1
|
Legge SE, Pardiñas AF, Woolway G, Rees E, Cardno AG, Escott-Price V, Holmans P, Kirov G, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Walters JTR. Genetic and Phenotypic Features of Schizophrenia in the UK Biobank. JAMA Psychiatry 2024:2816804. [PMID: 38536179 PMCID: PMC10974692 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Importance Large-scale biobanks provide important opportunities for mental health research, but selection biases raise questions regarding the comparability of individuals with those in clinical research settings. Objective To compare the genetic liability to psychiatric disorders in individuals with schizophrenia in the UK Biobank with individuals in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and to compare genetic liability and phenotypic features with participants recruited from clinical settings. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included participants from the population-based UK Biobank and schizophrenia samples recruited from clinical settings (CLOZUK, CardiffCOGS, Cardiff F-Series, and Cardiff Affected Sib-Pairs). Data were collected between January 1993 and July 2021. Data analysis was conducted between July 2021 and June 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures A genome-wide association study of UK Biobank schizophrenia case-control status was conducted, and the results were compared with those from the PGC via genetic correlations. To test for differences with the clinical samples, polygenic risk scores (PRS) were calculated for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and intelligence using PRS-CS. PRS and phenotypic comparisons were conducted using pairwise logistic regressions. The proportions of individuals with copy number variants associated with schizophrenia were compared using Firth logistic regression. Results The sample of 517 375 participants included 1438 UK Biobank participants with schizophrenia (550 [38.2%] female; mean [SD] age, 54.7 [8.3] years), 499 475 UK Biobank controls (271 884 [54.4%] female; mean [SD] age, 56.5 [8.1] years), and 4 schizophrenia research samples (4758 [28.9%] female; mean [SD] age, 38.2 [21.0] years). Liability to schizophrenia in UK Biobank was highly correlated with the latest genome-wide association study from the PGC (genetic correlation, 0.98; SE, 0.18) and showed the expected patterns of correlations with other psychiatric disorders. The schizophrenia PRS explained 6.8% of the variance in liability for schizophrenia case status in UK Biobank. UK Biobank participants with schizophrenia had significantly lower schizophrenia PRS than 3 of the clinically ascertained samples and significantly lower rates of schizophrenia-associated copy number variants than the CLOZUK sample. UK Biobank participants with schizophrenia had higher educational attainment and employment rates than the clinically ascertained schizophrenia samples, lower rates of smoking, and a later age of onset of psychosis. Conclusions and Relevance Individuals with schizophrenia in the UK Biobank, and likely other volunteer-based biobanks, represent those less severely affected. Their inclusion in wider studies should enhance the representation of the full spectrum of illness severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Legge
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio F. Pardiñas
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Woolway
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott Rees
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair G. Cardno
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Holmans
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - George Kirov
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cameron D, Vinh NN, Prapaiwongs P, Perry EA, Walters JTR, Li M, O’Donovan MC, Bray NJ. Genetic implication of prenatal GABAergic and cholinergic neuron development in susceptibility to schizophrenia. medRxiv 2023:2023.12.14.23299948. [PMID: 38168283 PMCID: PMC10760267 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.23299948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Background The ganglionic eminences are fetal-specific structures that give rise to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- and acetylcholine- releasing neurons of the forebrain. Given evidence for GABAergic and cholinergic disturbances in schizophrenia, as well as an early neurodevelopmental component to the disorder, we tested the potential involvement of developing cells of the ganglionic eminences in mediating genetic risk for the condition. Study Design We combined data from a recent large-scale genome-wide association study of schizophrenia with single cell RNA sequencing data from the human ganglionic eminences to test enrichment of schizophrenia risk variation in genes with high expression specificity for particular developing cell populations within these structures. We additionally performed the single nuclei Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with Sequencing (snATAC-Seq) to map potential regulatory genomic regions operating in individual cell populations of the human ganglionic eminences, using these to additionally test for enrichment of schizophrenia common genetic variant liability and to functionally annotate non-coding variants associated with the disorder. Study Results Schizophrenia common variant liability was enriched in genes with high expression specificity for developing neuron populations that are predicted to form dopamine D1 and D2 receptor expressing GABAergic medium spiny neurons of the striatum, cortical somatostatin-positive GABAergic interneurons, calretinin-positive GABAergic neurons and cholinergic neurons. Consistent with these findings, schizophrenia genetic risk was also concentrated in predicted regulatory genomic sequence mapped in developing neuronal populations of the ganglionic eminences. Conclusions Our study provides evidence for a role of prenatal GABAergic and cholinergic neuron development in later susceptibility to schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Cameron
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ngoc-Nga Vinh
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Parinda Prapaiwongs
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Perry
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Meng Li
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Bray
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Toste CC, O’Donovan MC, Bray NJ. Mapping microRNA expression quantitative trait loci in the prenatal human brain implicates miR-1908-5p expression in bipolar disorder and other brain-related traits. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2941-2949. [PMID: 37471622 PMCID: PMC10549788 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Given their known involvement in early neurodevelopment processes, we here sought to identify common genetic variants associated with altered miRNA expression in the prenatal human brain. We performed small RNA sequencing on brain tissue from 112 genome-wide genotyped fetuses from the second trimester of gestation, identifying high-confidence (false discovery rate < 0.05) expression quantitative trait loci for 30 mature miRNA. Integrating our findings with genome-wide association study data for brain-related disorders, we implicate increased prenatal expression of miR-1908-5p as a risk mechanism for bipolar disorder and find that predicted mRNA targets of miR-1908-5p that are expressed in the fetal brain are enriched for common variant genetic association with the condition. Extending these analyses to other brain-related traits, we find that common genetic variation associated with increased miR-1908-5p expression in fetal brain is additionally associated with depressive symptoms, irritability, increased right cerebellum exterior volume and increased sleep duration in the general population. Our findings provide support to the view that altered miRNA expression can influence susceptibility to neuropsychiatric illness and suggest an early neurodevelopmental risk mechanism for bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina C Toste
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Bray
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 4HQ, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dimitriadis SI, Perry G, Lancaster TM, Tansey KE, Singh KD, Holmans P, Pocklington A, Davey Smith G, Zammit S, Hall J, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Jones DK, Linden DE. Genetic risk for schizophrenia is associated with increased proportion of indirect connections in brain networks revealed by a semi-metric analysis: evidence from population sample stratified for polygenic risk. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2997-3011. [PMID: 35830871 PMCID: PMC10016061 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Research studies based on tractography have revealed a prominent reduction of asymmetry in some key white-matter tracts in schizophrenia (SCZ). However, we know little about the influence of common genetic risk factors for SCZ on the efficiency of routing on structural brain networks (SBNs). Here, we use a novel recall-by-genotype approach, where we sample young adults from a population-based cohort (ALSPAC:N genotyped = 8,365) based on their burden of common SCZ risk alleles as defined by polygenic risk score (PRS). We compared 181 individuals at extremes of low (N = 91) or high (N = 90) SCZ-PRS under a robust diffusion MRI-based graph theoretical SBN framework. We applied a semi-metric analysis revealing higher SMR values for the high SCZ-PRS group compared with the low SCZ-PRS group in the left hemisphere. Furthermore, a hemispheric asymmetry index showed a higher leftward preponderance of indirect connections for the high SCZ-PRS group compared with the low SCZ-PRS group (PFDR < 0.05). These findings might indicate less efficient structural connectivity in the higher genetic risk group. This is the first study in a population-based sample that reveals differences in the efficiency of SBNs associated with common genetic risk variants for SCZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S I Dimitriadis
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHI), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Neuroinformatics Group, School of Psychology, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - G Perry
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - T M Lancaster
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHI), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Department of Psychology, Bath University, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, Bath, Wales, UK
| | - K E Tansey
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Queens Road BS8 1QU, Bristol, Wales, UK
| | - K D Singh
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - P Holmans
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - A Pocklington
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - G Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Queens Road BS8 1QU, Bristol, Wales, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 1-5 Whiteladies Road BS8 1NU, Bristol, Wales, UK
| | - S Zammit
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 1-5 Whiteladies Road BS8 1NU, Bristol, Wales, UK
| | - J Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHI), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - M C O’Donovan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHI), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - M J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHI), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - D K Jones
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - D E Linden
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHI), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 1-5 Whiteladies Road BS8 1NU, Bristol, Wales, UK
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40 UNS40 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Creeth HDJ, Rees E, Legge SE, Dennison CA, Holmans P, Walters JTR, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Ultrarare Coding Variants and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:963-970. [PMID: 35976659 PMCID: PMC9386603 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Importance Impaired cognitive function in schizophrenia is associated with poor functional outcomes, but the role of rare coding variants is unclear. Objective To determine whether ultrarare constrained variants (URCVs) are associated with cognition in patients with schizophrenia. Design, Setting, and Participants Linear regression was used to perform a within-case genetic association study of URCVs and current cognition and premorbid cognitive ability. A multivariable linear regression analysis of the outcomes associated with URCVs, schizophrenia polygenic risk score, polygenic risk score for intelligence and schizophrenia associated copy number variants on cognitive ability was performed. Exome sequencing data from 802 participants with schizophrenia were assessed for current cognition using the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery and for estimated premorbid IQ using the National Adult Reading Test. Individuals were recruited from clinical and voluntary mental health services in the UK. Those with a diagnosis of intellectual disability or a neurological disorder known to affect cognition were excluded. Data collection occurred between 2007 and 2015. Data were analyzed between April 2020 and March 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Association between URCVs, current cognition, and current cognition adjusted for premorbid IQ. Results Of the 802 participants, 499 (62%) were men and 303 (38%) were women; mean (SD) age at interview was 43.36 (11.87) years. Ultrarare constrained variants (n = 400) were associated with lower current cognition scores (β = -0.18; SE = 0.07; P = .005). In the univariable analysis, premorbid IQ was associated with URCVs (β = -0.12; SE = 0.05; P = .02) and partly attenuated the association with current cognition (β = -0.09; SE = 0.05; P = .08). Multivariable analysis showed that measured genetic factors combined accounted for 6.2% of variance in current cognition, 10.3% of variance in premorbid IQ, and supported outcomes of URCVs associated with current cognition independent of premorbid IQ (β = -0.10; SE = 0.05; P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study suggest that URCVs contribute to variance in cognitive function in schizophrenia, with partly independent associations before and after onset of the disorder. Although the estimated effect sizes were small, future studies may show that the effect sizes will be greater with better annotation of pathogenic variants. Genomic data may contribute to identifying those at particularly high risk of cognitive impairment in whom early remedial or preventive measures can be implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo D. J. Creeth
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E. Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte A. Dennison
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Riglin L, Wootton RE, Livingston LA, Agnew-Blais J, Arseneault L, Blakey R, Agha SS, Langley K, Collishaw S, O’Donovan MC, Smith GD, Stergiakouli E, Tilling K, Thapar A. "Late-onset" ADHD symptoms in young adulthood: Is this ADHD? J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1271-1282. [PMID: 35034501 PMCID: PMC7612898 DOI: 10.1177/10870547211066486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We investigated whether "late-onset" ADHD that emerges in adolescence/adulthood is similar in risk factor profile to: (1) child-onset ADHD, but emerges later because of scaffolding/compensation from childhood resources; and (2) depression, because it typically onsets in adolescence/adulthood and shows symptom and genetic overlaps with ADHD. Methods: We examined associations between late-onset ADHD and ADHD risk factors, cognitive tasks, childhood resources and depression risk factors in a population-based cohort followed-up to age 25 years (N=4224-9764). Results: Parent-rated late-onset ADHD was like child-onset persistent ADHD in associations with ADHD polygenic risk scores and cognitive task performance, although self-rated late-onset ADHD was not. Late-onset ADHD was associated with higher levels of childhood resources than child-onset ADHD and did not show strong evidence of association with depression risk factors. Conclusions: Late-onset ADHD shares characteristics with child-onset ADHD when parent-rated, but differences for self-reports require investigation. Childhood resources may delay the onset of ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Riglin
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Robyn E Wootton
- Population Health Sciences and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucy A Livingston
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK,Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Jessica Agnew-Blais
- Department of Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University London, UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Rachel Blakey
- Population Health Sciences and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sharifah Shameem Agha
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK,Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Wales, UK
| | - Kate Langley
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Stephan Collishaw
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Population Health Sciences and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- Population Health Sciences and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate Tilling
- Population Health Sciences and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK,Corresponding author. Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff CF24 4HQ. Tel: +442920 688325.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pain O, Hodgson K, Trubetskoy V, Ripke S, Marshe VS, Adams MJ, Byrne EM, Campos AI, Carrillo-Roa T, Cattaneo A, Als TD, Souery D, Dernovsek MZ, Fabbri C, Hayward C, Henigsberg N, Hauser J, Kennedy JL, Lenze EJ, Lewis G, Müller DJ, Martin NG, Mulsant BH, Mors O, Perroud N, Porteous DJ, Rentería ME, Reynolds CF, Rietschel M, Uher R, Wigmore EM, Maier W, Wray NR, Aitchison KJ, Arolt V, Baune BT, Biernacka JM, Bondolfi G, Domschke K, Kato M, Li QS, Liu YL, Serretti A, Tsai SJ, Turecki G, Weinshilboum R, McIntosh AM, Lewis CM, Kasper S, Zohar J, Souery D, Montgomery S, Albani D, Forloni G, Ferentinos P, Rujescu D, Mendlewicz J, Wray NR, Ripke S, Mattheisen M, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Abdellaoui A, Adams MJ, Agerbo E, Air TM, Andlauer TF, Bacanu SA, Bækvad-Hansen M, Beekman AT, Bigdeli TB, Binder EB, Bryois J, Buttenschøn HN, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Cai N, Castelao E, Christensen JH, Clarke TK, Coleman JR, Colodro-Conde L, Couvy-Duchesne B, Craddock N, Crawford GE, Davies G, Deary IJ, Degenhardt F, Derks EM, Direk N, Dolan CV, Dunn EC, Eley TC, Escott-Price V, Hassan Kiadeh FF, Finucane HK, Foo JC, Forstner AJ, Frank J, Gaspar HA, Gill M, Goes FS, Gordon SD, Grove J, Hall LS, Hansen CS, Hansen TF, Herms S, Hickie IB, Hoffmann P, Homuth G, Horn C, Hottenga JJ, Hougaard DM, Howard DM, Ising M, Jansen R, Jones I, Jones LA, Jorgenson E, Knowles JA, Kohane IS, Kraft J, Kretzschmar WW, Kutalik Z, Li Y, Lind PA, MacIntyre DJ, MacKinnon DF, Maier RM, Maier W, Marchini J, Mbarek H, McGrath P, McGuffin P, Medland SE, Mehta D, Middeldorp CM, Mihailov E, Milaneschi Y, Milani L, Mondimore FM, Montgomery GW, Mostafavi S, Mullins N, Nauck M, Ng B, Nivard MG, Nyholt DR, O’Reilly PF, Oskarsson H, Owen MJ, Painter JN, Pedersen CB, Pedersen MG, Peterson RE, Peyrot WJ, Pistis G, Posthuma D, Quiroz JA, Qvist P, Rice JP, Riley BP, Rivera M, Mirza SS, Schoevers R, Schulte EC, Shen L, Shi J, Shyn SI, Sigurdsson E, Sinnamon GC, Smit JH, Smith DJ, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Tansey KE, Teismann H, Teumer A, Thompson W, Thomson PA, Thorgeirsson TE, Traylor M, Treutlein J, Trubetskoy V, Uitterlinden AG, Umbricht D, Van der Auwera S, van Hemert AM, Viktorin A, Visscher PM, Wang Y, Webb BT, Weinsheimer SM, Wellmann J, Willemsen G, Witt SH, Wu Y, Xi HS, Yang J, Zhang F, Arolt V, Baune BT, Berger K, Boomsma DI, Cichon S, Dannlowski U, de Geus E, DePaulo JR, Domenici E, Domschke K, Esko T, Grabe HJ, Hamilton SP, Hayward C, Heath AC, Kendler KS, Kloiber S, Lewis G, Li QS, Lucae S, Madden PA, Magnusson PK, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Metspalu A, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Nordentoft M, Nöthen MM, O’Donovan MC, Paciga SA, Pedersen NL, Penninx BW, Perlis RH, Porteous DJ, Potash JB, Preisig M, Rietschel M, Schaefer C, Schulze TG, Smoller JW, Stefansson K, Tiemeier H, Uher R, Völzke H, Weissman MM, Werge T, Lewis CM, Levinson DF, Breen G, Børglum AD, Sullivan PF. Identifying the Common Genetic Basis of Antidepressant Response. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2022; 2:115-126. [PMID: 35712048 PMCID: PMC9117153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antidepressants are a first-line treatment for depression. However, only a third of individuals experience remission after the first treatment. Common genetic variation, in part, likely regulates antidepressant response, yet the success of previous genome-wide association studies has been limited by sample size. This study performs the largest genetic analysis of prospectively assessed antidepressant response in major depressive disorder to gain insight into the underlying biology and enable out-of-sample prediction. Methods Genome-wide analysis of remission (n remit = 1852, n nonremit = 3299) and percentage improvement (n = 5218) was performed. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability was estimated using genome-wide complex trait analysis. Genetic covariance with eight mental health phenotypes was estimated using polygenic scores/AVENGEME. Out-of-sample prediction of antidepressant response polygenic scores was assessed. Gene-level association analysis was performed using MAGMA and transcriptome-wide association study. Tissue, pathway, and drug binding enrichment were estimated using MAGMA. Results Neither genome-wide association study identified genome-wide significant associations. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability was significantly different from zero for remission (h 2 = 0.132, SE = 0.056) but not for percentage improvement (h 2 = -0.018, SE = 0.032). Better antidepressant response was negatively associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia and positively associated with genetic propensity for educational attainment. Leave-one-out validation of antidepressant response polygenic scores demonstrated significant evidence of out-of-sample prediction, though results varied in external cohorts. Gene-based analyses identified ETV4 and DHX8 as significantly associated with antidepressant response. Conclusions This study demonstrates that antidepressant response is influenced by common genetic variation, has a genetic overlap schizophrenia and educational attainment, and provides a useful resource for future research. Larger sample sizes are required to attain the potential of genetics for understanding and predicting antidepressant response.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pardiñas AF, Smart SE, Willcocks IR, Holmans PA, Dennison CA, Lynham AJ, Legge SE, Baune BT, Bigdeli TB, Cairns MJ, Corvin A, Fanous AH, Frank J, Kelly B, McQuillin A, Melle I, Mortensen PB, Mowry BJ, Pato CN, Periyasamy S, Rietschel M, Rujescu D, Simonsen C, St Clair D, Tooney P, Wu JQ, Andreassen OA, Kowalec K, Sullivan PF, Murray RM, Owen MJ, MacCabe JH, O’Donovan MC, Walters JTR, Ajnakina O, Alameda L, Barnes TRE, Berardi D, Bonora E, Camporesi S, Cleusix M, Conus P, Crespo-Facorro B, D'Andrea G, Demjaha A, Do KQ, Doody GA, Eap CB, Ferchiou A, Di Forti M, Guidi L, Homman L, Jenni R, Joyce EM, Kassoumeri L, Khadimallah I, Lastrina O, Muratori R, Noyan H, O'Neill FA, Pignon B, Restellini R, Richard JR, Schürhoff F, Španiel F, Szöke A, Tarricone I, Tortelli A, Üçok A, Vázquez-Bourgon J. Interaction Testing and Polygenic Risk Scoring to Estimate the Association of Common Genetic Variants With Treatment Resistance in Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:260-269. [PMID: 35019943 PMCID: PMC8756361 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE About 20% to 30% of people with schizophrenia have psychotic symptoms that do not respond adequately to first-line antipsychotic treatment. This clinical presentation, chronic and highly disabling, is known as treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). The causes of treatment resistance and their relationships with causes underlying schizophrenia are largely unknown. Adequately powered genetic studies of TRS are scarce because of the difficulty in collecting data from well-characterized TRS cohorts. OBJECTIVE To examine the genetic architecture of TRS through the reassessment of genetic data from schizophrenia studies and its validation in carefully ascertained clinical samples. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Two case-control genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of schizophrenia were performed in which the case samples were defined as individuals with TRS (n = 10 501) and individuals with non-TRS (n = 20 325). The differences in effect sizes for allelic associations were then determined between both studies, the reasoning being such differences reflect treatment resistance instead of schizophrenia. Genotype data were retrieved from the CLOZUK and Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) schizophrenia studies. The output was validated using polygenic risk score (PRS) profiling of 2 independent schizophrenia cohorts with TRS and non-TRS: a prevalence sample with 817 individuals (Cardiff Cognition in Schizophrenia [CardiffCOGS]) and an incidence sample with 563 individuals (Genetics Workstream of the Schizophrenia Treatment Resistance and Therapeutic Advances [STRATA-G]). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES GWAS of treatment resistance in schizophrenia. The results of the GWAS were compared with complex polygenic traits through a genetic correlation approach and were used for PRS analysis on the independent validation cohorts using the same TRS definition. RESULTS The study included a total of 85 490 participants (48 635 [56.9%] male) in its GWAS stage and 1380 participants (859 [62.2%] male) in its PRS validation stage. Treatment resistance in schizophrenia emerged as a polygenic trait with detectable heritability (1% to 4%), and several traits related to intelligence and cognition were found to be genetically correlated with it (genetic correlation, 0.41-0.69). PRS analysis in the CardiffCOGS prevalence sample showed a positive association between TRS and a history of taking clozapine (r2 = 2.03%; P = .001), which was replicated in the STRATA-G incidence sample (r2 = 1.09%; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this GWAS, common genetic variants were differentially associated with TRS, and these associations may have been obscured through the amalgamation of large GWAS samples in previous studies of broadly defined schizophrenia. Findings of this study suggest the validity of meta-analytic approaches for studies on patient outcomes, including treatment resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F. Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E. Smart
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella R. Willcocks
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A. Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte A. Dennison
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Amy J. Lynham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E. Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tim B. Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn,Institute for Genomic Health, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia,Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn,Institute for Genomic Health, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brian Kelly
- School of Medicine & Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Preben B. Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bryan J. Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carlos N. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn,Department of Psychiatry and Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,Institute for Genomic Health, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn
| | - Sathish Periyasamy
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany,Division of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Simonsen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Early Intervention in Psychosis Advisory Unit for South-East Norway, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jing Qin Wu
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaarina Kowalec
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James H. MacCabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Olesya Ajnakina
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Alameda
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental, Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program, Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R E Barnes
- Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Berardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuro-motor Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna Transcultural Psychosomatic Team, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Camporesi
- Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program, Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martine Cleusix
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program, Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental, Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Giuseppe D'Andrea
- Department of Biomedical and Neuro-motor Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arsime Demjaha
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Q Do
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gillian A Doody
- Department of Medical Education, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chin B Eap
- Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aziz Ferchiou
- University Paris-Est Créteil, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social Genetics and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,South London and Maudsley National Health Service Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Guidi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna Transcultural Psychosomatic Team, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lina Homman
- Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Centre For Public Health, Institute Of Clinical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Raoul Jenni
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eileen M Joyce
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Kassoumeri
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Inès Khadimallah
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ornella Lastrina
- Department of Biomedical and Neuro-motor Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Muratori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna Transcultural Psychosomatic Team, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Handan Noyan
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Beykoz University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Francis A O'Neill
- Centre For Public Health, Institute Of Clinical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Baptiste Pignon
- University Paris-Est Créteil, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires HMondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision, Créteil, France
| | - Romeo Restellini
- Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program, Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Romain Richard
- University Paris-Est Créteil, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Franck Schürhoff
- University Paris-Est Créteil, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires HMondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision, Créteil, France
| | - Filip Španiel
- Department of Applied Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrei Szöke
- University Paris-Est Créteil, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires HMondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision, Créteil, France
| | - Ilaria Tarricone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna Transcultural Psychosomatic Team, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Tortelli
- University Paris-Est Créteil, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Psychiatrie Neurosciences Paris, Pôle Psychiatrie Précarité, Paris, France
| | - Alp Üçok
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-Instituto de Investigación Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental, Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health, Santander, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vassos E, Kou J, Tosato S, Maxwell J, Dennison CA, Legge SE, Walters JTR, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Breen G, Lewis CM, Sullivan PF, Hultman C, Ruggeri M, Walshe M, Bramon E, Bergen SE, Murray RM. Lack of Support for the Genes by Early Environment Interaction Hypothesis in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:20-26. [PMID: 33987677 PMCID: PMC8781344 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ursini et al reported recently that the liability of schizophrenia explained by a polygenic risk score (PRS) derived from the variants most associated with schizophrenia was increased 5-fold in individuals who experienced complications during pregnancy or birth. Follow-up gene expression analysis showed that the genes mapping to the most associated genetic variants are highly expressed in placental tissues. If confirmed, these findings will have major implications in our understanding of the joint effect of genes and environment in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We examined the interplay between PRS and obstetric complications (OCs) in 5 independent samples (effective N = 2110). OCs were assessed with the full or modified Lewis-Murray scale, or with birth weight < 2.5 kg as a proxy. In a large cohort we tested whether the pathways from placenta-relevant variants in the original report were associated with case-control status. Unlike in the original study, we did not find significant effect of PRS on the presence of OCs in cases, nor a substantial difference in the association of PRS with case-control status in samples stratified by the presence of OCs. Furthermore, none of the PRS by OCs interactions were significant, nor were any of the biological pathways, examined in the Swedish cohort. Our study could not support the hypothesis of a mediating effect of placenta biology in the pathway from genes to schizophrenia. Methodology differences, in particular the different scales measuring OCs, as well as power constraints for interaction analyses in both studies, may explain this discrepancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jiaqi Kou
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jessye Maxwell
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Charlotte A Dennison
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sophie E Legge
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Christina Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Muriel Walshe
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lancaster TM, Dimitriadis SI, Perry G, Zammit S, O’Donovan MC, Linden DE. Morphometric Analysis of Structural MRI Using Schizophrenia Meta-analytic Priors Distinguish Patients from Controls in Two Independent Samples and in a Sample of Individuals With High Polygenic Risk. Schizophr Bull 2021; 48:524-532. [PMID: 34662406 PMCID: PMC8886591 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is associated with structural brain changes, with considerable variation in the extent to which these cortical regions are influenced. We present a novel metric that summarises individual structural variation across the brain, while considering prior effect sizes, established via meta-analysis. We determine individual participant deviation from a within-sample-norm across structural MRI regions of interest (ROIs). For each participant, we weight the normalised deviation of each ROI by the effect size (Cohen's d) of the difference between SCZ/control for the corresponding ROI from the SCZ Enhancing Neuroimaging Genomics through Meta-Analysis working group. We generate a morphometric risk score (MRS) representing the average of these weighted deviations. We investigate if SCZ-MRS is elevated in a SCZ case/control sample (NCASE = 50; NCONTROL = 125), a replication sample (NCASE = 23; NCONTROL = 20) and a sample of asymptomatic young adults with extreme SCZ polygenic risk (NHIGH-SCZ-PRS = 95; NLOW-SCZ-PRS = 94). SCZ cases had higher SCZ-MRS than healthy controls in both samples (Study 1: β = 0.62, P < 0.001; Study 2: β = 0.81, P = 0.018). The high liability SCZ-PRS group also had a higher SCZ-MRS (Study 3: β = 0.29, P = 0.044). Furthermore, the SCZ-MRS was uniquely associated with SCZ status, but not attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), whereas an ADHD-MRS was linked to ADHD status, but not SCZ. This approach provides a promising solution when considering individual heterogeneity in SCZ-related brain alterations by identifying individual's patterns of structural brain-wide alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Lancaster
- Department of Psychology, Bath University, Bath, UK,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychology, Bath University, Bath, UK, tel.: +44-1225-384658, e-mail:
| | - Stavros I Dimitriadis
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gavin Perry
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stan Zammit
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E Linden
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Legge SE, Cardno AG, Allardyce J, Dennison C, Hubbard L, Pardiñas AF, Richards A, Rees E, Di Florio A, Escott-Price V, Zammit S, Holmans P, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Walters JTR. Associations Between Schizophrenia Polygenic Liability, Symptom Dimensions, and Cognitive Ability in Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78:1143-1151. [PMID: 34347035 PMCID: PMC8340009 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Schizophrenia is a clinically heterogeneous disorder. It is currently unclear how variability in symptom dimensions and cognitive ability is associated with genetic liability for schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE To determine whether phenotypic dimensions within schizophrenia are associated with genetic liability to schizophrenia, other neuropsychiatric disorders, and intelligence. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In a genetic association study, 3 cross-sectional samples of 1220 individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were recruited from community, inpatient, and voluntary sector mental health services across the UK. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to create phenotypic dimensions from lifetime ratings of the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. Analyses of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were used to assess whether genetic liability to schizophrenia, other neuropsychiatric disorders, and intelligence were associated with these phenotypic dimensions. Data collection for the cross-sectional studies occurred between 1993 and 2016. Data analysis for this study occurred between January 2019 and March 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Outcome measures included phenotypic dimensions defined from confirmatory factor analysis relating to positive symptoms, negative symptoms of diminished expressivity, negative symptoms of motivation and pleasure, disorganized symptoms, and current cognitive ability. Exposure measures included PRSs for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and intelligence. RESULTS Of the 1220 study participants, 817 were men (67.0%). Participants' mean (SD) age at interview was 43.10 (12.74) years. Schizophrenia PRS was associated with increased disorganized symptom dimension scores in both a 5-factor model (β = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.07-0.22; P = 2.80 × 10-4) and a 3-factor model across all samples (β = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.05-0.15; P = 2.80 × 10-4). Current cognitive ability was associated with genetic liability to schizophrenia (β = -0.11; 95% CI, -0.19 to -0.04; P = 1.63 × 10-3) and intelligence (β = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.16-0.30; P = 1.52 × 10-10). After controlling for estimated premorbid IQ, current cognitive performance was associated with schizophrenia PRS (β = -0.08; 95% CI, -0.14 to -0.02; P = 8.50 × 10-3) but not intelligence PRS. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this study suggest that genetic liability for schizophrenia is associated with higher disorganized dimension scores but not other symptom dimensions. Cognitive performance in schizophrenia appears to reflect distinct contributions from genetic liabilities to both intelligence and schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair G. Cardno
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Allardyce
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Dennison
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Leon Hubbard
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio F. Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Richards
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Di Florio
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley Zammit
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Centre for Academic Mental Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Quattrone D, Reininghaus U, Richards AL, Tripoli G, Ferraro L, Quattrone A, Marino P, Rodriguez V, Spinazzola E, Gayer-Anderson C, Jongsma HE, Jones PB, La Cascia C, La Barbera D, Tarricone I, Bonora E, Tosato S, Lasalvia A, Szöke A, Arango C, Bernardo M, Bobes J, Del Ben CM, Menezes PR, Llorca PM, Santos JL, Sanjuán J, Arrojo M, Tortelli A, Velthorst E, Berendsen S, de Haan L, Rutten BPF, Lynskey MT, Freeman TP, Kirkbride JB, Sham PC, O’Donovan MC, Cardno AG, Vassos E, van Os J, Morgan C, Murray RM, Lewis CM, Di Forti M. The continuity of effect of schizophrenia polygenic risk score and patterns of cannabis use on transdiagnostic symptom dimensions at first-episode psychosis: findings from the EU-GEI study. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:423. [PMID: 34376640 PMCID: PMC8355107 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic categories do not completely reflect the heterogeneous expression of psychosis. Using data from the EU-GEI study, we evaluated the impact of schizophrenia polygenic risk score (SZ-PRS) and patterns of cannabis use on the transdiagnostic expression of psychosis. We analysed first-episode psychosis patients (FEP) and controls, generating transdiagnostic dimensions of psychotic symptoms and experiences using item response bi-factor modelling. Linear regression was used to test the associations between these dimensions and SZ-PRS, as well as the combined effect of SZ-PRS and cannabis use on the dimensions of positive psychotic symptoms and experiences. We found associations between SZ-PRS and (1) both negative (B = 0.18; 95%CI 0.03-0.33) and positive (B = 0.19; 95%CI 0.03-0.35) symptom dimensions in 617 FEP patients, regardless of their categorical diagnosis; and (2) all the psychotic experience dimensions in 979 controls. We did not observe associations between SZ-PRS and the general and affective dimensions in FEP. Daily and current cannabis use were associated with the positive dimensions in FEP (B = 0.31; 95%CI 0.11-0.52) and in controls (B = 0.26; 95%CI 0.06-0.46), over and above SZ-PRS. We provide evidence that genetic liability to schizophrenia and cannabis use map onto transdiagnostic symptom dimensions, supporting the validity and utility of the dimensional representation of psychosis. In our sample, genetic liability to schizophrenia correlated with more severe psychosis presentation, and cannabis use conferred risk to positive symptomatology beyond the genetic risk. Our findings support the hypothesis that psychotic experiences in the general population have similar genetic substrates as clinical disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Quattrone
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. .,Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68159, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Reininghaus
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68159 Germany ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK ,grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alex L. Richards
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Giada Tripoli
- grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Ferraro
- grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Quattrone
- National Health Care System, Villa Betania Psychological Institute, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Paolo Marino
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Victoria Rodriguez
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Edoardo Spinazzola
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Charlotte Gayer-Anderson
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Hannah E. Jongsma
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Psylife Group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF UK ,grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry “Veldzicht” Balkbrug, the Netherlands, VR Mental Health Group, University Center for Psychiatry, Univerisity Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter B. Jones
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK ,grid.450563.10000 0004 0412 9303CAMEO Early Intervention Service, Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF UK
| | - Caterina La Cascia
- National Health Care System, Villa Betania Psychological Institute, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Daniele La Barbera
- National Health Care System, Villa Betania Psychological Institute, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tarricone
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Pepoli 5, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Bonora
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Psychiatry Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Pepoli 5, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sarah Tosato
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Lasalvia
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrei Szöke
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM, U955, Equipe 15, 51 Avenue de Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Celso Arango
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Bernardo
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Bobes
- grid.10863.3c0000 0001 2164 6351Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Psychiatry, Universidad de Oviedo, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cristina Marta Del Ben
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Neuroscience and Behavior Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rossi Menezes
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Department of Preventative Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pierre-Michel Llorca
- grid.494717.80000000115480420University Clermont Auvergne, CMP-B CHU, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jose Luis Santos
- grid.413507.40000 0004 1765 7383Department of Psychiatry, Servicio de Psiquiatría Hospital “Virgen de la Luz,”, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Julio Sanjuán
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- grid.411048.80000 0000 8816 6945Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Genetic Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | | | - Eva Velthorst
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Steven Berendsen
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart P. F. Rutten
- grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael T. Lynskey
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB UK
| | - Tom P. Freeman
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB UK ,grid.7340.00000 0001 2162 1699Department of Psychology, University of Bath, 10 West, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - James B. Kirkbride
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Psylife Group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF UK
| | - Pak C. Sham
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Psychiatry, the University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li KaShing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Alastair G. Cardno
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Division of Psychological and Social Medicine, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9NL UK
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jim van Os
- grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.7692.a0000000090126352Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Craig Morgan
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Robin M. Murray
- grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129 Palermo, Italy ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hall LS, Pain O, O’Brien HE, Anney R, Walters JTR, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Bray NJ. Cis-effects on gene expression in the human prenatal brain associated with genetic risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2082-2088. [PMID: 32366953 PMCID: PMC7611670 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The majority of common risk alleles identified for neuropsychiatric disorders reside in noncoding regions of the genome and are therefore likely to impact gene regulation. However, the genes that are primarily affected and the nature and developmental timing of these effects remain unclear. Given the hypothesized role for early neurodevelopmental processes in these conditions, we here define genetic predictors of gene expression in the human fetal brain with which we perform transcriptome-wide association studies (TWASs) of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. We identify prenatal cis-regulatory effects on 63 genes and 166 individual transcripts associated with genetic risk for these conditions. We observe pleiotropic effects of expression predictors for a number of genes and transcripts, including those of decreased DDHD2 expression in association with risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, increased expression of a ST3GAL3 transcript with risk for schizophrenia and ADHD, and increased expression of an XPNPEP3 transcript with risk for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. For the protocadherin alpha cluster genes PCDHA7 and PCDHA8, we find that predictors of low expression are associated with risk for major depressive disorder while those of higher expression are associated with risk for schizophrenia. Our findings support a role for altered gene regulation in the prenatal brain in susceptibility to various neuropsychiatric disorders and prioritize potential risk genes for further neurobiological investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey S. Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Pain
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heath E. O’Brien
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Anney
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Bray
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Correspondence to: Dr Nicholas Bray, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chauquet S, Zhu Z, O’Donovan MC, Walters JTR, Wray NR, Shah S. Association of Antihypertensive Drug Target Genes With Psychiatric Disorders: A Mendelian Randomization Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78:623-631. [PMID: 33688928 PMCID: PMC7948097 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Observational studies have reported associations between antihypertensive medication and psychiatric disorders, although the reported direction of association appears to be dependent on drug class. OBJECTIVE To estimate the potential effect of different antihypertensive drug classes on schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This 2-sample mendelian randomization study assessed the association between a single-nucleotide variant (SNV) and drug target gene expression derived from existing expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data in blood (sample 1) and the SNV-disease association from published case-control genome-wide association studies (sample 2). Significant associations were corroborated using published brain eQTL and protein QTL data. Participants included 40 675 patients with schizophrenia and 64 643 controls, 20 352 patients with bipolar disorder and 31 358 controls, and 135 458 patients with major depressive disorder and 344 901 controls. Blood eQTL levels were measured in 31 684 individuals from 37 cohorts (eQTLGen consortium); prefrontal cortex eQTLs were measured from the PsychENCODE resource in 1387 individuals; and protein QTLs were measured in cerebral spinal fluid from 544 individuals and plasma from 818 individuals. Data were collected from October 4, 2019, to June 1, 2020, and analyzed from October 14, 2019, to June 6, 2020. EXPOSURES Expression levels of antihypertensive drug target genes as proxies for drug exposure, and genetic variants robustly associated with the expression of these genes as mendelian randomization instruments. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Risk for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. RESULTS A 1-SD lower expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene in blood was associated with lower systolic blood pressure of 4.0 (95% CI, 2.7-5.3) mm Hg, but increased risk of schizophrenia (odds ratio [OR], 1.75; 95% CI, 1.28-2.38; P = 3.95 × 10-4). A concordant direction of association was also observed between ACE expression in prefrontal cortex (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.13-1.56) and ACE protein levels in cerebral spinal fluid (OR per 1-SD decrease, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.05-1.19) and plasma (OR per 1-SD decrease, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07). We found no evidence for an association between genetically estimated SBP and schizophrenia risk. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Findings suggest an adverse association of lower ACE messenger RNA and protein levels with schizophrenia risk. These findings warrant greater pharmacovigilance and further investigation into the effect of ACE inhibitors, particularly those that are centrally acting, on psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, as well as the role of ACE inhibitor use in late-onset schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solal Chauquet
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sonia Shah
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Willcocks IR, Legge SE, Nalmpanti M, Mazzeo L, King A, Jansen J, Helthuis M, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Walters JTR, Pardiñas AF. Clozapine Metabolism is Associated With Absolute Neutrophil Count in Individuals With Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:658734. [PMID: 33959025 PMCID: PMC8094024 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.658734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to one-third of those with schizophrenia fail to respond to standard antipsychotics and are considered to have treatment-resistant schizophrenia, a condition for which clozapine is the only evidence-based medication. While up to 60% of treated individuals obtain therapeutic benefits from clozapine, it is currently underprescribed worldwide, partly because of concerns related to its broad adverse effect profile. In particular, the potential effects of clozapine on the immune system have gained relevance after a recent study showed that drug plasma concentrations were inversely correlated with neutrophil counts in individuals routinely undergoing treatment. Seeking to investigate this relationship in more detail, we extracted metabolic, immune, and genetic data from a UK cohort of long-term clozapine users linked to a clozapine monitoring service, CLOZUK2 (N = 208). Whilst a correlation analysis was compatible with the original results, a multiple linear regression accounting for dose and other confounding factors additionally allowed us to estimate the decrease in absolute neutrophil counts to approximately 141 cells/mm3 for every 0.1 mg/L increase in clozapine concentration. However, this association was attenuated after controlling for the metabolic ratio between clozapine and its main metabolite, norclozapine, which was itself negatively associated with neutrophil concentrations. Further analyses revealed that these relationships are likely moderated by genetic factors, as three pharmacogenomic SNPs previously associated to norclozapine plasma concentrations and the metabolic ratio (rs61750900, rs2011425 and rs1126545) were shown to be independently associated with a variation in neutrophil counts of about 400 cells/mm3 per effect allele. Such results are compatible with an effect of norclozapine, but not necessarily clozapine, on immune cell counts, and highlight the need for further investigations into the potential role of genetic determinants of clozapine pharmacokinetics in the occurrence of adverse effects during treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella R. Willcocks
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E. Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Nalmpanti
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Mazzeo
- Hafan y Coed Mental Health Unit, University Hospital of Llandough, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian King
- Magna Laboratories Ltd., Ross-on-Wye, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio F. Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dennison CA, Legge SE, Hubbard L, Lynham AJ, Zammit S, Holmans P, Cardno AG, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Walters JTR. Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Polygenic Risk Scores in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder Depressive-Type. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1375-1384. [PMID: 33837784 PMCID: PMC8379553 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is controversy about the status of schizoaffective disorder depressive-type (SA-D), particularly whether it should be considered a form of schizophrenia or a distinct disorder. We aimed to determine whether individuals with SA-D differ from individuals with schizophrenia in terms of demographic, premorbid, and lifetime clinical characteristics, and genetic liability to schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. Participants were from the CardiffCOGS sample and met ICD-10 criteria for schizophrenia (n = 713) or SA-D (n = 151). Two samples, Cardiff Affected-sib (n = 354) and Cardiff F-series (n = 524), were used for replication. For all samples, phenotypic data were ascertained through structured interview, review of medical records, and an ICD-10 diagnosis made by trained researchers. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to compare individuals with schizophrenia and SA-D for demographic and clinical characteristics, and polygenic risk scores (PRS). In the CardiffCOGS, SA-D, compared to schizophrenia, was associated with female sex, childhood abuse, history of alcohol dependence, higher functioning Global Assessment Scale (GAS) score in worst episode of psychosis, lower functioning GAS score in worst episode of depression, and reduced lifetime severity of disorganized symptoms. Individuals with SA-D had higher depression PRS compared to those with schizophrenia. PRS for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder did not significantly differ between SA-D and schizophrenia. Compared to individuals with schizophrenia, individuals with SA-D had higher rates of environmental and genetic risk factors for depression and a similar genetic liability to schizophrenia. These findings are consistent with SA-D being a sub-type of schizophrenia resulting from elevated liability to both schizophrenia and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Dennison
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sophie E Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Leon Hubbard
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Amy J Lynham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stanley Zammit
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alastair G Cardno
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; tel: 02920 688434, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dennison CA, Legge SE, Bracher-Smith M, Menzies G, Escott-Price V, Smith DJ, Doherty AR, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Walters JTR. Association of genetic liability for psychiatric disorders with accelerometer-assessed physical activity in the UK Biobank. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249189. [PMID: 33770123 PMCID: PMC8508577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of activity are often affected in psychiatric disorders and can be core symptoms of illness. Advances in technology now allow the accurate assessment of activity levels but it remains unclear whether alterations in activity arise from shared risk factors for developing psychiatric disorders, such as genetics, or are better explained as consequences of the disorders and their associated factors. We aimed to examine objectively-measured physical activity in individuals with psychiatric disorders, and assess the role of genetic liability for psychiatric disorders on physical activity. Accelerometer data were available on 95,529 UK Biobank participants, including measures of overall mean activity and minutes per day of moderate activity, walking, sedentary activity, and sleep. Linear regressions measured associations between psychiatric diagnosis and activity levels, and polygenic risk scores (PRS) for psychiatric disorders and activity levels. Genetic correlations were calculated between psychiatric disorders and different types of activity. Having a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, or autism spectrum disorders (ASD) was associated with reduced overall activity compared to unaffected controls. In individuals without a psychiatric disorder, reduced overall activity levels were associated with PRS for schizophrenia, depression, and ASD. ADHD PRS was associated with increased overall activity. Genetic correlations were consistent with PRS findings. Variation in physical activity is an important feature across psychiatric disorders. Whilst levels of activity are associated with genetic liability to psychiatric disorders to a very limited extent, the substantial differences in activity levels in those with psychiatric disorders most likely arise as a consequences of disorder-related factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A. Dennison
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E. Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Bracher-Smith
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Menzies
- School of Biosciences, Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine,
Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United
Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United
Kingdom
| | - Aiden R. Doherty
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and
Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,
Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tigaret CM, Lin TCE, Morrell ER, Sykes L, Moon AL, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Wilkinson LS, Jones MW, Thomas KL, Hall J. Neurotrophin receptor activation rescues cognitive and synaptic abnormalities caused by hemizygosity of the psychiatric risk gene Cacna1c. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1748-1760. [PMID: 33597718 PMCID: PMC8440217 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-01001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation in CACNA1C, which encodes the alpha-1 subunit of CaV1.2 L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, is strongly linked to risk for psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. To translate genetics to neurobiological mechanisms and rational therapeutic targets, we investigated the impact of mutations of one copy of Cacna1c on rat cognitive, synaptic and circuit phenotypes implicated by patient studies. We show that rats hemizygous for Cacna1c harbour marked impairments in learning to disregard non-salient stimuli, a behavioural change previously associated with psychosis. This behavioural deficit is accompanied by dys-coordinated network oscillations during learning, pathway-selective disruption of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, attenuated Ca2+ signalling in dendritic spines and decreased signalling through the Extracellular-signal Regulated Kinase (ERK) pathway. Activation of the ERK pathway by a small-molecule agonist of TrkB/TrkC neurotrophin receptors rescued both behavioural and synaptic plasticity deficits in Cacna1c+/- rats. These results map a route through which genetic variation in CACNA1C can disrupt experience-dependent synaptic signalling and circuit activity, culminating in cognitive alterations associated with psychiatric disorders. Our findings highlight targeted activation of neurotrophin signalling pathways with BDNF mimetic drugs as a genetically informed therapeutic approach for rescuing behavioural abnormalities in psychiatric disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cezar M. Tigaret
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tzu-Ching E. Lin
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Edward R. Morrell
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy Sykes
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,Present Address: Neem Biotech, Abertillery, Blaenau Gwent UK
| | - Anna L. Moon
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthew W. Jones
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kerrie L. Thomas
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. .,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Legge SE, Christensen RH, Petersen L, Pardiñas AF, Bracher-Smith M, Knapper S, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Baekvad-Hansen M, Hougaard DM, Werge T, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Benros ME, Walters JTR. The Duffy-null genotype and risk of infection. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:3341-3349. [PMID: 32959868 PMCID: PMC7906776 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many medical treatments, from oncology to psychiatry, can lower white blood cell counts and thus access to these treatments can be restricted to individuals with normal levels of white blood cells, principally in order to minimize risk of serious infection. This adversely affects individuals of African or Middle Eastern ancestries who have on average a reduced number of circulating white blood cells, because of the Duffy-null (CC) genotype at rs2814778 in the ACKR1 gene. Here, we investigate whether the Duffy-null genotype is associated with the risk of infection using the UK Biobank sample and the iPSYCH Danish case-cohort study, two population-based samples from different countries and age ranges. We found that a high proportion of those with the Duffy-null genotype (21%) had a neutrophil count below the threshold often used as a cut-off for access to relevant treatments, compared with 1% of those with the TC/TT genotype. In addition we found that despite its strong association with lower average neutrophil counts, the Duffy-null genotype was not associated with an increased risk of infection, viral or bacterial. These results have widespread implications for the clinical treatment of individuals of African ancestry and indicate that neutrophil thresholds to access treatments could be lowered in individuals with the Duffy-null genotype without an increased risk of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Rune H Christensen
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2605, Denmark
| | - Liselotte Petersen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8210, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8210, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8210, Denmark
| | - Antonio F Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Matthew Bracher-Smith
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Steven Knapper
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Marie Baekvad-Hansen
- Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2605, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8210, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8210, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8210, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8210, Denmark
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael E Benros
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2605, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pries LK, van Os J, ten Have M, de Graaf R, van Dorsselaer S, Bak M, Lin BD, van Eijk KR, Kenis G, Richards A, O’Donovan MC, Luykx JJ, Rutten BPF, Guloksuz S. Association of Recent Stressful Life Events With Mental and Physical Health in the Context of Genomic and Exposomic Liability for Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:1296-1304. [PMID: 32805017 PMCID: PMC7711318 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance Both adulthood stressful life events (SLEs) and liability for schizophrenia have been associated with poor mental and physical health in the general population, but their interaction remains to be elucidated to improve population-based health outcomes. Objective To test whether recent SLEs interact with genetic and environmental liability for schizophrenia in models of mental and physical health. Design, Setting, and Participants The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 is a population-based prospective cohort study designed to investigate the prevalence, incidence, course, and consequences of mental disorders in the Dutch general population. Participants were enrolled from November 5, 2007, to July 31, 2009, and followed up with 3 assessments during 9 years. Follow-up was completed on June 19, 2018, and data were analyzed from September 1 to November 1, 2019. Exposures Recent SLEs assessed at each wave and aggregate scores of genetic and environmental liability for schizophrenia: polygenic risk score for schizophrenia (PRS-SCZ) trained using the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium analysis results and exposome score for schizophrenia (ES-SCZ) trained using an independent data set. Main Outcomes and Measures Independent and interacting associations of SLEs with ES-SCZ and PRS-SCZ on mental and physical health assessed at each wave using regression coefficients. Results Of the 6646 participants included at baseline, the mean (SD) age was 44.26 (12.54) years, and 3672 (55.25%) were female. The SLEs were associated with poorer physical health (B = -3.22 [95% CI, -3.66 to -2.79]) and mental health (B = -3.68 [95% CI, -4.05 to -3.32]). Genetic and environmental liability for schizophrenia was associated with poorer mental health (ES-SCZ: B = -3.07 [95% CI, -3.35 to -2.79]; PRS-SCZ: B = -0.93 [95% CI, -1.31 to -0.54]). Environmental liability was also associated with poorer physical health (B = -3.19 [95% CI, -3.56 to -2.82]). The interaction model showed that ES-SCZ moderated the association of SLEs with mental (B = -1.08 [95% CI, -1.47 to -0.69]) and physical health (B = -0.64 [95% CI, -1.11 to -0.17]), whereas PRS-SCZ did not. Several sensitivity analyses confirmed these results. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, schizophrenia liability was associated with broad mental health outcomes at the population level. Consistent with the diathesis-stress model, exposure to SLEs, particularly in individuals with high environmental liability for schizophrenia, was associated with poorer health. These findings underline the importance of modifiable environmental factors during the life span for population-based mental health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotta-Katrin Pries
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC (University Medical Center) Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Margreet ten Have
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ron de Graaf
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia van Dorsselaer
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Bak
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Flexible Assertive Community Treatment, Mondriaan Mental Health, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bochao D. Lin
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kristel R. van Eijk
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Richards
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jurjen J. Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC (University Medical Center) Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- GGNet Mental Health, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands
| | - Bart P. F. Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lewis KJS, Richards A, Karlsson R, Leonenko G, Jones SE, Jones HJ, Gordon-Smith K, Forty L, Escott-Price V, Owen MJ, Weedon MN, Jones L, Craddock N, Jones I, Landén M, O’Donovan MC, Di Florio A. Comparison of Genetic Liability for Sleep Traits Among Individuals With Bipolar Disorder I or II and Control Participants. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:303-310. [PMID: 31751445 PMCID: PMC6902167 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Insomnia, hypersomnia, and an evening chronotype are common in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), but whether this reflects shared genetic liability is unclear. Stratifying by BD subtypes could elucidate this association and inform sleep and BD research. OBJECTIVE To assess whether polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for sleep traits are associated with BD subtypes I and II. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case-control study was conducted in the United Kingdom and Sweden with participants with BD and control participants. Multinomial regression was used to assess whether PRSs for insomnia, daytime sleepiness, sleep duration, and chronotype are associated with BD subtypes compared with control participants. Affected individuals were recruited from the Bipolar Disorder Research Network. Control participants were recruited from the 1958 British Birth Cohort and the UK Blood Service. Analyses were repeated in an independent Swedish sample from August 2018 to July 2019. All participants were of European ancestry. EXPOSURES Standardized PRSs derived using alleles from genome-wide association studies of insomnia, sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and chronotype. These were adjusted for the first 10 population principal components, genotyping platforms, and sex. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Association of PRSs with BD subtypes, determined by semistructured psychiatric interview and case notes. RESULTS The main analysis included 4672 participants with BD (3132 female participants [67.0%]; 3404 with BD-I [72.9%]) and 5714 control participants (2812 female participants [49.2%]). Insomnia PRS was associated with increased risk of BD-II (relative risk [RR], 1.14 [95% CI, 1.07-1.21]; P = 8.26 × 10-5) but not BD-I (RR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.94-1.03]; P = .409) relative to control participants. Sleep-duration PRS was associated with BD-I (RR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.06-1.15]; P = 1.13 × 10-5) but not BD-II (RR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.93-1.06]; P = .818). Associations between (1) insomnia PRS and BD-II and (2) sleep-duration PRS and BD-I were replicated in the Swedish sample of 4366 individuals with BD (2697 female participants [61.8%]; 2627 with BD-I [60.2%]) and 6091 control participants (3767 female participants [61.8%]). Chronotype and daytime-sleepiness PRS were not associated with BD subtypes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Per this analysis, BD subtypes differ in genetic liability to insomnia and hypersomnia, providing further evidence that the distinction between BD-I and BD-II has genetic validity. This distinction will be crucial in selecting participants for future research on the role of sleep disturbance in BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie J. S. Lewis
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Richards
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ganna Leonenko
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel E. Jones
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J. Jones
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Gordon-Smith
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Liz Forty
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N. Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Craddock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Di Florio
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Richards AL, Pardiñas AF, Frizzati A, Tansey KE, Lynham AJ, Holmans P, Legge SE, Savage JE, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Blokland GAM, Corvin A, Cosgrove D, Degenhardt F, Djurovic S, Espeseth T, Ferraro L, Gayer-Anderson C, Giegling I, van Haren NE, Hartmann AM, Hubert JJ, Jönsson EG, Konte B, Lennertz L, Olde Loohuis LM, Melle I, Morgan C, Morris DW, Murray RM, Nyman H, Ophoff RA, van Os J, Petryshen TL, Quattrone D, Rietschel M, Rujescu D, Rutten BPF, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Sullivan PF, Sundet K, Wagner M, Escott-Price V, Owen MJ, Donohoe G, O’Donovan MC, Walters JTR. The Relationship Between Polygenic Risk Scores and Cognition in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:336-344. [PMID: 31206164 PMCID: PMC7442352 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is a clinically important feature of schizophrenia. Polygenic risk score (PRS) methods have demonstrated genetic overlap between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), educational attainment (EA), and IQ, but very few studies have examined associations between these PRS and cognitive phenotypes within schizophrenia cases. METHODS We combined genetic and cognitive data in 3034 schizophrenia cases from 11 samples using the general intelligence factor g as the primary measure of cognition. We used linear regression to examine the association between cognition and PRS for EA, IQ, schizophrenia, BD, and MDD. The results were then meta-analyzed across all samples. A genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of cognition was conducted in schizophrenia cases. RESULTS PRS for both population IQ (P = 4.39 × 10-28) and EA (P = 1.27 × 10-26) were positively correlated with cognition in those with schizophrenia. In contrast, there was no association between cognition in schizophrenia cases and PRS for schizophrenia (P = .39), BD (P = .51), or MDD (P = .49). No individual variant approached genome-wide significance in the GWAS. CONCLUSIONS Cognition in schizophrenia cases is more strongly associated with PRS that index cognitive traits in the general population than PRS for neuropsychiatric disorders. This suggests the mechanisms of cognitive variation within schizophrenia are at least partly independent from those that predispose to schizophrenia diagnosis itself. Our findings indicate that this cognitive variation arises at least in part due to genetic factors shared with cognitive performance in populations and is not solely due to illness or treatment-related factors, although our findings are consistent with important contributions from these factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Richards
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Antonio F Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aura Frizzati
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Katherine E Tansey
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Amy J Lynham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sophie E Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeanne E Savage
- Complex Trait Genetics Lab, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- CoE NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gabriella A M Blokland
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donna Cosgrove
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics Center, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- CoE NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Ferraro
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Charlotte Gayer-Anderson
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Neeltje E van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - John J Hubert
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden,CoE NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Leonhard Lennertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ingrid Melle
- CoE NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Craig Morgan
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College, London, UK
| | - Derek W Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Robin M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Håkan Nyman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands,King’s Health Partners Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | | | | | - Tracey L Petryshen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Diego Quattrone
- Social, Genetics and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Streit
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kjetil Sundet
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 44 (0)29-20688-434, fax: 44 (0)29-20687-068, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Legge SE, Jones HJ, Kendall KM, Pardiñas AF, Menzies G, Bracher-Smith M, Escott-Price V, Rees E, Davis KAS, Hotopf M, Savage JE, Posthuma D, Holmans P, Kirov G, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Zammit S, Walters JTR. Association of Genetic Liability to Psychotic Experiences With Neuropsychotic Disorders and Traits. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:1256-1265. [PMID: 31553412 PMCID: PMC6764002 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance Psychotic experiences, such as hallucinations and delusions, are reported by approximately 5% to 10% of the general population, although only a small proportion develop psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Studying the genetic causes of psychotic experiences in the general population, and its association with the genetic causes of other disorders, may increase the understanding of their pathologic significance. Objectives To determine whether genetic liability to psychotic experiences is shared with schizophrenia and/or other neuropsychiatric disorders and traits and to identify genetic loci associated with psychotic experiences. Design, Setting and Participants Analyses of genetic correlation, polygenic risk scores, and copy number variation were performed using data from participants in the UK Biobank from April 1, 2018, to March 20, 2019, to assess whether genetic liability to psychotic experiences is shared with schizophrenia and/or other neuropsychiatric disorders and traits. Genome-wide association studies of psychotic experience phenotypes were conducted to identify novel genetic loci. Participants in the final analyses after exclusions included 6123 individuals reporting any psychotic experience, 2143 individuals reporting distressing psychotic experiences, and 3337 individuals reporting multiple occurrences of psychotic experiences. A total of 121 843 individuals who did not report a psychotic experience formed the comparator group. Individuals with a psychotic disorder were excluded from all analyses. Main Outcomes and Measures Genetic associations with psychotic experience phenotypes. Results The study included a total of 127 966 participants (56.0% women and 44.0% men; mean [SD] age, 64.0 [7.6] years). Psychotic experiences were genetically correlated with major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Analyses of polygenic risk scores identified associations between psychotic experiences and genetic liability for major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Individuals reporting psychotic experiences had an increased burden of copy number variations previously associated with schizophrenia (odds ratio [OR], 2.04; 95% CI, 1.39-2.98; P = 2.49 × 10-4) and neurodevelopmental disorders more widely (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.24-2.48; P = 1.41 × 10-3). Genome-wide association studies identified 4 significantly associated loci, including a locus in Ankyrin-3 (ANK3 [GenBank NM_020987]) (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.10-1.23; P = 3.06 × 10-8) with any psychotic experience, and a locus in cannabinoid receptor 2 gene (CNR2 [GenBank NM_001841]) (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.56-0.78; P = 3.78 × 10-8) with distressing psychotic experiences. The genome-wide association study of any psychotic experience had a low single-nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability estimate (h2 = 1.71%; 95% CI, 1.02%-2.40%). Conclusions and Relevance A large genetic association study of psychotic experiences from the population-based UK Biobank sample found support for a shared genetic liability between psychotic experiences and schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J. Jones
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Centre, Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley M. Kendall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio F. Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Menzies
- UK-Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Bracher-Smith
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- UK-Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina A. S. Davis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanne E. Savage
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley Zammit
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is strong evidence that people born in winter and in spring have a small increased risk of schizophrenia. As this 'season of birth' effect underpins some of the most influential hypotheses concerning potentially modifiable risk exposures, it is important to exclude other possible explanations for the phenomenon. METHODS Here we sought to determine whether the season of birth effect reflects gene-environment confounding rather than a pathogenic process indexing environmental exposure. We directly measured, in 136 538 participants from the UK Biobank (UKBB), the burdens of common schizophrenia risk alleles and of copy number variants known to increase the risk for the disorder, and tested whether these were correlated with a season of birth. RESULTS Neither genetic measure was associated with season or month of birth within the UKBB sample. CONCLUSIONS As our study was highly powered to detect small effects, we conclude that the season of birth effect in schizophrenia reflects a true pathogenic effect of environmental exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kimberley Kendall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chapman RM, Tinsley CL, Hill MJ, Forrest MP, Tansey KE, Pardiñas AF, Rees E, Doyle AM, Wilkinson LS, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Blake DJ. Convergent Evidence That ZNF804A Is a Regulator of Pre-messenger RNA Processing and Gene Expression. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:1267-1278. [PMID: 30597088 PMCID: PMC6811834 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have linked common variation in ZNF804A with an increased risk of schizophrenia. However, little is known about the biology of ZNF804A and its role in schizophrenia. Here, we investigate the function of ZNF804A using a variety of complementary molecular techniques. We show that ZNF804A is a nuclear protein that interacts with neuronal RNA splicing factors and RNA-binding proteins including RBFOX1, which is also associated with schizophrenia, CELF3/4, components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the ZNF804A paralog, GPATCH8. GPATCH8 also interacts with splicing factors and is localized to nuclear speckles indicative of a role in pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) processing. Sequence analysis showed that GPATCH8 contains ultraconserved, alternatively spliced poison exons that are also regulated by RBFOX proteins. ZNF804A knockdown in SH-SY5Y cells resulted in robust changes in gene expression and pre-mRNA splicing converging on pathways associated with nervous system development, synaptic contact, and cell adhesion. We observed enrichment (P = 1.66 × 10-9) for differentially spliced genes in ZNF804A-depleted cells among genes that contain RBFOX-dependent alternatively spliced exons. Differentially spliced genes in ZNF804A-depleted cells were also enriched for genes harboring de novo loss of function mutations in autism spectrum disorder (P = 6.25 × 10-7, enrichment 2.16) and common variant alleles associated with schizophrenia (P = .014), bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (P = .003), and autism spectrum disorder (P = .005). These data suggest that ZNF804A and its paralogs may interact with neuronal-splicing factors and RNA-binding proteins to regulate the expression of a subset of synaptic and neurodevelopmental genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ria M Chapman
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Caroline L Tinsley
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthew J Hill
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marc P Forrest
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Present address: Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Ward, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Katherine E Tansey
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Antonio F Pardiñas
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A Michelle Doyle
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Derek J Blake
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 44(0)2920 688468, fax: +44(0)29 2068 7068, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sykes L, Haddon J, Lancaster TM, Sykes A, Azzouni K, Ihssen N, Moon AL, Lin TCE, Linden DE, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Humby T, Wilkinson LS, Thomas KL, Hall J. Genetic Variation in the Psychiatric Risk Gene CACNA1C Modulates Reversal Learning Across Species. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:1024-1032. [PMID: 30304534 PMCID: PMC6737471 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in CACNA1C, which encodes the alpha-1 subunit of Cav1.2 L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), has been strongly linked to risk for psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. How genetic variation in CACNA1C contributes to risk for these disorders is however not fully known. Both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are associated with impairments in reversal learning (RL), which may contribute to symptoms seen in these conditions. We used a translational RL paradigm to investigate whether genetic variation in CACNA1C affects RL in both humans and transgenic rats. Associated changes in gene expression were explored using in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR in rats and the BRAINEAC online human database. Risk-associated genetic variation in CACNA1C in healthy human participants was associated with impairments in RL. Consistent with this finding, rats bearing a heterozygous deletion of Cacna1c were impaired in an analogous touchscreen RL task. We investigated the possible molecular mechanism underlying this impairment and found that Cacna1c +/- rats show decreased expression of Bdnf in prefrontal cortex. Examination of BRAINEAC data showed that human risk-associated genetic variation in CACNA1C is also associated with altered expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the prefrontal cortex in humans. These results indicate that genetic variation in CACNA1C may contribute to risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder by impacting behavioral flexibility, potentially through altered regulation of BDNF expression in the prefrontal cortex. Tests of RL may be useful for translational studies and in the development of therapies targeting VGCCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Sykes
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Thomas M Lancaster
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Arabella Sykes
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Karima Azzouni
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Niklas Ihssen
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Anna L Moon
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tzu-Ching E Lin
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E Linden
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Trevor Humby
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kerrie L Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; tel: 02920-688-342, fax: +44 2920 687 068, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pain O, Pocklington AJ, Holmans PA, Bray NJ, O’Brien HE, Hall LS, Pardiñas AF, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Anney R. Novel Insight Into the Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder Gained by Integrating Expression Data With Genome-wide Association Statistics. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:265-273. [PMID: 31230729 PMCID: PMC6664597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (ncases = 18,381, ncontrols = 27,969) has provided novel opportunities for investigating the etiology of ASD. Here, we integrate the ASD GWAS summary statistics with summary-level gene expression data to infer differential gene expression in ASD, an approach called transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS). METHODS Using FUSION software, ASD GWAS summary statistics were integrated with predictors of gene expression from 16 human datasets, including adult and fetal brains. A novel adaptation of established statistical methods was then used to test for enrichment within candidate pathways and specific tissues and at different stages of brain development. The proportion of ASD heritability explained by predicted expression of genes in the TWAS was estimated using stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression. RESULTS This study identified 14 genes as significantly differentially expressed in ASD, 13 of which were outside of known genome-wide significant loci (±500 kb). XRN2, a gene proximal to an ASD GWAS locus, was inferred to be significantly upregulated in ASD, providing insight into the functional consequence of this associated locus. One novel transcriptome-wide significant association from this study is the downregulation of PDIA6, which showed minimal evidence of association in the GWAS, and in gene-based analysis using MAGMA. Predicted gene expression in this study accounted for 13.0% of the total ASD single nucleotide polymorphism heritability. CONCLUSIONS This study has implicated several genes as significantly up/downregulated in ASD, providing novel and useful information for subsequent functional studies. This study also explores the utility of TWAS-based enrichment analysis and compares TWAS results with a functionally agnostic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pain
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Pocklington
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A. Holmans
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Bray
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Heath E. O’Brien
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsey S. Hall
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio F. Pardiñas
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Anney
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mullins N, Bigdeli TB, Børglum AD, Coleman JRI, Demontis D, Fanous AH, Mehta D, Power RA, Ripke S, Stahl EA, Starnawska A, Anjorin A, Corvin A, Sanders AR, Forstner AJ, Reif A, Koller AC, Świątkowska B, Baune BT, Müller-Myhsok B, Konte B, Penninx BWJH, Pato C, Zai C, Rujescu D, Hougaard DM, Quested D, Levinson DF, Binder EB, Byrne EM, Agerbo E, Streit F, Mayoral F, Bellivier F, Degenhardt F, Breen G, Morken G, Turecki G, Rouleau GA, Grabe HJ, Völzke H, Jones I, Giegling I, Agartz I, Melle I, Lawrence J, Potash JB, Walters JTR, Strohmaier J, Shi J, Hauser J, Biernacka JM, Vincent JB, Kelsoe J, Strauss JS, Lissowska J, Pimm J, Smoller JW, Guzman Parra J, Berger K, Scott LJ, Jones LA, Azevedo MH, Trzaskowski M, Kogevinas M, Rietschel M, Boks M, Ising M, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Hamshere ML, Leboyer M, Frye M, Nöthen MM, Alda M, Preisig M, Nordentoft M, Boehnke M, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Pato MT, Renteria M, Budde M, Weissman MM, Wray NR, Bass N, Craddock N, Smeland OB, Andreassen OA, Mors O, Gejman PV, Sklar P, McGrath P, Hoffmann P, McGuffin P, Lee PH, Mortensen PB, Kahn RS, Ophoff RA, Adolfsson R, Van der Auwera S, Djurovic S, Shyn SI, Kloiber S, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Jamain S, Hamilton SP, McElroy SL, Lucae S, Cichon S, Schulze TG, Hansen T, Werge T, Air TM, Nimgaonkar V, Appadurai V, Cahn W, Milaneschi Y, Kendler KS, McQuillin A, Lewis CM, Fanous AH, Kendler KS, McQuillin A, Lewis CM. GWAS of Suicide Attempt in Psychiatric Disorders and Association With Major Depression Polygenic Risk Scores. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:651-660. [PMID: 31164008 PMCID: PMC6675659 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18080957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE More than 90% of people who attempt suicide have a psychiatric diagnosis; however, twin and family studies suggest that the genetic etiology of suicide attempt is partially distinct from that of the psychiatric disorders themselves. The authors present the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) on suicide attempt, using cohorts of individuals with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. METHODS The samples comprised 1,622 suicide attempters and 8,786 nonattempters with major depressive disorder; 3,264 attempters and 5,500 nonattempters with bipolar disorder; and 1,683 attempters and 2,946 nonattempters with schizophrenia. A GWAS on suicide attempt was performed by comparing attempters to nonattempters with each disorder, followed by a meta-analysis across disorders. Polygenic risk scoring was used to investigate the genetic relationship between suicide attempt and the psychiatric disorders. RESULTS Three genome-wide significant loci for suicide attempt were found: one associated with suicide attempt in major depressive disorder, one associated with suicide attempt in bipolar disorder, and one in the meta-analysis of suicide attempt in mood disorders. These associations were not replicated in independent mood disorder cohorts from the UK Biobank and iPSYCH. No significant associations were found in the meta-analysis of all three disorders. Polygenic risk scores for major depression were significantly associated with suicide attempt in major depressive disorder (R2=0.25%), bipolar disorder (R2=0.24%), and schizophrenia (R2=0.40%). CONCLUSIONS This study provides new information on genetic associations and demonstrates that genetic liability for major depression increases risk for suicide attempt across psychiatric disorders. Further collaborative efforts to increase sample size may help to robustly identify genetic associations and provide biological insights into the etiology of suicide attempt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Mullins
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, GB,Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US
| | - Tim B. Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, US,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, GB
| | - Ditte Demontis
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK
| | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, US,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Divya Mehta
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AU,School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, AU
| | - Robert A. Power
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, GB
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, DE,Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, US
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, US,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US
| | - Anna Starnawska
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK
| | - Adebayo Anjorin
- Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, GB
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Dept of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, IE
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, US,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, US
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, CH,Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, CH,Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, CH,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Life&Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, DE
| | - Anna C Koller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Life&Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE
| | | | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, AU
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, GB,Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, DE,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, DE
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, DE
| | - Brenda WJH Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Carlos Pato
- College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, US,Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, US
| | - Clement Zai
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, CA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, DE,Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, DE
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DK
| | - Digby Quested
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, GB
| | | | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, DE,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AU
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, DE
| | - Fermin Mayoral
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, ES
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, FR,Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, FR,UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, FR,Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, FR
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Life&Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, GB,NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King’s College London, London, GB
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU, Trondheim, NO,Psychiatry, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, NO
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, CA
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QC, CA,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, CA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, DE
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, DE
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, DE,Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, DE
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, NO,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, NO,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, NO
| | - Jacob Lawrence
- Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, GB
| | | | - James TR Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB
| | - Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, DE
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, US
| | - Joanna Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, PL
| | | | | | - John Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US
| | - John S Strauss
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, CA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, PL
| | - Jonathan Pimm
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, GB
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, US
| | - José Guzman Parra
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, ES
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, DE
| | - Laura J Scott
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Lisa A Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, GB
| | | | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AU
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, ES
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, DE
| | - Marco Boks
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, NL
| | | | - Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, RO
| | - Marian L Hamshere
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, FR,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, FR,INSERM, Paris, FR
| | - Mark Frye
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, US
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Life&Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, CA,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, CZ
| | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, CH
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen Universtity Hospital, Copenhagen, DK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB
| | - Michele T Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, US
| | - Miguel Renteria
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, AU
| | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, DE
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, US,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, US
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AU,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AU
| | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, GB
| | - Nicholas Craddock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, GB
| | - Olav B Smeland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US,Div Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO,NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, NO
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Div Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO,NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, NO
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, DK
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, US,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, US
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US
| | - Patrick McGrath
- Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, US
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, CH,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Life&Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, CH
| | - Peter McGuffin
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, GB
| | - Phil H Lee
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, US,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US,Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, NL
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, US,UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, NL
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, SE
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, DE
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, NO,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, NO
| | - Stanley I Shyn
- Behavioral Health Services, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, CA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, DE
| | | | - Stéphane Jamain
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, FR,Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, FR
| | - Steven P Hamilton
- Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco, CA, US
| | | | | | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, CH,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, CH,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, DE
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, DE
| | - Thomas Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, DK
| | - Tracy M Air
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, AU
| | | | - Vivek Appadurai
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, DK
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, NL
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | | | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, GB,Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, GB
| | -
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London (Mullins, Coleman, R.A. Mehta, Breen, McGuffin, Lewis); Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Mullins, Stahl, Sklar); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, (Bigdeli, Fanous); Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Bigdeli, Fanous, Kendler); Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska); iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Mortensen); iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Hougaard, Agerbo, Nordentoft, Mors, Mortensen, Hansen, Werge, Appadurai); Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta, Wray); School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta); Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Ripke, Lee); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Ripke); Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass. (Ripke, Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Stahl, Sklar, Kahn); Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, U.K. (Anjorin); Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Corvin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Ill. (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner, Hoffmann, Cichon); Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann, Cichon); Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann); Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (Reif); Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (Świątkowska); Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Baune); Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (Baune); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok, Binder); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Penninx, Milaneschi); College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato); Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato, M.T. Pato); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Zai, Vincent, Strauss, Kloiber); Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (Hougaard); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. (Quested); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Levinson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. (Binder); Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Byrne, Trzaskowski, Wray); Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Streit, Strohmaier, Schulze); Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain (Mayoral, Guzman-Parra); Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris (Bellivier, Leboyer); Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris (Bellivier); UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris (Bellivier); Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris (Bellivier); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London (Breen); Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal (Turecki); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal. (Rouleau); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (Rouleau); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Grabe, Van der Auwera); Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Völzke); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, U.K. (Jones, Hamshere, O'Donovan, Owen, Craddock); Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Agartz); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway (Agartz); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Agartz); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Melle); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo (Melle); Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, U.K. (Lawrence); MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, U.K. (Walters); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. (Shi); Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Hauser); Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Biernacka); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Kelsoe); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (Strauss, Kloiber); Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (Lissowska); Division of Psychiatry, University College London (Pimm, Bass, McQuillin); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Smoller); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Smoller); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass (Smoller, Lee); Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (Berger); Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Scott, Boehnke); Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, U.K. (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Azevedo); Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (Kogevinas); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Rietschel); Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Boks, Kahn); Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Ising, Kloiber, Lucae); Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu); Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France (Leboyer, Jamain); INSERM, Paris (Leboyer); Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Frye); Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (Alda); National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic (Alda); Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, Switzerland (Preisig); Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Nordentoft); Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Renteria); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Budde, Schulze); Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (Weissman, McGrath); Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Weissman); Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Smeland); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Smeland, Andreassen); NORMENT, University of Oslo (Smeland, Andreassen); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Sklar); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Hoffmann, Cichon); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Mass. General Hospital, Boston (Lee); Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles (Ophoff); UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ophoff); Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden (Adolfsson); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (Djurovic); Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, (Djurovic); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Heilmann-Heimbach); Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France (Jamain); Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco (Hamilton); Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, Ohio, (McElroy); Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany (Cichon); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. (Schulze); Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Schulze); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany (Schulze); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen (Hansen); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (Werge); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (Air); Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Nimgaonkar); Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Cahn); Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London (Lewis)
| | -
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London (Mullins, Coleman, R.A. Mehta, Breen, McGuffin, Lewis); Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Mullins, Stahl, Sklar); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, (Bigdeli, Fanous); Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Bigdeli, Fanous, Kendler); Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska); iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Mortensen); iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Hougaard, Agerbo, Nordentoft, Mors, Mortensen, Hansen, Werge, Appadurai); Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta, Wray); School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta); Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Ripke, Lee); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Ripke); Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass. (Ripke, Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Stahl, Sklar, Kahn); Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, U.K. (Anjorin); Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Corvin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Ill. (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner, Hoffmann, Cichon); Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann, Cichon); Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann); Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (Reif); Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (Świątkowska); Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Baune); Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (Baune); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok, Binder); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Penninx, Milaneschi); College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato); Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato, M.T. Pato); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Zai, Vincent, Strauss, Kloiber); Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (Hougaard); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. (Quested); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Levinson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. (Binder); Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Byrne, Trzaskowski, Wray); Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Streit, Strohmaier, Schulze); Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain (Mayoral, Guzman-Parra); Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris (Bellivier, Leboyer); Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris (Bellivier); UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris (Bellivier); Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris (Bellivier); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London (Breen); Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal (Turecki); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal. (Rouleau); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (Rouleau); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Grabe, Van der Auwera); Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Völzke); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, U.K. (Jones, Hamshere, O'Donovan, Owen, Craddock); Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Agartz); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway (Agartz); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Agartz); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Melle); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo (Melle); Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, U.K. (Lawrence); MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, U.K. (Walters); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. (Shi); Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Hauser); Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Biernacka); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Kelsoe); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (Strauss, Kloiber); Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (Lissowska); Division of Psychiatry, University College London (Pimm, Bass, McQuillin); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Smoller); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Smoller); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass (Smoller, Lee); Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (Berger); Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Scott, Boehnke); Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, U.K. (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Azevedo); Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (Kogevinas); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Rietschel); Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Boks, Kahn); Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Ising, Kloiber, Lucae); Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu); Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France (Leboyer, Jamain); INSERM, Paris (Leboyer); Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Frye); Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (Alda); National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic (Alda); Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, Switzerland (Preisig); Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Nordentoft); Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Renteria); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Budde, Schulze); Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (Weissman, McGrath); Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Weissman); Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Smeland); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Smeland, Andreassen); NORMENT, University of Oslo (Smeland, Andreassen); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Sklar); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Hoffmann, Cichon); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Mass. General Hospital, Boston (Lee); Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles (Ophoff); UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ophoff); Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden (Adolfsson); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (Djurovic); Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, (Djurovic); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Heilmann-Heimbach); Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France (Jamain); Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco (Hamilton); Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, Ohio, (McElroy); Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany (Cichon); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. (Schulze); Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Schulze); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany (Schulze); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen (Hansen); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (Werge); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (Air); Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Nimgaonkar); Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Cahn); Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London (Lewis)
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London (Mullins, Coleman, R.A. Mehta, Breen, McGuffin, Lewis); Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Mullins, Stahl, Sklar); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, (Bigdeli, Fanous); Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Bigdeli, Fanous, Kendler); Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska); iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Mortensen); iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Hougaard, Agerbo, Nordentoft, Mors, Mortensen, Hansen, Werge, Appadurai); Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta, Wray); School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta); Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Ripke, Lee); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Ripke); Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass. (Ripke, Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Stahl, Sklar, Kahn); Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, U.K. (Anjorin); Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Corvin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Ill. (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner, Hoffmann, Cichon); Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann, Cichon); Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann); Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (Reif); Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (Świątkowska); Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Baune); Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (Baune); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok, Binder); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Penninx, Milaneschi); College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato); Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato, M.T. Pato); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Zai, Vincent, Strauss, Kloiber); Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (Hougaard); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. (Quested); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Levinson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. (Binder); Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Byrne, Trzaskowski, Wray); Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Streit, Strohmaier, Schulze); Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain (Mayoral, Guzman-Parra); Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris (Bellivier, Leboyer); Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris (Bellivier); UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris (Bellivier); Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris (Bellivier); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London (Breen); Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal (Turecki); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal. (Rouleau); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (Rouleau); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Grabe, Van der Auwera); Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Völzke); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, U.K. (Jones, Hamshere, O'Donovan, Owen, Craddock); Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Agartz); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway (Agartz); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Agartz); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Melle); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo (Melle); Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, U.K. (Lawrence); MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, U.K. (Walters); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. (Shi); Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Hauser); Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Biernacka); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Kelsoe); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (Strauss, Kloiber); Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (Lissowska); Division of Psychiatry, University College London (Pimm, Bass, McQuillin); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Smoller); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Smoller); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass (Smoller, Lee); Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (Berger); Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Scott, Boehnke); Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, U.K. (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Azevedo); Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (Kogevinas); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Rietschel); Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Boks, Kahn); Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Ising, Kloiber, Lucae); Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu); Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France (Leboyer, Jamain); INSERM, Paris (Leboyer); Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Frye); Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (Alda); National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic (Alda); Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, Switzerland (Preisig); Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Nordentoft); Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Renteria); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Budde, Schulze); Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (Weissman, McGrath); Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Weissman); Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Smeland); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Smeland, Andreassen); NORMENT, University of Oslo (Smeland, Andreassen); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Sklar); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Hoffmann, Cichon); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Mass. General Hospital, Boston (Lee); Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles (Ophoff); UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ophoff); Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden (Adolfsson); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (Djurovic); Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, (Djurovic); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Heilmann-Heimbach); Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France (Jamain); Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco (Hamilton); Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, Ohio, (McElroy); Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany (Cichon); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. (Schulze); Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Schulze); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany (Schulze); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen (Hansen); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (Werge); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (Air); Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Nimgaonkar); Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Cahn); Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London (Lewis)
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London (Mullins, Coleman, R.A. Mehta, Breen, McGuffin, Lewis); Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Mullins, Stahl, Sklar); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, (Bigdeli, Fanous); Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Bigdeli, Fanous, Kendler); Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska); iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Mortensen); iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Hougaard, Agerbo, Nordentoft, Mors, Mortensen, Hansen, Werge, Appadurai); Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta, Wray); School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta); Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Ripke, Lee); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Ripke); Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass. (Ripke, Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Stahl, Sklar, Kahn); Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, U.K. (Anjorin); Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Corvin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Ill. (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner, Hoffmann, Cichon); Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann, Cichon); Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann); Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (Reif); Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (Świątkowska); Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Baune); Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (Baune); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok, Binder); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Penninx, Milaneschi); College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato); Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato, M.T. Pato); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Zai, Vincent, Strauss, Kloiber); Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (Hougaard); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. (Quested); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Levinson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. (Binder); Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Byrne, Trzaskowski, Wray); Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Streit, Strohmaier, Schulze); Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain (Mayoral, Guzman-Parra); Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris (Bellivier, Leboyer); Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris (Bellivier); UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris (Bellivier); Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris (Bellivier); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London (Breen); Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal (Turecki); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal. (Rouleau); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (Rouleau); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Grabe, Van der Auwera); Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Völzke); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, U.K. (Jones, Hamshere, O'Donovan, Owen, Craddock); Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Agartz); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway (Agartz); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Agartz); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Melle); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo (Melle); Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, U.K. (Lawrence); MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, U.K. (Walters); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. (Shi); Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Hauser); Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Biernacka); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Kelsoe); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (Strauss, Kloiber); Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (Lissowska); Division of Psychiatry, University College London (Pimm, Bass, McQuillin); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Smoller); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Smoller); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass (Smoller, Lee); Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (Berger); Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Scott, Boehnke); Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, U.K. (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Azevedo); Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (Kogevinas); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Rietschel); Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Boks, Kahn); Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Ising, Kloiber, Lucae); Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu); Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France (Leboyer, Jamain); INSERM, Paris (Leboyer); Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Frye); Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (Alda); National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic (Alda); Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, Switzerland (Preisig); Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Nordentoft); Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Renteria); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Budde, Schulze); Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (Weissman, McGrath); Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Weissman); Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Smeland); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Smeland, Andreassen); NORMENT, University of Oslo (Smeland, Andreassen); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Sklar); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Hoffmann, Cichon); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Mass. General Hospital, Boston (Lee); Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles (Ophoff); UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ophoff); Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden (Adolfsson); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (Djurovic); Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, (Djurovic); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Heilmann-Heimbach); Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France (Jamain); Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco (Hamilton); Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, Ohio, (McElroy); Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany (Cichon); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. (Schulze); Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Schulze); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany (Schulze); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen (Hansen); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (Werge); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (Air); Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Nimgaonkar); Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Cahn); Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London (Lewis)
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London (Mullins, Coleman, R.A. Mehta, Breen, McGuffin, Lewis); Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Mullins, Stahl, Sklar); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, (Bigdeli, Fanous); Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Bigdeli, Fanous, Kendler); Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska); iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Mortensen); iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Hougaard, Agerbo, Nordentoft, Mors, Mortensen, Hansen, Werge, Appadurai); Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta, Wray); School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta); Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Ripke, Lee); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Ripke); Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass. (Ripke, Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Stahl, Sklar, Kahn); Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, U.K. (Anjorin); Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Corvin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Ill. (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner, Hoffmann, Cichon); Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann, Cichon); Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann); Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (Reif); Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (Świątkowska); Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Baune); Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (Baune); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok, Binder); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Penninx, Milaneschi); College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato); Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato, M.T. Pato); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Zai, Vincent, Strauss, Kloiber); Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (Hougaard); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. (Quested); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Levinson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. (Binder); Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Byrne, Trzaskowski, Wray); Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Streit, Strohmaier, Schulze); Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain (Mayoral, Guzman-Parra); Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris (Bellivier, Leboyer); Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris (Bellivier); UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris (Bellivier); Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris (Bellivier); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London (Breen); Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal (Turecki); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal. (Rouleau); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (Rouleau); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Grabe, Van der Auwera); Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Völzke); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, U.K. (Jones, Hamshere, O'Donovan, Owen, Craddock); Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Agartz); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway (Agartz); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Agartz); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Melle); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo (Melle); Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, U.K. (Lawrence); MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, U.K. (Walters); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. (Shi); Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Hauser); Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Biernacka); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Kelsoe); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (Strauss, Kloiber); Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (Lissowska); Division of Psychiatry, University College London (Pimm, Bass, McQuillin); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Smoller); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Smoller); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass (Smoller, Lee); Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (Berger); Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Scott, Boehnke); Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, U.K. (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Azevedo); Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (Kogevinas); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Rietschel); Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Boks, Kahn); Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Ising, Kloiber, Lucae); Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu); Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France (Leboyer, Jamain); INSERM, Paris (Leboyer); Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Frye); Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (Alda); National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic (Alda); Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, Switzerland (Preisig); Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Nordentoft); Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Renteria); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Budde, Schulze); Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (Weissman, McGrath); Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Weissman); Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Smeland); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Smeland, Andreassen); NORMENT, University of Oslo (Smeland, Andreassen); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Sklar); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Hoffmann, Cichon); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Mass. General Hospital, Boston (Lee); Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles (Ophoff); UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ophoff); Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden (Adolfsson); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (Djurovic); Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, (Djurovic); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Heilmann-Heimbach); Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France (Jamain); Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco (Hamilton); Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, Ohio, (McElroy); Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany (Cichon); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. (Schulze); Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Schulze); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany (Schulze); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen (Hansen); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (Werge); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (Air); Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Nimgaonkar); Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Cahn); Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London (Lewis)
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London (Mullins, Coleman, R.A. Mehta, Breen, McGuffin, Lewis); Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Mullins, Stahl, Sklar); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, (Bigdeli, Fanous); Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Bigdeli, Fanous, Kendler); Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska); iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Mortensen); iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis, Starnawska, Hougaard, Agerbo, Nordentoft, Mors, Mortensen, Hansen, Werge, Appadurai); Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta, Wray); School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (D. Mehta); Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Ripke, Lee); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Ripke); Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass. (Ripke, Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Stahl, Sklar, Kahn); Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, U.K. (Anjorin); Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (Corvin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Ill. (Sanders, Gejman); Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner, Hoffmann, Cichon); Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Forstner); Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann, Cichon); Life and Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Germany (Forstner, Koller, Degenhardt, Nöthen, Hoffmann); Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (Reif); Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (Świątkowska); Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Baune); Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (Baune); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok, Binder); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (Müller-Myhsok); Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Penninx, Milaneschi); College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato); Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York (C. Pato, M.T. Pato); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Zai, Vincent, Strauss, Kloiber); Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Rujescu, Giegling); Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (Hougaard); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. (Quested); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (Levinson); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. (Binder); Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Byrne, Trzaskowski, Wray); Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Agerbo, Mortensen); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Streit, Strohmaier, Schulze); Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital. Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain (Mayoral, Guzman-Parra); Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris (Bellivier, Leboyer); Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris (Bellivier); UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris (Bellivier); Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris (Bellivier); NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London (Breen); Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway (Morken); Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal (Turecki); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal. (Rouleau); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (Rouleau); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Grabe, Van der Auwera); Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (Völzke); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, U.K. (Jones, Hamshere, O'Donovan, Owen, Craddock); Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Agartz); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway (Agartz); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Agartz); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Melle); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo (Melle); Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, U.K. (Lawrence); MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, U.K. (Walters); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. (Shi); Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (Hauser); Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Biernacka); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Kelsoe); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (Strauss, Kloiber); Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (Lissowska); Division of Psychiatry, University College London (Pimm, Bass, McQuillin); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Smoller); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Smoller); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass (Smoller, Lee); Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (Berger); Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Scott, Boehnke); Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, U.K. (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Azevedo); Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain (Kogevinas); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Rietschel); Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Boks, Kahn); Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Ising, Kloiber, Lucae); Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu); Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France (Leboyer, Jamain); INSERM, Paris (Leboyer); Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. (Frye); Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (Alda); National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic (Alda); Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Vaud, Switzerland (Preisig); Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Nordentoft); Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Renteria); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany (Budde, Schulze); Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (Weissman, McGrath); Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Weissman); Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. (Smeland); Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital (Smeland, Andreassen); NORMENT, University of Oslo (Smeland, Andreassen); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Sklar); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Hoffmann, Cichon); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Mass. General Hospital, Boston (Lee); Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles (Ophoff); UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ophoff); Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden (Adolfsson); NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (Djurovic); Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, (Djurovic); Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Heilmann-Heimbach); Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France (Jamain); Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco (Hamilton); Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, Ohio, (McElroy); Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany (Cichon); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. (Schulze); Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Schulze); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany (Schulze); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen (Hansen); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (Werge); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (Air); Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Nimgaonkar); Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Cahn); Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London (Lewis)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Riglin L, Eyre O, Thapar AK, Stringaris A, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Tilling K, Smith GD, O’Donovan MC, Thapar A. Identifying Novel Types of Irritability Using a Developmental Genetic Approach. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:635-642. [PMID: 31256611 PMCID: PMC6677571 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Irritability, which is strongly associated with impairment and negative outcomes, is a common reason for referral to mental health services but is a nosological and treatment challenge. A major issue is how irritability should be conceptualized. The authors used a developmental approach to test the hypothesis that there are several forms of irritability, including a "neurodevelopmental/ADHD-like" type, with onset in childhood, and a "depression/mood" type, with onset in adolescence. METHODS Data were analyzed from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a prospective U.K. population-based cohort. Irritability trajectory classes were estimated for 7,924 individuals with data at multiple time points across childhood and adolescence (four possible time points from approximately ages 7 to 15). Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed at approximately ages 7 and 15. Psychiatric genetic risk was indexed by polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression, derived using large genome-wide association study results. RESULTS Five irritability trajectory classes were identified: low (81.2%), decreasing (5.6%), increasing (5.5%), late-childhood limited (5.2%), and high-persistent (2.4%). The early-onset high-persistent trajectory was associated with male preponderance, childhood ADHD (odds ratio=108.64, 95% CI=57.45-204.41), and ADHD PRS (odds ratio=1.31, 95% CI=1.09-1.58). The adolescent-onset increasing trajectory was associated with female preponderance, adolescent depression (odds ratio=5.14, 95% CI=2.47-10.73), and depression PRS (odds ratio=1.20, 95% CI=1.05-1.38). Both the early-onset high-persistent and adolescent-onset increasing trajectory classes were associated with adolescent depression diagnosis and ADHD PRS. CONCLUSIONS The developmental context of irritability may be important in its conceptualization: early-onset persistent irritability may be more neurodevelopmental/ADHD-like and later-onset irritability more depression/mood-like. These findings have implications for treatment as well as nosology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Riglin
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Olga Eyre
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Ajay K Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kate Tilling
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Michael C O’Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK,Corresponding author. Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff CF24 4HQ. Tel: +442920688325.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are complex conditions with poorly defined neurobiological bases. In recent years, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the genetic architecture of these conditions and the genetic loci involved. This review article describes historical attempts to identify susceptibility genes for neuropsychiatric disorders, recent progress through genome-wide association studies, copy number variation analyses and exome sequencing, and how these insights can inform the neuroscientific investigation of these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Bray
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lancaster TM, Dimitriadis SL, Tansey KE, Perry G, Ihssen N, Jones DK, Singh KD, Holmans P, Pocklington A, Davey Smith G, Zammit S, Hall J, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Linden DE. Structural and Functional Neuroimaging of Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia: A Recall-by-Genotype-Based Approach. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:405-414. [PMID: 29608775 PMCID: PMC6403064 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Risk profile scores (RPS) derived from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) explain a considerable amount of susceptibility for schizophrenia (SCZ). However, little is known about how common genetic risk factors for SCZ influence the structure and function of the human brain, largely due to the constraints of imaging sample sizes. In the current study, we use a novel recall-by-genotype (RbG) methodological approach, where we sample young adults from a population cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: N genotyped = 8365) based on their SCZ-RPS. We compared 197 healthy individuals at extremes of low (N = 99) or high (N = 98) SCZ-RPS with behavioral tests, and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We first provide methodological details that will inform the design of future RbG studies for common SCZ genetic risk. We further provide an between group analysis of the RbG individuals (low vs high SCZ-RPS) who underwent structural neuroimaging data (T1-weighted scans) and fMRI data during a reversal learning task. While we found little evidence for morphometric differences between the low and high SCZ-RPS groups, we observed an impact of SCZ-RPS on blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal during reward processing in the ventral striatum (PFWE-VS-CORRECTED = .037), a previously investigated broader reward-related network (PFWE-ROIS-CORRECTED = .008), and across the whole brain (PFWE-WHOLE-BRAIN-CORRECTED = .013). We also describe the study strategy and discuss specific challenges of RbG for SCZ risk (such as SCZ-RPS related homoscedasticity). This study will help to elucidate the behavioral and imaging phenotypes that are associated with SCZ genetic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Lancaster
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stavros L Dimitriadis
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Katherine E Tansey
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gavin Perry
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Derek K Jones
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Krish D Singh
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Pocklington
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stan Zammit
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E Linden
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rice F, Riglin L, Thapar AK, Heron J, Anney R, O’Donovan MC, Thapar A. Characterizing Developmental Trajectories and the Role of Neuropsychiatric Genetic Risk Variants in Early-Onset Depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:306-313. [PMID: 30326013 PMCID: PMC6439821 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance Depression often first manifests in adolescence. Thereafter, individual trajectories vary substantially, but it is not known what shapes depression trajectories in youth. Adult studies suggest that genetic risk for schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder with a neurodevelopmental component, may contribute to an earlier onset of depression. Objective To test the hypothesis that there are distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms and that genetic liability for neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders (eg, schizophrenia, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]), as well as for major depressive disorder (MDD), contribute to early-onset depression. Design, Setting, and Participants The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children is an ongoing, prospective, longitudinal, population-based cohort that has been collecting data since September 6, 1990, including data on 7543 adolescents with depressive symptoms at multiple time points. The present study was conducted between November 10, 2017, and August 14, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Trajectories based on self-reported depressive symptoms dichotomized by the clinical cutpoint; MDD, schizophrenia, and ADHD polygenic risk score (PRS) were predictors. Results In 7543 adolescents with depression data on more than 1 assessment point between a mean (SD) age of 10.64 (0.25) years and 18.65 (0.49) years (3568 [47.3%] male; 3975 [52.7%] female), 3 trajectory classes were identified: persistently low (73.7%), later-adolescence onset (17.3%), and early-adolescence onset (9.0%). The later-adolescence-onset class was associated with MDD genetic risk only (MDD PRS: odds ratio [OR], 1.27; 95% CI, 1.09-1.48; P = .003). The early-adolescence-onset class was also associated with MDD genetic risk (MDD PRS: OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.06-1.46; P = .007) but additionally with genetic risk for neurodevelopmental disorders (schizophrenia PRS: OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04-1.43; P = .01; ADHD PRS: OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.13-1.54; P < .001) and childhood ADHD (χ21 = 6.837; P = .009) and neurodevelopmental traits (pragmatic language difficulties: OR, 1.31; P = .004; social communication difficulties: OR, 0.68; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study appear to demonstrate evidence of distinct depressive trajectories, primarily distinguished by age at onset. The more typical depression trajectory with onset of clinically significant symptoms at age 16 years was associated with MDD genetic risk. The less-common depression trajectory, with a very early onset, was particularly associated with ADHD and schizophrenia genetic risk and, phenotypically, with childhood ADHD and neurodevelopmental traits. Findings are consistent with emerging evidence for a neurodevelopmental component in some cases of depression and suggest that the presence of this component may be more likely when the onset of depression is very early.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Rice
- Medical Research Council for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Riglin
- Medical Research Council for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay K. Thapar
- Medical Research Council for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Heron
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Anney
- Medical Research Council for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Thapar
- Medical Research Council for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Riglin L, Hammerton G, Heron J, Collishaw S, Arseneault L, Thapar AK, Maughan B, O’Donovan MC, Thapar A. Developmental Contributions of Schizophrenia Risk Alleles and Childhood Peer Victimization to Early-Onset Mental Health Trajectories. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:36-43. [PMID: 30486671 PMCID: PMC6314438 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Twin studies suggest that genetic factors contribute to continuity in mental health problems and that environmental factors are the major contributor to developmental change. The authors investigated the influence of psychiatric risk alleles on early-onset mental health trajectories and whether the trajectories were subsequently modified by exposure to childhood victimization. METHODS The sample was a prospective U.K. population-based cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. The developmental trajectories of emotional problems were estimated in childhood (approximately ages 4-8 years) and adolescence (approximately ages 12-17 years). Psychiatric risk alleles were indexed by polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia using genome-wide association study results from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Chronic peer victimization in late childhood (ages 8.5 and 10.5 years) was assessed as an index of environmental exposure. Individuals with sufficient data on emotional problems, the PRS, and victimization were included in the main analyses (N=3,988). RESULTS Higher schizophrenia PRSs were associated with a trajectory of early-onset increasing emotional problems (odds ratio=1.18, 95% CI=1.02-1.36) compared with a trajectory of low-stable emotional problems. Subsequent exposure to victimization increased the likelihood of transitioning from a trajectory of low-stable emotional problems during childhood (before exposure) to an increasing trajectory in adolescence (after exposure) (odds ratio=2.59, 95% CI=1.48-4.53). CONCLUSIONS While the early development of emotional problems was associated with genetic risk (schizophrenia risk alleles), the subsequent course of emotional problems for those who might otherwise have remained on a more favorable trajectory was altered by exposure to peer victimization, which is a potentially modifiable environmental exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Riglin
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Gemma Hammerton
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephan Collishaw
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK
| | - Ajay K Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Barbara Maughan
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bergen SE, Ploner A, Howrigan D, O’Donovan MC, Smoller JW, Sullivan PF, Sebat J, Neale B, Kendler KS, Kendler KS. Joint Contributions of Rare Copy Number Variants and Common SNPs to Risk for Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:29-35. [PMID: 30392412 PMCID: PMC6408268 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17040467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both rare copy number variants (CNVs) and common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contribute to liability to schizophrenia, but their etiological relationship has not been fully elucidated. The authors evaluated an additive model whereby risk of schizophrenia requires less contribution from common SNPs in the presence of a rare CNV, and tested for interactions. METHOD Genetic data from 21,094 case subjects with schizophrenia and 20,227 control subjects from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium were examined. Three classes of rare CNVs were assessed: CNVs previously associated with schizophrenia, CNVs with large deletions ≥500 kb, and total CNV burden. The mean polygenic risk scores (PRSs) between study subjects with and without rare CNVs were compared, and joint effects of PRS and CNVs on schizophrenia liability were modeled by using logistic regression. RESULTS Schizophrenia case subjects carrying risk CNVs had a lower polygenic risk than case subjects without risk CNVs but a higher risk than control subjects. For case subjects carrying known risk CNVs, the PRS was diminished in proportion to the effect size of the CNV. The strongly associated 22q11.2 deletion required little added PRS to produce schizophrenia. Large deletions and increased CNV burden were also associated with lower polygenic risk in schizophrenia case subjects but not in control subjects or after removal of known risk CNV carriers. CONCLUSIONS The authors found evidence for interactive effects of PRS and previously associated CNVs for risk for schizophrenia, and the results for large deletions and total CNV burden support an additive model. These findings offer insights into the genetic architecture of schizophrenia by illuminating how different established genetic risk factors act and interact to influence liability to schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Alexander Ploner
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Howrigan
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- From the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass.; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego; and the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ni G, Moser G, Wray NR, Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM, Corvin A, Walters JT, Farh KH, Holmans PA, Lee P, Bulik-Sullivan B, Collier DA, Huang H, Pers TH, Agartz I, Agerbo E, Albus M, Alexander M, Amin F, Bacanu SA, Begemann M, Belliveau RA, Bene J, Bergen SE, Bevilacqua E, Bigdeli TB, Black DW, Bruggeman R, Buccola NG, Buckner RL, Byerley W, Cahn W, Cai G, Campion D, Cantor RM, Carr VJ, Carrera N, Catts SV, Chambert KD, Chan RC, Chen RY, Chen EY, Cheng W, Cheung EF, Chong SA, Cloninger CR, Cohen D, Cohen N, Cormican P, Craddock N, Crowley JJ, Curtis D, Davidson M, Davis KL, Degenhardt F, Del Favero J, Demontis D, Dikeos D, Dinan T, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drapeau E, Duan J, Dudbridge F, Durmishi N, Eichhammer P, Eriksson J, Escott-Price V, Essioux L, Fanous AH, Farrell MS, Frank J, Franke L, Freedman R, Freimer NB, Friedl M, Friedman JI, Fromer M, Genovese G, Georgieva L, Giegling I, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Godard S, Goldstein JI, Golimbet V, Gopal S, Gratten J, de Haan L, Hammer C, Hamshere ML, Hansen M, Hansen T, Haroutunian V, Hartmann AM, Henskens FA, Herms S, Hirschhorn JN, Hoffmann P, Hofman A, Hollegaard MV, Hougaard DM, Ikeda M, Joa I, Juliá A, Kahn RS, Kalaydjieva L, Karachanak-Yankova S, Karjalainen J, Kavanagh D, Keller MC, Kennedy JL, Khrunin A, Kim Y, Klovins J, Knowles JA, Konte B, Kucinskas V, Kucinskiene ZA, Kuzelova-Ptackova H, Kähler AK, Laurent C, Keong JLC, Legge SE, Lerer B, Li M, Li T, Liang KY, Lieberman J, Limborska S, Loughland CM, Lubinski J, Lönnqvist J, Macek M, Magnusson PK, Maher BS, Maier W, Mallet J, Marsal S, Mattheisen M, Mattingsda M, McCarley RW, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, Meier S, Meijer CJ, Melegh B, Melle I, Mesholam-Gately RI, Metspalu A, Michie PT, Milani L, Milanova V, Mokrab Y, Morris DW, Mors O, Murphy KC, Murray RM, Myin-Germeys I, Müller-Myhsok B, Nelis M, Nenadic I, Nertney DA, Nestadt G, Nicodemus KK, Nikitina-Zake L, Nisenbaum L, Nordin A, O’Callaghan E, O’Dushlaine C, O’Neill FA, Oh SY, Olinc A, Olsen L, Van Os J, Pantelis C, Papadimitriou GN, Papio S, Parkhomenko E, Pato MT, Paunio T, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Perkins DO, Pietiläinenl O, Pimm J, Pocklington AJ, Powell J, Price A, Pulver AE, Purcell SM, Quested D, Rasmussen HB, Reichenberg A, Reimers MA, Richards AL, Roffman JL, Roussos P, Ruderfer DM, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Schall U, Schubert CR, Schulze TG, Schwab SG, Scolnick EM, Scott RJ, Seidman LJ, Shi J, Sigurdsson E, Silagadze T, Silverman JM, Sim K, Slominsky P, Smoller JW, So HC, Spencer CC, Stah EA, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Stogmann E, Straub RE, Strengman E, Strohmaier J, Stroup TS, Subramaniam M, Suvisaari J, Svrakic DM, Szatkiewicz JP, Söderman E, Thirumalai S, Toncheva D, Tosato S, Veijola J, Waddington J, Walsh D, Wang D, Wang Q, Webb BT, Weiser M, Wildenauer DB, Williams NM, Williams S, Witt SH, Wolen AR, Wong EH, Wormley BK, Xi HS, Zai CC, Zheng X, Zimprich F, Stefansson K, Visscher PM, Adolfsson R, Andreassen OA, Blackwood DH, Bramon E, Buxbaum JD, Børglum AD, Cichon S, Darvasi A, Domenici E, Ehrenreich H, Esko T, Gejman PV, Gill M, Gurling H, Hultman CM, Iwata N, Jablensky AV, Jönsson EG, Kendler KS, Kirov G, Knight J, Lencz T, Levinson DF, Li QS, Liu J, Malhotra AK, McCarrol SA, McQuillin A, Moran JL, Mortensen PB, Mowry BJ, Nöthen MM, Ophoff RA, Owen MJ, Palotie A, Pato CN, Petryshen TL, Posthuma D, Rietsche M, Riley BP, Rujescu D, Sham PC, Sklar P, St Clair D, Weinberger DR, Wendland JR, Werge T, Daly MJ, Sullivan PF, O’Donovan MC. Estimation of Genetic Correlation via Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression and Genomic Restricted Maximum Likelihood. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:1185-1194. [PMID: 29754766 PMCID: PMC5993419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic correlation is a key population parameter that describes the shared genetic architecture of complex traits and diseases. It can be estimated by current state-of-art methods, i.e., linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and genomic restricted maximum likelihood (GREML). The massively reduced computing burden of LDSC compared to GREML makes it an attractive tool, although the accuracy (i.e., magnitude of standard errors) of LDSC estimates has not been thoroughly studied. In simulation, we show that the accuracy of GREML is generally higher than that of LDSC. When there is genetic heterogeneity between the actual sample and reference data from which LD scores are estimated, the accuracy of LDSC decreases further. In real data analyses estimating the genetic correlation between schizophrenia (SCZ) and body mass index, we show that GREML estimates based on ∼150,000 individuals give a higher accuracy than LDSC estimates based on ∼400,000 individuals (from combined meta-data). A GREML genomic partitioning analysis reveals that the genetic correlation between SCZ and height is significantly negative for regulatory regions, which whole genome or LDSC approach has less power to detect. We conclude that LDSC estimates should be carefully interpreted as there can be uncertainty about homogeneity among combined meta-datasets. We suggest that any interesting findings from massive LDSC analysis for a large number of complex traits should be followed up, where possible, with more detailed analyses with GREML methods, even if sample sizes are lesser.
Collapse
|
36
|
Sullivan PF, O’Donovan MC, Craddock N. Pamela Sklar 1959–2017. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:151. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
37
|
Allardyce J, Leonenko G, Hamshere M, Pardiñas AF, Forty L, Knott S, Gordon-Smith K, Porteous DJ, Haywood C, Di Florio A, Jones L, McIntosh AM, Owen MJ, Holmans P, Walters JTR, Craddock N, Jones I, O’Donovan MC, Escott-Price V. Association Between Schizophrenia-Related Polygenic Liability and the Occurrence and Level of Mood-Incongruent Psychotic Symptoms in Bipolar Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 2018; 75:28-35. [PMID: 29167880 PMCID: PMC5833541 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Bipolar disorder (BD) overlaps schizophrenia in its clinical presentation and genetic liability. Alternative approaches to patient stratification beyond current diagnostic categories are needed to understand the underlying disease processes and mechanisms. Objective To investigate the association between common-variant liability for schizophrenia, indexed by polygenic risk scores (PRSs), and psychotic presentations of BD. Design, Setting, and Participants This case-control study in the United Kingdom used multinomial logistic regression to estimate differential PRS associations across categories of cases and controls. Participants included in the final analyses were 4436 cases of BD from the Bipolar Disorder Research Network. These cases were compared with the genotypic data for 4976 cases of schizophrenia and 9012 controls from the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium study and the Generation Scotland study. Data were collected between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2013. Data analysis was conducted from March 1, 2016, to February 28, 2017. Exposures Standardized PRSs, calculated using alleles with an association threshold of P < .05 in the second Psychiatric Genomics Consortium genome-wide association study of schizophrenia, were adjusted for the first 10 population principal components and genotyping platforms. Main Outcomes and Measures Multinomial logit models estimated PRS associations with BD stratified by Research Diagnostic Criteria subtypes of BD, by lifetime occurrence of psychosis, and by lifetime mood-incongruent psychotic features. Ordinal logistic regression examined PRS associations across levels of mood incongruence. Ratings were derived from the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry interview and the Bipolar Affective Disorder Dimension Scale. Results Of the 4436 cases of BD, 2966 (67%) were female patients, and the mean (SD) age at interview was 46 [12] years. Across clinical phenotypes, there was an exposure-response gradient, with the strongest PRS association for schizophrenia (risk ratio [RR] = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.86-2.01), followed by schizoaffective BD (RR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.22-1.54), bipolar I disorder subtype (RR = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.24-1.36), and bipolar II disorder subtype (RR = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.97-1.11). Within BD cases, there was an effect gradient, indexed by the nature of psychosis. Prominent mood-incongruent psychotic features had the strongest association (RR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.36-1.57), followed by mood-congruent psychosis (RR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.17-1.33) and BD with no history of psychosis (RR = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.15). Conclusions and Relevance For the first time to date, a study shows a polygenic-risk gradient across schizophrenia and BD, indexed by the occurrence and level of mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Allardyce
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Ganna Leonenko
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Marian Hamshere
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Antonio F. Pardiñas
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Liz Forty
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Sarah Knott
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, England
| | | | - David J. Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Caroline Haywood
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Arianna Di Florio
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Lisa Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, England
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Peter Holmans
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - James T. R. Walters
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Nicholas Craddock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sullivan PF, Agrawal A, Bulik CM, Andreassen OA, Børglum AD, Breen G, Cichon S, Edenberg HJ, Faraone SV, Gelernter J, Mathews CA, Nievergelt CM, Smoller JW, O’Donovan MC. Psychiatric Genomics: An Update and an Agenda. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:15-27. [PMID: 28969442 PMCID: PMC5756100 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) is the largest consortium in the history of psychiatry. This global effort is dedicated to rapid progress and open science, and in the past decade it has delivered an increasing flow of new knowledge about the fundamental basis of common psychiatric disorders. The PGC has recently commenced a program of research designed to deliver "actionable" findings-genomic results that 1) reveal fundamental biology, 2) inform clinical practice, and 3) deliver new therapeutic targets. The central idea of the PGC is to convert the family history risk factor into biologically, clinically, and therapeutically meaningful insights. The emerging findings suggest that we are entering a phase of accelerated genetic discovery for multiple psychiatric disorders. These findings are likely to elucidate the genetic portions of these truly complex traits, and this knowledge can then be mined for its relevance for improved therapeutics and its impact on psychiatric practice within a precision medicine framework. [AJP at 175: Remembering Our Past As We Envision Our Future November 1946: The Genetic Theory of Schizophrenia Franz Kallmann's influential twin study of schizophrenia in 691 twin pairs was the largest in the field for nearly four decades. (Am J Psychiatry 1946; 103:309-322 )].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gerome Breen
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Trust, London, UK
| | - Sven Cichon
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Juelich, Germany
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse NY, USA; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Carol A Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cosgrove D, Mothersill O, Kendall K, Konte B, Harold D, Giegling I, Hartmann A, Richards A, Mantripragada K, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Gill M, Rujescu D, Walters J, Corvin A, Morris DW, Donohoe G. Cognitive Characterization of Schizophrenia Risk Variants Involved in Synaptic Transmission: Evidence of CACNA1C's Role in Working Memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2612-2622. [PMID: 28607492 PMCID: PMC5686488 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With >100 common variants associated with schizophrenia risk, establishing their biological significance is a priority. We sought to establish cognitive effects of risk variants at loci implicated in synaptic transmission by (1) identifying GWAS schizophrenia variants whose associated gene function is related to synaptic transmission, and (2) testing for association between these and measures of neurocognitive function. We selected variants, reported in the largest GWAS to date, associated with genes involved in synaptic transmission. Associations between genotype and cognitive test score were analyzed in a discovery sample (988 Irish participants, including 798 with psychosis), and replication samples (528 UK patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder; 921 German participants including 362 patients with schizophrenia). Three loci showed significant associations with neuropsychological performance in the discovery samples. This included an association between the rs2007044 (risk allele G) within CACNA1C and poorer working memory performance (increased errors B (95% CI)=0.635-4.535, p=0.012), an effect driven mainly by the psychosis groups. In an fMRI analysis of working memory performance (n=84 healthy participants, a subset of the discovery sample), we further found evidence that the same CACNA1C allele was associated with decreased functional connectivity between the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right superior occipital gyrus/cuneus and anterior cingulate cortex. In conclusion, these data provide evidence to suggest that the CACNA1C risk variant rs2007044 is associated with poorer memory function that may result from risk carriers' difficulty with top-down initiated responses caused by dysconnectivity between the right DLPFC and several cortical regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna Cosgrove
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group, The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Omar Mothersill
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group, The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Kimberley Kendall
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Denise Harold
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Annette Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Alex Richards
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kiran Mantripragada
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - James Walters
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek W Morris
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group, The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gary Donohoe
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group, The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Direk N, Williams S, Smith JA, Ripke S, Air T, Amare AT, Amin N, Baune BT, Bennett DA, Blackwood DH, Boomsma D, Breen G, Buttenschøn HN, Byrne EM, Børglum AD, Castelao E, Cichon S, Clarke TK, Cornelis MC, Dannlowski U, De Jager PL, Demirkan A, Domenici E, van Duijn CM, Dunn EC, Eriksson JG, Esko T, Faul JD, Ferrucci L, Fornage M, de Geus E, Gill M, Gordon SD, Jörgen Grabe H, van Grootheest G, Hamilton SP, Hartman CA, Heath AC, Hek K, Hofman A, Homuth G, Horn C, Hottenga JJ, Kardia SL, Kloiber S, Koenen K, Kutalik Z, Ladwig KH, Lahti J, Levinson DF, Lewis CM, Lewis G, Li QS, Llewellyn DJ, Lucae S, Lunetta KL, MacIntyre DJ, Madden P, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Metspalu A, Milaneschi Y, Montgomery GW, Mors O, Mosley TH, Murabito JM, Müller-Myhsok B, Nöthen MM, Nyholt DR, O’Donovan MC, Penninx BW, Pergadia ML, Perlis R, Potash JB, Preisig M, Purcell SM, Quiroz JA, Räikkönen K, Rice JP, Rietschel M, Rivera M, Schulze TG, Shi J, Shyn S, Sinnamon GC, Smit JH, Smoller JW, Snieder H, Tanaka T, Tansey KE, Teumer A, Uher R, Umbricht D, Van der Auwera S, Ware EB, Weir DR, Weissman MM, Willemsen G, Yang J, Zhao W, Tiemeier H, Sullivan PF. An Analysis of Two Genome-wide Association Meta-analyses Identifies a New Locus for Broad Depression Phenotype. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:322-329. [PMID: 28049566 PMCID: PMC5462867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetics of depression has been explored in genome-wide association studies that focused on either major depressive disorder or depressive symptoms with mostly negative findings. A broad depression phenotype including both phenotypes has not been tested previously using a genome-wide association approach. We aimed to identify genetic polymorphisms significantly associated with a broad phenotype from depressive symptoms to major depressive disorder. METHODS We analyzed two prior studies of 70,017 participants of European ancestry from general and clinical populations in the discovery stage. We performed a replication meta-analysis of 28,328 participants. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability and genetic correlations were calculated using linkage disequilibrium score regression. Discovery and replication analyses were performed using a p-value-based meta-analysis. Lifetime major depressive disorder and depressive symptom scores were used as the outcome measures. RESULTS The SNP-based heritability of major depressive disorder was 0.21 (SE = 0.02), the SNP-based heritability of depressive symptoms was 0.04 (SE = 0.01), and their genetic correlation was 1.001 (SE = 0.2). We found one genome-wide significant locus related to the broad depression phenotype (rs9825823, chromosome 3: 61,082,153, p = 8.2 × 10-9) located in an intron of the FHIT gene. We replicated this SNP in independent samples (p = .02) and the overall meta-analysis of the discovery and replication cohorts (1.0 × 10-9). CONCLUSIONS This large study identified a new locus for depression. Our results support a continuum between depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder. A phenotypically more inclusive approach may help to achieve the large sample sizes needed to detect susceptibility loci for depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nese Direk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Stephanie Williams
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tracy Air
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Azmeraw T. Amare
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center & Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Dorret Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henriette N. Buttenschøn
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
| | - Enda M. Byrne
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark,Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Enrique Castelao
- Departement of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Marilyn C. Cornelis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Department of Neurology, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy,Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Medicine Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Switzerland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erin C. Dunn
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Finland,Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland,Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland,Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Populational Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica D. Faul
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eco de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Scott D. Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Helios Hospital Stralsund, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerard van Grootheest
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam and EMGO Institute of Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven P. Hamilton
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center, CA, USA
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Karin Hek
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carsten Horn
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Medicine Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Switzerland
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Karestan Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Mental Health Research Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland,Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Douglas F. Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, MA, USA,Boston University and NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | - Pamela Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam and EMGO Institute of Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark,Research Department P, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Thomas H. Mosley
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Joanne M. Murabito
- Boston University and NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany,University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dale R. Nyholt
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Brenda W. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam and EMGO Institute of Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michele L. Pergadia
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, USA,Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Roy Perlis
- Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James B. Potash
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Martin Preisig
- Departement of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Shaun M. Purcell
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jorge A. Quiroz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Medicine Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Switzerland,Solid GT, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John P. Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Margarita Rivera
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK,CIBERSAM-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Thomas G. Schulze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany,Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Grant C. Sinnamon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Johannes H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam and EMGO Institute of Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology & Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine E. Tansey
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rudolf Uher
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK,Dalhousie University, 6299 South St, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Daniel Umbricht
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Medicine Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Switzerland
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Erin B. Ware
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David R. Weir
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Myrna M. Weissman
- College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center & Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam.
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- Center for Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics, Genomic Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Riglin L, Collishaw S, Thapar AK, Dalsgaard S, Langley K, Smith GD, Stergiakouli E, Maughan B, O’Donovan MC, Thapar A. Association of Genetic Risk Variants With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Trajectories in the General Population. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73:1285-1292. [PMID: 27806167 PMCID: PMC6485350 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder that shows clinical and genetic overlap with other childhood neurodevelopmental disorders. Levels of ADHD symptoms typically decline across childhood and adolescence, although they remain elevated for some individuals. The determinants of symptom persistence and decline are not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that genetic risk variant load for ADHD (indexed by polygenic risk scores [PRS]), but not for other psychiatric disorders, is associated with population-based ADHD symptom trajectories across childhood and adolescence, and to examine whether higher genetic liability for ADHD is correlated with total number of additional neurodevelopmental disorders (multimorbidity) in childhood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, an ongoing prospective population-based cohort study, has been collecting data on 14 701 children, including 9757 with data on symptoms of ADHD at multiple time points, since September 6, 1990. The primary exposure variables, PRS, were generated using results of a genome-wide association study from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Childhood multimorbidity scores (ages 7-9 years) were measured by total impairments in 4 domains known to share genetic liability with ADHD: IQ, social communication, pragmatic language, and conduct. Data analysis was conducted from March 1 to September 8, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom trajectories from ages 4 to 17 years (7 time points). RESULTS Among 9757 children with data on symptoms of ADHD at multiple time points (age range, 4-17 years; 4968 boys and 4789 girls), 4 ADHD symptom trajectories were identified: low (82.6%), intermediate (7.7%), childhood-limited (5.8%), and persistent (3.9%). Mean (SE) PRS for ADHD were higher in children in the persistent trajectory (0.254 [0.069]) compared with each of the other 3 trajectories (low, -0.018 [0.014], χ21 = 14.67, P < .001, odds ratio, 1.31; intermediate, 0.054 [0.055], χ21 = 4.70, P = .03, odds ratio, 1.22; and childhood-limited, 0.017 [0.060], χ21 = 6.50, P = .01, odds ratio, 1.27). Findings were specific to PRS for ADHD; PRS for other psychiatric conditions did not differ across trajectories. The proportion of children with multimorbidity was also highest in those in the persistent trajectory (42.5%; 95% CI, 33.9%-51.1%; P < .001) and was associated with persistence of ADHD symptoms independent of PRS. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Persistence of ADHD symptoms across childhood and adolescence in the general population is associated with higher PRS for ADHD. Childhood multimorbidity was also associated with persistence of ADHD symptoms and may help to identify children with ADHD whose symptoms are most likely to continue into adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Riglin
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Collishaw
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay K. Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Dalsgaard
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kate Langley
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Maughan
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rees E, Kendall K, Pardiñas AF, Legge SE, Pocklington A, Escott-Price V, MacCabe JH, Collier DA, Holmans P, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Walters JTR, Kirov G. Analysis of Intellectual Disability Copy Number Variants for Association With Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73:963-969. [PMID: 27602560 PMCID: PMC5014093 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE At least 11 rare copy number variants (CNVs) have been shown to be major risk factors for schizophrenia (SZ). These CNVs also increase the risk for other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as intellectual disability. It is possible that additional intellectual disability-associated CNVs increase the risk for SZ but have not yet been implicated in SZ because of previous studies being underpowered. OBJECTIVE To examine whether additional CNVs implicated in intellectual disability represent novel SZ risk loci. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We used single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array data to evaluate a set of 51 CNVs implicated in intellectual disability (excluding the known SZ loci) in a large data set of patients with SZ and healthy persons serving as controls recruited in a variety of settings. We analyzed a new sample of 6934 individuals with SZ and 8751 controls and combined those data with previously published large data sets for a total of 20 403 cases of SZ and 26 628 controls. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Burden analysis of CNVs implicated in intellectual disability (excluding known SZ CNVs) for association with SZ. Association of individual intellectual disability CNV loci with SZ. RESULTS Of data on the 20 403 cases (6151 [30.15%] female) and 26 628 controls (14 252 [53.52%] female), 51 intellectual disability CNVs were analyzed. Collectively, intellectual disability CNVs were significantly enriched for SZ (P = 1.0 × 10-6; odds ratio [OR], 1.9 [95% CI, 1.46-2.49]). Of the 51 CNVs tested, 19 (37%) were more common in SZ cases; only 4 (8%) were more common in controls (no observations were made for the remaining 28 [55%] loci). One novel locus, deletion at 16p12.1, was significantly associated with SZ after correction for multiple testing (rate in SZ, 33 [0.16%]; rate in controls, 12 [0.05%]; corrected P = .017; OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.61-7.05), and 2 loci reached nominal levels of significance (deletions at 2q11.2: 6 [0.03%] vs 1 [0.004%]; OR, 9.3; 95% CI, 1.03-447.76; corrected P > .99; and duplications at 10q11.21q11.23: 5 [0.2%] vs 0 [0.03%]; OR, infinity; 95% CI, 1.26-infinity; corrected P = .71). Our new data set also provided independent support for the 11 SZ risk loci previously reported to be associated with the disorder and for the protective effect of 22q11.2 duplication. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A large proportion of CNV loci implicated in intellectual disability are risk factors for SZ, but the available sample size precludes statistical confirmation for additional individual loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Rees
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and
Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Kimberley Kendall
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and
Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Antonio F. Pardiñas
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and
Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Sophie E. Legge
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and
Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Andrew Pocklington
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and
Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and
Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - James H. MacCabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology
and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England
| | - David A. Collier
- SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,
King's College London, London, England; Discovery Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Lilly Research Laboratories, Surrey,
England
| | - Peter Holmans
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and
Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and
Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and
Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; Division of Psychological
Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff,
Wales
| | - James T. R. Walters
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and
Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - George Kirov
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and
Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Krystal JH, Abi-Dargham A, Akbarian S, Arnsten AFT, Barch DM, Bearden CE, Braff DL, Brown ES, Bullmore ET, Carlezon WA, Carter CS, Cook EH, Daskalakis ZJ, DiLeone RJ, Duman RS, Grace AA, Hariri AR, Harrison PJ, Hiroi N, Kenny PJ, Kleinman JE, Krystal AD, Lewis DA, Lipska BK, Marder SR, Mason GF, Mathalon DH, McClung CA, McDougle CJ, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, Mirnics K, Monteggia LM, Narendran R, Nestler EJ, Neumeister A, O’Donovan MC, Öngür D, Pariante CM, Paulus MP, Pearlson G, Phillips ML, Pine DS, Pizzagalli DA, Pletnikov MV, Ragland JD, Rapoport JL, Ressler KJ, Russo SJ, Sanacora G, Sawa A, Schatzberg AF, Shaham Y, Shamay-Tsoory SG, Sklar P, State MW, Stein MB, Strakowski SM, Taylor SF, Turecki G, Turetsky BI, Weissman MM, Zachariou V, Zarate CA, Zubieta JK. Constance E. Lieber, Theodore R. Stanley, and the Enduring Impact of Philanthropy on Psychiatry Research. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:84-86. [PMID: 27346079 PMCID: PMC6150945 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JH Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Behavioral Health Services, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut; Clinical Neuroscience Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
| | - A Abi-Dargham
- The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - S Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - AFT Arnsten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - DM Barch
- Departments of Psychology and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - CE Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and the Brain Research Institute, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - DL Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - ES Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - ET Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; ImmunoPsychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - WA Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - CS Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Imaging Research Center, and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - EH Cook
- Institute of Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - ZJ Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Mood and Anxiety Division Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - RJ DiLeone
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - RS Duman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - AA Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - AR Hariri
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - PJ Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - N Hiroi
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuroscience, and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - PJ Kenny
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - JE Kleinman
- Genetic Neuropathology Section, Lieber Institute for Brain Development, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - AD Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - DA Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - BK Lipska
- Human Brain Collection Core, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - SR Marder
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; VA Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - GF Mason
- Departments of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging and Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - DH Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Psychiatry Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - CA McClung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - CJ McDougle
- Massachusetts General Hospital and MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Lurie Center for Autism, Lexington, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - AM McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - FJ McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch and Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - K Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - LM Monteggia
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - R Narendran
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - EJ Nestler
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - A Neumeister
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Development America, Inc., Jersey City, New Jersey
| | - MC O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - D Öngür
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - CM Pariante
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Psychiatry and Immunology Lab & Perinatal Psychiatry, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - MP Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - G Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University and Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - ML Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - DS Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - DA Pizzagalli
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - MV Pletnikov
- Departments of Neuroscience and Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - JD Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Imaging Research Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - JL Rapoport
- Child Psychiatry Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - KJ Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - SJ Russo
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - G Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - AF Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Y Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, NIDA-IRP, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - SG Shamay-Tsoory
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - P Sklar
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - MW State
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - MB Stein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Family Medicine & Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - SM Strakowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - SF Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - G Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - BI Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - MM Weissman
- New York State Psychiatric Institute & Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - V Zachariou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - CA Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - JK Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, University Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Isles AR, Ingason A, Lowther C, Walters J, Gawlick M, Stöber G, Rees E, Martin J, Little RB, Potter H, Georgieva L, Pizzo L, Ozaki N, Aleksic B, Kushima I, Ikeda M, Iwata N, Levinson DF, Gejman PV, Shi J, Sanders AR, Duan J, Willis J, Sisodiya S, Costain G, Werge TM, Degenhardt F, Giegling I, Rujescu D, Hreidarsson SJ, Saemundsen E, Ahn JW, Ogilvie C, Girirajan SD, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Bassett A, Kirov G. Parental Origin of Interstitial Duplications at 15q11.2-q13.3 in Schizophrenia and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005993. [PMID: 27153221 PMCID: PMC4859484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Duplications at 15q11.2-q13.3 overlapping the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome (PWS/AS) region have been associated with developmental delay (DD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Due to presence of imprinted genes within the region, the parental origin of these duplications may be key to the pathogenicity. Duplications of maternal origin are associated with disease, whereas the pathogenicity of paternal ones is unclear. To clarify the role of maternal and paternal duplications, we conducted the largest and most detailed study to date of parental origin of 15q11.2-q13.3 interstitial duplications in DD, ASD and SZ cohorts. We show, for the first time, that paternal duplications lead to an increased risk of developing DD/ASD/multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), but do not appear to increase risk for SZ. The importance of the epigenetic status of 15q11.2-q13.3 duplications was further underlined by analysis of a number of families, in which the duplication was paternally derived in the mother, who was unaffected, whereas her offspring, who inherited a maternally derived duplication, suffered from psychotic illness. Interestingly, the most consistent clinical characteristics of SZ patients with 15q11.2-q13.3 duplications were learning or developmental problems, found in 76% of carriers. Despite their lower pathogenicity, paternal duplications are less frequent in the general population with a general population prevalence of 0.0033% compared to 0.0069% for maternal duplications. This may be due to lower fecundity of male carriers and differential survival of embryos, something echoed in the findings that both types of duplications are de novo in just over 50% of cases. Isodicentric chromosome 15 (idic15) or interstitial triplications were not observed in SZ patients or in controls. Overall, this study refines the distinct roles of maternal and paternal interstitial duplications at 15q11.2-q13.3, underlining the critical importance of maternally expressed imprinted genes in the contribution of Copy Number Variants (CNVs) at this interval to the incidence of psychotic illness. This work will have tangible benefits for patients with 15q11.2-q13.3 duplications by aiding genetic counseling. The genetic interval 15q11.2-q13.3 on human chromosome 15 contains several so-called “imprinted genes” which are subject to epigenetic marking leading to activity from only one parental copy. This is in contrast to non-imprinted genes, whose activity is independent of their parent-of-origin. Deletions affecting the 15q11.2-q13.3 interval cause Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes (PWS/AS), depending on whether the deletions are paternally or maternally derived respectively. Duplications at the PWS/AS interval region may also lead to neurodevelopmental disorders, including developmental delay (DD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Due to presence of imprinted genes within the region, the parental origin of these duplications may be key to the pathogenicity. We show, for the first time, that paternal duplications lead to an increased risk of developing DD/ASD/multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) but, unlike maternal duplication, do not appear to increase risk for SZ. This study refines the distinct roles of maternal and paternal duplications at 15q11.2-q13.3, underlining the critical importance of maternally active imprinted genes in the contribution to the incidence of psychotic illness. This work will have tangible benefits for patients with 15q11.2-q13.3 duplications by aiding genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Isles
- Cardiff University, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chelsea Lowther
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Walters
- Cardiff University, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Elliott Rees
- Cardiff University, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Martin
- Cardiff University, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie B. Little
- Cardiff University, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Potter
- Cardiff University, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lucilla Pizzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Anthropology, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Douglas F. Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jubao Duan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joseph Willis
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Sisodiya
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Costain
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas M. Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Evald Saemundsen
- The State Diagnostic and Counselling Centre, Kópavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Joo Wook Ahn
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Ogilvie
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Santhosh D. Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Anthropology, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | | | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- Cardiff University, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Cardiff University, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MJO); (GK)
| | - Anne Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Kirov
- Cardiff University, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MJO); (GK)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hubbard L, Tansey KE, Rai D, Jones P, Ripke S, Chambert KD, Moran JL, McCarroll SA, Linden DEJ, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Walters JTR, Zammit S. Evidence of Common Genetic Overlap Between Schizophrenia and Cognition. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:832-42. [PMID: 26678674 PMCID: PMC4838093 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia but there is limited understanding of the genetic relationship between cognition in the general population and schizophrenia. We examine how common variants associated with schizophreniaen massecontribute to childhood cognitive ability in a population-based sample, and the extent to which common genetic variants associated with childhood cognition explain variation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia polygenic risk scores were derived from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (n= 69 516) and tested for association with IQ, attention, processing speed, working memory, problem solving, and social cognition in over 5000 children aged 8 from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort. Polygenic scores for these cognitive domains were tested for association with schizophrenia in a large UK schizophrenia sample (n= 11 853). Bivariate genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) estimated the amount of shared genetic factors between schizophrenia and cognitive domains. Schizophrenia polygenic risk score was associated with lower performance IQ (P= .001) and lower full IQ (P= .013). Polygenic score for performance IQ was associated with increased risk for schizophrenia (P= 3.56E-04). Bivariate GCTA revealed moderate genetic correlation between schizophrenia and both performance IQ (rG= -.379,P= 6.62E-05) and full IQ (rG= -.202,P= 5.00E-03), with approximately 14% of the genetic component of schizophrenia shared with that for performance IQ. Our results support the presence of shared common genetic factors between schizophrenia and childhood cognitive ability. We observe a genetic relationship between schizophrenia and performance IQ but not verbal IQ or other cognitive variables, which may have implications for studies utilizing cognitive endophenotypes for psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Hubbard
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK;,Both authors contributed equally to this work and are joint first-authors
| | - Katherine E. Tansey
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK;,Both authors contributed equally to this work and are joint first-authors
| | - Dheeraj Rai
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kimberly D. Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jennifer L. Moran
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Steven A. McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA;,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David E. J. Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; tel: +44-029-20-688-434, fax: +44-029-20-687-068, e-mail:
| | - Stanley Zammit
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK;,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bigdeli TB, Ripke S, Bacanu SA, Lee SH, Wray NR, Gejman PV, Rietschel M, Cichon S, St Clair D, Corvin A, Kirov G, McQuillin A, Gurling H, Rujescu D, Andreassen OA, Werge T, Blackwood DH, Pato CN, Pato MT, Malhotra AK, O’Donovan MC, Kendler KS, Fanous AH. Genome-wide association study reveals greater polygenic loading for schizophrenia in cases with a family history of illness. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:276-89. [PMID: 26663532 PMCID: PMC5816590 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of schizophrenia have yielded more than 100 common susceptibility variants, and strongly support a substantial polygenic contribution of a large number of small allelic effects. It has been hypothesized that familial schizophrenia is largely a consequence of inherited rather than environmental factors. We investigated the extent to which familiality of schizophrenia is associated with enrichment for common risk variants detectable in a large GWAS. We analyzed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for cases reporting a family history of psychotic illness (N = 978), cases reporting no such family history (N = 4,503), and unscreened controls (N = 8,285) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC1) study of schizophrenia. We used a multinomial logistic regression approach with model-fitting to detect allelic effects specific to either family history subgroup. We also considered a polygenic model, in which we tested whether family history positive subjects carried more schizophrenia risk alleles than family history negative subjects, on average. Several individual SNPs attained suggestive but not genome-wide significant association with either family history subgroup. Comparison of genome-wide polygenic risk scores based on GWAS summary statistics indicated a significant enrichment for SNP effects among family history positive compared to family history negative cases (Nagelkerke's R(2 ) = 0.0021; P = 0.00331; P-value threshold <0.4). Estimates of variability in disease liability attributable to the aggregate effect of genome-wide SNPs were significantly greater for family history positive compared to family history negative cases (0.32 and 0.22, respectively; P = 0.031). We found suggestive evidence of allelic effects detectable in large GWAS of schizophrenia that might be specific to particular family history subgroups. However, consideration of a polygenic risk score indicated a significant enrichment among family history positive cases for common allelic effects. Familial illness might, therefore, represent a more heritable form of schizophrenia, as suggested by previous epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim B. Bigdeli
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sang Hong Lee
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Bonn, Germany,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - David St Clair
- University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Gurling
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
| | | | - Carlos N. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michele T. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anil K. Malhotra
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York,The Hofstra NS-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Ayman H. Fanous
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia,Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia,Correspondence to: Ayman H. Fanous, M.D., Chief, Psychiatric Genetics Research Program; Washington, VA Medical Center; 50 Irving St. NW, Washington DC 20422.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Escott-Price V, Kirov G, Rees E, Isles AR, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC. No Evidence for Enrichment in Schizophrenia for Common Allelic Associations at Imprinted Loci. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144172. [PMID: 26633303 PMCID: PMC4669201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most genetic studies assume that the function of a genetic variant is independent of the parent from which it is inherited, but this is not always true. The best known example of parent-of-origin effects arises with respect to alleles at imprinted loci. In classical imprinting, characteristically, either the maternal or paternal copy is expressed, but not both. Only alleles present in one of the parental copies of the gene, the expressed copy, is likely to contribute to disease. It has been postulated that imprinting is important in central nervous system development, and that consequently, imprinted loci may be involved in schizophrenia. If this is true, allowing for parent-of-origin effects might be important in genetic studies of schizophrenia. Here, we use genome-wide association data from one of the world's largest samples (N = 695) of parent schizophrenia-offspring trios to test for parent-of-origin effects. To maximise power, we restricted our analyses to test two main hypotheses. If imprinting plays a disproportionate role in schizophrenia susceptibility, we postulated a) that alleles showing robust evidence for association to schizophrenia from previous genome-wide association studies should be enriched for parent-of-origin effects and b) that genes at loci imprinted in humans or mice should be enriched both for genome-wide significant associations, and in our sample, for parent-of-origin effects. Neither prediction was supported in the present study. We have shown, that it is unlikely that parent-of-origin effects or imprinting play particularly important roles in schizophrenia, although our findings do not exclude such effects at specific loci nor do they exclude such effects among rare alleles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R. Isles
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Loh PR, Bhatia G, Gusev A, Finucane HK, Bulik-Sullivan BK, Pollack SJ, de Candia TR, Lee SH, Wray NR, Kendler KS, O’Donovan MC, Neale BM, Patterson N, Price AL. Contrasting genetic architectures of schizophrenia and other complex diseases using fast variance-components analysis. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1385-92. [PMID: 26523775 PMCID: PMC4666835 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heritability analyses of genome-wide association study (GWAS) cohorts have yielded important insights into complex disease architecture, and increasing sample sizes hold the promise of further discoveries. Here we analyze the genetic architectures of schizophrenia in 49,806 samples from the PGC and nine complex diseases in 54,734 samples from the GERA cohort. For schizophrenia, we infer an overwhelmingly polygenic disease architecture in which ≥71% of 1-Mb genomic regions harbor ≥1 variant influencing schizophrenia risk. We also observe significant enrichment of heritability in GC-rich regions and in higher-frequency SNPs for both schizophrenia and GERA diseases. In bivariate analyses, we observe significant genetic correlations (ranging from 0.18 to 0.85) for several pairs of GERA diseases; genetic correlations were on average 1.3 tunes stronger than the correlations of overall disease liabilities. To accomplish these analyses, we developed a fast algorithm for multicomponent, multi-trait variance-components analysis that overcomes prior computational barriers that made such analyses intractable at this scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ru Loh
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gaurav Bhatia
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hilary K Finucane
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brendan K Bulik-Sullivan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuela J Pollack
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Teresa R de Candia
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Sang Hong Lee
- The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nick Patterson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Desikan RS, Schork AJ, Wang Y, Witoelar A, Sharma M, McEvoy LK, Holland D, Brewer JB, Chen CH, Thompson WK, Harold D, Williams J, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Pericak-Vance MA, Mayeux R, Haines JL, Farrer LA, Schellenberg GD, Heutink P, Singleton AB, Brice A, Wood NW, Hardy J, Martinez M, Choi SH, DeStefano A, Ikram MA, Bis JC, Smith A, Fitzpatrick AL, Launer L, van Duijn C, Seshadri S, Ulstein ID, Aarsland D, Fladby T, Djurovic S, Hyman BT, Snaedal J, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Gasser T, Andreassen OA, Dale AM. Genetic overlap between Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease at the MAPT locus. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1588-95. [PMID: 25687773 PMCID: PMC4539304 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the genetic overlap between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Using summary statistics (P-values) from large recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (total n=89 904 individuals), we sought to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associating with both AD and PD. We found and replicated association of both AD and PD with the A allele of rs393152 within the extended MAPT region on chromosome 17 (meta analysis P-value across five independent AD cohorts=1.65 × 10(-7)). In independent datasets, we found a dose-dependent effect of the A allele of rs393152 on intra-cerebral MAPT transcript levels and volume loss within the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Our findings identify the tau-associated MAPT locus as a site of genetic overlap between AD and PD, and extending prior work, we show that the MAPT region increases risk of Alzheimer's neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Desikan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Drs. Rahul S. Desikan and Anders M. Dale, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 8950 Villa La Jolla Drive, Suite C101, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037-0841, , , Phone: (858)-822-6671, Fax: (858)-534-1078, Dr. Ole A. Andreassen: KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Building 49, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway, , Ph: +47 23 02 73 50 (22 11 78 43 dir), Fax: +47 23 02 73 33
| | - Andrew J. Schork
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,NORMENT; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aree Witoelar
- NORMENT; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Manu Sharma
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research University of Tubingen, Germany,Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Linda K. McEvoy
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dominic Holland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James B. Brewer
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Hua Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Denise Harold
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales
| | - Julie Williams
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales
| | | | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology, Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, and Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Biostatistics, and Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Heutink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM 75, ICM; Inserm, U 1127, ICM; Cnrs, UMR 7225, ICM; ICM, Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas W. Wood
- UCL Genetics Institute; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Seung Hoi Choi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anita DeStefano
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA,The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Deparment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Lenore Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Deparment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Ingun Dina Ulstein
- Norwegian Centre for Dementia Research, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centre, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jon Snaedal
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospital Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,NORMENT; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Correspondence should be addressed to: Drs. Rahul S. Desikan and Anders M. Dale, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 8950 Villa La Jolla Drive, Suite C101, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037-0841, , , Phone: (858)-822-6671, Fax: (858)-534-1078, Dr. Ole A. Andreassen: KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Building 49, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway, , Ph: +47 23 02 73 50 (22 11 78 43 dir), Fax: +47 23 02 73 33
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Drs. Rahul S. Desikan and Anders M. Dale, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 8950 Villa La Jolla Drive, Suite C101, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037-0841, , , Phone: (858)-822-6671, Fax: (858)-534-1078, Dr. Ole A. Andreassen: KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Building 49, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway, , Ph: +47 23 02 73 50 (22 11 78 43 dir), Fax: +47 23 02 73 33
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|