1
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Haug I, Reitz J, Ziane C, Buchmeiser MR, Hansmann MM, Naumann S. Mesoionic N-Heterocyclic Olefins as Initiators for the Lewis Pair Polymerization of Epoxides. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2300716. [PMID: 38497903 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Mesoionic N-heterocyclic olefins (mNHOs) have recently emerged as a novel class of highly nucleophilic and super-basic σ-donor compounds. Making use of these properties in synthetic polymer chemistry, it is shown that a combination of a specific mNHO and a Mg-based Lewis acid (magnesium bis(hexamethyldisilazide), Mg(HMDS)2) delivers poly(propylene oxide) in quantitative yields from the polymerization of the corresponding epoxide (0.1 mol% mNHO loading). The initiation mechanism involves monomer activation by the Lewis acid and direct ring-opening of the monomer by nucleophilic attack of the mNHO, forming a zwitterionic propagating species. Modulation of the mNHO properties is thereby a direct tool to impact initiation efficiency, revealing a sterically unencumbered triazole-derivative as particularly useful. The joint application of mNHOs together with borane-type Lewis acids is also outlined, resulting in high conversions and fast polymerization kinetics. Importantly, while molar mass distributions remain relatively broad, indicating faster propagation than initiation, the overall molar masses are significantly lower than found in the case of regular NHOs, underlining the increased nucleophilicity and ensuing improved initiation efficiency of mNHOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Haug
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Justus Reitz
- TU Dortmund, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Célia Ziane
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael R Buchmeiser
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- TU Dortmund, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Naumann
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Sun Q, Eitzinger A, Esken R, Antoni PW, Mayer RJ, Ofial AR, Hansmann MM. Pyridinium-Derived Mesoionic N-Heterocyclic Olefins (py-mNHOs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318283. [PMID: 38153170 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Mesoionic polarization allows access to electron-rich olefins that have found application as organocatalysts, ligands, or nucleophiles. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of 3-methylpyridinium-derived mesoionic olefins (py-mNHOs). We used a DFT-supported design concept, which showed that the introduction of aryl groups in the 1-, 2-, 4-, and 6-positions of the heterocyclic core allowed the kinetic stabilization of the novel mesoionic compounds. Tolman electronic parameters indicate that py-mNHOs are remarkably strong σ-donor ligands toward transition metals and main group Lewis acids. Additionally, they are among the strongest nucleophiles on the Mayr reactivity scale. In reactions of py-mNHOs with electron-poor π-systems, a gradual transition from the formation of zwitterionic adducts via stepwise to concerted 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions was observed experimentally and analyzed by quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Sun
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Eitzinger
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus F), 81377, München, Germany
| | - Robin Esken
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Robert J Mayer
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), CNRS UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Armin R Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus F), 81377, München, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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3
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Sau SC, Schmitz M, Burdenski C, Baumert M, Antoni PW, Kerzig C, Hansmann MM. Dicationic Acridinium/Carbene Hybrids as Strongly Oxidizing Photocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3416-3426. [PMID: 38266168 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A new design concept for organic, strongly oxidizing photocatalysts is described based upon dicationic acridinium/carbene hybrids. A highly modular synthesis of such hybrids is presented, and the dications are utilized as novel, tailor-made photoredox catalysts in the direct oxidative C-N coupling. Under optimized conditions, benzene and even electron-deficient arenes can be oxidized and coupled with a range of N-heterocycles in high to excellent yields with a single low-energy photon per catalytic turnover, while commonly used acridinium photocatalysts are not able to perform the challenging oxidation step. In contrast to traditional photocatalysts, the hybrid photocatalysts reported here feature a reversible two-electron redox system with regular or inverted redox potentials for the two-electron transfer. The different oxidation states could be isolated and structurally characterized supported by NMR, EPR, and X-ray analysis. Mechanistic experiments employing time-resolved emission and transient absorption spectroscopy unambiguously reveal the outstanding excited-state potential of our best-performing catalyst (+2.5 V vs SCE), and they provide evidence for mechanistic key steps and intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaresh C Sau
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Chris Burdenski
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Marcel Baumert
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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4
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Berg I, Schio L, Reitz J, Molteni E, Lahav L, Bolaños CG, Goldoni A, Grazioli C, Fratesi G, Hansmann MM, Floreano L, Gross E. Self-Assembled Monolayers of N-Heterocyclic Olefins on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311832. [PMID: 37743324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) have been prepared on Au(111) and their thermal stability, adsorption geometry, and molecular order were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, polarized X-ray absorption spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The strong σ-bond character of NHO anchoring to Au induced high geometrical flexibility that enabled a flat-lying adsorption geometry via coordination to a gold adatom. The flat-lying adsorption geometry was utilized to further increase the surface interaction of the NHO monolayer by backbone functionalization with methyl groups that induced high thermal stability and a large impact on work-function values, which outperformed that of N-heterocyclic carbenes. STM measurements, supported by DFT modeling, identified that the NHOs were self-assembled in dimers, trimers, and tetramers constructed of two, three, and four complexes of NHO-Au-adatom. This self-assembly pattern was correlated to strong NHO-Au interactions and steric hindrance between adsorbates, demonstrating the crucial influence of the carbon-metal σ-bond on monolayer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Luca Schio
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Justus Reitz
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elena Molteni
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli'' Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Linoy Lahav
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | | | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Cesare Grazioli
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Guido Fratesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli'' Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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5
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Baumert ME, Le V, Su PH, Akae Y, Bresser D, Théato P, Hansmann MM. From Squaric Acid Amides (SQAs) to Quinoxaline-Based SQAs─Evolution of a Redox-Active Cathode Material for Organic Polymer Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23334-23345. [PMID: 37823604 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The search for new redox-active organic materials (ROMs) is essential for the development of sustainable energy-storage solutions. In this study, we present a new class of cyclobuta[b]quinoxaline-1,2-diones or squaric acid quinoxalines (SQXs) as highly promising candidates for ROMs featuring exceptional stability and high redox potentials. While simple 1,2- and 1,3-squaric acid amides (SQAs), initially reported by Hünig and coworkers decades ago, turned out to exhibit low stability in their radical cation oxidation states, we demonstrate that embedding the nitrogen atoms into a quinoxaline heterocycle leads to robust two-electron SQX redox systems. A series of SQX compounds, as well as their corresponding radical cations, were prepared and fully characterized, including EPR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Based on the promising electrochemical properties and high stability of the new ROM, we developed SQX-functionalized polymers and investigated their physical and electrochemical properties for energy-storage applications. These polymers showed remarkable thermal stability well above 200 °C with reversible redox properties and potentials of about 3.6 V vs Li+/Li. By testing the galvanostatic cycling performance in half-cells with lithium-metal counter electrodes, a styrene-based polymer with SQX redox side groups showed stable cycling for single-electron oxidation for more than 100 cycles. These findings render this new class of redox-active polymers as highly promising materials for future energy-storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel E Baumert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CCB), Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Victoria Le
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Po-Hua Su
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yosuke Akae
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 102-0083 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dominic Bresser
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Théato
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces III, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CCB), Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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6
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Eitzinger A, Reitz J, Antoni PW, Mayr H, Ofial AR, Hansmann MM. Pushing the Upper Limit of Nucleophilicity Scales by Mesoionic N-Heterocyclic Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309790. [PMID: 37540606 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of mesoionic, 1,2,3-triazole-derived N-heterocyclic olefins (mNHOs), which have an extraordinarily electron-rich exocyclic CC-double bond, was synthesized and spectroscopically characterized, in selected cases by X-ray crystallography. The kinetics of their reactions with arylidene malonates, ArCH=C(CO2 Et)2 , which gave zwitterionic adducts, were investigated photometrically in THF at 20 °C. The resulting second-order rate constants k2 (20 °C) correlate linearly with the reported electrophilicity parameters E of the arylidene malonates (reference electrophiles), thus providing the nucleophile-specific N and sN parameters of the mNHOs according to the correlation lg k2 (20 °C)=sN (N+E). With 21
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Eitzinger
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus F), 81377, München, Germany
| | - Justus Reitz
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus F), 81377, München, Germany
| | - Armin R Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus F), 81377, München, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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7
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Hansmann MM. Diazoalkenes: From an Elusive Intermediate to a Stable Substance Class in Organic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304574. [PMID: 37095063 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Over decades diazoalkenes (R2 C=C=N2 ) were postulated as reactive intermediates in organic chemistry even though their direct spectroscopic detection proved very challenging. In the 1970/80ies several groups probed their existence mainly indirectly by trapping experiments or directly by matrix-isolation studies. In 2021, our group and the Severin group reported independently the synthesis and characterization of the first room-temperature stable diazoalkenes, which initiated a rapidly expanding research field. Up to now four different classes of N-heterocyclic substituted room-temperature stable diazoalkenes have been reported. Their properties and unique reactivity, such as N2 /CO exchange or utilization as vinylidene precursors in organic and transition metal chemistry are presented. This review summarizes the early discoveries of diazoalkenes from their initial postulation as transient, elusive species up to the recent findings of the room-temperature stable derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Hansmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund, Germany
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8
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Reitz J, Antoni PW, Holstein JJ, Hansmann MM. Room-Temperature-Stable Diazoalkenes by Diazo Transfer from Azides: Pyridine-Derived Diazoalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301486. [PMID: 36866690 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, stable diazoalkenes have received significant attention as a new substance class in organic chemistry. While their previous synthetic access was exclusively limited to the activation of nitrous oxide, we here establish a much more general synthetic approach utilizing a Regitz-type diazo transfer with azides. Importantly, this approach is also applicable to weakly polarized olefins such as 2-pyridine olefins. The new pyridine diazoalkenes are not accessible by the activation of nitrous oxide, allowing for a considerable extension of the scope of this only recently accessed functional group. The new diazoalkene class has properties distinct from the previously reported classes, such as photochemical triggered loss of dinitrogen affords cumulenes and not C-H insertion products. Pyridine derived diazoalkenes represent the so far least polarized stable diazoalkene class reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Reitz
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str.6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str.6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str.6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str.6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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9
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Reitz J, Antoni PW, Holstein JJ, Hansmann MM. Room‐Temperature‐Stable Diazoalkenes by Diazo Transfer from Azides: Pyridine‐Derived Diazoalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202301486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justus Reitz
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Chemie und Chemische Biologie GERMANY
| | - Patrick W. Antoni
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Chemie und Chemische Biologie GERMANY
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Chemie und Chemische Biologie GERMANY
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str.6 44227 Dortmund GERMANY
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10
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Hansmann MM. Transition Metal‐Free Activation of Carbon Monoxide: Ketenyl Anions by PPh3/CO Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301826. [PMID: 36843240 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
This article highlights the recent findings reported by Gessner and co-workers in the synthesis of valuable ketenyl anions by an exchange of triphenylphosphine with carbon monoxide at a metaled ylide. The metal ketenyl/ynolate was structurally characterized and used as a reagent in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Hansmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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11
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Hansmann MM. Transition Metal‐Free Activation of Carbon Monoxide: Ketenyl Anions by PPh3/CO Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202301826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Hansmann
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str.6 44227 Dortmund GERMANY
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12
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Antoni PW, Golz C, Hansmann MM. Organic Four-Electron Redox Systems Based on Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Carbene Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203064. [PMID: 35298870 PMCID: PMC9325510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel organic redox systems that display multistage redox behaviour are highly sought-after for a series of applications such as organic batteries or electrochromic materials. Here we describe a simple strategy to transfer well-known two-electron redox active bipyridine and phenanthroline architectures into novel strongly reducing four-electron redox systems featuring fully reversible redox events with up to five stable oxidation states. We give spectroscopic and structural insight into the changes involved in the redox-events and present characterization data on all isolated oxidation states. The redox-systems feature strong UV/Vis/NIR polyelectrochromic properties such as distinct strong NIR absorptions in the mixed valence states. Two-electron charge-discharge cycling studies indicate high electrochemical stability at strongly negative potentials, rendering the new redox architectures promising lead structures for multi-electron anolyte materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str.6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str.6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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13
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Antoni PW, Golz C, Hansmann MM. Organic Four‐Electron Redox Systems Based on Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Carbene Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Antoni
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie GERMANY
| | - Christopher Golz
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie GERMANY
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str.6 44227 Dortmund GERMANY
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14
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Abstract
![]()
Singlet vinylidenes
(R2C=C:) are proposed as
intermediates in a series of organic reactions, and very few have
been studied by matrix isolation or gas-phase spectroscopy. Triplet
vinylidenes, however, featuring two unpaired electrons at a monosubstituted
carbon atom are thus far only predicted as electronically excited-state
species and represent an unexplored class of carbon-centered diradicals.
We report the photochemical generation and low-temperature EPR/ENDOR
characterization of the first ground-state high-spin (triplet) vinylidene.
The zero-field splitting parameters (D = 0.377 cm–1 and |E|/D = 0.028)
were determined, and the 13C hyperfine coupling tensor
was obtained by 13C-ENDOR measurements. Most strikingly,
the isotropic 13C hyperfine coupling constant (50 MHz)
is far smaller than the characteristic values of triplet carbenes,
demonstrating a unique electronic structure which is supported by
quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Kutin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Justus Reitz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick W Antoni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anton Savitsky
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dimitrios A Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Müge Kasanmascheff
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Antoni PW, Reitz J, Hansmann MM. N 2/CO Exchange at a Vinylidene Carbon Center: Stable Alkylidene Ketenes and Alkylidene Thioketenes from 1,2,3-Triazole Derived Diazoalkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12878-12885. [PMID: 34348463 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We present a new class of room-temperature stable diazoalkenes featuring a 1,2,3-triazole backbone. Dinitrogen of the diazoalkene moiety can be thermally displaced by an isocyanide and carbon monoxide. The latter alkylidene ketenes are typically considered as highly reactive compounds, traditionally only accessible by flash vacuum pyrolysis. We present a new and mild synthetic approach to the first structurally characterized alkylidene ketenes by a substitution reaction. Density functional theory calculations suggest the substitution with isocyanides to take place via a stepwise addition/elimination mechanism. In the case of carbon monoxide, the reaction proceeds through an unusual concerted exchange at a vinylidene carbon center. The vinylidene ketenes react with carbon disulfide via a four-membered thiete intermediate to give vinylidene thioketenes under release of COS. We present spectroscopic as well as structural data for the complete isoelectronic series (R2C═C═X; X = N2, CO, CNR, CS) including 1J(13C-13C) data. As N2, CO, and isocyanides belong to the archetypical ligands in transition-metal chemistry, this process can be interpreted in analogy to coordination chemistry as a ligand exchange reaction at a vinylidene carbon center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Justus Reitz
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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16
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Messelberger J, Grünwald A, Goodner SJ, Zeilinger F, Pinter P, Miehlich ME, Heinemann FW, Hansmann MM, Munz D. Correction: Aromaticity and sterics control whether a cationic olefin radical is resistant to disproportionation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9246. [PMID: 34374707 PMCID: PMC8314201 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc90142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D0SC00699H.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Messelberger
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Annette Grünwald
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Stephen J Goodner
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Florian Zeilinger
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Piermaria Pinter
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Matthias E Miehlich
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank W Heinemann
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany.,Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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17
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Peltier JL, Tomás-Mendivil E, Tolentino DR, Hansmann MM, Jazzar R, Bertrand G. Realizing Metal-Free Carbene-Catalyzed Carbonylation Reactions with CO. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18336-18340. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L. Peltier
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Eder Tomás-Mendivil
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018 Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Daniel R. Tolentino
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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18
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Ullrich T, Pinter P, Messelberger J, Haines P, Kaur R, Hansmann MM, Munz D, Guldi DM. Titelbild: Singlet Fission in Carbene‐Derived Diradicaloids (Angew. Chem. 20/2020). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Piermaria Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julian Messelberger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Philipp Haines
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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19
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Ullrich T, Pinter P, Messelberger J, Haines P, Kaur R, Hansmann MM, Munz D, Guldi DM. Singlet Fission in Carbene-Derived Diradicaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7906-7914. [PMID: 32129920 PMCID: PMC7317569 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a new class of singlet fission (SF) materials based on diradicaloids of carbene scaffolds, namely cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs). Our modular approach allows the tuning of two key SF criteria: the steric factor and the diradical character. In turn, we modified the energy landscapes of excited states in a systematic manner to accommodate the needs for SF. We report the first example of intermolecular SF in solution by dimer self-assembly at cryogenic temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Piermaria Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Allgemeine und Anorganische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Julian Messelberger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Allgemeine und Anorganische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Philipp Haines
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTechnische Universität DortmundOtto-Hahn Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Allgemeine und Anorganische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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20
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Messelberger J, Grünwald A, Goodner SJ, Zeilinger F, Pinter P, Miehlich ME, Heinemann FW, Hansmann MM, Munz D. Aromaticity and sterics control whether a cationic olefin radical is resistant to disproportionation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4138-4149. [PMID: 34760147 PMCID: PMC8562513 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00699h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We elucidate why some electron rich-olefins such as tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) or paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinylidene) form persistent radical cations, whereas others such as the dimer of N,N'-dimethyl benzimidazolin-2-ylidene (benzNHC) do not. Specifically, three heterodimers derived from cyclic (alkyl) (amino) carbenes (CAAC) with N,N'-dimethyl imidazolin-2-ylidene (NHC), N,N'-dimethyl imidazolidin-2-ylidene (saNHC) and N-methyl benzothiazolin-2-ylidene (btNHC) are reported. Whereas the olefin radical cations with the NHC and btNHC are isolable, the NHC compound with a saturated backbone (saNHC) disproportionates instead to the biscation and olefin. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of the electron-rich olefins derived from the dimerization of the saNHC and btNHC were assessed. Based on the experiments, we propose a general computational method to model the electrochemical potentials and disproportionation equilibrium. This method, which achieves an accuracy of 0.07 V (0.06 V with calibration) in reference to the experimental values, allows for the first time to rationalize and predict the (in)stability of olefin radical cations towards disproportionation. The combined results reveal that the stability of heterodimeric olefin radical cations towards disproportionation is mostly due to aromaticity. In contrast, homodimeric radical cations are in principle isolable, if lacking steric bulk in the 2,2' positions of the heterocyclic monomers. Rigid tethers increase accordingly the stability of homodimeric radical cations, whereas the electronic effects of substituents seem much less important for the disproportionation equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Messelberger
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Annette Grünwald
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Stephen J Goodner
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Florian Zeilinger
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Piermaria Pinter
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Matthias E Miehlich
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank W Heinemann
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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21
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Ullrich T, Pinter P, Messelberger J, Haines P, Kaur R, Hansmann MM, Munz D, Guldi DM. Cover Picture: Singlet Fission in Carbene‐Derived Diradicaloids (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 20/2020). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Piermaria Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julian Messelberger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Philipp Haines
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Abstract
We report a new class of stable mesoionic N-heterocyclic olefins, featuring a highly polarized (strongly ylidic) double bond. The ground-state structure cannot be described through an uncharged mesomeric Lewis-structure, thereby structurally distinguishing them from traditional N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs). mNHOs can easily be obtained through deprotonation of the corresponding methylated N,N'-diaryl-1,2,3-triazolium and N,N'-diaryl-imidazolium salts, respectively. In their reactivity, they represent strong σ-donor ligands as shown by their coordination complexes of rhodium and boron. Their calculated proton affinities, their experimentally derived basicities (competition experiments), as well as donor abilities (Tolman electronic parameter; TEP) exceed the so far reported class of NHOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTechnische Universität DortmundOtto-Hahn-Str. 644227DortmundGermany
- Georg-August Universität GöttingenInstitut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Patrick W. Antoni
- Georg-August Universität GöttingenInstitut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Henner Pesch
- Georg-August Universität GöttingenInstitut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
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23
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Ullrich T, Pinter P, Messelberger J, Haines P, Kaur R, Hansmann MM, Munz D, Guldi DM. Singlet Fission in Carbene‐Derived Diradicaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Piermaria Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julian Messelberger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Philipp Haines
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Patrick W. Antoni
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Henner Pesch
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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25
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Ghosh M, Cramer HH, Dechert S, Demeshko S, John M, Hansmann MM, Ye S, Meyer F. A μ‐Phosphido Diiron Dumbbell in Multiple Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Ghosh
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Hanna H. Cramer
- Max-Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Michael John
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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26
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Ghosh M, Cramer HH, Dechert S, Demeshko S, John M, Hansmann MM, Ye S, Meyer F. A μ-Phosphido Diiron Dumbbell in Multiple Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14349-14356. [PMID: 31350785 PMCID: PMC6790664 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the ferrous complex [LFe(NCMe)2 ](OTf)2 (1), which contains a macrocyclic tetracarbene as ligand (L), with Na(OCP) generates the OCP- -ligated complex [LFe(PCO)(CO)]OTf (2) together with the dinuclear μ-phosphido complex [(LFe)2 P](OTf)3 (3), which features an unprecedented linear Fe-(μ-P)-Fe motif and a "naked" P-atom bridge that appears at δ=+1480 ppm in the 31 P NMR spectrum. 3 exhibits rich redox chemistry, and both the singly and doubly oxidized species 4 and 5 could be isolated and fully characterized. X-ray crystallography, spectroscopic studies, in combination with DFT computations provide a comprehensive electronic structure description and show that the Fe-(μ-P)-Fe core is highly covalent and structurally invariant over the series of oxidation states that are formally described as ranging from FeIII FeIII to FeIV FeIV . 3-5 now add a higher homologue set of complexes to the many systems with Fe-(μ-O)-Fe and Fe-(μ-N)-Fe core structures that are prominent in bioinorganic chemistry and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Ghosh
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hanna H Cramer
- Max-Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael John
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Antoni
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Bruckhoff
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Antoni PW, Hansmann MM. Pyrylenes: A New Class of Tunable, Redox-Switchable, Photoexcitable Pyrylium–Carbene Hybrids with Three Stable Redox-States. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14823-14835. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Antoni
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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29
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Messelberger J, Grünwald A, Pinter P, Hansmann MM, Munz D. Carbene derived diradicaloids - building blocks for singlet fission? Chem Sci 2018; 9:6107-6117. [PMID: 30090299 PMCID: PMC6053972 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01999a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic singlet diradicaloids promise application in non-linear optics, electronic devices and singlet fission. The stabilization of carbon allotropes/cumulenes (C1, C2, C4) by carbenes has been equally an area of high activity. Combining these fields, we showed recently that carbene scaffolds allow as well for the design of diradicaloids. Herein, we report a comprehensive computational investigation (CASSCF/NEVPT2; fractional occupation DFT) on the electronic properties of carbene-bridge-carbene type diradicaloids. We delineate how to adjust the properties of these ensembles through the choice of carbene and bridge and show that already a short C2 bridge results in remarkable diradicaloid character. The choice of the carbene separately tunes the energies of the S1 and T1 excited states, whereas the bridge adjusts the overall energy level of the excited states. Accordingly, we develop guidelines on how to tailor the electronic properties of these molecules. Of particular note, fractional occupation DFT is an excellent tool to predict singlet-triplet gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Messelberger
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie , Egerlandstr. 1 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Annette Grünwald
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie , Egerlandstr. 1 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Piermaria Pinter
- Technische Universität Dresden, Physikalische Organische Chemie , Bergstr. 66 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen , Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Tammannstraße 2 , 37073 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie , Egerlandstr. 1 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
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30
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Hansmann MM. Synthesis of Azaphosphinines by Directed Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Hetero‐Diels–Alder Reactions with Na(OCP). Chemistry 2018; 24:11573-11577. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Hansmann
- Georg-August Universität GöttingenInstitut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA United Kingdom
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Georg-August-Universität Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD/CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92521-0403 USA
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA United Kingdom
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32
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Hansmann MM, Melaimi M, Munz D, Bertrand G. Modular Approach to Kekulé Diradicaloids Derived from Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2546-2554. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Hansmann
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research
Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research
Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Dominik Munz
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research
Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research
Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
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33
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Abstract
Readily available room temperature stable organic mixed valence compounds are prepared by one-electron reduction of cyclic bis(iminium) salts [derived from cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes] bridged by various spacers. These compounds show characteristic intervalence charge transfer (IV-CT) bands in the near-infrared (NIR). Cyclic voltammetry, EPR, IR, UV-vis, and X-ray studies, as well as DFT calculations, show that, depending on the nature of the spacer, these mixed valence compounds range from class III to class II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Hansmann
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Hansmann
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research
Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research
Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research
Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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35
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Tomás-Mendivil E, Hansmann MM, Weinstein CM, Jazzar R, Melaimi M, Bertrand G. Bicyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes (BICAACs): Stable Carbenes More Ambiphilic than CAACs. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7753-7756. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eder Tomás-Mendivil
- UCSD-CNRS
Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018 Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- UCSD-CNRS
Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Cory M. Weinstein
- UCSD-CNRS
Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS
Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS
Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS
Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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36
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Tšupova S, Hansmann MM, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. Inside Cover: Gold-Catalyzed Formal Cyclisation/Dimerization of Thiophene-Tethered Diynes (Chem. Eur. J. 24/2017). Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Tšupova
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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37
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Arndt S, Hansmann MM, Rominger F, Rudolph M, Hashmi ASK. Direct Access to π‐Extended Phosphindolium Salts by Simple Proton‐Induced Cyclization of (
o
‐Alkynylphenyl)phosphanes. Chemistry 2017; 23:5429-5433. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Arndt
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University (KAU) Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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38
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Tšupova S, Hansmann MM, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. Gold-Catalyzed Formal Cyclisation/Dimerization of Thiophene-Tethered Diynes. Chemistry 2017; 23:5716-5721. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Tšupova
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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39
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Hansmann MM, Ruiz DA, Liu LL, Jazzar R, Bertrand G. (Phosphanyl)phosphaketenes as building blocks for novel phosphorus heterocycles. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3720-3725. [PMID: 28580107 PMCID: PMC5437511 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00300e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although BH3 simply coordinates the endocyclic P of (phospholidino)phosphaketene 1Dipp, the bulkier B(C6F5)3 gives rise to a zwitterionic diphosphirenium, which is a novel type of 2π-electron aromatic system as shown by the calculated NICS values.
Although BH3 simply coordinates the endocyclic P of (phospholidino)phosphaketene 1Dipp, the bulkier B(C6F5)3 gives rise to a zwitterionic diphosphirenium, which is a novel type of 2π-electron aromatic system as shown by the calculated NICS values. While the reaction of 1Dipp with Na[PCO(dioxane)x] is unselective, the same reaction with the sterically bulky (phospholidino)phosphaketene 1Ar** [Ar** = 2,6-bis[di(4-tert-butylphenyl)methyl]-4-methylphenyl selectively affords a sodium bridged dimer containing a hitherto unknown λ3,λ5,λ3-triphosphete core. The latter formally results from “P–” addition to a 1,3-P/C-dipole. Similarly, adamantyl isonitrile adds to 1Dipp giving a 4-membered phosphacycle. In contrast to 1, the phosphaketene derived from the electrophilic diazaphospholidine-4,5-dione is unstable and reacts with a second molecule of Na[PCO(dioxane)x] to afford a 1,3,4-oxadiphospholonide derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Hansmann
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) , Department of Chemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093-0343 , USA .
| | - David A Ruiz
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) , Department of Chemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093-0343 , USA .
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) , Department of Chemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093-0343 , USA .
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) , Department of Chemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093-0343 , USA .
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) , Department of Chemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093-0343 , USA .
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40
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Arndt S, Hansmann MM, Motloch P, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. Intramolecular anti
-Phosphinoauration of Alkynes: An FLP-Motivated Approach to Stable Aurated Phosphindolium Complexes. Chemistry 2017; 23:2542-2547. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Arndt
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Petr Motloch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University (KAU); Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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41
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Kleinhans G, Hansmann MM, Guisado-Barrios G, Liles DC, Bertrand G, Bezuidenhout DI. Nucleophilic T-Shaped (LXL)Au(I)-Pincer Complexes: Protonation and Alkylation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15873-15876. [PMID: 27960301 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and reactivity of unusual T-shaped (LXL)Au(I)-pincer complexes, based on a carbazole framework flanked by two mesoionic carbenes (MICs). In contrast to other Au(I) complexes, these complexes react with electrophiles. Protonation and alkylation occur either at the metal or the ligand, depending on steric factors. Of particular interest, protonation at gold leads to an unprecedented cationic Au(III) hydride, which gives a 1H NMR resonance at δ -8.34 ppm. The reactivity of this "hydride", however, shows protic and not hydridic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kleinhans
- Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria , Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Max M Hansmann
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Gregorio Guisado-Barrios
- Institute of Advance Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , Avenida Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - David C Liles
- Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria , Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Daniela I Bezuidenhout
- Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria , Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.,Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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42
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Abstract
(Phosphino)phosphaketenes (>P-P═C═O) behave as (phosphino)phosphinidene-carbonyl adducts (>P-P←:C═O). CO scrambling was observed using 13C labeled CO, and exchange reactions with phosphines afford the corresponding (phosphino)phosphinidene-phosphine adducts (>P-P←:PR3). The latter react with isonitriles and singlet carbenes giving (phosphino)phosphinidene-isonitrile (>P-P←:CNR) and -carbene adducts (>P-P←:C<). Based on experimental results and DFT calculations, it is shown that these "ligand" exchange reactions occur via an associative mechanism as classically observed with transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Hansmann
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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43
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Tšupova S, Hansmann MM, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. New Pathways for the Dual Gold-Catalyzed Cyclization of Diynes. Chemistry 2016; 22:16286-16291. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Tšupova
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany), Fax: (+49) 6221-54-4205
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany), Fax: (+49) 6221-54-4205
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany), Fax: (+49) 6221-54-4205
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany), Fax: (+49) 6221-54-4205
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany), Fax: (+49) 6221-54-4205
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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44
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Wilkins LC, Lawson JR, Wieneke P, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK, Hansmann MM, Melen RL. The Propargyl Rearrangement to Functionalised Allyl-Boron and Borocation Compounds. Chemistry 2016; 22:14618-24. [PMID: 27538742 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A diverse range of Lewis acidic alkyl, vinyl and aryl boranes and borenium compounds that are capable of new carbon-carbon bond formation through selective migratory group transfer have been synthesised. Utilising a series of heteroleptic boranes [PhB(C6 F5 )2 (1), PhCH2 CH2 B(C6 F5 )2 (2), and E-B(C6 F5 )2 (C6 F5 )C=C(I)R (R=Ph 3 a, nBu 3 b)] and borenium cations [phenylquinolatoborenium cation ([QOBPh][AlCl4 ], 4)], it has been shown that these boron-based compounds are capable of producing novel allyl- boron and boronium compounds through complex rearrangement reactions with various propargyl esters and carbamates. These reactions yield highly functionalised, synthetically useful boron substituted organic compounds with substantial molecular complexity in a one-pot reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C Wilkins
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - James R Lawson
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Philipp Wieneke
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Melen
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
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45
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Abstract
A room-temperature stable (phosphino)-phosphinidene reacts with carbon monoxide, stable singlet carbenes, including the poor π-accepting imidazol-2-ylidene, and phosphines giving rise to the corresponding phosphaketene, phosphinidene-carbene and phosphinidene-phosphine adducts, respectively. Whereas the electronic ground-state calculations indicate a PP multiple bond character in which the terminal phosphorus is negatively charged, the observed reactivity clearly indicates that (phosphino)phosphinidenes are electrophilic as expected for an electron-deficient species. This is further demonstrated by competition experiments as well as by the results of Fukui function calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Hansmann
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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46
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Wilkins LC, Hamilton HB, Kariuki BM, Hashmi ASK, Hansmann MM, Melen RL. Lewis acid–base 1,2-addition reactions: synthesis of pyrylium borates from en-ynoate precursors. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:5929-32. [PMID: 26435394 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03340c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of methyl (Z)-2-alken-4-ynoates with the strong Lewis acid tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane, B(C6F5)3, yield 2,5,6-substituted zwitterionic pyrylium borate species via an intramolecular 6-endo-dig cyclisation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. Wilkins
- School of Chemistry
- Main Building
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
| | - Hugh B. Hamilton
- School of Chemistry
- Main Building
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry
- Main Building
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
- Chemistry Department
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- School of Chemistry
- Main Building
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
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Hansmann MM, López-Andarias A, Rettenmeier E, Egler-Lucas C, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK, Romero-Nieto C. B(C6F5)3: A Lewis Acid that Brings the Light to the Solid State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1196-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Hansmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Alicia López-Andarias
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Eva Rettenmeier
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Carolina Egler-Lucas
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos Romero-Nieto
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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48
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Hansmann MM, López-Andarias A, Rettenmeier E, Egler-Lucas C, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK, Romero-Nieto C. Erzeugung von Festkörperlumineszenz durch Koordination der Lewis-Säure B(C6F5)3an nicht-emittierende Aldehyde. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Hansmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Alicia López-Andarias
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Eva Rettenmeier
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Carolina Egler-Lucas
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah 21589 Saudi-Arabien
| | - Carlos Romero-Nieto
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
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49
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Hansmann MM, Melen RL, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Wadepohl H, Stephan DW, Hashmi ASK. Cyclopropanation/Carboboration Reactions of Enynes with B(C6F5)3. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15469-77. [PMID: 26580316 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stoichiometric reaction of B(C6F5)3 with 1,6-enynes is shown to proceed via initial cyclopropanation and formal 1,1-carboboration. Depending on the substitution on the alkene moiety, subsequent ring-opening of the cyclopropane affords either cyclopentane or cyclohexane derivatives in which the C6F5 and B(C6F5)2 adopt a 1,4-positioning. Mechanistically, this transformation involves π-activation of the alkyne moiety, which triggers cyclopropanation, followed by carboboration. Both the cyclopropanation and subsequent ring-opening are shown to be stereospecific. Both cyclopropanation and 1,4-carboborated products were employed as Lewis acid components in frustrated Lewis pair activation of H2 and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Hansmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Melen
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU) , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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50
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Wilkins LC, Wieneke P, Newman PD, Kariuki BM, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK, Hansmann MM, Melen RL. Pathways to Functionalized Heterocycles: Propargyl Rearrangement using B(C6F5)3. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. Wilkins
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Philipp Wieneke
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul D. Newman
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Chemistry
Department, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
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