022;10(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A50.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emile Voest
- 2Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Sokač M, Ahrenfeldt J, Litchfield K, Watkins TBK, Knudsen M, Dyrskjøt L, Jakobsen MR, Birkbak NJ. Classifying cGAS-STING Activity Links Chromosomal Instability with Immunotherapy Response in Metastatic Bladder Cancer. Cancer Res Commun 2022; 2:762-771. [PMID: 36923311 PMCID: PMC10010288 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway serves a critical role in anticancer therapy. Particularly, response to immunotherapy is likely driven by both active cGAS-STING signaling that attracts immune cells, and by the presence of cancer neoantigens that presents as targets for cytotoxic T cells. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer, but also leads to an accumulation of cytosolic DNA that in turn results in increased cGAS-STING signaling. To avoid triggering the cGAS-STING pathway, it is commonly disrupted by cancer cells, either through mutations in the pathway or through transcriptional silencing. Given its effect on the immune system, determining the cGAS-STING activation status prior to treatment initiation is likely of clinical relevance. Here, we used combined expression data from 2,307 tumors from five cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas to define a novel cGAS-STING activity score based on eight genes with a known role in the pathway. Using unsupervised clustering, four distinct categories of cGAS-STING activation were identified. In multivariate models, the cGAS-STING active tumors show improved prognosis. Importantly, in an independent bladder cancer immunotherapy-treated cohort, patients with low cGAS-STING expression showed limited response to treatment, while patients with high expression showed improved response and prognosis, particularly among patients with high CIN and more neoantigens. In a multivariate model, a significant interaction was observed between CIN, neoantigens, and cGAS-STING activation. Together, this suggests a potential role of cGAS-STING activity as a predictive biomarker for the application of immunotherapy. Significance The cGAS-STING pathway is induced by CIN, triggers inflammation and is often deficient in cancer. We provide a tool to evaluate cGAS-STING activity and demonstrate clinical significance in immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Sokač
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johanne Ahrenfeldt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kevin Litchfield
- Tumour Immunogenomics and Immunosurveillance Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas B K Watkins
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Knudsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Nicolai J Birkbak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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6
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van der Sluis RM, Cham LB, Gris-Oliver A, Gammelgaard KR, Pedersen JG, Idorn M, Ahmadov U, Sanches Hernandez S, Cémalovic E, Godsk SH, Thyrsted J, Gunst JD, Nielsen SD, Jørgensen JJ, Wang Bjerg T, Laustsen A, Reinert LS, Olagnier D, Bak RO, Kjolby M, Holm CK, Tolstrup M, Paludan SR, Kristensen LS, Søgaard OS, Jakobsen MR. TLR2 and TLR7 mediate distinct immunopathological and antiviral plasmacytoid dendritic cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109622. [PMID: 35178710 PMCID: PMC9108609 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular pathways driving the acute antiviral and inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical for developing treatments for severe COVID-19. Here, we find decreasing number of circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in COVID-19 patients early after symptom onset, correlating with disease severity. pDC depletion is transient and coincides with decreased expression of antiviral type I IFNα and of systemic inflammatory cytokines CXCL10 and IL-6. Using an in vitro stem cell-based human pDC model, we further demonstrate that pDCs, while not supporting SARS-CoV-2 replication, directly sense the virus and in response produce multiple antiviral (interferons: IFNα and IFNλ1) and inflammatory (IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10) cytokines that protect epithelial cells from de novo SARS-CoV-2 infection. Via targeted deletion of virus-recognition innate immune pathways, we identify TLR7-MyD88 signaling as crucial for production of antiviral interferons, whereas TLR2 is responsible for the inflammatory IL-6 response. We further show that SARS-CoV-2 engages the receptor neuropilin-1 on pDCs to selectively mitigate the antiviral interferon response, but not the IL-6 response, suggesting neuropilin-1 as potential therapeutic target for stimulation of TLR7-mediated antiviral protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M van der Sluis
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Lamin B Cham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Manja Idorn
- Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Ulvi Ahmadov
- Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Ena Cémalovic
- Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stine H Godsk
- Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jacob Thyrsted
- Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jesper D Gunst
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - Silke D Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anders Laustsen
- Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Rasmus O Bak
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Mads Kjolby
- DANDRITE, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - Christian K Holm
- Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Ole S Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
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7
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Pedersen JG, Egedal JH, Packard TA, Thavachelvam K, Xie G, van der Sluis RM, Greene WC, Roan NR, Jakobsen MR. Cell-Extrinsic Priming Increases Permissiveness of CD4+ T Cells to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection by Increasing C-C Chemokine Receptor Type 5 Co-receptor Expression and Cellular Activation Status. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:763030. [PMID: 34899645 PMCID: PMC8661899 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.763030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 is expressed on multiple cell types, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells, and is the major co-receptor used during HIV transmission. Using a standard αCD3/CD28 in vitro stimulation protocol to render CD4+ T cells from PBMCs permissive to HIV infection, we discovered that the percentage of CCR5+ T cells was significantly elevated in CD4+ T cells when stimulated in the presence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as compared to when stimulated as purified CD4+ T cells. This indicated that environmental factors unique to the T-PBMCs condition affect surface expression of CCR5 on CD4+ T cells. Conditioned media from αCD3/CD28-stimulated PBMCs induced CCR5 expression in cultures of unstimulated cells. Cytokine profile analysis of these media suggests IL-12 as an inducer of CCR5 expression. Mass cytometric analysis showed that stimulated T-PBMCs exhibited a uniquely activated phenotype compared to T-Pure. In line with increased CCR5 expression and activation status in stimulated T-PBMCs, CD4+ T cells from these cultures were more susceptible to infection by CCR5-tropic HIV-1 as compared with T-Pure cells. These results suggest that in order to increase ex vivo infection rates of blood-derived CD4+ T cells, standard stimulation protocols used in HIV infection studies should implement T-PBMCs or purified CD4+ T cells should be supplemented with IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanne H Egedal
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Thomas A Packard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Guorui Xie
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Renée Marije van der Sluis
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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8
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Carter-Timofte ME, Arulanandam R, Kurmasheva N, Fu K, Laroche G, Taha Z, van der Horst D, Cassin L, van der Sluis RM, Palermo E, Di Carlo D, Jacobs D, Maznyi G, Azad T, Singaravelu R, Ren F, Hansen AL, Idorn M, Holm CK, Jakobsen MR, van Grevenynghe J, Hiscott J, Paludan SR, Bell JC, Seguin J, Sabourin LA, Côté M, Diallo JS, Alain T, Olagnier D. Antiviral Potential of the Antimicrobial Drug Atovaquone against SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants of Concern. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:3034-3051. [PMID: 34658235 PMCID: PMC8547501 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial medication malarone (atovaquone/proguanil) is used as a fixed-dose combination for treating children and adults with uncomplicated malaria or as chemoprophylaxis for preventing malaria in travelers. It is an inexpensive, efficacious, and safe drug frequently prescribed around the world. Following anecdotal evidence from 17 patients in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, Canada, suggesting that malarone/atovaquone may present some benefits in protecting against COVID-19, we sought to examine its antiviral potential in limiting the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in cellular models of infection. In VeroE6 expressing human TMPRSS2 and human lung Calu-3 epithelial cells, we show that the active compound atovaquone at micromolar concentrations potently inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 and other variants of concern including the alpha, beta, and delta variants. Importantly, atovaquone retained its full antiviral activity in a primary human airway epithelium cell culture model. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the atovaquone antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 is partially dependent on the expression of TMPRSS2 and that the drug can disrupt the interaction of the spike protein with the viral receptor, ACE2. Additionally, spike-mediated membrane fusion was also reduced in the presence of atovaquone. In the United States, two clinical trials of atovaquone administered alone or in combination with azithromycin were initiated in 2020. While we await the results of these trials, our findings in cellular infection models demonstrate that atovaquone is a potent antiviral FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 and other variants of concern in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rozanne Arulanandam
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
| | - Naziia Kurmasheva
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Kathy Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems
Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Geneviève Laroche
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems
Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Zaid Taha
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
| | | | - Lena Cassin
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Renée M. van der Sluis
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus
University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Enrico Palermo
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti
Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161,
Italy
| | - Daniele Di Carlo
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti
Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161,
Italy
| | - David Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems
Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Glib Maznyi
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
| | - Taha Azad
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
| | - Fanghui Ren
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Manja Idorn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Christian K. Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche
Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie,
Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - John Hiscott
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti
Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161,
Italy
| | - Søren R. Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - John C. Bell
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
| | - Jean Seguin
- CCFP, Dipl. Sport Med., CareMedics
McArthur, 311 McArthur Avenue suite 103, Ottawa, Ontario K1L 8M3,
Canada
| | - Luc A. Sabourin
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5,
Canada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems
Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research,
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6,
Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and
Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern
Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1,
Canada
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
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9
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Køster D, Egedal JH, Lomholt S, Hvid M, Jakobsen MR, Müller-Ladner U, Eibel H, Deleuran B, Kragstrup TW, Neumann E, Nielsen MA. Phenotypic and functional characterization of synovial fluid-derived fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22168. [PMID: 34772990 PMCID: PMC8590001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) play an important pathological role in persistent inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These cells have primarily been characterized in the RA synovial membrane. Here we aim to phenotypically and functionally characterize cultured synovial fluid-derived FLS (sfRA-FLS). Paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and sfRA-FLS from patients with RA were obtained and monocultures of sfRA-FLS and autologous co-cultures of sfRA-FLS and PBMC were established. The in situ activated sfRA-FLS were CD34-, CD45-, Podoplanin+, Thymocyte differentiation antigen-1+. SfRA-FLS expressed uniform levels of NFкB-related pathway proteins and secreted several pro-inflammatory cytokines dominated by IL-6 and MCP-1. In a co-culture model with autologous PBMC, the ICAM-1 and HLA-DR expression on sfRA-FLS and secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1 increased. In vivo, human sfRA-FLS were cartilage invasive both at ipsilateral and contralateral implantation site. We conclude that, sfRA-FLS closely resemble the pathological sublining layer FLS subset in terms of surface protein expression, cytokine production and leukocyte cross-talk potential. Further, sfRA-FLS are comparable to tissue-derived FLS in their capabilities to invade cartilage at implantation sites but also spread tissue destruction to a distant site. Collectively, sfRA-FLS can serve as a an easy-to-obtain source of pathological sublining FLS in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Køster
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johanne Hovgaard Egedal
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Lomholt
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Malene Hvid
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulf Müller-Ladner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Campus Kerckhoff, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hermann Eibel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bent Deleuran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tue Wenzel Kragstrup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elena Neumann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Campus Kerckhoff, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Morten Aagaard Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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10
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Laustsen A, van der Sluis RM, Gris-Oliver A, Hernández SS, Cemalovic E, Tang HQ, Pedersen LH, Uldbjerg N, Jakobsen MR, Bak RO. Ascorbic acid supports ex vivo generation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells from circulating hematopoietic stem cells. eLife 2021; 10:65528. [PMID: 34473049 PMCID: PMC8445615 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) constitute a rare type of immune cell with multifaceted functions, but their potential use as a cell-based immunotherapy is challenged by the scarce cell numbers that can be extracted from blood. Here, we systematically investigate culture parameters for generating pDCs from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Using optimized conditions combined with implementation of HSPC pre-expansion, we generate an average of 465 million HSPC-derived pDCs (HSPC-pDCs) starting from 100,000 cord blood-derived HSPCs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that such protocol allows HSPC-pDC generation from whole-blood HSPCs, and these cells display a pDC phenotype and function. Using GMP-compliant medium, we observe a remarkable loss of TLR7/9 responses, which is rescued by ascorbic acid supplementation. Ascorbic acid induces transcriptional signatures associated with pDC-specific innate immune pathways, suggesting an undescribed role of ascorbic acid for pDC functionality. This constitutes the first protocol for generating pDCs from whole blood and lays the foundation for investigating HSPC-pDCs for cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Laustsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Renée M van der Sluis
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ena Cemalovic
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hai Q Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Henning Pedersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Uldbjerg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Rasmus O Bak
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Liu H, Ottosen RN, Jennet KM, Svenningsen EB, Kristensen TF, Biltoft M, Jakobsen MR, Poulsen TB. Macrodiolide Diversification Reveals Broad Immunosuppressive Activity That Impairs the cGAS‐STING Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Current address: Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Rasmus N. Ottosen
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Kira M. Jennet
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Esben B. Svenningsen
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Tobias F. Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Mette Biltoft
- STipe Therapeutics ApS, c/o The Kitchen Peter Sabroes Gade 7 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Martin R. Jakobsen
- STipe Therapeutics ApS, c/o The Kitchen Peter Sabroes Gade 7 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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12
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Liu H, Ottosen RN, Jennet KM, Svenningsen EB, Kristensen TF, Biltoft M, Jakobsen MR, Poulsen TB. Macrodiolide Diversification Reveals Broad Immunosuppressive Activity That Impairs the cGAS-STING Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18734-18741. [PMID: 34124819 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of new immunomodulatory agents can impact various areas of medicine. In particular, compounds with the ability to modulate innate immunological pathways hold significant unexplored potential. Herein, we report a modular synthetic approach to the macrodiolide natural product (-)-vermiculine, an agent previously shown to possess diverse biological effects, including cytotoxic and immunosuppressive activity. The synthesis allows for a high degree of flexibility in modifying the macrocyclic framework, including the formation of all possible stereoisomers. In total, 18 analogues were prepared. Two analogues with minor structural modifications showed clearly enhanced cancer cell line selectivity and reduced toxicity. Moreover, these compounds possessed broad inhibitory activity against innate immunological pathways in human PBMCs, including the DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway. Initial mechanistic characterization suggests a surprising impairment of the STING-TBK1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Rasmus N Ottosen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kira M Jennet
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Esben B Svenningsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tobias F Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Biltoft
- STipe Therapeutics ApS, c/o The Kitchen, Peter Sabroes Gade 7, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- STipe Therapeutics ApS, c/o The Kitchen, Peter Sabroes Gade 7, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas B Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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13
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George AF, Jang KS, Nyegaard M, Neidleman J, Spitzer TL, Xie G, Chen JC, Herzig E, Laustsen A, Marques de Menezes EG, Houshdaran S, Pilcher CD, Norris PJ, Jakobsen MR, Greene WC, Giudice LC, Roan NR. Seminal plasma promotes decidualization of endometrial stromal fibroblasts in vitro from women with and without inflammatory disorders in a manner dependent on interleukin-11 signaling. Hum Reprod 2021; 35:617-640. [PMID: 32219408 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do seminal plasma (SP) and its constituents affect the decidualization capacity and transcriptome of human primary endometrial stromal fibroblasts (eSFs)? SUMMARY ANSWER SP promotes decidualization of eSFs from women with and without inflammatory disorders (polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis) in a manner that is not mediated through semen amyloids and that is associated with a potent transcriptional response, including the induction of interleukin (IL)-11, a cytokine important for SP-induced decidualization. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Clinical studies have suggested that SP can promote implantation, and studies in vitro have demonstrated that SP can promote decidualization, a steroid hormone-driven program of eSF differentiation that is essential for embryo implantation and that is compromised in women with the inflammatory disorders PCOS and endometriosis. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a cross-sectional study involving samples treated with vehicle alone versus treatment with SP or SP constituents. SP was tested for the ability to promote decidualization in vitro in eSFs from women with or without PCOS or endometriosis (n = 9). The role of semen amyloids and fractionated SP in mediating this effect and in eliciting transcriptional changes in eSFs was then studied. Finally, the role of IL-11, a cytokine with a key role in implantation and decidualization, was assessed as a mediator of the SP-facilitated decidualization. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS eSFs and endometrial epithelial cells (eECs) were isolated from endometrial biopsies from women of reproductive age undergoing benign gynecologic procedures and maintained in vitro. Assays were conducted to assess whether the treatment of eSFs with SP or SP constituents affects the rate and extent of decidualization in women with and without inflammatory disorders. To characterize the response of the endometrium to SP and SP constituents, RNA was isolated from treated eSFs or eECs and analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNAseq). Secreted factors in conditioned media from treated cells were analyzed by Luminex and ELISA. The role of IL-11 in SP-induced decidualization was assessed through Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas-9-mediated knockout experiments in primary eSFs. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE SP promoted decidualization both in the absence and presence of steroid hormones (P < 0.05 versus vehicle) in a manner that required seminal proteins. Semen amyloids did not promote decidualization and induced weak transcriptomic and secretomic responses in eSFs. In contrast, fractionated SP enriched for seminal microvesicles (MVs) promoted decidualization. IL-11 was one of the most potently SP-induced genes in eSFs and was important for SP-facilitated decidualization. LARGE SCALE DATA RNAseq data were deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus repository under series accession number GSE135640. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study is limited to in vitro analyses. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results support the notion that SP promotes decidualization, including within eSFs from women with inflammatory disorders. Despite the general ability of amyloids to induce cytokines known to be important for implantation, semen amyloids poorly signaled to eSFs and did not promote their decidualization. In contrast, fractionated SP enriched for MVs promoted decidualization and induced a transcriptional response in eSFs that overlapped with that of SP. Our results suggest that SP constituents, possibly those associated with MVs, can promote decidualization of eSFs in an IL-11-dependent manner in preparation for implantation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This project was supported by NIH (R21AI116252, R21AI122821 and R01AI127219) to N.R.R. and (P50HD055764) to L.C.G. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley F George
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karen S Jang
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jason Neidleman
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trimble L Spitzer
- Lt Col, USAF; Women's Health Clinic, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, VA, USA
| | - Guorui Xie
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Eytan Herzig
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anders Laustsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erika G Marques de Menezes
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sahar Houshdaran
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Pilcher
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philip J Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda C Giudice
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Martin RM, Ikeda K, Cromer MK, Uchida N, Nishimura T, Romano R, Tong AJ, Lemgart VT, Camarena J, Pavel-Dinu M, Sindhu C, Wiebking V, Vaidyanathan S, Dever DP, Bak RO, Laustsen A, Lesch BJ, Jakobsen MR, Sebastiano V, Nakauchi H, Porteus MH. Highly Efficient and Marker-free Genome Editing of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by CRISPR-Cas9 RNP and AAV6 Donor-Mediated Homologous Recombination. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 24:821-828.e5. [PMID: 31051134 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provides powerful opportunities for in vitro disease modeling, drug discovery, and personalized stem cell-based therapeutics. Currently, only small edits can be engineered with high frequency, while larger modifications suffer from low efficiency and a resultant need for selection markers. Here, we describe marker-free genome editing in hPSCs using Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) in combination with AAV6-mediated DNA repair template delivery. We report highly efficient and bi-allelic integration frequencies across multiple loci and hPSC lines, achieving mono-allelic editing frequencies of up to 94% at the HBB locus. Using this method, we show robust bi-allelic correction of homozygous sickle cell mutations in a patient-derived induced PSC (iPSC) line. Thus, this strategy shows significant utility for generating hPSCs with large gene integrations and/or single-nucleotide changes at high frequency and without the need for introducing selection genes, enhancing the applicability of hPSC editing for research and translational uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kazuya Ikeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Kyle Cromer
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nobuko Uchida
- ReGen Med Division, BOCO Silicon Valley, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | | | - Rosa Romano
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew J Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Viktor T Lemgart
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joab Camarena
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mara Pavel-Dinu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Camille Sindhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Volker Wiebking
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Daniel P Dever
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rasmus O Bak
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anders Laustsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Centre of Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Benjamin J Lesch
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Centre of Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vittorio Sebastiano
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Matthew H Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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15
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van der Sluis RM, Egedal JH, Jakobsen MR. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells as Cell-Based Therapeutics: A Novel Immunotherapy to Treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:249. [PMID: 32528903 PMCID: PMC7264089 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in mediating innate and adaptive immune responses. Since their discovery in the late 1970's, DCs have been recognized as the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs). DCs have a superior capacity for acquiring, processing, and presenting antigens to T cells and they express costimulatory or coinhibitory molecules that determine immune activation or anergy. For these reasons, cell-based therapeutic approaches using DCs have been explored in cancer and infectious diseases but with limited success. In humans, DCs are divided into heterogeneous subsets with distinct characteristics. Two major subsets are CD11c+ myeloid (m)DCs and CD11c− plasmacytoid (p)DCs. pDCs are different from mDCs and play an essential role in the innate immune system via the production of type I interferons (IFN). However, pDCs are also able to take-up antigens and effectively cross present them. Given the rarity of pDCs in blood and technical difficulties in obtaining them from human blood samples, the understanding of human pDC biology and their potential in immunotherapeutic approaches (e.g. cell-based vaccines) is limited. However, due to the recent advancements in cell culturing systems that allow for the generation of functional pDCs from CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC), studying pDCs has become easier. In this mini-review, we hypothesize about the use of pDCs as a cell-based therapy to treat HIV by enhancing anti-HIV-immune responses of the adaptive immune system and enhancing the anti-viral responses of the innate immune system. Additionally, we discuss obstacles to overcome before this approach becomes clinically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M van der Sluis
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Van der Sluis RM, Zerbato JM, Rhodes JW, Pascoe RD, Solomon A, Kumar NA, Dantanarayana AI, Tennakoon S, Dufloo J, McMahon J, Chang JJ, Evans VA, Hertzog PJ, Jakobsen MR, Harman AN, Lewin SR, Cameron PU. Diverse effects of interferon alpha on the establishment and reversal of HIV latency. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008151. [PMID: 32109259 PMCID: PMC7065813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV latency is the major barrier to a cure for people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) because the virus persists in long-lived non-proliferating and proliferating latently infected CD4+ T cells. Latently infected CD4+ T cells do not express viral proteins and are therefore not visible to immune mediated clearance. Therefore, identifying interventions that can reverse latency and also enhance immune mediated clearance is of high interest. Interferons (IFNs) have multiple immune enhancing effects and can inhibit HIV replication in activated CD4+ T cells. However, the effects of IFNs on the establishment and reversal of HIV latency is not understood. Using an in vitro model of latency, we demonstrated that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) inhibit the establishment of HIV latency through secretion of type I IFNα, IFNβ and IFNω but not IFNε or type III IFNλ1 and IFNλ3. However, once latency was established, IFNα but no other IFNs were able to efficiently reverse latency in both an in vitro model of latency and CD4+ T cells collected from PLWH on suppressive ART. Binding of IFNα to its receptor expressed on primary CD4+ T cells did not induce activation of the canonical or non-canonical NFκB pathway but did induce phosphorylation of STAT1, 3 and 5 proteins. STAT5 has been previously demonstrated to bind to the HIV long terminal repeat and activate HIV transcription. We demonstrate diverse effects of interferons on HIV latency with type I IFNα; inhibiting the establishment of latency but also reversing HIV latency once latency is established. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot cure HIV or eliminate infection from long-lived and proliferating latently infected CD4+ T cells. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are major producers of interferons (IFNs), which have multiple effects on viral replication and immunity including suppression of viral expression that could favor HIV latency. Van Der Sluis et al. show that type I IFNs inhibit the establishment of HIV latency, however, once established, latency can be reversed by IFNα but not by other type I or type III IFNs. These observations demonstrate that pDC through type I IFNs are important in HIV latency and can potentially be manipulated to eliminate latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M. Van der Sluis
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jennifer M. Zerbato
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jake W. Rhodes
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel D. Pascoe
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ajantha Solomon
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nitasha A. Kumar
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashanti I. Dantanarayana
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Surekha Tennakoon
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Judy J. Chang
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa A. Evans
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J. Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and infectious Disease, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Dept Molecular & Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andrew N. Harman
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail: (SRL); (PUC)
| | - Paul U. Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail: (SRL); (PUC)
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17
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Hotter D, Bosso M, Jønsson KL, Krapp C, Stürzel CM, Das A, Littwitz-Salomon E, Berkhout B, Russ A, Wittmann S, Gramberg T, Zheng Y, Martins LJ, Planelles V, Jakobsen MR, Hahn BH, Dittmer U, Sauter D, Kirchhoff F. IFI16 Targets the Transcription Factor Sp1 to Suppress HIV-1 Transcription and Latency Reactivation. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:858-872.e13. [PMID: 31175045 PMCID: PMC6681451 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The interferon γ-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) is known as immune sensor of retroviral DNA intermediates. We show that IFI16 restricts HIV-1 independently of immune sensing by binding and inhibiting the host transcription factor Sp1 that drives viral gene expression. This antiretroviral activity and ability to bind Sp1 require the N-terminal pyrin domain and nuclear localization of IFI16, but not the HIN domains involved in DNA binding. Highly prevalent clade C HIV-1 strains are more resistant to IFI16 and less dependent on Sp1 than other HIV-1 subtypes. Furthermore, inhibition of Sp1 by IFI16 or pharmacologically by Mithramycin A suppresses reactivation of latent HIV-1 in CD4+ T cells. Finally, IFI16 also inhibits retrotransposition of LINE-1, known to engage Sp1, and murine IFI16 homologs restrict Friend retrovirus replication in mice. Thus, IFI16 restricts retroviruses and retrotransposons by interfering with Sp1-dependent gene expression, and evasion from this restriction may facilitate spread of HIV-1 subtype C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Hotter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Matteo Bosso
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kasper L Jønsson
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Krapp
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christina M Stürzel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Atze Das
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alina Russ
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Wittmann
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gramberg
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yue Zheng
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Laura J Martins
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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18
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Andersen AHF, Olesen R, Jønsson KL, Højen JF, Krapp C, Mack K, Thomsen MK, Østergaard L, Tolstrup M, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Jakobsen MR, Denton PW. cAIMP administration in humanized mice induces a chimerization-level-dependent STING response. Immunology 2019; 157:163-172. [PMID: 30919991 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well understood that the STING signalling pathway is critical for generating a robust innate immune response to pathogens. Human and mouse STING signalling pathways are not identical, however. For example, mice lack IFI16, which has been proven important for the human STING pathway. Therefore, we investigated whether humanized mice are an appropriate experimental platform for exploring the human STING signalling cascade in vivo. We found that NOG mice reconstituted with human cord blood haematopoietic stem cells (humanized NOG mice) exhibit human STING signalling responses to an analogue of the cyclic di-nucleotide cGAMP. There was an increase in the proportions of monocytes in the lungs of mice receiving cGAMP analogue. The most robust levels of STING expression and STING-induced responses were observed in mice exhibiting the highest levels of human chimerization. Notably, differential levels of STING in lung versus spleen following cGAMP analogue treatment suggest that there are tissue-specific kinetics of STING activation and/or degradation in effector versus inductive sites. We also examined the mouse innate immune response to cGAMP analogue treatment. We detected that mouse cells in the immunodeficient NOG mice responded to the cGAMP analogue and they do so with distinct kinetics from the human response. In conclusion, humanized NOG mice represent a valuable experimental model for examining in vivo human STING responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H F Andersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Olesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper F Højen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Krapp
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Katharina Mack
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paul W Denton
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
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19
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Braun E, Hotter D, Koepke L, Zech F, Groß R, Sparrer KM, Müller JA, Pfaller CK, Heusinger E, Wombacher R, Sutter K, Dittmer U, Winkler M, Simmons G, Jakobsen MR, Conzelmann KK, Pöhlmann S, Münch J, Fackler OT, Kirchhoff F, Sauter D. Guanylate-Binding Proteins 2 and 5 Exert Broad Antiviral Activity by Inhibiting Furin-Mediated Processing of Viral Envelope Proteins. Cell Rep 2019; 27:2092-2104.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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20
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Sun C, Luecke S, Bodda C, Jønsson KL, Cai Y, Zhang BC, Jensen SB, Nordentoft I, Jensen JM, Jakobsen MR, Paludan SR. Cellular Requirements for Sensing and Elimination of Incoming HSV-1 DNA and Capsids. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:191-204. [PMID: 30855198 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Incoming viruses challenge the cell with diverse foreign molecules, which need to be sensed quickly to initiate immune responses and to remove the viral components. In this study, we investigate the cellular requirements for sensing and degradation of incoming viral DNA and capsids during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections. Using click chemistry labeling of the viral genome, we found that HSV-1 DNA was released from a subset of capsids into the cytosol early in infection. By next-generation sequencing of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS)-bound DNA from HSV-1-infected cells, we show that HSV-1 DNA was bound by the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS. Activation of cGAS enzymatic activity by viral DNA did not require proteasomal activity, indicating that viral DNA release into the cytosol is not proteasome-dependent. However, induction of interferon (IFN)-β expression was blocked by inhibition of the proteasome, suggesting a contribution of the proteasome to IFN-β induction through the cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes pathway. Viral DNA was cleared from the cytosol within few hours, in a manner dependent on TREX1 and a cGAS-dependent process. Capsid material in the cytoplasm was also degraded rapidly. This was partially blocked by treatment with a proteasome inhibitor. This treatment led to accumulation of DNA-containing viral capsids near the nucleus and reduced nuclear entry of viral DNA. Thus, cells infected with HSV-1 use a panel of mechanisms to eliminate viral DNA and capsids. This represents a barrier for establishment of infection and potentially enables the host to gear the IFN-β response to a level required for antiviral defense without causing immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Sun
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Luecke
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Kasper L Jønsson
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yujia Cai
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bao-Cun Zhang
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren B Jensen
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Iver Nordentoft
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob M Jensen
- 3 Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Søren R Paludan
- 1 Department of Biomedicine and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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21
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Laustsen A, Bak RO, Krapp C, Kjær L, Egedahl JH, Petersen CC, Pillai S, Tang HQ, Uldbjerg N, Porteus M, Roan NR, Nyegaard M, Denton PW, Jakobsen MR. Interferon priming is essential for human CD34+ cell-derived plasmacytoid dendritic cell maturation and function. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3525. [PMID: 30166549 PMCID: PMC6117296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are essential for immune competence. Here we show that pDC precursor differentiated from human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) has low surface expression of pDC markers, and has limited induction of type I interferon (IFN) and IL-6 upon TLR7 and TLR9 agonists treatment; by contrast, cGAS or RIG-I agonists-mediated activation is not altered. Importantly, after priming with type I and II IFN, these precursor pDCs attain a phenotype and functional activity similar to that of peripheral blood-derived pDCs. Data from CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing of HSPCs further show that HSPC-pDCs with genetic modifications can be obtained, and that expression of the IFN-α receptor is essential for the optimal function, but dispensable for the differentiation, of HSPC-pDC percursor. Our results thus demonstrate the biological effects of IFNs for regulating pDC function, and provide the means of generating of gene-modified human pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laustsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - R O Bak
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - C Krapp
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - L Kjær
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J H Egedahl
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - C C Petersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S Pillai
- University of California, San Francisco, Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, 94118-4417, CA, USA
| | - H Q Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - N Uldbjerg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - M Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - N R Roan
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - M Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - P W Denton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - M R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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22
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Nissen SK, Pedersen JG, Helleberg M, Kjær K, Thavachelvam K, Obel N, Tolstrup M, Jakobsen MR, Mogensen TH. Multiple Homozygous Variants in the STING-Encoding TMEM173 Gene in HIV Long-Term Nonprogressors. J Immunol 2018; 200:3372-3382. [PMID: 29632140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Among HIV-infected individuals, long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) patients experience slow CD4 T cell decline and almost undetectable viral load for several years after primary acquisition of HIV. Type I IFN has been suggested to play a pathogenic role in HIV pathogenesis, and therefore diminished IFN responses may underlie the LTNP phenotype. In this study, we examined the presence and possible immunological role of multiple homozygous single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) encoding gene TMEM173 involved in IFN induction and T cell proliferation in HIV LTNP patients. We identified LTNPs through the Danish HIV Cohort and performed genetic analysis by Sanger sequencing, covering the R71H-G230A-R293Q (HAQ) single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TMEM173 This was followed by investigation of STING mRNA and protein accumulation as well as innate immune responses and proliferation following STING stimulation and infection with replication-competent HIV in human blood-derived cells. We identified G230A-R293Q/G230A-R293Q and HAQ/HAQ homozygous TMEM173 variants in 2 out of 11 LTNP patients. None of the 11 noncontrollers on antiretroviral treatment were homozygous for these variants. We found decreased innate immune responses to DNA and HIV as well as reduced STING-dependent inhibition of CD4 T cell proliferation, particularly in the HAQ/HAQ HIV LTNP patients, compared with the age- and gender-matched noncontrollers on antiretroviral treatment. These findings suggest that homozygous HAQ STING variants contribute to reduced inhibition of CD4 T cell proliferation and a reduced immune response toward DNA and HIV, which might result in reduced levels of constitutive IFN production. Consequently, the HAQ/HAQ TMEM173 genotype may contribute to the slower disease progression characteristic of LTNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Nissen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper G Pedersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marie Helleberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center of Excellence for Health Immunity and Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Kathrine Kjær
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Obel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; .,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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23
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Krapp C, Jønsson K, Jakobsen MR. STING dependent sensing - Does HIV actually care? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:68-76. [PMID: 29548644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of DNA is essential for the innate immune system to detect threats, like viruses, intracellular bacteria or cellular DNA damage. At the centre of this conserved mammalian mechanism stands the adaptor protein STING. STING is highly regulated and is part of a complex signalling network. This network depends on the sensors cGAS and IFI16 to detect misplaced DNA in the cytoplasm as well as on the kinase TBK1 and the transcription factor IRF3. The DNA sensing machinery has been implicated in many diseases, among others HIV. Here we present a comprehensive review of current status on the STING pathway with all its components and regulations related to HIV pathogenesis. By this, we try to answer the question if STING-mediated DNA sensing plays a role in HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Krapp
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kasper Jønsson
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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24
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Prabakaran T, Bodda C, Krapp C, Zhang BC, Christensen MH, Sun C, Reinert L, Cai Y, Jensen SB, Skouboe MK, Nyengaard JR, Thompson CB, Lebbink RJ, Sen GC, van Loo G, Nielsen R, Komatsu M, Nejsum LN, Jakobsen MR, Gyrd-Hansen M, Paludan SR. Attenuation of cGAS-STING signaling is mediated by a p62/SQSTM1-dependent autophagy pathway activated by TBK1. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797858. [PMID: 29496741 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative regulation of immune pathways is essential to achieve resolution of immune responses and to avoid excess inflammation. DNA stimulates type I IFN expression through the DNA sensor cGAS, the second messenger cGAMP, and the adaptor molecule STING Here, we report that STING degradation following activation of the pathway occurs through autophagy and is mediated by p62/SQSTM1, which is phosphorylated by TBK1 to direct ubiquitinated STING to autophagosomes. Degradation of STING was impaired in p62-deficient cells, which responded with elevated IFN production to foreign DNA and DNA pathogens. In the absence of p62, STING failed to traffic to autophagy-associated vesicles. Thus, DNA sensing induces the cGAS-STING pathway to activate TBK1, which phosphorylates IRF3 to induce IFN expression, but also phosphorylates p62 to stimulate STING degradation and attenuation of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaneas Prabakaran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Chiranjeevi Bodda
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Krapp
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bao-Cun Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria H Christensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Chenglong Sun
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yujia Cai
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren B Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten K Skouboe
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Craig B Thompson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Jan Lebbink
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ganes C Sen
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Geert van Loo
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rikke Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Lene N Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mads Gyrd-Hansen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark .,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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25
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Luecke S, Holleufer A, Christensen MH, Jønsson KL, Boni GA, Sørensen LK, Johannsen M, Jakobsen MR, Hartmann R, Paludan SR. cGAS is activated by DNA in a length-dependent manner. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1707-1715. [PMID: 28801534 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA stimulates innate immune responses, including type I interferons (IFN), which have antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes cytoplasmic DNA and signals via STING to induce IFN production. Despite the importance of DNA in innate immunity, the nature of the DNA that stimulates IFN production is not well described. Using low DNA concentrations, we show that dsDNA induces IFN in a length-dependent manner. This is observed over a wide length-span of DNA, ranging from the minimal stimulatory length to several kilobases, and is fully dependent on cGAS irrespective of DNA length. Importantly, in vitro studies reveal that long DNA activates recombinant human cGAS more efficiently than short DNA, showing that length-dependent DNA recognition is an intrinsic property of cGAS independent of accessory proteins. Collectively, this work identifies long DNA as the molecular entity stimulating the cGAS pathway upon cytosolic DNA challenge such as viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Luecke
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Holleufer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Gerardo A Boni
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lambert K Sørensen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Rune Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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26
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Neidleman JA, Chen JC, Kohgadai N, Müller JA, Laustsen A, Thavachelvam K, Jang KS, Stürzel CM, Jones JJ, Ochsenbauer C, Chitre A, Somsouk M, Garcia MM, Smith JF, Greenblatt RM, Münch J, Jakobsen MR, Giudice LC, Greene WC, Roan NR. Mucosal stromal fibroblasts markedly enhance HIV infection of CD4+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006163. [PMID: 28207890 PMCID: PMC5312882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding early events of HIV transmission within mucosal tissues is vital for developing effective prevention strategies. Here, we report that primary stromal fibroblasts isolated from endometrium, cervix, foreskin, male urethra, and intestines significantly increase HIV infection of CD4+ T cells-by up to 37-fold for R5-tropic HIV and 100-fold for X4-tropic HIV-without themselves becoming infected. Fibroblasts were more efficient than dendritic cells at trans-infection and mediate this response in the absence of the DC-SIGN and Siglec-1 receptors. In comparison, mucosal epithelial cells secrete antivirals and inhibit HIV infection. These data suggest that breaches in the epithelium allow external or luminal HIV to escape an antiviral environment to access the infection-favorable environment of the stromal fibroblasts, and suggest that resident fibroblasts have a central, but previously unrecognized, role in HIV acquisition at mucosal sites. Inhibiting fibroblast-mediated enhancement of HIV infection should be considered as a novel prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Neidleman
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Joseph C. Chen
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Nargis Kohgadai
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Janis A. Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anders Laustsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Karen S. Jang
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Jennifer J. Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Avantika Chitre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, San Francisco General Hospital and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Maurice M. Garcia
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - James F. Smith
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Greenblatt
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacy, Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA United States of America
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin R. Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus Research Centre for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Linda C. Giudice
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Borm K, Jakobsen MR, Cashin K, Flynn JK, Ellenberg P, Ostergaard L, Lee B, Churchill MJ, Roche M, Gorry PR. Frequency and Env determinants of HIV-1 subtype C strains from antiretroviral therapy-naive subjects that display incomplete inhibition by maraviroc. Retrovirology 2016; 13:74. [PMID: 27809912 PMCID: PMC5093974 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into cells involves the interaction of the viral gp120 envelope glycoproteins (Env) with cellular CD4 and a secondary coreceptor, which is typically one of the chemokine receptors CCR5 or CXCR4. CCR5-using (R5) HIV-1 strains that display reduced sensitivity to CCR5 antagonists can use antagonist-bound CCR5 for entry. In this study, we investigated whether naturally occurring gp120 alterations in HIV-1 subtype C (C-HIV) variants exist in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve subjects that may influence their sensitivity to the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc (MVC). RESULTS Using a longitudinal panel of 244 R5 Envs cloned from 20 ART-naïve subjects with progressive C-HIV infection, we show that 40% of subjects (n = 8) harbored viruses that displayed incomplete inhibition by MVC, as shown by plateau's of reduced maximal percent inhibitions (MPIs). Specifically, when pseudotyped onto luciferase reporter viruses, 16 Envs exhibited MPIs below 98% in NP2-CCR5 cells (range 79.7-97.3%), which were lower still in 293-Affinofile cells that were engineered to express high levels of CCR5 (range 15.8-72.5%). We further show that Envs exhibiting reduced MPIs to MVC utilized MVC-bound CCR5 less efficiently than MVC-free CCR5, which is consistent with the mechanism of resistance to CCR5 antagonists that can occur in patients failing therapy. Mutagenesis studies identified strain-specific mutations in the gp120 V3 loop that contributed to reduced MPIs to MVC. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that some ART-naïve subjects with C-HIV infection harbor HIV-1 with reduced MPIs to MVC, and demonstrate that the gp120 V3 loop region contributes to this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Borm
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Kieran Cashin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Jacqueline K Flynn
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paula Ellenberg
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Lars Ostergaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Paul R Gorry
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
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28
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Cai Y, Laustsen A, Zhou Y, Sun C, Anderson MV, Li S, Uldbjerg N, Luo Y, Jakobsen MR, Mikkelsen JG. Targeted, homology-driven gene insertion in stem cells by ZFN-loaded 'all-in-one' lentiviral vectors. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27278774 PMCID: PMC4900802 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biased integration remains a key challenge for gene therapy based on lentiviral vector technologies. Engineering of next-generation lentiviral vectors targeting safe genomic harbors for insertion is therefore of high relevance. In a previous paper (Cai et al., 2014a), we showed the use of integrase-defective lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) as carriers of complete gene repair kits consisting of zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) proteins and repair sequences, allowing gene correction by homologous recombination (HR). Here, we follow this strategy to engineer ZFN-loaded IDLVs that insert transgenes by a homology-driven mechanism into safe loci. This insertion mechanism is driven by time-restricted exposure of treated cells to ZFNs. We show targeted gene integration in human stem cells, including CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Notably, targeted insertions are identified in 89% of transduced iPSCs. Our findings demonstrate the applicability of nuclease-loaded 'all-in-one' IDLVs for site-directed gene insertion in stem cell-based gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Cai
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Laustsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Chenglong Sun
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mads Valdemar Anderson
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shengting Li
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Niels Uldbjerg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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29
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Cai Y, Bak RO, Laustsen A, Zhou Y, Sun C, Luo Y, Jakobsen MR, Mikkelsen JG. 127. Lentiviral Protein Transduction for Tailored Genome Editing and Site-Directed Gene Insertion. Mol Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(16)32936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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30
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Sun C, Schattgen SA, Pisitkun P, Jorgensen JP, Hilterbrand AT, Wang LJ, West JA, Hansen K, Horan KA, Jakobsen MR, O'Hare P, Adler H, Sun R, Ploegh HL, Damania B, Upton JW, Fitzgerald KA, Paludan SR. Evasion of innate cytosolic DNA sensing by a gammaherpesvirus facilitates establishment of latent infection. J Immunol 2015; 194:1819-31. [PMID: 25595793 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are DNA viruses harboring the capacity to establish lifelong latent-recurrent infections. There is limited knowledge about viruses targeting the innate DNA-sensing pathway, as well as how the innate system impacts on the latent reservoir of herpesvirus infections. In this article, we report that murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), in contrast to α- and β-herpesviruses, induces very limited innate immune responses through DNA-stimulated pathways, which correspondingly played only a minor role in the control of MHV68 infections in vivo. Similarly, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus also did not stimulate immune signaling through the DNA-sensing pathways. Interestingly, an MHV68 mutant lacking deubiquitinase (DUB) activity, embedded within the large tegument protein open reading frame (ORF)64, gained the capacity to stimulate the DNA-activated stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway. We found that ORF64 targeted a step in the DNA-activated pathways upstream of the bifurcation into the STING and absent in melanoma 2 pathways, and lack of the ORF64 DUB was associated with impaired delivery of viral DNA to the nucleus, which, instead, localized to the cytoplasm. Correspondingly, the ORF64 DUB active site mutant virus exhibited impaired ability to establish latent infection in wild-type, but not STING-deficient, mice. Thus, gammaherpesviruses evade immune activation by the cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, which, in the MHV68 model, facilitates establishment of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Sun
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stefan A Schattgen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Prapaporn Pisitkun
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 10400
| | - Joan P Jorgensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Adam T Hilterbrand
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Lucas J Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - John A West
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kathrine Hansen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kristy A Horan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter O'Hare
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Heiko Adler
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jason W Upton
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
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31
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Cashin K, Paukovics G, Jakobsen MR, Østergaard L, Churchill MJ, Gorry PR, Flynn JK. Differences in coreceptor specificity contribute to alternative tropism of HIV-1 subtype C for CD4(+) T-cell subsets, including stem cell memory T-cells. Retrovirology 2014; 11:97. [PMID: 25387392 PMCID: PMC4236466 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD4+ memory T-cells are a major target for infection by HIV-1, whereby latent provirus can establish and endure suppressive antiretroviral therapies. Although HIV-1 subtype C strains (C-HIV) account for the majority of HIV-1 infections worldwide, the susceptibility of CD4+ memory T-cells to infection by CCR5- (R5) and CXCR4-using (X4) C-HIV is unknown. Here, we quantified the susceptibility of naïve and memory CD4+ T-cell subsets, including stem cell memory T-cells (TSCM), to infection by HIV-1 subtype C (C-HIV) strains from treatment-naïve subjects who progressed from chronic to advanced stages of disease whilst either maintaining CCR5-using (R5) viruses (subjects 1503 and 1854), or who experienced emergence of dominant CXCR4-using (X4) strains (subject 1109). Findings We show that R5 and X4 C-HIV viruses preferentially target memory and naïve CD4+ T-cell subsets, respectively. While TSCM were susceptible to infection by both R5 and X4 C-HIV viruses, the proportion of infected CD4+ T-cells that were TSCM was higher for R5 strains. Mutagenesis studies of subject 1109 viruses established the V3 region of env as the determinant underlying the preferential targeting of naïve CD4+ T-cells by emergent X4 C-HIV variants in this subject. In contrast, the tropism of R5 C-HIV viruses for CD4+ T-cell subsets was maintained from chronic to advanced stages of disease in subjects 1503 and 1854. Conclusions This study provides new insights into the natural history of tropism alterations for CD4+ T-cell subsets by C-HIV strains during progression from chronic to advanced stages of infection. Although not preferentially targeted, our data suggest that TSCM and other memory CD4+ T-cells are likely to be viral reservoirs in subjects with X4 C-HIV infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0097-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Cashin
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | - Geza Paukovics
- Burnet Institute Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 237551, Denmark.
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 237551, Denmark.
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | - Paul R Gorry
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline K Flynn
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
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32
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Nissen SK, Højen JF, Andersen KLD, Kofod-Olsen E, Berg RK, Paludan SR, Østergaard L, Jakobsen MR, Tolstrup M, Mogensen TH. Innate DNA sensing is impaired in HIV patients and IFI16 expression correlates with chronic immune activation. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:295-309. [PMID: 24593816 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system has been recognized to play a role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection, both by stimulating protective activities and through a contribution to chronic immune activation, the development of immunodeficiency and progression to AIDS. A role for DNA sensors in HIV recognition has been suggested recently, and the aim of the present study was to describe the influence of HIV infection on expression and function of intracellular DNA sensing. Here we demonstrate impaired expression of interferon-stimulated genes in responses to DNA in peripheral blood monuclear cells from HIV-positive individuals, irrespective of whether patients receive anti-retroviral treatment. Furthermore, we show that expression levels of the DNA sensors interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase were increased in treatment-naive patients, and for IFI16 expression was correlated with high viral load and low CD4 cell count. Finally, our data demonstrate a correlation between IFI16 and CD38 expression, a marker of immune activation, in CD4(+) central and effector memory T cells, which may indicate that IFI16-mediated DNA sensing and signalling contributes to chronic immune activation. Altogether, the present study demonstrates abnormal expression and function of cytosolic DNA sensors in HIV patients, which may have implications for control of opportunistic infections, chronic immune activation and T cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Nissen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
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33
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Hansen K, Prabakaran T, Laustsen A, Jørgensen SE, Rahbæk SH, Jensen SB, Nielsen R, Leber JH, Decker T, Horan KA, Jakobsen MR, Paludan SR. Listeria monocytogenes induces IFNβ expression through an IFI16-, cGAS- and STING-dependent pathway. EMBO J 2014; 33:1654-66. [PMID: 24970844 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive facultative intracellular bacterium, which replicates in the cytoplasm of myeloid cells. Interferon β (IFNβ) has been reported to play an important role in the mechanisms underlying Listeria disease. Although studies in murine cells have proposed the bacteria-derived cyclic-di-AMP to be the key bacterial immunostimulatory molecule, the mechanism for IFNβ expression during L. monocytogenes infection in human myeloid cells remains unknown. Here we report that in human macrophages, Listeria DNA rather than cyclic-di-AMP is stimulating the IFN response via a pathway dependent on the DNA sensors IFI16 and cGAS as well as the signalling adaptor molecule STING. Thus, Listeria DNA is a major trigger of IFNβ expression in human myeloid cells and is sensed to activate a pathway dependent on IFI16, cGAS and STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Hansen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Aarhus Research Centre for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thaneas Prabakaran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Aarhus Research Centre for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Laustsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Aarhus Research Centre for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sofie E Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Aarhus Research Centre for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stine H Rahbæk
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Aarhus Research Centre for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren B Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Aarhus Research Centre for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jess H Leber
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristy A Horan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Aarhus Research Centre for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Aarhus Research Centre for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Jakobsen MR, Paludan SR. IFI16: At the interphase between innate DNA sensing and genome regulation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:649-55. [PMID: 25027602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA carries the genetic code, and is also a potent stimulator of innate immune responses. IFI16 is a member of the family of PYHIN proteins and is composed of a PYRIN domain involved in homotypic protein-protein interactions and two HIN domains mediating DNA binding. PYHIN proteins have been described to possess functions as innate pattern recognition receptors or transcriptional regulators. Interestingly, it is now emerging that IFI16, which exhibits both nuclear and cytosolic location, possesses both of these functions. In this review we discuss the current literature on IFI16 and propose key questions now facing this field of research. We propose that IFI16 plays a central role in the close interaction between the innate immune system and cellular regulation of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Chiliveru S, Rahbek SH, Jensen SK, Jørgensen SE, Nissen SK, Christiansen SH, Mogensen TH, Jakobsen MR, Iversen L, Johansen C, Paludan SR. Inflammatory Cytokines Break Down Intrinsic Immunological Tolerance of Human Primary Keratinocytes to Cytosolic DNA. J I 2014; 192:2395-404. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Berg RK, Rahbek SH, Kofod-Olsen E, Holm CK, Melchjorsen J, Jensen DG, Hansen AL, Jørgensen LB, Ostergaard L, Tolstrup M, Larsen CS, Paludan SR, Jakobsen MR, Mogensen TH. T cells detect intracellular DNA but fail to induce type I IFN responses: implications for restriction of HIV replication. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84513. [PMID: 24404168 PMCID: PMC3880311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infects key cell types of the immune system, most notably macrophages and CD4+ T cells. Whereas macrophages represent an important viral reservoir, activated CD4+ T cells are the most permissive cell types supporting high levels of viral replication. In recent years, it has been appreciated that the innate immune system plays an important role in controlling HIV replication, e.g. via interferon (IFN)-inducible restriction factors. Moreover, innate immune responses are involved in driving chronic immune activation and the pathogenesis of progressive immunodeficiency. Several pattern recognition receptors detecting HIV have been reported, including Toll-like receptor 7 and Retinoic-inducible gene-I, which detects viral RNA. Here we report that human primary T cells fail to induce strong IFN responses, despite the fact that this cell type does express key molecules involved in DNA signaling pathways. We demonstrate that the DNA sensor IFI16 migrates to sites of foreign DNA localization in the cytoplasm and recruits the signaling molecules stimulator of IFN genes and Tank-binding kinase, but this does not result in expression of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes. Importantly, we show that cytosolic DNA fails to affect HIV replication. However, exogenous treatment of activated T cells with type I IFN has the capacity to induce expression of IFN-stimulated genes and suppress HIV replication. Our data suggest the existence of an impaired DNA signaling machinery in T cells, which may prevent this cell type from activating cell-autonomous anti-HIV responses. This phenomenon could contribute to the high permissiveness of CD4+ T cells for HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi K Berg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stine H Rahbek
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil Kofod-Olsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark ; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian K Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper Melchjorsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David G Jensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lars Ostergaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten S Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark ; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus, Denmark
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Cashin K, Jakobsen MR, Sterjovski J, Roche M, Ellett A, Flynn JK, Borm K, Gouillou M, Churchill MJ, Gorry PR. Linkages between HIV-1 specificity for CCR5 or CXCR4 and in vitro usage of alternative coreceptors during progressive HIV-1 subtype C infection. Retrovirology 2013; 10:98. [PMID: 24041034 PMCID: PMC3849974 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C (C-HIV) is spreading rapidly and is now responsible for >50% of HIV-1 infections worldwide, and >95% of infections in southern Africa and central Asia. These regions are burdened with the overwhelming majority of HIV-1 infections, yet we know very little about the pathogenesis of C-HIV. In addition to CCR5 and CXCR4, the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) may engage a variety of alternative coreceptors for entry into transfected cells. Whilst alternative coreceptors do not appear to have a broad role in mediating the entry of HIV-1 into primary cells, characterizing patterns of alternative coreceptor usage in vitro can provide valuable insights into mechanisms of Env-coreceptor engagement that may be important for HIV-1 pathogenesis. RESULTS Here, we characterized the ability of luciferase reporter viruses pseudotyped with HIV-1 Envs (n = 300) cloned sequentially from plasma of 21 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve subjects experiencing progression from chronic to advanced C-HIV infection over an approximately 3-year period, who either exclusively maintained CCR5-using (R5) variants (n = 20 subjects) or who experienced a coreceptor switch to CXCR4-using (X4) variants (n = 1 subject), to utilize alternative coreceptors for entry. At a population level, CCR5 usage by R5 C-HIV Envs was strongly linked to usage of FPRL1, CCR3 and CCR8 as alternative coreceptors, with the linkages to FPRL1 and CCR3 usage becoming statistically more robust as infection progressed from chronic to advanced stages of disease. In contrast, acquisition of an X4 Env phenotype at advanced infection was accompanied by a dramatic loss of FPRL1 usage. Env mutagenesis studies confirmed a direct link between CCR5 and FPRL1 usage, and showed that the V3 loop crown, but not other V3 determinants of CCR5-specificity, was the principal Env determinant governing the ability of R5 C-HIV Envs from one particular subject to engage FPRL1. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that, in the absence of coreceptor switching, the ability of R5 C-HIV viruses to engage certain alternative coreceptors in vitro, in particular FPRL1, may reflect an altered use of CCR5 that is selected for during progressive C-HIV infection, and which may contribute to C-HIV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Cashin
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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Cashin K, Gray LR, Jakobsen MR, Sterjovski J, Churchill MJ, Gorry PR. CoRSeqV3-C: a novel HIV-1 subtype C specific V3 sequence based coreceptor usage prediction algorithm. Retrovirology 2013; 10:24. [PMID: 23446039 PMCID: PMC3599735 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of HIV-1 subjects worldwide are infected with HIV-1 subtype C (C-HIV). Although C-HIV predominates in developing regions of the world such as Southern Africa and Central Asia, C-HIV is also spreading rapidly in countries with more developed economies and health care systems, whose populations are more likely to have access to wider treatment options, including the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc (MVC). The ability to reliably determine C-HIV coreceptor usage is therefore becoming increasingly more important. In silico V3 sequence based coreceptor usage prediction algorithms are a relatively rapid and cost effective method for determining HIV-1 coreceptor specificity. In this study, we elucidated the V3 sequence determinants of C-HIV coreceptor usage, and used this knowledge to develop and validate a novel, user friendly, and highly sensitive C-HIV specific coreceptor usage prediction algorithm. Results We characterized every phenotypically-verified C-HIV gp120 V3 sequence available in the Los Alamos HIV Database. Sequence analyses revealed that compared to R5 C-HIV V3 sequences, CXCR4-using C-HIV V3 sequences have significantly greater amino acid variability, increased net charge, increased amino acid length, increased frequency of insertions and substitutions within the GPGQ crown motif, and reduced frequency of glycosylation sites. Based on these findings, we developed a novel C-HIV specific coreceptor usage prediction algorithm (CoRSeqV3-C), which we show has superior sensitivity for determining CXCR4 usage by C-HIV strains compared to all other available algorithms and prediction rules, including Geno2pheno[coreceptor] and WebPSSMSINSI-C, which has been designed specifically for C-HIV. Conclusions CoRSeqV3-C is now openly available for public use at http://www.burnet.edu.au/coreceptor. Our results show that CoRSeqV3-C is the most sensitive V3 sequence based algorithm presently available for predicting CXCR4 usage of C-HIV strains, without compromising specificity. CoRSeqV3-C may be potentially useful for assisting clinicians to decide the best treatment options for patients with C-HIV infection, and will be helpful for basic studies of C-HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Cashin
- Center for Virology, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004VIC, Australia
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Sharma N, Cai Y, Bak RO, Jakobsen MR, Schrøder LD, Mikkelsen JG. Efficient sleeping beauty DNA transposition from DNA minicircles. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2013; 2:e74. [PMID: 23443502 PMCID: PMC3586802 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA transposon-based vectors have emerged as new potential delivery tools in therapeutic gene transfer. Such vectors are now showing promise in hematopoietic stem cells and primary human T cells, and clinical trials with transposon-engineered cells are on the way. However, the use of plasmid DNA as a carrier of the vector raises safety concerns due to the undesirable administration of bacterial sequences. To optimize vectors based on the Sleeping Beauty (SB) DNA transposon for clinical use, we examine here SB transposition from DNA minicircles (MCs) devoid of the bacterial plasmid backbone. Potent DNA transposition, directed by the hyperactive SB100X transposase, is demonstrated from MC donors, and the stable transfection rate is significantly enhanced by expressing the SB100X transposase from MCs. The stable transfection rate is inversely related to the size of circular donor, suggesting that a MC-based SB transposition system benefits primarily from an increased cellular uptake and/or enhanced expression which can be observed with DNA MCs. DNA transposon and transposase MCs are easily produced, are favorable in size, do not carry irrelevant DNA, and are robust substrates for DNA transposition. In accordance, DNA MCs should become a standard source of DNA transposons not only in therapeutic settings but also in the daily use of the SB system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynne Sharma
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Horan KA, Hansen K, Jakobsen MR, Holm CK, Søby S, Unterholzner L, Thompson M, West JA, Iversen MB, Rasmussen SB, Ellermann-Eriksen S, Kurt-Jones E, Landolfo S, Damania B, Melchjorsen J, Bowie AG, Fitzgerald KA, Paludan SR. Proteasomal degradation of herpes simplex virus capsids in macrophages releases DNA to the cytosol for recognition by DNA sensors. J Immunol 2013; 190:2311-9. [PMID: 23345332 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is important for control of infections, including herpesvirus infections. Intracellular DNA potently stimulates antiviral IFN responses. It is known that plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense herpesvirus DNA in endosomes via TLR9 and that nonimmune tissue cells can sense herpesvirus DNA in the nucleus. However, it remains unknown how and where myeloid cells, such as macrophages and conventional dendritic cells, detect infections with herpesviruses. In this study, we demonstrate that the HSV-1 capsid was ubiquitinated in the cytosol and degraded by the proteasome, hence releasing genomic DNA into the cytoplasm for detection by DNA sensors. In this context, the DNA sensor IFN-γ-inducible 16 is important for induction of IFN-β in human macrophages postinfection with HSV-1 and CMV. Viral DNA localized to the same cytoplasmic regions as did IFN-γ-inducible 16, with DNA sensing being independent of viral nuclear entry. Thus, proteasomal degradation of herpesvirus capsids releases DNA to the cytoplasm for recognition by DNA sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A Horan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Li JZ, Paredes R, Ribaudo HJ, Kozal MJ, Svarovskaia ES, Johnson JA, Geretti AM, Metzner KJ, Jakobsen MR, Hullsiek KH, Ostergaard L, Miller MD, Kuritzkes DR. Impact of minority nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations on resistance genotype after virologic failure. J Infect Dis 2012; 207:893-7. [PMID: 23264671 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) minority variants increase the risk of virologic failure for first-line nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimens. We performed a pooled analysis to evaluate the relationship between NNRTI-resistant minority variants and the likelihood and types of resistance mutations detected at virologic failure. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, higher NNRTI minority variant copy numbers, non-white race, and nevirapine use were associated with a higher risk of NNRTI resistance at virologic failure. Among participants on efavirenz, K103N was the most frequently observed resistance mutation at virologic failure regardless of the baseline minority variant. However, the presence of baseline Y181C minority variant was associated with a higher probability of Y181C detection after virologic failure. NNRTI regimen choice and preexisting NNRTI-resistant minority variants were both associated with the probability and type of resistance mutations detected after virologic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Jakobsen MR, Mogensen TH, Paludan SR. Caught in translation: innate restriction of HIV mRNA translation by a schlafen family protein. Cell Res 2012; 23:320-2. [PMID: 23128674 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the cause of AIDS. In recent years it has emerged that cellular interferon-stimulated genes (ISG), play important roles in cell-intrinsic restriction of HIV replication. A publication now describes a novel strategy employed by HIV-infected cells to restrict viral replication, which involves inhibition of viral mRNA translation by the ISG Schlafen 11.
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Holm CK, Jensen SB, Jakobsen MR, Cheshenko N, Horan KA, Moeller HB, Gonzalez-Dosal R, Rasmussen SB, Christensen MH, Yarovinsky TO, Rixon FJ, Herold BC, Fitzgerald KA, Paludan SR. Virus-cell fusion as a trigger of innate immunity dependent on the adaptor STING. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:737-43. [PMID: 22706339 PMCID: PMC3411909 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system senses infection by detecting evolutionarily conserved molecules essential for microbial survival or abnormal location of molecules. Here we demonstrate the existence of a novel innate detection mechanism, which is induced by fusion between viral envelopes and target cells. Virus-cell fusion specifically stimulated a type I interferon (IFN) response with expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), in vivo recruitment of leukocytes, and potentiation of Toll-like receptor 7 and 9 signaling. The fusion dependent response was dependent on stimulator of interferon genes (STING) but independent of DNA, RNA and viral capsid. We suggest that membrane fusion is sensed as a danger signal with potential implications for defense against enveloped viruses and various conditions of giant cell formation.
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Berro R, Klasse PJ, Jakobsen MR, Gorry PR, Moore JP, Sanders RW. V3 determinants of HIV-1 escape from the CCR5 inhibitors Maraviroc and Vicriviroc. Virology 2012; 427:158-65. [PMID: 22424737 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 develops resistance to CCR5 antagonists such as Maraviroc (MVC) and Vicriviroc (VVC) both in vitro and in vivo, with most changes arising in the gp120 V3 region. Both compounds bind to the same hydrophobic cavity in CCR5 in subtly different ways. Here, we investigated which V3 sequence changes are most associated with MVC and VVC resistance and how they affect the interaction between gp120 and the CCR5 NT. We found that VVC- and MVC-selected amino acid changes map to different V3 locations and involve residues that interact with the CCR5 NT in different ways. Changes in VVC-selected, but not MVC-selected, variants often involve charged residues. Although the overall V3 charge tends not to change, the introduction or removal of charged residues at specific positions affects the local electrostatic potential and could have structural and functional implications. In summary, VVC and MVC trigger the evolution of distinct HIV-1 resistance patterns in V3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Berro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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45
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Roche M, Jakobsen MR, Ellett A, Salimiseyedabad H, Jubb B, Westby M, Lee B, Lewin SR, Churchill MJ, Gorry PR. HIV-1 predisposed to acquiring resistance to maraviroc (MVC) and other CCR5 antagonists in vitro has an inherent, low-level ability to utilize MVC-bound CCR5 for entry. Retrovirology 2011; 8:89. [PMID: 22054077 PMCID: PMC3217884 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maraviroc (MVC) and other CCR5 antagonists are HIV-1 entry inhibitors that bind to- and alter the conformation of CCR5, such that CCR5 is no longer recognized by the viral gp120 envelope (Env) glycoproteins. Resistance to CCR5 antagonists results from HIV-1 Env acquiring the ability to utilize the drug-bound conformation of CCR5. Selecting for HIV-1 resistance to CCR5-antagonists in vitro is relatively difficult. However, the CCR5-using CC1/85 strain appears to be uniquely predisposed to acquiring resistance to several CCR5 antagonists in vitro including MVC, vicriviroc and AD101. Findings Here, we show that Env derived from the parental CC1/85 strain is inherently capable of a low affinity interaction with MVC-bound CCR5. However, this phenotype was only revealed in 293-Affinofile cells and NP2-CD4/CCR5 cells that express very high levels of CCR5, and was masked in TZM-bl, JC53 and U87-CD4/CCR5 cells as well as PBMC, which express comparatively lower levels of CCR5 and which are more commonly used to detect resistance to CCR5 antagonists. Conclusions Env derived from the CC1/85 strain of HIV-1 is inherently capable of a low-affinity interaction with MVC-bound CCR5, which helps explain the relative ease in which CC1/85 can acquire resistance to CCR5 antagonists in vitro. The detection of similar phenotypes in patients may identify those who could be at higher risk of virological failure on MVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roche
- Center for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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46
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Li JZ, Paredes R, Ribaudo HJ, Svarovskaia ES, Metzner KJ, Kozal MJ, Hullsiek KH, Balduin M, Jakobsen MR, Geretti AM, Thiebaut R, Ostergaard L, Masquelier B, Johnson JA, Miller MD, Kuritzkes DR. Low-frequency HIV-1 drug resistance mutations and risk of NNRTI-based antiretroviral treatment failure: a systematic review and pooled analysis. JAMA 2011; 305:1327-35. [PMID: 21467286 PMCID: PMC3325645 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Presence of low-frequency, or minority, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance mutations may adversely affect response to antiretroviral treatment (ART), but evidence regarding the effects of such mutations on the effectiveness of first-line ART is conflicting. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of preexisting drug-resistant HIV-1 minority variants with risk of first-line nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based antiretroviral virologic failure. DATA SOURCES Systematic review of published and unpublished studies in PubMed (1966 through December 2010), EMBASE (1974 through December 2010), conference abstracts, and article references. Authors of all studies were contacted for detailed laboratory, ART, and adherence data. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA ABSTRACTION Studies involving ART-naive participants initiating NNRTI-based regimens were included. Participants were included if all drugs in their ART regimen were fully active by standard HIV drug resistance testing. Cox proportional hazard models using pooled patient-level data were used to estimate the risk of virologic failure based on a Prentice weighted case-cohort analysis stratified by study. DATA SYNTHESIS Individual data from 10 studies and 985 participants were available for the primary analysis. Low-frequency drug resistance mutations were detected in 187 participants, including 117 of 808 patients in the cohort studies. Low-frequency HIV-1 drug resistance mutations were associated with an increased risk of virologic failure (hazard ratio (HR], 2.3 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.7-3.3]; P < .001) after controlling for medication adherence, race/ethnicity, baseline CD4 cell count, and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. Increased risk of virologic failure was most strongly associated with minority variants resistant to NNRTIs (HR, 2.6 [95% CI, 1.9-3.5]; P < .001). Among participants from the cohort studies, 35% of those with detectable minority variants experienced virologic failure compared with 15% of those without minority variants. The presence of minority variants was associated with 2.5 to 3 times the risk of virologic failure at either 95% or greater or less than 95% overall medication adherence. A dose-dependent increased risk of virologic failure was found in participants with a higher proportion or quantity of drug-resistant variants. CONCLUSION In a pooled analysis, low-frequency HIV-1 drug resistance mutations, particularly involving NNRTI resistance, were significantly associated with a dose-dependent increased risk of virologic failure with first-line ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Li
- Section of Retroviral Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Jakobsen MR, Tolstrup M, Søgaard OS, Jørgensen LB, Gorry PR, Laursen A, Ostergaard L. Transmission of HIV-1 drug-resistant variants: prevalence and effect on treatment outcome. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:566-73. [PMID: 20085464 DOI: 10.1086/650001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance is an important threat to the overall success of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Because of the limited sensitivity of commercial assays, transmitted drug resistance (TDR) may be underestimated; thus, the effect that TDR has on treatment outcome needs to be investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of TDR in HIV-infected patients and to evaluate the significance of TDR with respect to treatment outcome by analyzing plasma viral RNA and peripheral blood mononuclear cell proviral DNA for the presence of drug resistance mutations. METHODS In a prospective study, we investigated the level of TDR in 61 patients by comparing the results of a sensitive multiplex-primer-extension approach (termed HIV-SNaPshot) that is capable of screening for 9 common nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor and nonnucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor mutations with those of a commercial genotyping kit, ViroSeq (Abbott). RESULTS Twenty-two patients were found to carry mutations. More patients with TDR were identified by the HIV-SNaPshot assay than by ViroSeq analysis (33% vs 13%; [P=.015). There was no significant difference in the time from initiation of ART to virological suppression between susceptible patients and those carrying low- or high-level resistance mutations (mean +/- standard deviation, 128 +/- 59.1 vs 164.9 +/- 120.4; P=.147). Furthermore, analyses of CD4 cell counts showed no significant difference between these 2 groups 1 year after the initiation of ART (mean, 184 vs 219 cells/microL; P=.267). CONCLUSION We found the prevalence of TDR in recently infected ART-naive patients to be higher than that estimated by ViroSeq genotyping alone. Follow-up of patients after treatment initiation showed a trend toward there being more clinical complications for patients carrying TDR, although a significant effect on treatment outcome could not be demonstrated. Therefore, the clinical relevance of low-abundance resistant quasispecies in early infection is still in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark.
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Abstract
The majority of studies on HIV-1 pathogenesis have been conducted on subtype B HIV-1 (B-HIV) strains. However, B-HIV strains constitute the minority of HIV-1 cases worldwide, and are not common in regions that stand to benefit the most from advances in HIV-1 research such as southern Africa and Asia, where the HIV-1 pandemic is at its worst. The majority of individuals with HIV-1 are infected with subtype C HIV-1 (C-HIV) and reside in Southern Africa and Central Asia. Relatively little is known about C-HIV, but current evidence suggests the pathogenesis of C-HIV is distinct from B-HIV and other HIV-1 subtypes. This article summarizes what is currently known about the viral tropism, fitness and pathogenicity of C-HIV, and compares and contrasts these features to B-HIV. A thorough understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of C-HIV is important for a targeted approach to developing vaccines and novel drugs optimized for effectiveness in populations that are most in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Jakobsen
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Brendstrupgaardvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anne Ellett
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R Gorry
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Wade J, Sterjovski J, Gray L, Roche M, Chiavaroli L, Ellett A, Jakobsen MR, Cowley D, Pereira CDF, Saksena N, Wang B, Purcell DFJ, Karlsson I, Fenyö EM, Churchill M, Gorry PR. Enhanced CD4+ cellular apoptosis by CCR5-restricted HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein variants from patients with progressive HIV-1 infection. Virology 2009; 396:246-55. [PMID: 19913863 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CCR5-using (R5) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains cause CD4+ T-cell loss in most infected individuals, but mechanisms underlying cytopathicity of R5 viruses are poorly understood. We investigated mechanisms contributing to R5 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-mediated cellular apoptosis by constructing a panel of retroviral vectors engineered to co-express GFP and R5 Envs derived from two HIV-1-infected subjects spanning asymptomatic (Early, E-R5 Envs) to late stages of infection (Late, L-R5 Envs). The L-R5 Envs induced significantly more cellular apoptosis than E-R5 Envs, but only in Env-expressing (GFP-positive) cells, and only in cells where CD4 and CCR5 levels were limiting. Studies with fusion-defective Env mutants showed induction of apoptosis required membrane-fusing events. Our results provide evidence for an intracellular mechanism of R5 Env-induced apoptosis of CD4+ cells that requires membrane fusion. Furthermore, they contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms involved in CD4+ T-cell loss in subjects experiencing progressive R5 HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wade
- Center for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Jakobsen MR, Tolstrup M, Bertelsen L, Laursen A, Obel N, Ostergaard L, Mohey R. Dynamics of 103K/N and 184M/V HIV-1 drug resistant populations: Relative comparison in plasma virus RNA versus CD45RO+T cell proviral DNA. J Clin Virol 2007; 39:215-21. [PMID: 17540617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral populations defined by 103K/N and 184M/V as linked or single mutations in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase gene were investigated in plasma samples and compared with previous findings in the CD45RO(+)T cell compartment. OBJECTIVE To develop an ARMS assay for plasma virions and to investigate the expression of resistance mutations (103N and 184V) and dynamic interactions between proviral DNA and plasma virions. STUDY DESIGN A clinical cross-sectional study, including 11 patients on lamivudine efavirenz and/or nevirapine therapy. The viral populations were determined by an assay based on real-time PCR and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). RESULTS The 103N and 184V mutations were not detected in patients with stable low viremia. Patients previously exposed to mono or dual therapy often carried minor viral populations of either one or both mutations in plasma. The viral population with linked mutations (103N and 184V) was detected in two patients after more than 2 years of non-NNRTI HAART. CONCLUSION The ARMS assay is useful for detecting viral quasi-species containing efavirenz and lamivudine resistant mutations in plasma virions and in proviral DNA. Data suggest an unequal distribution of linked-mutation populations in plasma and CD45RO(+)T cells. Furthermore, the linked 103N-184V mutation may be more fit than the single 184V mutation and this linked population emerges rapidly under inadequate drug pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Jakobsen
- Department of Infectious diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby Sygehus, Brendstrupgaardvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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