1
|
Hiirola A, Pirkola S, Karukivi M, Markkula N, Bagby RM, Joukamaa M, Jula A, Kronholm E, Saarijärvi S, Salminen JK, Suvisaari J, Taylor G, Mattila AK. An evaluation of the absolute and relative stability of alexithymia over 11years in a Finnish general population. J Psychosom Res 2017; 95:81-87. [PMID: 28314554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated if alexithymia, a personality construct with difficulties in emotional processing, is stable in the general population. METHODS Altogether 3083 unselected subjects aged 30 and older in Finland completed the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) in the longitudinal Health 2000 and Health 2011 general population surveys (BRIF8901). The stability of alexithymia at the 11-year follow-up was assessed with t-tests, correlations, and separate linear regression models with base-line and follow-up age, gender, marital status, education, and 12-month depressive and anxiety disorders as confounders. RESULTS The mean score (SD) of the TAS-20 for the whole sample was 44.2 (10.4) in 2000 and 44.2 (10.9) in 2011 (p=0.731). The mean score of the TAS-20 subscale Difficulty Identifying Feelings increased by 0.3 points, Difficulty Describing Feelings decreased by 0.6 points and Externally Oriented Thinking increased by 0.3 points. The effect sizes of the changes varied from negligible to small. Age had little effect except for the group of the oldest subjects (75-97years): the TAS-20 mean (SD) score was 49.1 (10.1) in 2000 and 53.1 (10.3) in 2011 (p<0.001), the effect size for the increase was medium. TAS-20 score in 2000 explained a significant proportion of variance in TAS-20 score in 2011. Controlling for all baseline confounders improved the model incrementally; the same applied to controlling for confounders at follow-up. Baseline depression or anxiety disorders were not associated with the TAS-20 scores in 2011, whereas current diagnoses were. CONCLUSIONS According to our large longitudinal study both the absolute and relative stability of alexithymia assessed with the TAS-20 are high in the adult general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hiirola
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | - S Pirkola
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Karukivi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Unit of Adolescent Psychiatry, Satakunta Hospital District, Pori, Finland
| | - N Markkula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mental Health Unit, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - R M Bagby
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M Joukamaa
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - A Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Turku, Finland
| | - E Kronholm
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Saarijärvi
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Unit of Adolescent Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - J K Salminen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - J Suvisaari
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mental Health Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - A K Mattila
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tuominen T, Korhonen T, Hämäläinen H, Katajisto J, Vartiainen H, Joukamaa M, Lintonen T, Wuolijoki T, Jüriloo A, Lauerma H. The factors associated with criminal recidivism in Finnish male offenders: importance of neurocognitive deficits and substance dependence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14043858.2017.1305037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
3
|
Sovio U, King V, Miettunen J, Ek E, Laitinen J, Joukamaa M, Veijola J, Järvelin MR. Cloninger’s Temperament Dimensions, Socio-economic and Lifestyle Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Markers at Age 31 Years in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. J Health Psychol 2016; 12:371-82. [PMID: 17284500 DOI: 10.1177/1359105307074301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the association between temperament and metabolic syndrome markers. Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory and clinical examination were carried out in 1997 in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 ( N = 4364 respondents). Novelty seeking was positively associated with waist circumference in both genders. Systolic blood pressure was highest in men with high harm avoidance and low persistence scores and lowest in women with high reward dependence and high persistence scores. Childhood socio-economic status did not confound these associations. Smoking and alcohol consumption were associated with higher novelty seeking. Our results suggest that temperament is associated with metabolic syndrome markers and this association may be partly mediated by lifestyle factors and socio-economic status in adulthood.
Collapse
|
4
|
Karjalainen K, Haukka J, Lintonen T, Joukamaa M, Lillsunde P. The use of psychoactive prescription drugs among DUI suspects. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 155:215-21. [PMID: 26282109 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study seeks to increase understanding of the use of psychoactive prescription drugs among persons suspected of driving under the influence (DUI). We studied whether the use of prescribed psychoactive medication was associated with DUI, and examined the difference in the use of prescription drugs between DUI recidivists and those arrested only once. METHODS In this register-based study, persons suspected of DUI (n=29470) were drawn from the Register of DUI suspects, and an age- and gender-matched reference population (n=30043) was drawn from the Finnish general population. Data on prescription drug use was obtained by linkage to the National Prescription Register. The associations of DUI arrest and use of psychoactive prescription drugs in different DUI groups (findings for alcohol only, prescription drugs, prescription drugs and alcohol, illicit drugs) were estimated by using mixed-effect logistic regression. RESULTS The use of psychoactive prescription drugs and DUI appeared to be strongly associated, with DUI suspects significantly more likely to use psychoactive prescription drugs compared to the reference population. Gender differences existed, with the use of benzodiazepines being more common among female DUI suspects. Moreover, DUI recidivists were more likely to use psychoactive prescription drugs compared to those arrested only once. CONCLUSIONS In addition to alcohol and/or illicit drug use, a significant proportion of DUI suspects were using psychoactive prescription drugs. When prescribing psychoactive medication, especially benzodiazepines, physicians are challenged to screen for possible substance use problems and also to monitor for patients' alcohol or illicit drug use while being medicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jari Haukka
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; Hjelt-Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 41, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi Lintonen
- The Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Joukamaa
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pirjo Lillsunde
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Borg AM, Salmelin R, Kaukonen P, Joukamaa M, Tamminen T. Feasibility of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in assessing children's mental health in primary care: Finnish parents', teachers' and public health nurses' experiences with the SDQ. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2015; 26:229-38. [PMID: 25533409 DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2014.923432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). METHOD Following the administration of the SDQ in medical check-ups of 4-9 year-old children (n = 2 682) the involved parents, teachers and public health nurses were asked to complete a feedback questionnaire of the SDQ. RESULTS Parents took a maximum of 10-15 minutes to complete the SDQ, and only the public health nurses reported that its use was rather burdensome. The SDQ was an age-appropriate method and it was helpful in increasing information and agreement about the child's mental health and need for support. Using the SDQ was a positive experience for parents, but they expected more dialogue with the professionals about the child's situation. The respondents criticised the questionnaire somewhat for being difficult to interpret and complete. CONCLUSIONS The SDQ was found to be a feasible method for screening children's mental health in primary health care together with parents, teachers and public health nurses. Using the SDQ was a positive experience for parents. However, they reminded the professionals of the importance of sensitive dialogue when assessing the mental health of the child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari Borg
- a University of Tampere, School of Medicine , Department of Child Psychiatry , Lääketieteen yksikkö, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto , Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately half of patients suffering from a significant drug or alcohol related disorder also match the criteria of some other psychiatric disorder. Yet, little is known about comorbidity among substance misusing pregnant women. AIMS To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric diseases among mothers with substance misuse severe enough to end up in an assessment at a specialized addiction clinic and to compare their backgrounds to the controls. METHODS Between 1 June 2003 and 31 December 2005, the maternity clinics in Pirkanmaa health district were asked to refer mothers with possible substance misuse to Tampere University Addiction Psychiatric Clinic, where 119/217 patients were considered misusers. Of these, 49/119 (41.2%) participated in the whole study. At baseline, the assessment was made using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) and at the end of the study, 6-12 months after delivery, with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). The comparison group (n = 74) filled a postal survey concerning their background and substance use. RESULTS 57% of substance misusing pregnant women had psychiatric illnesses; 6-12 months after delivery the number of substance use-related diagnoses was 40%. However, the number, spectrum and severity of psychiatric diagnoses were high in this group. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatric comorbidity is common among substance misusing mothers. Their social situation is often very difficult and support needs vary a lot. In order to offer them best possible treatment, diagnosing these disorders should be a routine part of evaluation during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Strengell
- Paula Strengell, Medical School, University of Tampere; Department of Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nurmela K, Heikkinen V, Hokkanen R, Ylinen A, Uitti J, Mattila A, Joukamaa M, Virtanen P. Identification of alcohol abuse and transition from long-term unemployment to disability pension. Scand J Public Health 2015; 43:518-24. [PMID: 25930940 DOI: 10.1177/1403494815580149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to reveal potential gaps and inconsistencies in the identification of alcohol abuse in health care and in employment services and to analyse the granting of disability pensions with respect to the alcohol abuse identification pattern. METHODS The material consisted of documentary information on 505 long-term unemployed subjects with low employability sent to the development project entitled 'Eligibility for a Disability Pension' in 2001-2006 in Finland. The dichotomous variables 'Alcohol abuse identified in employment services' and 'Alcohol abuse identified in health care' were cross-tabulated to obtain a four-class variable 'Alcohol abuse identification pattern'. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to ascertain the association of alcohol abuse identification pattern with the granting of disability pensions. RESULTS Alcohol abuse was detected by both health care and employment services in 47% of those identified as abusers (41% of examinees). Each service systems also identified cases that the other did not. When alcohol abuse was identified in health care only, the OR for a disability pension being granted was 2.8 (95% CI 1.5-5.2) compared with applicants without identified alcohol abuse. The result remained the same and statistically significant after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol abuse identified in health care was positively associated with the granting of a disability pension. Closer co-operation between employment services and health care could help to identify those long-term unemployed individuals with impaired work ability in need of thorough medical examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Nurmela
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Department of Adult Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland Non-Institutional Mental Health Services, City of Tampere, Finland
| | - Virpi Heikkinen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Risto Hokkanen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aarne Ylinen
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jukka Uitti
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Clinic of Occupational Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aino Mattila
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Joukamaa
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Virtanen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Institute of advanced social research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Valtonen M, Raiskila T, Veijola J, Läksy K, Kauhanen ML, Kiuttu J, Joukamaa M, Hintsa T, Tuulio-Henriksson A. Enhancing sense of coherence via early intervention among depressed occupational health care clients. Nord J Psychiatry 2015; 69:515-22. [PMID: 25739527 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2015.1011230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on interventions improving psychological adjustment has suggested that sense of coherence (SOC) could be improved. AIMS In the present study, we measured the impact of an intervention on the SOC among adults with first-episode depression. We also examined whether rehabilitation, depression, occupational stressors, life situation stressors and socio-demographic characteristics are associated with a change in the SOC. METHODS Occupational health care clients were screened for depression using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a structured clinical interview (the The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV: SCID-I). The participating subjects were randomized into a rehabilitation group (n = 134) and control group (n = 100) receiving treatment as usual. The Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-13) was used at the baseline and in a 1-year follow-up to compare the change of the SOC between the groups. RESULTS The increase in the mean SOC score was statistically significant both in the rehabilitation group (54.91 compared with 62.85, P < 0.001) and in the control group (55.29 compared with 61.64, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean SOC scores between the groups at the follow-up. The improved SOC was associated with less severe depression (P = 0.003) and greater decreasing in BDI (P = 0.041) in the rehabilitation group. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that both rehabilitation and conventional depression treatment in a first episode of depression may enhance the SOC and that rehabilitation itself enhances the SOC more effectively among those with less severe depression or those whose BDI scores had further decreased at the 1-year follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Valtonen
- a Mia Valtonen, Ph.M., Department of Behavioural Sciences , University of Helsinki , Helsinki ; Occupational Healthcare, Terveystalo, Oulu; and Oulu Deaconess Institute , Oulu , Finland
| | - Tero Raiskila
- b Tero Raiskila, M.D., School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere , Tampere ; Department of Psychiatry , University Hospital of Oulu , Oulu ; and Department of Psychiatry , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Juha Veijola
- c Juha Veijola, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry , University Hospital of Oulu , Oulu , and Department of Psychiatry , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Kristian Läksy
- d Kristian Läksy, M.D., Ph.D., The Social Insurance Institution of Finland , Helsinki , Finland
| | | | - Jorma Kiuttu
- f Jorma Kiuttu, M.D., Ph.D., The Social Insurance Institution of Finland , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Matti Joukamaa
- g Matti Joukamaa, M.D., Ph.D., School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere , Tampere , and Department of Psychiatry , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Taina Hintsa
- h Taina Hintsa, Ph.D., Department of Behavioural Sciences , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Annamari Tuulio-Henriksson
- i Annamari Tuulio-Henriksson, Ph.D., Department of Behavioural Sciences , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , and The Social Insurance Institution of Finland , Helsinki , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Borg AM, Salmelin R, Joukamaa M, Tamminen T. Cutting a long story short? The clinical relevance of asking parents, nurses, and young children themselves to identify children's mental health problems by one or two questions. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:286939. [PMID: 25614880 PMCID: PMC4295608 DOI: 10.1155/2014/286939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Assessing young children's mental health is a crucial and challenging task. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of asking parents, nurses, and young children themselves to identify children's mental health problems by only one or two questions. METHODS In regular health check-ups of 4- to 9-year-old children (n = 2682), parents and public health nurses assessed by one question whether the child had any emotional or behavioral difficulties. The child completed a self-evaluation enquiry on his/her emotional well-being. A stratified proportion of the participating parents were invited to a diagnostic interview. RESULTS Sensitivities were fairly good for the parents' (68%), nurses' (65%), and their combined (79%) one-question screens. Difficulties identified by parents and nurses were major risks (OR 10-14) for any child psychiatric disorders (P < 0.001). The child's self-evaluation was related to 2-fold to 3-fold risks (P < 0.05) for any psychiatric diagnosis, for any emotional diagnosis, and for negative situational factors. CONCLUSION The one-question screen for parents and public health nurses together quite adequately identified the young children with mental health problems. The child's self-evaluation provided relevant and complementary information on his/her mental health and especially emotional problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari Borg
- Department of Child Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, PL 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Raili Salmelin
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Joukamaa
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, PL 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuula Tamminen
- Department of Child Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, PL 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rytilä-Manninen M, Lindberg N, Haravuori H, Kettunen K, Marttunen M, Joukamaa M, Fröjd S. Adverse childhood experiences as risk factors for serious mental disorders and inpatient hospitalization among adolescents. Child Abuse Negl 2014; 38:2021-2032. [PMID: 25455961 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minna Rytilä-Manninen
- Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Kellokoski Hospital, Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Finland
| | - Nina Lindberg
- Helsinki University, Department of Psychiatry, Finland
| | - Henna Haravuori
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Finland
| | - Kirsi Kettunen
- Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Kellokoski Hospital, Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Finland
| | - Mauri Marttunen
- Helsinki University, Department of Psychiatry, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Finland
| | | | - Sari Fröjd
- Tampere University, School of Health Science, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rissanen I, Jääskeläinen E, Isohanni M, Koponen H, Joukamaa M, Alaräisänen A, Miettunen J. Use of antidepressant medication and suicidal ideation-the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:559-67. [PMID: 25279432 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to study the association between use of antidepressant medication and suicidal ideation in different diagnostic groups in a large population-based cohort. METHODS Information on prescribed drugs within the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 was collected at the age of 31 years with postal questionnaire (N= 8218). The presence of suicidal ideation was assessed via the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 questionnaire. We studied associations between suicidal ideation and antidepressant medication in various diagnostic and symptom groups, and it adjusted for symptoms of depression and anxiety. RESULTS Suicidal ideation was associated with the use of antidepressant medication in all diagnostic groups, but the association disappeared with adjustment for other symptoms of depression and anxiety. Subjects who reported insomnia and used antidepressants had suicidal ideation more commonly than did subjects who were not using antidepressants even when other symptoms were adjusted for (p = 0.02). There were no statistically significant differences between antidepressant groups or doses. CONCLUSION In a large unselected cohort, antidepressant medication was not associated with increased suicidal ideation when other symptoms of depression and anxiety were taken into account. The assessment of insomnia might be useful for identifying individuals liable to have increased suicidal ideation while on antidepressant medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Rissanen
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Erika Jääskeläinen
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Psychiatry; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - Matti Isohanni
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Psychiatry; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - Hannu Koponen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Matti Joukamaa
- Social Psychiatry Unit, School of Health Sciences; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
- Department of Psychiatry; Tampere University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - Antti Alaräisänen
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Lapland Hospital District; Rovaniemi Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Psychiatry; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early recognition of children's mental health problems is crucial. Although the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a commonly used screening method, further research is needed on its validity and norms for young children. AIMS The aims of the study were to confirm the adjusted lower (normal/borderline) and upper (borderline/abnormal) cut-offs for the SDQ in a Finnish community sample of 4-9-year-old children, and to explore the SDQ's ability to identify the children with mental health problems. METHODS Parents and teachers completed the SDQs (n = 2666). The Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) was administered to parents and teachers of 646 children. RESULTS The overall participation rate was 57%. The suggested cut-offs for the SDQ total difficulties scale rated by parents and teachers were 2-5 points lower than the corresponding published British norms. The sensitivity for the total score normal/borderline cut-off (9/10) was 76% in the parent and 66% in the teacher reports and for the borderline/abnormal cut-off (11/12) 90% and 70% respectively. The respective specificity values were 69%, 63%, 74% and 66%. The area under curve (AUC) values of the higher cut-offs were good for parent (0.87) and satisfactory for teacher rated (0.76) total scores. The presence of a DAWBA-rater assigned diagnosis in the abnormal group compared with the normal group was sixfold in the parent and threefold in the teacher reported SDQs. CONCLUSIONS The suggested cut-offs were clearly lower than the British norms. Yet the properties of the method's discriminative validity were acceptable. Population specific norms, taking into account both the culture and children's age, seem necessary for screening and for international comparisons of the method's validity properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari Borg
- Anne-Mari Borg, M.D., Department of Child Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere , 33014 Tampere , and Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital , 33521 Tampere , Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miettunen J, Murray GK, Jones PB, Mäki P, Ebeling H, Taanila A, Joukamaa M, Savolainen J, Törmänen S, Järvelin MR, Veijola J, Moilanen I. Longitudinal associations between childhood and adulthood externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and adolescent substance use. Psychol Med 2014; 44:1727-1738. [PMID: 24028974 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713002328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional and behavioral problems are commonly associated with substance use in adolescence but it is unclear whether substance use precedes or follows mental health problems. The aim was to investigate longitudinal associations between externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and substance use in a prospective population study design. METHOD The sample was the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study (NFBC 1986; n = 6349; 3103 males). Externalizing and internalizing mental health problems were assessed at age 8 years (Rutter scales), substance use and externalizing and internalizing problems [Youth Self-Report (YSR)] at age 15-16 years, and hospital diagnoses for internalizing disorders (age 25) and criminal offences (age 20) from nationwide registers in adulthood. RESULTS Externalizing problems at age 8 were associated with later substance use. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, parental alcohol use and psychiatric disorders, and earlier externalizing and internalizing problems, substance use predicted criminality, especially among males, with the highest odds ratio (OR) for cannabis use [adjusted OR 6.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1-12.7]. Early internalizing problems were not a risk for later substance use. Female adolescent cannabis (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4-7.3) and alcohol (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-4.2) use predicted internalizing disorders in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Externalizing problems precede adolescent substance use in both genders, whereas, among boys, substance use also precedes criminal offences. Internalizing problems may follow substance use in females. These associations were robust even when taking into account previous mental health problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Miettunen
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - G K Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge and CPFT, UK
| | - P B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge and CPFT, UK
| | - P Mäki
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - H Ebeling
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - A Taanila
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - M Joukamaa
- Social Psychiatry Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - J Savolainen
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska at Omaha, NE, USA
| | - S Törmänen
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - M-R Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - J Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - I Moilanen
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jüriloo A, Lauerma H, Holmalahti T, Tyni S, Aarnio J, Viitanen P, Wuolijoki T, Mattila A, Lintonen T, Joukamaa M, Vartiainen H. Psychopathic traits in a representative sample of Finnish male prisoners. Nord J Psychiatry 2014; 68:117-22. [PMID: 23566030 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2013.780259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The psychopathic traits measured with the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in a representative national prisoner sample have not been studied in Finland before. It has been unclear whether there could occur some national differences or whether the PCL-R can be used for assessing psychopathic traits in the Finnish forensic settings. AIMS Our aim was to study the distribution of psychopathic traits in the Finnish male prisoners as well as the correlations of these traits with DSM-IV disorders and to compare the sample with similar samples of Europe and America. METHODS 171 male prisoners representing all Finnish sentenced male offenders (about 3300) were studied using the PCL-R, SCID-I and SCID-II. RESULTS The results of the first Finnish study utilizing the PCL-R in a representative national sample of male prisoners were quite similar to the findings of the previous studies of male prisoners carried out in North America, the UK and Sweden. The scores of the interpersonal facet are lower in this sample than in the sample of North America. In total, 16.4% of the Finnish male prisoners can be diagnosed as having a psychopathic disorder. CONCLUSIONS The PCL-R is a reliable and valid measure of the psychopathy construct of the Finnish male prisoners. The PCL-R is applicable to the Finnish offenders and it is a useful tool for assessing psychopathy in the Finnish criminal justice settings.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression and pain are often co-morbid. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) include facial pain as one main symptom. Reports are lacking on the association between chronic facial pain and earlier depressiveness. The aim of the study was to investigate whether depressiveness increases the risk for chronic facial pain in a longitudinal population-based study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects included in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (n = 5696) answered a questionnaire on facial pain and depressiveness using the Symptom Checklist-25 depression sub-scale at the age of 31 years. In addition, reported depression diagnosed by a doctor was enquired about. Three years later a sub-sample of the cohort, including 63 cases with chronic facial pain and 85 pain-free controls, was formed based on the question concerning facial pain. RESULTS Of the chronic facial pain cases 17.5% and of the pain-free controls 7.1% were depressive 3 years earlier at baseline (p = 0.050, χ(2) test, crude OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.0-8.0). Of the chronic facial pain cases 6.3% and of the pain-free controls 1.2% reported having had diagnosed depression (p = 0.085, crude OR = 5.7, 95% CI = 0.6-52.2). After adjusting the gender, the association between depressiveness reported at the baseline and chronic facial pain was significant (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.1-16.2). When widespread pain was included in the analysis, the association was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Depressiveness increases the risk for chronic facial pain in a 3-year follow-up. This association seems to be mediated through widespread pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Sipilä
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Viitanen P, Vartiainen H, Aarnio J, Von Gruenewaldt V, Hakamäki S, Lintonen T, Mattila AK, Wuolijoki T, Joukamaa M. Finnish female prisoners - heavy consumers of health services. Scand J Public Health 2013; 41:479-85. [PMID: 23456680 DOI: 10.1177/1403494813479215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Previous prison studies show that female prisoners often have more health problems than male prisoners do and that they have many chronic health conditions. Few studies have been made among offenders concerning the use of health services, and even fewer concerning physical diseases. We studied the self-reported lifetime somatic diseases, the use of health services and the current use of prescription medicines among Finnish female prisoners and compared them with males. METHODS The sample consisted of 101 females and 309 male prisoners as controls. The study included several questionnaires and interviews conducted by experienced prison nurses. RESULTS The women had more commonly genitourinary, virus hepatitis/HIV infections and group "other diseases" than the men. Over 80% of the women and men have had accidents/injuries. Four out of five women, and half of the men, used some medicine regularly. Of the females, 92% (80% of the males) reported lifetime hospital care and 65% (61%) treatment in surgery department, respectively; 70% of the females (53% of the males) reported lifetime use of any psychiatric service; 66% of the women (46% of the men) had received psychiatric out-patient services, and 43% (31%) psychiatric in-patient hospital care and 38% (30%) substance abuse services, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The heavy use of health services among female prisoners resulted mainly from the use of services for substance use and other mental disorders and treatment in surgery department. Compared to men, the difference in using health services was associated with psychiatric services.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the association between dental fear and alcohol use disorder and smoking controlling for age, gender and attained level of education as well as anxiety and depressive disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nationally representative data on Finnish adults, 30 + years old (n = 5953), were gathered in interviews. Dental fear was measured in an interview using the question: 'How afraid are you of visiting a dentist?' The alternatives for replying were: 'Not at all', 'Somewhat' and 'Very'. Alcohol use, anxiety and depressive disorders were assessed with a standardized structured psychiatric interview based on DSM-IV criteria. The question on regularity of smoking gave three reply alternatives: smoking 'Daily', 'Occasionally' or 'Not at all'. RESULTS When socio-demographics and anxiety and depressive disorders were controlled for, those with lifetime alcohol use disorder were more likely to have high dental fear than were those without this disorder. When smoking was added to the model, those who smoked regularly were more likely to have high dental fear than those who smoked occasionally or not at all. In this model, alcohol use disorder was not statistically significantly associated with dental fear. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support the suggestion that some individuals may have personality traits that make them vulnerable to substance use disorders and dental fear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesa Pohjola
- Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karjalainen K, Lintonen T, Joukamaa M, Lillsunde P. Mental disorders associated with driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs: a register-based study. Eur Addict Res 2013; 19:113-20. [PMID: 23147745 DOI: 10.1159/000342569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Mental disorders are associated with driving under the influence (DUI), but the evidence is scarce and mostly focused on a limited group of repeat drunken drivers. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine which mental disorders were risk factors for DUI of alcohol only (DUIA), of illicit drugs (DUID) or of alcohol and psychoactive prescription drugs (DUIAP), and whether and how the risk differs over time. METHODS A register-based case-control study was conducted. Cases (n=44,188) suspected by the police of DUI during 1997-2007 and controls (n=45,148) were drawn from the general Finnish population. The official national register of hospital treatments was the data source for mental disorders. The effects of mental disorders on DUI were estimated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Substance use disorders increased the risk of DUI overall. Childhood- and adolescence-onset disorders were a strong predictor of DUID, and bipolar and depressive disorders predicted DUIAP. The risk was highest soon after hospital admission with a psychiatric diagnosis, but it decreased over time. CONCLUSIONS Actions to prevent DUI should be developed and implemented during the treatment of mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina Karjalainen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, and Department of Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Borg AM, Kaukonen P, Salmelin R, Joukamaa M, Tamminen T. Reliability of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire among Finnish 4-9-year-old children. Nord J Psychiatry 2012; 66:403-13. [PMID: 22397524 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2012.660706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early recognition of children's mental health problems calls for structured methods in front line services. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a commonly used short questionnaire in screening child's mental difficulties. AIM To test the reliability and descriptive properties of the SDQ in a community sample of Finnish 4-9-year-old children (n = 4178). METHODS Both parents, two teachers in day-care or a teacher at school completed the SDQ. To control for possible bias, public health nurses rated their concern about every child's mental health, including non-participants. RESULTS The internal consistencies of the SDQ total score in all informants' reports were satisfactory to good. Agreement (Spearman rho) in total scores between parents was 0.65, between parent and teacher 0.43 and between two teachers in day-care 0.81. The stability in parent's reports over 12 weeks was good. The distributions of the informant-rated scores indicated significant and clinically important gender differences, and the 80th and 90th percentiles were generally below the international cut-off points. Public health nurses reported emotional or behavioural difficulties more commonly in non-participants (12%) than in participants (7%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results supported earlier findings of good internal consistency, inter-rater and cross-informant agreements and test-retest of the method. However, the gender and age of the child, the number of informants and cultural differences in reporting styles affected the results and thus confirmed the need to re-evaluate the SDQ in the culture and population in question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari Borg
- University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Department of Child Psychiatry, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lehtinen V, Joukamaa M, Karlsson H, Rouhe E. Agreement on diagnoses of mental disorder in the primary health care of Turku, Finland. Eur Psychiatry 2012; 10:11-6. [PMID: 19698310 DOI: 10.1016/0767-399x(96)80070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/1993] [Accepted: 06/21/1994] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary health care is in the central position in the general sphere of mental health services. This article deals with, as a part of a joint Nordic project, the occurrence of mental disorders of patients in primary health care as based on the material (n = 1,000) collected in the health centre of Turku. The relation of the occurrence of mental disorders as diagnosed by means of a standardized psychiatric interview method (PSE) to the disorders, recognized by general practitioners (GPs) working in the health centre is also observed. It was found that one fourth of the patients had a clear mental disorder that required treatment, while studies in the general population, using the same method, reveal only 10% as having some kind of mental disorder. Three quarters of the evident mental disorders recognized by GPs were diagnosed as such also by the PSE, but the GPs were capable of recognizing only 43% of the cases identified by the PSE. On the basis of these results, the importance of the mental health issue in the basic and postgraduate training of the general practitioners must be emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Lehtinen
- Mental Health Unit, National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, Kunnallissairaalantie 20, FIN-20700 Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Kunnallissairaalantie 20, FIN-20700 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rissanen I, Jääskeläinen E, Isohanni M, Koponen H, Joukamaa M, Alaräisänen A, Miettunen J. Use of antipsychotic medication and suicidality--the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Hum Psychopharmacol 2012; 27:476-85. [PMID: 22886816 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to psychoses, antipsychotic drugs are nowadays also prescribed for other psychiatric disturbances, such as mood disorders. We wanted to find out whether there is any association between the use of antipsychotic drugs and suicidality in cases of psychotic and non-psychotic disorders. Our sample was the population-based Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Information on the use of prescribed drugs was collected in 1997 from the nationwide medication register and with a postal questionnaire (N = 8218). The presence of suicidal ideation was assessed cross-sectionally using the Symptom Check List-25 questionnaire. We studied associations between suicidal ideation, adjusted for symptoms of depression and anxiety, and antipsychotic medication in different diagnostic groups (schizophrenia, other psychosis and no psychosis). Individuals receiving antipsychotic medication (n = 70, 0.9%) had in general more suicidal ideation regardless of diagnostic group, although the associations diminished when taking other symptoms into account. There were no statistically significant differences between those taking typical and atypical antipsychotics. In the non-psychotic group, higher antipsychotic doses were associated with more suicidal ideation even when adjusted for symptoms of depression and anxiety (p < 0.05). In the cases of schizophrenia or other forms of psychosis, no such associations were observed. Our results suggest that one should take suicidal ideation into account when prescribing antipsychotic medication, especially for off-label use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Rissanen
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liettu A, Säävälä H, Hakko H, Joukamaa M, Räsänen P. Weapons used in serious violence against a parent: retrospective comparative register study. Scand J Public Health 2012; 40:563-70. [PMID: 22872599 DOI: 10.1177/1403494812455731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our aim was to compare the weapons used in lethal or potentially lethal violence against parents according to the age (adolescent vs. adult) of the offender and victim (mother vs. father) of the offence. METHOD All forensic psychiatric examination statements of male offenders who had offended violently against one of their parents during 1973-2004 in Finland (n=192) were reviewed retrospectively. Data on the weapons used by adolescent and adult offenders in relation to the sex of the victim, mental disorder, criminal responsibility and intelligence were gathered. RESULTS In the whole sample, sharp-edged weapons were the most commonly used weapons. Firearms were more commonly used in offences against fathers (i.e. patricidal offences) than against mothers (i.e. matricidal offences). Adolescent offenders were more likely to use firearms than adult offenders in violent acts against a parent. Among personality-disordered subjects, patricidal offenders used firearms more commonly than did matricidal offenders. Homicidal matricidal offenders had higher full-scale and verbal IQ scores as compared to homicidal patricidal offenders. The matricidal offenders using firearms were shown to be more intelligent as measured by full-scale and verbal scale IQs than the patricidal offenders using firearms. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the physical strength hypothesis, firearms are used more often in lethal or potentially lethal violence against parents by adolescents than by adults in Finland. As firearms legislation in Finland is currently under reform the study findings suggest that restriction of gun availability may have an influence on intrafamilial homicides, particularly those committed by adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Liettu
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wessman J, Schönauer S, Miettunen J, Turunen H, Parviainen P, Seppänen JK, Congdon E, Service S, Koiranen M, Ekelund J, Laitinen J, Taanila A, Tammelin T, Hintsanen M, Pulkki-Råback L, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Viikari J, Raitakari OT, Joukamaa M, Järvelin MR, Freimer N, Peltonen L, Veijola J, Mannila H, Paunio T. Temperament clusters in a normal population: implications for health and disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33088. [PMID: 22815673 PMCID: PMC3399883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The object of this study was to identify temperament patterns in the Finnish population, and to determine the relationship between these profiles and life habits, socioeconomic status, and health. Methods/Principal Findings A cluster analysis of the Temperament and Character Inventory subscales was performed on 3,761 individuals from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 and replicated on 2,097 individuals from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study. Clusters were formed using the k-means method and their relationship with 115 variables from the areas of life habits, socioeconomic status and health was examined. Results Four clusters were identified for both genders. Individuals from Cluster I are characterized by high persistence, low extravagance and disorderliness. They have healthy life habits, and lowest scores in most of the measures for psychiatric disorders. Cluster II individuals are characterized by low harm avoidance and high novelty seeking. They report the best physical capacity and highest level of income, but also high rate of divorce, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Individuals from Cluster III are not characterized by any extreme characteristic. Individuals from Cluster IV are characterized by high levels of harm avoidance, low levels of exploratory excitability and attachment, and score the lowest in most measures of health and well-being. Conclusions This study shows that the temperament subscales do not distribute randomly but have an endogenous structure, and that these patterns have strong associations to health, life events, and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Wessman
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology and Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Schönauer
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology and Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Hannu Turunen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Parviainen
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology and Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni K. Seppänen
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology and Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eliza Congdon
- University of California Los Angeles Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Susan Service
- University of California Los Angeles Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Markku Koiranen
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jesper Ekelund
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Laitinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Taanila
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuija Tammelin
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mirka Hintsanen
- Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Central Hospital, and Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Joukamaa
- Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere, and Psychiatric Department, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom and Department of Public Health Science and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nelson Freimer
- University of California Los Angeles Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Mannila
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology and Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Congdon E, Service S, Wessman J, Seppänen JK, Schönauer S, Miettunen J, Turunen H, Koiranen M, Joukamaa M, Järvelin MR, Peltonen L, Veijola J, Mannila H, Paunio T, Freimer NB. Early environment and neurobehavioral development predict adult temperament clusters. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38065. [PMID: 22815688 PMCID: PMC3399831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Investigation of the environmental influences on human behavioral phenotypes is important for our understanding of the causation of psychiatric disorders. However, there are complexities associated with the assessment of environmental influences on behavior. Methods/Principal Findings We conducted a series of analyses using a prospective, longitudinal study of a nationally representative birth cohort from Finland (the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort). Participants included a total of 3,761 male and female cohort members who were living in Finland at the age of 16 years and who had complete temperament scores. Our initial analyses (Wessman et al., in press) provide evidence in support of four stable and robust temperament clusters. Using these temperament clusters, as well as independent temperament dimensions for comparison, we conducted a data-driven analysis to assess the influence of a broad set of life course measures, assessed pre-natally, in infancy, and during adolescence, on adult temperament. Results Measures of early environment, neurobehavioral development, and adolescent behavior significantly predict adult temperament, classified by both cluster membership and temperament dimensions. Specifically, our results suggest that a relatively consistent set of life course measures are associated with adult temperament profiles, including maternal education, characteristics of the family’s location and residence, adolescent academic performance, and adolescent smoking. Conclusions Our finding that a consistent set of life course measures predict temperament clusters indicate that these clusters represent distinct developmental temperament trajectories and that information about a subset of life course measures has implications for adult health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Congdon
- University of California Los Angeles Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lintonen T, Obstbaum Y, Aarnio J, von Gruenewaldt V, Hakamäki S, Kääriäinen J, Mattila A, Vartiainen H, Viitanen P, Wuolijoki T, Joukamaa M. The changing picture of substance abuse problems among Finnish prisoners. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2012; 47:835-42. [PMID: 21547463 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-011-0390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Marginalized people are often absent from population surveys of substance use and from research based on care data. Special methods are needed to reach these small but very significant groups. This study analyses how patterns of intoxicant use have changed over time among one of the most marginalized group of people, the prisoners. METHODS Nationally representative samples of Finnish prisoners were examined: 903 prisoners in 1985, 325 prisoners in 1992, and 410 prisoners in 2006. Comprehensive field studies consisting of interviews and a clinical medical examination were used. RESULTS In 1985, a diagnosis for alcoholism was given to 41% of the men and 36% of the women prisoners. An increase over time was observed, and in 2006, 52% of men and 51% of women prisoners were alcohol dependent. Dependence on a drug was diagnosed in 6% of men and 3% of women in 1985; this prevalence had increased to 58% of men and 60% of women in 2006. CONCLUSIONS A dramatic change in prevalence of illegal drug use and drug addiction among prisoners has taken place in the past 20 years. Recognizing this shift from alcohol to other intoxicants is important since drugs are illegal substances and thus tend to lead to involvement with the judicial sector, thus stigmatizing and deepening the spiral of marginalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Lintonen
- Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mattila AK, Pohjola V, Suominen AL, Joukamaa M, Lahti S. Difficulties in emotional regulation: association with poorer oral health-related quality of life in the general population. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120:224-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.00953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Mattila
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Viitanen P, Vartiainen H, Aarnio J, von Gruenewaldt V, Hakamäki S, Lintonen T, Mattila AK, Wuolijoki T, Joukamaa M. Work ability and treatment needs among Finnish female prisoners. Int J Prison Health 2012; 8:99-107. [PMID: 25758144 DOI: 10.1108/17449201211284978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to assess the work ability and employment history of Finnish female prisoners and their need for treatment. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The sample consisted of 101 female prisoners, with 309 male prisoners for comparison. The methods included interviews, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I, II Disorders and medical examination including ICD-10 diagnoses. FINDINGS Among women, 78 per cent were unemployed and only 6 percent were employed whereas among men, the proportion of those employed was four times greater than for women. Of women, 42 per cent were unable to work; of men 11 per cent. Substance abuse disorders were the most common reason for impaired work ability (over 70 per cent in both genders). Among women, other mental disorders were the second most common reason (39 per cent), somatic diseases caused impairment in 23 per cent. Basic socio-demographic factors were not associated with impaired work ability among women. Violent crime as the present main offence was significantly more common among prisoners with limited working capacity. Need for treatment was found in 94 per cent of women and 90 per cent of men. In both genders, the majority of treatment needs were for mental disorders. Finnish female prisoners have serious problems with substance abuse, of both alcohol and drugs, which impairs their work ability, employability and is the cause of their need for treatment. In addition, female prisoners have other mental disorders commonly complicating their situation. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This paper is a part of the first comprehensive health study of Finnish female prisoners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Viitanen
- Prison Hospital, Health Care Services, Criminal Sanctions Agency, Hämeenlinna, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Karukivi M, Joukamaa M, Hautala L, Kaleva O, Haapasalo-Pesu KM, Liuksila PR, Saarijärvi S. Deficit in speech development at the age of 5 years predicts alexithymia in late-adolescent males. Compr Psychiatry 2012; 53:54-62. [PMID: 21388618 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessment of the etiology of alexithymia is in most studies hindered by recall bias. The aim of the present study was to assess the significance of individual developmental factors at the age of 5 years for alexithymia in late adolescence. By using data from a child welfare center check-up at the age of 5 years, it was possible to avoid recall bias. METHODS The sample consisted of 723 subjects who were comprehensively examined at the age of 5 years at a child welfare center where their state of health and verbal, gross motor, visuomotor, socioemotional, and cognitive development were assessed. In late adolescence (mean age, 19 years) their alexithymic features were measured using the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. RESULTS In females, none of the developmental factors remained associated with later alexithymic features in the multivariate analyses. However, in males, emphasis on the variables measuring speech development was important. In particular, a variable measuring the ability to comply with multipart instructions, thus receptive language skills, was strongly related with alexithymic features in late adolescence. CONCLUSION The results suggest that speech development is a significant factor in the developmental process of alexithymia, at least in males. It is possible that children who have impaired language skills and therefore struggle in social situations have a higher risk of developing alexithymia. This emphasizes the need for further research to assess how the inadequate speech development predisposes to the emergence of alexithymic features and whether it is a sex-specific phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Karukivi
- Unit of Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Saariaho T, Saariaho A, Karila I, Joukamaa M. Early maladaptive schema factors, pain intensity, depressiveness and pain disability: an analysis of biopsychosocial models of pain. Disabil Rehabil 2011; 34:1192-201. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2011.638031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
30
|
Therman S, Heinimaa M, Miettunen J, Joukamaa M, Moilanen I, Mäki P, Veijola J. Symptoms associated with psychosis risk in an adolescent birth cohort: improving questionnaire utility with a multidimensional approach. Early Interv Psychiatry 2011; 5:343-8. [PMID: 21910849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Specialized self-report questionnaires have been developed for detection of symptoms indicative of psychosis risk. The identification of at-risk individuals is typically based on sum scores, which assume equal severity and discriminability of all symptoms, and a single dimension of illness. Our aim was to test whether separable dimensions of risk could be identified in the general population. METHODS We explored the latent structure of one such questionnaire using full-information item factor analysis, deriving exploratory models from the PROD-Screen questionnaire responses of the adolescent general population based on the Northern Finland 1986 Birth Cohort (n=6611). RESULTS A three-dimensional factor structure of positive, negative and general symptoms emerged. The factor structure, the appropriateness of the statistical model and the application of the results to the detection of heightened psychosis risk are discussed. CONCLUSIONS In explicitly taking into account the multidimensionality and varying symptom severity of the included items, the current model provides an improvement in questionnaire-based assessment of psychosis risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Therman
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Lintulahdenkuja 4, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Appelqvist-Schmidlechner K, Henriksson M, Joukamaa M, Parkkola K, Upanne M, Stengård E. Psychosocial factors associated with suicidal ideation among young men exempted from compulsory military or civil service. Scand J Public Health 2011; 39:870-9. [PMID: 21965476 DOI: 10.1177/1403494811421223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with suicidal ideation among young men exempted from compulsory military or civil service in Finland. METHODS The study involved a total of 356 men exempted from military or civil service. The research data were collected using questionnaires and register data. RESULTS One third of the young men exempted from compulsory military or civil service reported serious suicidal ideation. Of the men with serious suicidal ideation, one third had attempted suicide. Various childhood adversities and current stressful life events and problems were associated with suicidal ideation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the following factors were independently associated with suicidal ideation: maternal alcohol-related problems, changes in the family, discord with the boss over the past 12 months, and lack of social support. Accumulation of problems predicted suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS Men exempted from compulsory military or civil service comprise an important target group in the prevention of suicide. In order to prevent suicidal behaviour among young men at risk, it is important to address the significance of social support and relationships, and likewise to be aware of early risk indicators such as maternal alcohol-related problems.
Collapse
|
32
|
Nyman ES, Sulkava S, Soronen P, Miettunen J, Loukola A, Leppä V, Joukamaa M, Mäki P, Järvelin MR, Freimer N, Peltonen L, Veijola J, Paunio T. Interaction of early environment, gender and genes of monoamine neurotransmission in the aetiology of depression in a large population-based Finnish birth cohort. BMJ Open 2011; 1:e000087. [PMID: 22021758 PMCID: PMC3191433 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Depression is a worldwide leading cause of morbidity and disability. Genetic studies have recently begun to elucidate its molecular aetiology. The authors investigated candidate genes of monoamine neurotransmission and early environmental risk factors for depressiveness in the genetically isolated population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (12 058 live births). Design The authors ascertained and subdivided the study sample (n=5225) based on measures of early development and of social environment, and examined candidate genes of monoamine neurotransmission, many of which have shown prior evidence of a gene-environment interaction for affective disorders, namely SLC6A4, TPH2, COMT, MAOA and the dopamine receptor genes DRD1-DRD5. Results and conclusion The authors observed no major genetic effects of the analysed variants on depressiveness. However, when measures of early development and of social environment were considered, some evidence of interaction was observed. Allelic variants of COMT interacted with high early developmental risk (p=0.005 for rs2239393 and p=0.02 for rs4680) so that the association with depression was detected only in individuals at high developmental risk group (p=0.0046 and β=0.056 for rs5993883-rs2239393-rs4680 risk haplotype CGG including Val158), particularly in males (p=0.0053 and β=0.083 for the haplotype CGG). Rs4274224 from DRD2 interacted with gender (p=0.017) showing a significant association with depressiveness in males (p=0.0006 and β=0.0023; p=0.00005 and β=0.069 for rs4648318-rs4274224 haplotype GG). The results support the role of genes of monoamine neurotransmission in the aetiology of depression conditional on environmental risk and sex, but not direct major effects of monoaminergic genes in this unselected population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Nyman
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sonja Sulkava
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Soronen
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Academy of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Loukola
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Leppä
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Joukamaa
- Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pirjo Mäki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nelson Freimer
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Academy of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Viitanen P, Vartiainen H, Aarnio J, von Gruenewaldt V, Lintonen T, Mattila AK, Wuolijoki T, Joukamaa M. Childhood maltreatment and mental disorders among Finnish prisoners. Int J Prison Health 2011; 7:17-25. [DOI: 10.1108/17449201111256871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
34
|
Armfield JM, Pohjola V, Joukamaa M, Mattila AK, Suominen AL, Lahti SM. Exploring the associations between somatization and dental fear and dental visiting. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119:288-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
35
|
Abstract
population sample, controlling for age, gender, education and marital status as well as depressive and anxiety disorders. An additional aim was to evaluate whether gender modified this association. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The two-stage stratified cluster sample (n = 8028) represented the Finnish population aged 30 years and older. Participants (n = 5241) answered the question 'How afraid are you of visiting a dentist?' They also filled out the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), which included three sub-scales, i.e. difficulties in identifying feelings (DIF), difficulties in describing feelings (DDF) and externally oriented thinking (EOT). Anxiety and depressive disorders were assessed with a standardized structured psychiatric interview according to DSM-IV criteria. To evaluate the association between dental fear and alexithymia, multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, adjusting simultaneously for the effects of possible confounding variables. RESULTS. Gender modified the association between dental fear and alexithymia. Among women, those reporting higher scores for TAS-20, DIF and EOT sub-scale scores were more likely to have high dental fear than were those reporting lower scores. Among men no such association was observed. Those participants who reported high DDF sub-scale scores were more likely to have high dental fear than were those reporting lower scores. CONCLUSIONS. Alexithymics are more likely to have high dental fear than non-alexithymics are. The findings support the suggestion that some people with dental fear may have internal personality vulnerability to anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesa Pohjola
- Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nyman E, Miettunen J, Freimer N, Joukamaa M, Mäki P, Ekelund J, Peltonen L, Järvelin MR, Veijola J, Paunio T. Impact of temperament on depression and anxiety symptoms and depressive disorder in a population-based birth cohort. J Affect Disord 2011; 131:393-7. [PMID: 21570580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to characterize at the population level how innate features of temperament relate to experience of depressive mood and anxiety, and whether these symptoms have separable temperamental backgrounds. METHODS The study subjects were 4773 members of the population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, a culturally and genetically homogeneous study sample. Temperament was measured at age 31 using the temperament items of the Temperament and Character Inventory and a separate Pessimism score. Depressive mood was assessed based on a previous diagnosis of depressive disorder or symptoms of depression according to the Hopkins Symptom Check List - 25. Anxiety was assessed analogously. RESULTS High levels of Harm avoidance and Pessimism were related to both depressive mood (effect sizes; d=0.84 and d=1.25, respectively) and depressive disorder (d=0.68 and d=0.68, respectively). Of the dimensions of Harm avoidance, Anticipatory worry and Fatigability had the strongest effects. Symptoms of depression and anxiety showed very similar underlying temperament patterns. LIMITATIONS Although Harm avoidance and Pessimism appear to be important endophenotype candidates for depression and anxiety, their potential usefulness as endophenotypes, and whether they meet all the suggested criteria for endophenotypes will remain to be confirmed in future studies. CONCLUSIONS Personality characteristics of Pessimism and Harm avoidance, in particular its dimensions Anticipatory worry and Fatigability, are strongly related to symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as to depressive disorder in this population. These temperamental features may be used as dimensional susceptibility factors in etiological studies of depression, which may aid in the development of improved clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nyman
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
We studied the association between dental fear and anxiety or depressive disorders, as well as the comorbidity of dental fear with anxiety and depressive disorders, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, dental attendance, and dental health. Nationally representative data on Finnish adults, ≥ 30 yr of age (n = 5,953), were gathered through interviews and clinical examination. Dental fear was measured using the question: 'How afraid are you of visiting a dentist?' Anxiety and/or depressive disorders were assessed using a standardized structured psychiatric interview according to criteria presented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition) (DSM-IV).Those with depressive disorders, generalized anxiety disorder or social phobia more commonly reported high dental fear than did those without these disorders. When age, gender, education, dental attendance, and the number of decayed, missing, and restored teeth were considered, those with generalized anxiety disorder were more likely to have high dental fear than were participants with neither anxiety nor depressive disorders. The comorbidity of depressive and anxiety disorders also remained statistically significantly associated with dental fear; those with both depressive and anxiety disorders were more likely to have high dental fear than were those without these disorders. Our findings support the suggestion that some individuals may have a personality that is vulnerable to dental fear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesa Pohjola
- Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Salokangas RKR, Helminen M, Koivisto AM, Rantanen H, Oja H, Pirkola S, Wahlbeck K, Joukamaa M. Incidence of hospitalised schizophrenia in Finland since 1980: decreasing and increasing again. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011; 46:343-50. [PMID: 20306013 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-010-0209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is suggested that the incidence of schizophrenia is decreasing. However, changes in the number of psychiatric beds available and diagnostic practice have not always been taken into account. We studied the annual first-admission rate (per 100,000) for schizophrenia (FARsch) during a rapid deinstitutionalisation period in Finland. METHOD From the National Finnish Hospital discharge register, we identified all 30,041, 15- to 64-year-old patients admitted for the first time with schizophrenia to hospitals in Finland between 1980 and 2003. RESULTS FARsch decreased from 56.39 in 1980 to 29.51 in 1991 and slightly increased thereafter. Changes in FARsch corresponded with changes in all admissions. FARsch was higher when using ICD-8, but lower when DSM-IIIR and ICD-10 were used. CONCLUSION Changes in the number of psychiatric beds available, admission policy and diagnostic practice may explain the majority of variations in FARsch. Possibly, increased use of illegal drugs and improved treatment of depression are reflected in the increase in FARsch.
Collapse
|
39
|
Saariaho T, Saariaho A, Karila I, Joukamaa M. Early Maladaptive Schema Factors, Chronic Pain and Depressiveness: a Study with 271 Chronic Pain Patients and 331 Control Participants. Clin Psychol Psychother 2011; 19:214-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
40
|
Appelqvist-Schmidlechner K, Henriksson M, Joukamaa M, Parkkola K, Upanne M, Stengrd E. Psychosocial Support Programme for Young Men at Risk: Who Participates, Who Drops Out? International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/14623730.2011.9715655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
41
|
Abstract
According to several studies, the prevalence of drug use (1) among prisoners is manyfold compared to general population. However, comparisons across studies are hampered by the use of a variety of mutually noncomparable methodologies. We report substance use among Finnish prisoners using three methods and analyze these differences. The material consisted of 610 Finnish prisoners in 2006 and represents all Finnish prisoners. The subjects participated in a comprehensive field study including a standardized psychiatric interview (SCID-I). Alcohol abuse/dependence was diagnosed in 68% (SCID-I) and 72% (ICD-10) among men and 70% (both SCID-I and ICD-10) among women. Drug abuse/dependence was diagnosed in 62% (SCID-I) and 69% (ICD-10) among men and 64% (SCID-I) and 70% (ICD-10) among women prisoners. Interview data revealed that the majority had at least tried most substances. Both alcohol and drug abuse/dependence were vastly more common among Finnish prisoners than reported elsewhere. The DSM-IV-based SCID-I produced slightly lower prevalence estimates than an ICD-10 clinical examination, but overall SCID/ICD agreement was very good. It seems that physicians use information other than that captured by standardized structured clinical interview when placing a diagnosis. Nonclinical interview-based prevalence figures may overestimate harmful use of drugs unless known risk patterns of use (e.g., intravenous use) are specifically addressed.
Collapse
|
42
|
Karukivi M, Hautala L, Kaleva O, Haapasalo-Pesu KM, Liuksila PR, Joukamaa M, Saarijärvi S. Alexithymia is associated with anxiety among adolescents. J Affect Disord 2010; 125:383-7. [PMID: 20303180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore the possible association between alexithymia and anxiety in a non-clinical sample of late adolescents. METHODS The questionnaire was sent to 935 adolescents of whom 729 (78%) responded, thus forming the final sample. The mean age of the subjects was 19 years (range 17-21 years). The Finnish versions of the following scales were used: the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was used to assess alexithymia, and anxiety symptoms were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Alcohol consumption was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and depression symptoms were evaluated using the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory, as modified by Raitasalo (RBDI). RESULTS The prevalence of alexithymia in the sample was 8.2%, with no statistically significant gender difference. The alexithymic subjects had significantly (p<0.001) higher mean STAI scores than the non-alexithymic subjects. A vast majority of the alexithymic subjects were highly anxious, in contrast to the low proportion among the non-alexithymic subjects. The highly anxious alexithymic subjects differed statistically and significantly from the highly anxious non-alexithymic subjects, with higher scores both in the AUDIT and the RBDI. LIMITATIONS The results are based on self-reported material alone and the cross-sectional design used in this study precludes the assessment of causal links. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that anxiety symptoms are independently associated with alexithymia among late adolescents in general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Karukivi
- Unit of Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Haapea M, Miettunen J, Lindeman S, Joukamaa M, Koponen H. Agreement between self-reported and pharmacy data on medication use in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2010; 19:88-96. [PMID: 20209650 PMCID: PMC6878330 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare self-reported (SR) medication use and pharmacy data for major psychoactive medications and three classes of medications used for different indications, and to determine the socio-economic factors associated with the congruence. METHODS Postal questionnaire data collected in 1997 were compared with the register of the Social Insurance Institution of Finland on the reimbursed prescriptions purchased during 1997. Altogether 7625 subjects were included in this study. Drugs were categorized according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) system. RESULTS Kappa values were 0.77, 0.68, 0.84, 0.92 and 0.55 for antipsychotics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, antidiabetics and beta-blocking agents, respectively. Prevalence-adjusted and bias-adjusted kappa values were almost perfect (0.98-1.00). Reliability of antipsychotics use was better for married subjects than for those who were not married; and of antidepressants use for highly educated and married subjects than for those who were less educated and were not married. Altogether 414 (5.4%) responders and 285 (7.1%) non-responders had used at least one of the selected medications. CONCLUSION Agreement between the SR and pharmacy data was moderate for psychoactive medication use. Even though data collected by postal questionnaire may underestimate the prevalence of medication use due to non-participation it can be assumed accurate enough for study purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Haapea
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence indicates an association between alexithymia and eating disorder symptoms. This possible association was evaluated in a non-clinical sample of late adolescents. Seven hundred and twenty nine adolescents completed the questionnaire and formed the final sample. Alexithymia was measured using the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and eating disorder symptoms were assessed using the SCOFF questionnaire. The rate of alexithymia was 8.2%, without any gender difference. The mean SCOFF scores differed significantly between alexithymic and non-alexithymic subjects, and the share of SCOFF positive subjects was significantly higher among alexithymics. The results suggest that eating disorder symptoms are more common in alexithymic adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Karukivi
- Unit of Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Karukivi M, Hautala L, Korpelainen J, Haapasalo-Pesu KM, Liuksila PR, Joukamaa M, Saarijärvi S. P02-304 - Alexithymia is associated with eating disorder symptoms in adolescents. Eur Psychiatry 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(10)71003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
46
|
Liettu A, Mikkola L, Säävälä H, Räsänen P, Joukamaa M, Hakko H. Mortality rates of males who commit parricide or other violent offense against a parent. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2010; 38:212-220. [PMID: 20542941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Clinical information on parricidal offenders has accumulated in recent decades. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the mortality of matricidal and patricidal offenders in detail by using a comprehensive national data set with follow-up ranging from 3 to 24 years. The sample included forensic psychiatric examination statements and mortality data of 99 matricidal, 113 patricidal, and 111 control male violent offenders evaluated in a forensic psychiatric examination from 1973 to 2004 in Finland. The Standardized Mortality Ratio among parricidal offenders 25 to 49 years of age was increased compared with that of the general population. One-third of deaths among parricidal offenders were attributable to suicide. The matricidal males who committed suicide had a significantly shorter survival time after the offense than did the patricidal and control offenders who died by suicide. The results of the present study are compared with the previous study findings on parricidal offenders and offenders in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Liettu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Saariniemi KM, Joukamaa M, Raitasalo R, Kuokkanen HO. Breast reduction alleviates depression and anxiety and restores self-esteem: A prospective randomised clinical trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 43:320-4. [DOI: 10.1080/02844310903258910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
48
|
Poutanen O, Koivisto AM, Mattila A, Joukamaa M, Salokangas RKR. Gender differences in the symptoms of major depression and in the level of social functioning in public primary care patients. Eur J Gen Pract 2009; 15:161-7. [DOI: 10.3109/13814780903186423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
49
|
Chotai J, Joukamaa M, Taanila A, Lichtermann D, Miettunen J. Novelty seeking among adult women is lower for the winter borns compared to the summer borns: replication in a large Finnish birth cohort. Compr Psychiatry 2009; 50:562-6. [PMID: 19840595 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Earlier general population studies have shown that novelty seeking (NS) of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) of personality is lower for persons born in winter compared to those born in summer, particularly for women. Here, we investigate if this result can be replicated in another population. METHOD The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, comprising 4968 subjects (2725 women, 2243 men), was investigated with regard to the temperament dimensions of the TCI and the season of birth. RESULTS Novelty seeking and reward dependence (RD) showed significant variations according to the month of birth. We found that women born during winter have significantly lower levels of NS compared to women born during summer, with a minimum for the birth month November and maximum for May. These results are similar to those found in a previous Swedish study. Furthermore, our study showed that men born during spring had significantly lower mean scores of RD compared to men born during autumn, with a minimum for birth month March. This was in contrast to the Swedish study, where the minimum of RD was obtained for the birth month December. CONCLUSION Women born in winter have lower NS as adults compared to women born in summer. Because NS is modulated by dopamine, this study gives further support to the studies in the literature that show that dopamine turnover for those born in winter is higher than for those born in summer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayanti Chotai
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Umeå, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nyman ES, Loukola A, Varilo T, Ekelund J, Veijola J, Joukamaa M, Taanila A, Pouta A, Miettunen J, Freimer N, Järvelin MR, Peltonen L. Impact of the dopamine receptor gene family on temperament traits in a population-based birth cohort. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:854-65. [PMID: 19105202 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although the genetic determinants of personality have been intensively investigated especially since Cloninger proposed his psychobiological model of temperament and character, findings to date remain inconclusive and very few studies have addressed the topic in large population cohorts. In the current study we investigated one gene family in its entirety by addressing the role of all known dopamine receptor genes, DRD1-DRD5, on Cloninger's temperament traits in a Finnish population-based birth cohort. The study sample (n = 1,434) was ascertained from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 with over 5,000 study individuals tested at the age of 31 years. We utilized the genetic homogeneity and genealogical structure of this population to uncover putative effects of these genes on temperament traits at the population level. Our strategy utilizing a large birth cohort and its well established genealogical structure represents an optimal design for studying normally distributed traits. We also wished to provide a comprehensive view to one biologically relevant gene family instead of testing single candidate genes. We report evidence of association of several SNPs at the 5' end of dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) with Novelty seeking (low) and Harm avoidance (high), and at the 3' end of DRD2 with Persistence. The strongest evidence of association emerged from females. Our study supports the involvement of the dopamine pathway in temperament traits, in particular underlining the role of DRD2 in Novelty seeking, Harm avoidance and Persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Nyman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|