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Colville MJ, Huang LT, Schmidt S, Chen K, Vishwanath K, Su J, Williams RM, Bonassar LJ, Reesink HL, Paszek MJ. Recombinant manufacturing of multispecies biolubricants. bioRxiv 2024:2024.05.05.592580. [PMID: 38746339 PMCID: PMC11092771 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.05.592580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Lubricin, a lubricating glycoprotein abundant in synovial fluid, forms a low-friction brush polymer interface in tissues exposed to sliding motion including joints, tendon sheaths, and the surface of the eye. Despite its therapeutic potential in diseases such as osteoarthritis and dry eye disease, there are few sources available. Through rational design, we developed a series of recombinant lubricin analogs that utilize the species-specific tissue-binding domains at the N- and C-termini to increase biocompatibility while replacing the central mucin domain with an engineered variant that retains the lubricating properties of native lubricin. In this study, we demonstrate the tissue binding capacity of our engineered lubricin product and its retention in the joint space of rats. Next, we present a new bioprocess chain that utilizes a human-derived cell line to produce O -glycosylation consistent with that of native lubricin and a purification strategy that capitalizes on the positively charged, hydrophobic N- and C-terminal domains. The bioprocess chain is demonstrated at 10 L scale in industry-standard equipment utilizing commonly available ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction and size exclusion chromatography resins. Finally, we confirmed the purity and lubricating properties of the recombinant biolubricant. The biomolecular engineering and bioprocessing strategies presented here are an effective means of lubricin production and could have broad applications to the study of mucins in general.
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Park S, Colville MJ, Paek JH, Shurer CR, Singh A, Secor EJ, Sailer CJ, Huang LT, Kuo JCH, Goudge MC, Su J, Kim M, DeLisa MP, Neelamegham S, Lammerding J, Zipfel WR, Fischbach C, Reesink HL, Paszek MJ. Immunoengineering can overcome the glycocalyx armour of cancer cells. Nat Mater 2024; 23:429-438. [PMID: 38361041 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cell glycocalyx is a major line of defence against immune surveillance. However, how specific physical properties of the glycocalyx are regulated on a molecular level, contribute to immune evasion and may be overcome through immunoengineering must be resolved. Here we report how cancer-associated mucins and their glycosylation contribute to the nanoscale material thickness of the glycocalyx and consequently modulate the functional interactions with cytotoxic immune cells. Natural-killer-cell-mediated cytotoxicity is inversely correlated with the glycocalyx thickness of the target cells. Changes in glycocalyx thickness of approximately 10 nm can alter the susceptibility to immune cell attack. Enhanced stimulation of natural killer and T cells through equipment with chimeric antigen receptors can improve the cytotoxicity against mucin-bearing target cells. Alternatively, cytotoxicity can be enhanced through engineering effector cells to display glycocalyx-editing enzymes, including mucinases and sialidases. Together, our results motivate the development of immunoengineering strategies that overcome the glycocalyx armour of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marshall J Colville
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Justin H Paek
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Carolyn R Shurer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Arun Singh
- State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Erica J Secor
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cooper J Sailer
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ling-Ting Huang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Joe Chin-Hun Kuo
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marc C Goudge
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Jan Lammerding
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Warren R Zipfel
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Fischbach
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Heidi L Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Park S, Choi S, Shimpi AA, Estroff LA, Fischbach C, Paszek MJ. Collagen Mineralization Decreases NK Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity of Breast Cancer Cells via Increased Glycocalyx Thickness. Adv Mater 2024:e2311505. [PMID: 38279892 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal metastasis is common in patients with advanced breast cancer and often caused by immune evasion of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). In the skeleton, tumor cells not only disseminate to the bone marrow but also to osteogenic niches in which they interact with newly mineralizing bone extracellular matrix (ECM). However, it remains unclear how mineralization of collagen type I, the primary component of bone ECM, regulates tumor-immune cell interactions. Here, a combination of synthetic bone matrix models with controlled mineral content, nanoscale optical imaging, and flow cytometry are utilized to evaluate how collagen type I mineralization affects the biochemical and biophysical properties of the tumor cell glycocalyx, a dense layer of glycosylated proteins and lipids decorating their cell surface. These results suggest that collagen mineralization upregulates mucin-type O-glycosylation and sialylation by tumor cells, which increases their glycocalyx thickness while enhancing resistance to attack by natural killer (NK) cells. These changes are functionally linked as treatment with a sialylation inhibitor decreased mineralization-dependent glycocalyx thickness and made tumor cells more susceptible to NK cell attack. Together, these results suggest that interference with glycocalyx sialylation may represent a therapeutic strategy to enhance cancer immunotherapies targeting bone-metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Graduate Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Siyoung Choi
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Adrian A Shimpi
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Claudia Fischbach
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Graduate Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Park S, Choi S, Shimpi AA, Estroff LA, Fischbach C, Paszek MJ. COLLAGEN MINERALIZATION DECREASES NK CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY OF BREAST CANCER CELLS VIA INCREASED GLYCOCALYX THICKNESS. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.20.576377. [PMID: 38328161 PMCID: PMC10849468 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.20.576377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal metastasis is common in patients with advanced breast cancer, and often caused by immune evasion of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). In the skeleton, tumor cells not only disseminate to the bone marrow, but also to osteogenic niches in which they interact with newly mineralizing bone extracellular matrix (ECM). However, it remains unclear how mineralization of collagen type I, the primary component of bone ECM, regulates tumor-immune cell interactions. Here, we have utilized a combination of synthetic bone matrix models with controlled mineral content, nanoscale optical imaging, and flow cytometry to evaluate how collagen type I mineralization affects the biochemical and biophysical properties of the tumor cell glycocalyx, a dense layer of glycosylated proteins and lipids decorating their cell surface. Our results suggest that collagen mineralization upregulates mucin-type O-glycosylation and sialylation by tumor cells, which increased their glycocalyx thickness while enhancing resistance to attack by Natural Killer (NK) cells. These changes were functionally linked as treatment with a sialylation inhibitor decreased mineralization-dependent glycocalyx thickness and made tumor cells more susceptible to NK cell attack. Together, our results suggest that interference with glycocalyx sialylation may represent a therapeutic strategy to enhance cancer immunotherapies targeting bone-metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Graduate Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Siyoung Choi
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adrian A. Shimpi
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lara A. Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Claudia Fischbach
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Matthew J. Paszek
- Graduate Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Tharp KM, Park S, Timblin GA, Richards AL, Berg JA, Twells NM, Riley NM, Peltan EL, Shon DJ, Stevenson E, Tsui K, Palomba F, Lefebvre AEYT, Soens RW, Ayad NM, Hoeve-Scott JT, Healy K, Digman M, Dillin A, Bertozzi CR, Swaney DL, Mahal LK, Cantor JR, Paszek MJ, Weaver VM. The microenvironment dictates glycocalyx construction and immune surveillance. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3164966. [PMID: 37645943 PMCID: PMC10462183 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3164966/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to identify anti-cancer therapeutics and understand tumor-immune interactions are built with in vitro models that do not match the microenvironmental characteristics of human tissues. Using in vitro models which mimic the physical properties of healthy or cancerous tissues and a physiologically relevant culture medium, we demonstrate that the chemical and physical properties of the microenvironment regulate the composition and topology of the glycocalyx. Remarkably, we find that cancer and age-related changes in the physical properties of the microenvironment are sufficient to adjust immune surveillance via the topology of the glycocalyx, a previously unknown phenomenon observable only with a physiologically relevant culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Tharp
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Greg A. Timblin
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alicia L. Richards
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jordan A. Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Twells
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Nicholas M. Riley
- Department of Chemistry, Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Egan L. Peltan
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA USA 94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA 94305
| | - D. Judy Shon
- Department of Chemistry, Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erica Stevenson
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kimberly Tsui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94597, USA
| | - Francesco Palomba
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Ross W. Soens
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nadia M.E. Ayad
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Johanna ten Hoeve-Scott
- UCLA Metabolomics Center, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kevin Healy
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Sarafan ChEM-H and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA 94305
| | - Michelle Digman
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, CA 92697, USA
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94597, USA
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Sarafan ChEM-H and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA 94305
| | - Danielle L. Swaney
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jason R. Cantor
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matthew J. Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Park S, Chin-Hun Kuo J, Reesink HL, Paszek MJ. Recombinant mucin biotechnology and engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 193:114618. [PMID: 36375719 PMCID: PMC10253230 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucins represent a largely untapped class of polymeric building block for biomaterials, therapeutics, and other biotechnology. Because the mucin polymer backbone is genetically encoded, sequence-specific mucins with defined physical and biochemical properties can be fabricated using recombinant technologies. The pendent O-glycans of mucins are increasingly implicated in immunomodulation, suppression of pathogen virulence, and other biochemical activities. Recent advances in engineered cell production systems are enabling the scalable synthesis of recombinant mucins with precisely tuned glycan side chains, offering exciting possibilities to tune the biological functionality of mucin-based products. New metabolic and chemoenzymatic strategies enable further tuning and functionalization of mucin O-glycans, opening new possibilities to expand the chemical diversity and functionality of mucin building blocks. In this review, we discuss these advances, and the opportunities for engineered mucins in biomedical applications ranging from in vitro models to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joe Chin-Hun Kuo
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Heidi L Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Paszek MJ. Nanometers matter in immune evasion mediated by the cellular glycocalyx. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.0i123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Morphological transitions are typically attributed to the actions of proteins and lipids. Largely overlooked in membrane shape regulation is the glycocalyx, a pericellular membrane coat that resides on all cells in the human body. Comprised of complex sugar polymers known as glycans as well as glycosylated lipids and proteins, the glycocalyx is ideally positioned to impart forces on the plasma membrane. Large, unstructured polysaccharides and glycoproteins in the glycocalyx can generate crowding pressures strong enough to induce membrane curvature. Stress may also originate from glycan chains that convey curvature preference on asymmetrically distributed lipids, which are exploited by binding factors and infectious agents to induce morphological changes. Through such forces, the glycocalyx can have profound effects on the biogenesis of functional cell surface structures as well as the secretion of extracellular vesicles. In this review, we discuss recent evidence and examples of these mechanisms in normal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Chin-Hun Kuo
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; ,
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; , .,Field of Biomedical Engineering and Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Fasanello DC, Su J, Deng S, Yin R, Colville MJ, Berenson JM, Kelly CM, Freer H, Rollins A, Wagner B, Rivas F, Hall AR, Rahbar E, DeAngelis PL, Paszek MJ, Reesink HL. Hyaluronic acid synthesis, degradation, and crosslinking in equine osteoarthritis: TNF-α-TSG-6-mediated HC-HA formation. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:218. [PMID: 34416923 PMCID: PMC8377964 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TNF-α-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) protein, a TNF-α-responsive hyaladherin, possesses enzymatic activity that can catalyze covalent crosslinks of the polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA) to another protein to form heavy chain-hyaluronic acid (HC-HA) complexes in pathological conditions such as osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we examined HA synthase and inflammatory gene expression; synovial fluid HA, TNF-α, and viscosity; and TSG-6-mediated HC-HA complex formation in an equine OA model. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the TNF-α-TSG-6-HC-HA signaling pathway across multiple joint tissues, including synovial membrane, cartilage, and synovial fluid, and (2) determine the impact of OA on synovial fluid composition and biophysical properties. METHODS HA and inflammatory cytokine concentrations (TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2, 3, 5, and 11) were analyzed in synovial fluid from 63 OA and 25 control joints, and HA synthase (HAS1-3), TSG-6, and hyaluronan-degrading enzyme (HYAL2, HEXA) gene expression was measured in synovial membrane and cartilage. HA molecular weight (MW) distributions were determined using agarose gel electrophoresis and solid-state nanopore measurements, and HC-HA complex formation was detected via immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. SEC-MALS was used to evaluate TSG-6-mediated HA crosslinking, and synovial fluid and HA solution viscosities were analyzed using multiple particle-tracking microrheology and microfluidic measurements, respectively. RESULTS TNF-α concentrations were greater in OA synovial fluid, and TSG6 expression was upregulated in OA synovial membrane and cartilage. TSG-6-mediated HC-HA complex formation was greater in OA synovial fluid and tissues than controls, and HC-HA was localized to both synovial membrane and superficial zone chondrocytes in OA joints. SEC-MALS demonstrated macromolecular aggregation of low MW HA in the presence of TSG-6 and inter-α-inhibitor with concurrent increases in viscosity. CONCLUSIONS Synovial fluid TNF-α concentrations, synovial membrane and cartilage TSG6 gene expression, and HC-HA complex formation were increased in equine OA. Despite the ability of TSG-6 to induce macromolecular aggregation of low MW HA with resultant increases in the viscosity of low MW HA solutions in vitro, HA concentration was the primary determinant of synovial fluid viscosity rather than HA MW or HC-HA crosslinking. The TNF-α-TSG-6-HC-HA pathway may represent a potential therapeutic target in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Fasanello
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Siyu Deng
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Rose Yin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Marshall J. Colville
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Joshua M. Berenson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Carolyn M. Kelly
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Heather Freer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Alicia Rollins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Felipe Rivas
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Adam R. Hall
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Elaheh Rahbar
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Paul L. DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Matthew J. Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Heidi L. Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
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10
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Shah P, Hobson CM, Cheng S, Colville MJ, Paszek MJ, Superfine R, Lammerding J. Nuclear Deformation Causes DNA Damage by Increasing Replication Stress. Curr Biol 2021; 31:753-765.e6. [PMID: 33326770 PMCID: PMC7904640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis, i.e., the spreading of tumor cells from the primary tumor to distant organs, is responsible for the vast majority of cancer deaths. In the process, cancer cells migrate through narrow interstitial spaces substantially smaller in cross-section than the cell. During such confined migration, cancer cells experience extensive nuclear deformation, nuclear envelope rupture, and DNA damage. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the confined migration-induced DNA damage remain incompletely understood. Although in some cell lines, DNA damage is closely associated with nuclear envelope rupture, we show that, in others, mechanical deformation of the nucleus is sufficient to cause DNA damage, even in the absence of nuclear envelope rupture. This deformation-induced DNA damage, unlike nuclear-envelope-rupture-induced DNA damage, occurs primarily in S/G2 phase of the cell cycle and is associated with replication forks. Nuclear deformation, resulting from either confined migration or external cell compression, increases replication stress, possibly by increasing replication fork stalling, providing a molecular mechanism for the deformation-induced DNA damage. Thus, we have uncovered a new mechanism for mechanically induced DNA damage, linking mechanical deformation of the nucleus to DNA replication stress. This mechanically induced DNA damage could not only increase genomic instability in metastasizing cancer cells but could also cause DNA damage in non-migrating cells and tissues that experience mechanical compression during development, thereby contributing to tumorigenesis and DNA damage response activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Shah
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chad M Hobson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Svea Cheng
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marshall J Colville
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Graduate Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Graduate Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard Superfine
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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11
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Kuo JCH, Goudge MC, Metzloff AE, Huang LT, Colville MJ, Park S, Zipfel WR, Paszek MJ. Litmus-Body: A Molecularly Targeted Sensor for Cell-Surface pH Measurements. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1555-1566. [PMID: 32337979 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Precise pH measurements in the immediate environment of receptors is essential for elucidating the mechanisms through which local pH changes associated with diseased phenotypes manifest into aberrant receptor function. However, current pH sensors lack the ability to localize and target specific receptor molecules required to make these measurements. Herein we present the Litmus-body, our recombinant protein-based pH sensor, which through fusion to an anti-IgG nanobody is capable of piggybacking on IgG antibodies for molecular targeting to specific proteins on the cell surface. By normalizing a pH-dependent green fluorescent protein to a long Stokes shift red fluorophore or fluorescent protein, we readily report pH independent of sensor concentration using a single 488 nm excitation. Our Litmus-body showed excellent responsiveness in solution, with a greater than 50-fold change across the regime of physiological pH. The sensor was further validated for use on live cells and shown to be specific to the protein of interest. In complex with our Litmus-body, cetuximab therapeutic antibody retained its functionality in binding and inhibiting ligand interaction of its target epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), triggering receptor-mediated endocytosis that allowed tracking of local pH from the cell surface through the endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Chin-Hun Kuo
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Marc C. Goudge
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ann E. Metzloff
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ling-Ting Huang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Sangwoo Park
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Warren R. Zipfel
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Matthew J. Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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12
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Noble JM, Roberts LM, Vidavsky N, Chiou AE, Fischbach C, Paszek MJ, Estroff LA, Kourkoutis LF. Direct comparison of optical and electron microscopy methods for structural characterization of extracellular vesicles. J Struct Biol 2020; 210:107474. [PMID: 32032755 PMCID: PMC7067680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As interest in the role of extracellular vesicles in cell-to-cell communication has increased, so has the use of microscopy and analytical techniques to assess their formation, release, and morphology. In this study, we evaluate scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cryo-SEM for characterizing the formation and shedding of vesicles from human breast cell lines, parental and hyaluronan synthase 3-(HAS3)-overexpressing MCF10A cells, grown directly on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids. While cells imaged with conventional and cryo-SEM exhibit distinct morphologies due to the sample preparation process for each technique, tubular structures protruding from the cell surfaces were observed with both approaches. For HAS3-MCF10A cells, vesicles were present along the length of membrane protrusions. Once completely shed from the cells, extracellular vesicles were characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and cryo-TEM. The size distributions obtained by each technique were different not only in the range of vesicles analyzed, but also in the relative proportion of smaller-to-larger vesicles. These differences are attributed to the presence of biological debris in the media, which is difficult to differentiate from vesicles in NTA. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cryo-TEM can be used to distinguish between vesicles based on their respective surface structures, thereby providing a path to differentiating vesicle subpopulations and identifying their size distributions. Our study emphasizes the necessity of pairing several techniques to characterize extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade M Noble
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - LaDeidra Monét Roberts
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Netta Vidavsky
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Aaron E Chiou
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Fischbach
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Lena F Kourkoutis
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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13
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Cheng Z, Shurer CR, Schmidt S, Gupta VK, Chuang G, Su J, Watkins AR, Shetty A, Spector JA, Hui CY, Reesink HL, Paszek MJ. The surface stress of biomedical silicones is a stimulant of cellular response. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay0076. [PMID: 32300645 PMCID: PMC7148089 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silicones are commonly used for lubrication of syringes, encapsulation of medical devices, and fabrication of surgical implants. While silicones are generally viewed as relatively inert to the cellular milieu, they can mediate a variety of inflammatory responses and other deleterious effects, but the mechanisms underlying the bioactivity of silicones remain unresolved. Here, we report that silicone liquids and gels have high surface stresses that can strongly resist deformation at cellular length scales. Biomedical silicones, including syringe lubricants and fillings from FDA-approved breast implants, readily adsorb matrix proteins and activate canonical rigidity sensing pathways through their surface stresses. In 3D culture models, liquid silicone droplets support robust cellular adhesion and the formation of multinucleated monocyte-derived cell masses that recapitulate phenotypic aspects of granuloma formation in the foreign body response. Together, our findings implicate surface stress as a cellular stimulant that should be considered in application of silicones for biomedical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Cheng
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carolyn R. Shurer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Samuel Schmidt
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Vivek K. Gupta
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Grace Chuang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jin Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Amanda R. Watkins
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Abhishek Shetty
- Rheology Department, Anton Paar USA Inc., Ashland, VA 23005, USA
| | - Jason A. Spector
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chung-Yuen Hui
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Field of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Heidi L. Reesink
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Matthew J. Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Field of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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14
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Abstract
Few approaches exist for the stable and controllable synthesis of customized mucin glycoproteins for glycocalyx editing in eukaryotic cells. Taking advantage of custom gene synthesis and a biology-by-parts approach to cDNA construction, we build a library of swappable DNA bricks for mucin leader tags, membrane anchors, cytoplasmic motifs, and optical reporters, as well as codon-optimized native mucin repeats and newly designed domains for synthetic mucins. We construct a library of over 50 mucins, each with unique chemical, structural, and optical properties and describe how additional permutations could readily be constructed. We apply the library to explore sequence-specific effects on glycosylation for engineering of mucins. We find that the extension of the immature α-GalNAc Tn-antigen to Core 1 and Core 2 glycan structures depends on the underlying peptide backbone sequence. Glycosylation could also be influenced through recycling motifs on the mucin cytoplasmic tail. We expect that the mucin parts inventory presented here can be broadly applied for glycocalyx research and mucin-based biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Pan
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Nitin T. Supekar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Matthew J. Paszek
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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15
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Colville MJ, Park S, Zipfel WR, Paszek MJ. High-speed device synchronization in optical microscopy with an open-source hardware control platform. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12188. [PMID: 31434941 PMCID: PMC6704125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Azimuthal beam scanning eliminates the uneven excitation field arising from laser interference in through-objective total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. The same principle can be applied to scanning angle interference microscopy (SAIM), where precision control of the scanned laser beam presents unique technical challenges for the builders of custom azimuthal scanning microscopes. Accurate synchronization between the instrument computer, beam scanning system and excitation source is required to collect high quality data and minimize sample damage in SAIM acquisitions. Drawing inspiration from open-source prototyping systems, like the Arduino microcontroller boards, we developed a new instrument control platform to be affordable, easily programmed, and broadly useful, but with integrated, precision analog circuitry and optimized firmware routines tailored to advanced microscopy. We show how the integration of waveform generation, multiplexed analog outputs, and native hardware triggers into a single central hub provides a versatile platform for performing fast circle-scanning acquisitions, including azimuthal scanning SAIM and multiangle TIRF. We also demonstrate how the low communication latency of our hardware platform can reduce image intensity and reconstruction artifacts arising from synchronization errors produced by software control. Our complete platform, including hardware design, firmware, API, and software, is available online for community-based development and collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Warren R Zipfel
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Field of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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16
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Shurer CR, Kuo JCH, Roberts LM, Gandhi JG, Colville MJ, Enoki TA, Pan H, Su J, Noble JM, Hollander MJ, O'Donnell JP, Yin R, Pedram K, Möckl L, Kourkoutis LF, Moerner WE, Bertozzi CR, Feigenson GW, Reesink HL, Paszek MJ. Physical Principles of Membrane Shape Regulation by the Glycocalyx. Cell 2019; 177:1757-1770.e21. [PMID: 31056282 PMCID: PMC6768631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells bend their plasma membranes into highly curved forms to interact with the local environment, but how shape generation is regulated is not fully resolved. Here, we report a synergy between shape-generating processes in the cell interior and the external organization and composition of the cell-surface glycocalyx. Mucin biopolymers and long-chain polysaccharides within the glycocalyx can generate entropic forces that favor or disfavor the projection of spherical and finger-like extensions from the cell surface. A polymer brush model of the glycocalyx successfully predicts the effects of polymer size and cell-surface density on membrane morphologies. Specific glycocalyx compositions can also induce plasma membrane instabilities to generate more exotic undulating and pearled membrane structures and drive secretion of extracellular vesicles. Together, our results suggest a fundamental role for the glycocalyx in regulating curved membrane features that serve in communication between cells and with the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R Shurer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joe Chin-Hun Kuo
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Jay G Gandhi
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Thais A Enoki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hao Pan
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jade M Noble
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Hollander
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - John P O'Donnell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rose Yin
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kayvon Pedram
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leonhard Möckl
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lena F Kourkoutis
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - W E Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gerald W Feigenson
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Heidi L Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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17
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Shurer CR, Wang Y, Feeney E, Head SE, Zhang VX, Su J, Cheng Z, Stark MA, Bonassar LJ, Reesink HL, Paszek MJ. Stable recombinant production of codon-scrambled lubricin and mucin in human cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1292-1303. [PMID: 30684357 PMCID: PMC6764099 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Widespread therapeutic and commercial interest in recombinant mucin technology has emerged due to the unique ability of mucin glycoproteins to hydrate, protect, and lubricate biological surfaces. However, recombinant production of the large, highly repetitive domains that are characteristic of mucins remains a challenge in biomanufacturing likely due, at least in part, to the inherent instability of DNA repeats in the cellular genome. To overcome this challenge, we exploit codon redundancy to encode desired mucin polypeptides with minimal nucleotide repetition. The codon-scrambling strategy was applied to generate synonymous genes, or "synDNAs," for two mucins of commercial interest: lubricin and mucin 1. Stable, long-term recombinant production in suspension-adapted human 293-F cells was demonstrated for the synonymous lubricin complementary DNA (cDNA), which we refer to as SynLubricin. Under optimal conditions, a 293-F subpopulation produced recombinant SynLubricin at more than 200 mg/L of media and was stable throughout 2 months of continuous culture. Functionality tests confirmed that the recombinant lubricin could effectively inhibit cell adhesion and lubricate cartilage explants. Together, our work provides a viable workflow for cDNA design and stable mucin production in mammalian host production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R. Shurer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Elizabeth Feeney
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Shelby E. Head
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Victoria X. Zhang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Zhu Cheng
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Morgan A. Stark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Heidi L. Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Matthew J. Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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18
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Shurer CR, Head SE, Goudge MC, Paszek MJ. Mucin-coating technologies for protection and reduced aggregation of cellular production systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:994-1005. [PMID: 30636317 PMCID: PMC6763341 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of host-cell production systems with improved yield and production reliability is desired to meet the increasing demand for biologics with complex posttranslational modifications. Aggregation of suspension-adapted mammalian cells remains a significant problem that can limit the cellular density and per volume yield of bioreactors. Here, we propose a genetically encoded technology that directs the synthesis of antiadhesive and protective coatings on the cellular surface. Inspired by the natural ability of mucin glycoproteins to resist cellular adhesion and hydrate and protect cell and tissue surfaces, we genetically encode new cell-surface coatings through the fusion of engineered mucin domains to synthetic transmembrane anchors. Combined with appropriate expression systems, the mucin-coating technology directs the assembly of thick, highly hydrated barriers to strongly mitigate cell aggregation and protect cells in suspension against fluid shear stresses. The coating technology is demonstrated on suspension-adapted human 293-F cells, which resist clumping even in media formulations that otherwise would induce extreme cell aggregation and show improved performance over a commercially available anticlumping agent. The stable biopolymer coatings do not show deleterious effects on cell proliferation rate, efficiency of transient transfection with complementary DNAs, or recombinant protein expression. Overall, our mucin-coating technology and engineered cell lines have the potential to improve the single-cell growth and viability of suspended cells in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R. Shurer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Shelby E. Head
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Marc C. Goudge
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Matthew J. Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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19
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Cox EC, Thornlow DN, Jones MA, Fuller JL, Merritt JH, Paszek MJ, Alabi CA, DeLisa MP. Antibody-Mediated Endocytosis of Polysialic Acid Enables Intracellular Delivery and Cytotoxicity of a Glycan-Directed Antibody-Drug Conjugate. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1810-1821. [PMID: 30808675 PMCID: PMC6467748 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The specific targeting of differentially expressed glycans in malignant cells has emerged as an attractive anticancer strategy. One such target is the oncodevelopmental antigen polysialic acid (polySia), a polymer of α2,8-linked sialic acid residues that is largely absent during postnatal development but is re-expressed during progression of several malignant human tumors, including small-cell and non-small cell lung carcinomas, glioma, neuroblastoma, and pancreatic carcinoma. In these cancers, expression of polySia correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis and appears to modulate cancer cell adhesion, invasiveness, and metastasis. To evaluate the potential of PolySia as a target for anticancer therapy, we developed a chimeric human polySia-specific mAb that retained low nanomolar (nmol/L) target affinity and exhibited exquisite selectivity for polySia structures. The engineered chimeric mAb recognized several polySia-positive tumor cell lines in vitro and induced rapid endocytosis of polySia antigens. To determine whether this internalization could be exploited for delivery of conjugated cytotoxic drugs, we generated an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) by covalently linking the chimeric human mAb to the tubulin-binding maytansinoid DM1 using a bioorthogonal chemical reaction scheme. The resulting polySia-directed ADC demonstrated potent target-dependent cytotoxicity against polySia-positive tumor cells in vitro. Collectively, these results establish polySia as a valid cell-surface, cancer-specific target for glycan-directed ADC and contribute to a growing body of evidence that the tumor glycocalyx is a promising target for synthetic immunotherapies. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings describe a glycan-specific antibody-drug conjugate that establishes polySia as a viable cell surface target within the tumor glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Cox
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Dana N Thornlow
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Michaela A Jones
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jordan L Fuller
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Matthew J Paszek
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Christopher A Alabi
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York.
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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20
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Gandhi JG, Koch DL, Paszek MJ. Equilibrium Modeling of the Mechanics and Structure of the Cancer Glycocalyx. Biophys J 2019; 116:694-708. [PMID: 30736980 PMCID: PMC6382957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a thick coat of proteins and carbohydrates on the outer surface of all eukaryotic cells. Overproduction of large, flexible or rod-like biopolymers, including hyaluronic acid and mucins, in the glycocalyx strongly correlates with the aggression of many cancer types. However, theoretical frameworks to predict the effects of these changes on cancer cell adhesion and other biophysical processes remain limited. Here, we propose a detailed modeling framework for the glycocalyx incorporating important physical effects of biopolymer flexibility, excluded volume, counterion mobility, and coupled membrane deformations. Because mucin and hyaluronic biopolymers are proposed to extend and rigidify depending on the extent of their decoration with side chains, we propose and consider two limiting cases for the structural elements of the glycocalyx: stiff beams and flexible chains. Simulations predict the mechanical response of the glycocalyx to compressive loads, which are imposed on cells residing in the highly confined spaces of the solid tumor or invaded tissues. Notably, the shape of the mechanical response transitions from hyperbolic to sigmoidal for more rod-like glycocalyx elements. These mechanical responses, along with the corresponding equilibrium protein organizations and membrane topographies, are summarized to aid in hypothesis generation and the evaluation of future experimental measurements. Overall, the modeling framework developed provides a theoretical basis for understanding the physical biology of the glycocalyx in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay G Gandhi
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Donald L Koch
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
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Abstract
The glycocalyx coating the outside of most cells is a polymer meshwork comprising proteins and complex sugar chains called glycans. From a physical perspective, the glycocalyx has long been considered a simple 'slime' that protects cells from mechanical disruption or against pathogen interactions, but the great complexity of the structure argues for the evolution of more advanced functionality: the glycocalyx serves as the complex physical environment within which cell-surface receptors reside and operate. Recent studies have demonstrated that the glycocalyx can exert thermodynamic and kinetic control over cell signalling by serving as the local medium within which receptors diffuse, assemble and function. The composition and structure of the glycocalyx change markedly with changes in cell state, including transformation. Notably, cancer-specific changes fuel the synthesis of monomeric building blocks and machinery for production of long-chain polymers that alter the physical and chemical structure of the glycocalyx. In this Review, we discuss these changes and their physical consequences on receptor function and emergent cell behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Chin-Hun Kuo
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jay G. Gandhi
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Roseanna N. Zia
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to M.J.P.
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Reesink HL, Sutton RM, Shurer CR, Peterson RP, Tan JS, Su J, Paszek MJ, Nixon AJ. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 expression in equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes, and the effect of inflammation on MSC motility. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:243. [PMID: 29096716 PMCID: PMC5667510 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can be used intra-articularly to quell inflammation and promote cartilage healing; however, mechanisms by which MSCs mitigate joint disease remain poorly understood. Galectins, a family of β-galactoside binding proteins, regulate inflammation, adhesion and cell migration in diverse cell types. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 are proposed to be important intra-articular modulators of inflammation in both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we asked whether equine bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) express higher levels of galectin-1 and -3 relative to synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes and if an inflammatory environment affects BMSC galectin expression and motility. Methods Equine galectin-1 and -3 gene expression was quantified using qRT-PCR in cultured BMSCs, synoviocytes and articular chondrocytes, in addition to synovial membrane and articular cartilage tissues. Galectin gene expression, protein expression, and protein secretion were measured in equine BMSCs following exposure to inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β 5 and 10 ng/mL, TNF-α 25 and 50 ng/mL, or LPS 0.1, 1, 10 and 50 μg/mL). BMSC focal adhesion formation was assessed using confocal microscopy, and BMSC motility was quantified in the presence of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β or TNF-α) and the pan-galectin inhibitor β-lactose (100 and 200 mM). Results Equine BMSCs expressed 3-fold higher galectin-1 mRNA levels as compared to cultured synovial fibroblasts (p = 0.0005) and 30-fold higher galectin-1 (p < 0.0001) relative to cultured chondrocytes. BMSC galectin-1 mRNA expression was significantly increased as compared to carpal synovial membrane and articular cartilage tissues (p < 0.0001). IL-1β and TNF-α treatments decreased BMSC galectin gene expression and impaired BMSC motility in dose-dependent fashion but did not alter galectin protein expression. β-lactose abrogated BMSC focal adhesion formation and inhibited BMSC motility. Conclusions Equine BMSCs constitutively express high levels of galectin-1 mRNA relative to other articular cell types, suggesting a possible mechanism for their intra-articular immunomodulatory properties. BMSC galectin expression and motility are impaired in an inflammatory environment, which may limit tissue repair properties following intra-articular administration. β-lactose-mediated galectin inhibition also impaired BMSC adhesion and motility. Further investigation into the effects of joint inflammation on BMSC function and the potential therapeutic effects of BMSC galectin expression in OA is warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0691-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Ryan M Sutton
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Carolyn R Shurer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ryan P Peterson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Julie S Tan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alan J Nixon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Shurer CR, Colville MJ, Gupta VK, Head SE, Kai F, Lakins JN, Paszek MJ. Genetically Encoded Toolbox for Glycocalyx Engineering: Tunable Control of Cell Adhesion, Survival, and Cancer Cell Behaviors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:388-399. [PMID: 29805991 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a coating of protein and sugar on the surface of all living cells. Dramatic perturbations to the composition and structure of the glycocalyx are frequently observed in aggressive cancers. However, tools to experimentally mimic and model the cancer-specific glycocalyx remain limited. Here, we develop a genetically encoded toolkit to engineer the chemical and physical structure of the cellular glycocalyx. By manipulating the glycocalyx structure, we are able to switch the adhesive state of cells from strongly adherent to fully detached. Surprisingly, we find that a thick and dense glycocalyx with high O-glycan content promotes cell survival even in a suspended state, characteristic of circulating tumor cells during metastatic dissemination. Our data suggest that glycocalyx-mediated survival is largely independent of receptor tyrosine kinase and mitogen activated kinase signaling. While anchorage is still required for proliferation, we find that cells with a thick glycocalyx can dynamically attach to a matrix scaffold, undergo cellular division, and quickly disassociate again into a suspended state. Together, our technology provides a needed toolkit for engineering the glycocalyx in glycobiology and cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R Shurer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 113 Ho Plaza, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Marshall J Colville
- Cornell University, Field of Biophysics, 107 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, 105 Upson Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Shelby E Head
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 113 Ho Plaza, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - FuiBoon Kai
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jonathon N Lakins
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 113 Ho Plaza, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Cornell University, Field of Biophysics, 107 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Field of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 101 Weill Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Gandhi JG, Paszek MJ, Koch DL. Mechanics of Glycoprotein Organization in the Glycocalyx. Biophys J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.1582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Rubashkin MG, Cassereau L, Bainer R, DuFort CC, Yui Y, Ou G, Paszek MJ, Davidson MW, Chen YY, Weaver VM. Force engages vinculin and promotes tumor progression by enhancing PI3K activation of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate. Cancer Res 2015; 74:4597-611. [PMID: 25183785 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness induces focal adhesion assembly to drive malignant transformation and tumor metastasis. Nevertheless, how force alters focal adhesions to promote tumor progression remains unclear. Here, we explored the role of the focal adhesion protein vinculin, a force-activated mechanotransducer, in mammary epithelial tissue transformation and invasion. We found that ECM stiffness stabilizes the assembly of a vinculin-talin-actin scaffolding complex that facilitates PI3K-mediated phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate phosphorylation. Using defined two- and three-dimensional matrices, a mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis with vinculin mutants, and a novel super resolution imaging approach, we established that ECM stiffness, per se, promotes the malignant progression of a mammary epithelium by activating and stabilizing vinculin and enhancing Akt signaling at focal adhesions. Our studies also revealed that vinculin strongly colocalizes with activated Akt at the invasive border of human breast tumors, where the ECM is stiffest, and we detected elevated mechanosignaling. Thus, ECM stiffness could induce tumor progression by promoting the assembly of signaling scaffolds, a conclusion underscored by the significant association we observed between highly expressed focal adhesion plaque proteins and malignant transformation across multiple types of solid cancer. See all articles in this Cancer Research section, "Physics in Cancer Research."
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Rubashkin
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Luke Cassereau
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Russell Bainer
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Christopher C DuFort
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Yoshihiro Yui
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Guanqing Ou
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California. Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Yunn-Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California. Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California. Departments of Anatomy and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California.
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Burnette DT, Shao L, Ott C, Pasapera AM, Fischer RS, Baird MA, Der Loughian C, Delanoe-Ayari H, Paszek MJ, Davidson MW, Betzig E, Lippincott-Schwartz J. A contractile and counterbalancing adhesion system controls the 3D shape of crawling cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:83-96. [PMID: 24711500 PMCID: PMC3987145 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201311104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
How adherent and contractile systems coordinate to promote cell shape changes is unclear. Here, we define a counterbalanced adhesion/contraction model for cell shape control. Live-cell microscopy data showed a crucial role for a contractile meshwork at the top of the cell, which is composed of actin arcs and myosin IIA filaments. The contractile actin meshwork is organized like muscle sarcomeres, with repeating myosin II filaments separated by the actin bundling protein α-actinin, and is mechanically coupled to noncontractile dorsal actin fibers that run from top to bottom in the cell. When the meshwork contracts, it pulls the dorsal fibers away from the substrate. This pulling force is counterbalanced by the dorsal fibers' attachment to focal adhesions, causing the fibers to bend downward and flattening the cell. This model is likely to be relevant for understanding how cells configure themselves to complex surfaces, protrude into tight spaces, and generate three-dimensional forces on the growth substrate under both healthy and diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Burnette
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and 2 National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Paszek MJ, DuFort CC, Rubashkin MG, Davidson MW, Thorn KS, Liphardt JT, Weaver VM. Scanning angle interference microscopy reveals cell dynamics at the nanoscale. Nat Methods 2012; 9:825-7. [PMID: 22751201 PMCID: PMC3454456 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Emerging questions in cell biology necessitate nanoscale imaging in live cells. Here we present scanning angle interference microscopy, which is capable of localizing fluorescent objects with nanoscale precision along the optical axis in motile cellular structures. We use this approach to resolve nanotopographical features of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton as well as the temporal evolution, three-dimensional architecture and nanoscale dynamics of focal adhesion complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Paszek
- Deparment of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Bay Area Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720
| | - Christopher C. DuFort
- Deparment of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Bay Area Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720
| | - Matthew G. Rubashkin
- Deparment of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Bay Area Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720
| | - Mike W. Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310
| | - Kurt S. Thorn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Jan T. Liphardt
- Bay Area Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Deparment of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Bay Area Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720
- Department of Physics and QB3, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720; Departments of Anatomy and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Miroshnikova YA, Acerbi I, Persson A, Paszek MJ, Weiss WA, Weaver VM. Abstract LB-96: Extrinsic and intrinsic force and GBM aggression. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-lb-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite concerted effort the mean survival time for patients with aggressive GBM remains unchanged with a mean of 14 months. Indeed, high grade GBMs are notoriously resistant to therapy and typically disseminate throughout the brain tissue, severely compromising patient treatment. In this respect, the most lethal GBMs arise within the SVZ region of the brain which is rich in stem cells. This has lead to speculation that GBM aggression is related to their stem-like origin. Consistently, using AFM indentation we determined that analogous to neural stem cells (NSCs), high grade GBMs are very soft and express high levels of the Notch regulated gene HES-1. We also found that high grade GBMs and NSCs both express elevated levels of the stemness-promoting repressor NCoR2. We further determined that NCoR2 expression correlates with poor GBM patient prognosis, which is an observation that accords with our recent finding that NCoR2 enhances breast tumor survival in response to radiation, chemotherapy and immune activators in vitro and in vivo. These findings are consistent with a stem-like origin for GBMs and identify NCoR2 as a putative unique survival mechanism that could explain the treatment resistance of this disease. Interestingly, AFM measurements of freshly excised murine brain tumor slices showed that GBMs arising within the SVZ region are also quite stiff. Preliminary findings also showed that isolated high grade GBM cells but not low grade oligodendroglioma cells have a greatly enhanced mechano-responsiveness e.g. they spread more on soft gels and possess a vastly altered glycocalyx; traits that predict elevated contractility and integrin signaling. Given MRI data indicating very aggressive GBMs in the SVZ region are highly vascularized and experience elevated compression the findings support the idea that tumors that arise within this highly mechanically-challenged SVZ microenvironment have a unique mechano-behavior that could facilitate their growth, survival and dissemination. Indeed, the high compliance, contractility and mechanical resistance of GBMs would facilitate their growth, survival and expansion within compressed brain tissue and would foster their ability to navigate and disseminate into the dense GBM-associated ECM. Because reducing tumor force can revert the malignant phenotype of cancerous tissue and will reduce tumor cell invasion, growth, and survival and inhibit tumor progression and decrease tumor incidence we predict that the altered force microenvironment and intrinsic mechanobehavior of GBMs contribute to their aggression. Consequently, studies are now underway to clarify the interplay between cell and tissue force and GBM behavior and to determine the relevance of NCoR2 to GBM treatment resistance. (Supp by: NCI grants U54CA143836–01 and NIH/NCI R01 CA138818–01A1 to V.M.W. and a National Science Foundation (GRFP) Fellowship to Y.A.M.)
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-96. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-96
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Acerbi
- 1University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Anders Persson
- 1University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Paszek MJ, Boettiger D, Weaver VM, Hammer DA. Integrin clustering is driven by mechanical resistance from the glycocalyx and the substrate. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5:e1000604. [PMID: 20011123 PMCID: PMC2782178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins have emerged as key sensory molecules that translate chemical and physical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) into biochemical signals that regulate cell behavior. Integrins function by clustering into adhesion plaques, but the molecular mechanisms that drive integrin clustering in response to interaction with the ECM remain unclear. To explore how deformations in the cell-ECM interface influence integrin clustering, we developed a spatial-temporal simulation that integrates the micro-mechanics of the cell, glycocalyx, and ECM with a simple chemical model of integrin activation and ligand interaction. Due to mechanical coupling, we find that integrin-ligand interactions are highly cooperative, and this cooperativity is sufficient to drive integrin clustering even in the absence of cytoskeletal crosslinking or homotypic integrin-integrin interactions. The glycocalyx largely mediates this cooperativity and hence may be a key regulator of integrin function. Remarkably, integrin clustering in the model is naturally responsive to the chemical and physical properties of the ECM, including ligand density, matrix rigidity, and the chemical affinity of ligand for receptor. Consistent with experimental observations, we find that integrin clustering is robust on rigid substrates with high ligand density, but is impaired on substrates that are highly compliant or have low ligand density. We thus demonstrate how integrins themselves could function as sensory molecules that begin sensing matrix properties even before large multi-molecular adhesion complexes are assembled. Critical cell decisions, including whether to live, proliferate, or assemble into tissue structures, are directed by cues from the extracellular matrix, the external protein scaffold that surrounds cells. Integrin receptors on the cell surface bind to the extracellular matrix and cluster into complexes that translate matrix cues into the set of instructions a cell follows. Using a newly developed model of the cell-matrix interface, in this work we detail a simple yet efficient mechanism by which integrins could “sense” important matrix properties, including chemical composition and mechanical stiffness, and cluster appropriately. This mechanism relies on mechanical resistance to integrin-matrix interaction provided by the glycocalyx, the slimy sugar and protein coating on the cell, as well as the stiffness of the matrix and the cell itself. In general, the resistance alters integrin-ligand reaction rates, such that integrin clustering is favored for many physiologically relevant conditions. Interestingly, the mechanical properties of the cell and ECM are altered in many prevalent diseases, such as cancer, and our work suggests how these mechanical perturbations might adversely influence integrin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Paszek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David Boettiger
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Hammer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Paszek MJ, Zahir N, Johnson KR, Lakins JN, Rozenberg GI, Gefen A, Reinhart-King CA, Margulies SS, Dembo M, Boettiger D, Hammer DA, Weaver VM. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Cancer Cell 2005; 8:241-54. [PMID: 16169468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2739] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are stiffer than normal tissue, and tumors have altered integrins. Because integrins are mechanotransducers that regulate cell fate, we asked whether tissue stiffness could promote malignant behavior by modulating integrins. We found that tumors are rigid because they have a stiff stroma and elevated Rho-dependent cytoskeletal tension that drives focal adhesions, disrupts adherens junctions, perturbs tissue polarity, enhances growth, and hinders lumen formation. Matrix stiffness perturbs epithelial morphogenesis by clustering integrins to enhance ERK activation and increase ROCK-generated contractility and focal adhesions. Contractile, EGF-transformed epithelia with elevated ERK and Rho activity could be phenotypically reverted to tissues lacking focal adhesions if Rho-generated contractility or ERK activity was decreased. Thus, ERK and Rho constitute part of an integrated mechanoregulatory circuit linking matrix stiffness to cytoskeletal tension through integrins to regulate tissue phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Paszek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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Abstract
The tissue microenvironment regulates mammary gland development and tissue homeostasis through soluble, insoluble and cellular cues that operate within the three dimensional architecture of the gland. Disruption of these critical cues and loss of tissue architecture characterize breast tumors. The developing and lactating mammary gland are also subject to a plethora of tensional forces that shape the morphology of the gland and orchestrate its functionally differentiated state. Moreover, malignant transformation of the breast is associated with dramatic changes in gland tension that include elevated compression forces, high tensional resistance stresses and increased extracellular matrix stiffness. Chronically increased mammary gland tension may influence tumor growth, perturb tissue morphogenesis, facilitate tumor invasion, and alter tumor survival and treatment responsiveness. Because mammary tissue differentiation is compromised by high mechanical force and transformed cells exhibit altered mechanoresponsiveness, malignant transformation of the breast may be functionally linked to perturbed tensional-homeostasis. Accordingly, it will be important to define the role of tensional force in mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. Additionally, it will be critical to identify the key molecular elements regulating tensional-homeostasis of the mammary gland and thereafter to characterize their associated mechanotransduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Paszek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6383, USA
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Mahajan AB, Warren WS, Paszek MJ, Olarte F, Crist A. Neonatal Campylobacter meningitis. Pa Med 1988; 91:58, 60-1. [PMID: 3340412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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