Substrate adherence of newborn and adult human keratinocytes

A method to detect and analyze the proteins transferred to a collagen substrate following interaction of normal human keratinocytes with a collagen substrate is described. Keratinocytes are allowed to attach to a collagen substrate for 1 hour, and the attached cells are lysed with 0.1 N NaOH. When the keratinocytes are prelabeled with 3H-amino acids, cell surface proteins are transferred from the keratinocyte to the collagen substrate. The transferred proteins cannot be removed from the substrate by sulfhydryl reducing reagents, high concentrations of urea, or metal chelators. Treatment of the attached proteins with proteolytic enzymes (trypsin chymotrypsin) or with 2 M NaBr partially releases the proteins. More specific labeling of the attachment proteins can be obtained using 3H-tyrosine instead of a complete amino acid mixture. 3H-fucose is also incorporated and transferred, suggesting that one of the components of the attachment protein(s) is a glycoprotein. Antibodies prepared in rabbits to the attachment proteins inhibit the adherence of both primary and first-passaged keratinocytes, suggesting that these proteins may be a part of the protein glycoprotein complexes on the surface of keratinocytes involved in the adherence of keratinocytes to basement membranes.

Clinically driven design of multi-scale cancer models: the ContraCancrum project paradigm

The challenge of modelling cancer presents a major opportunity to improve our ability to reduce mortality from malignant neoplasms, improve treatments and meet the demands associated with the individualization of care needs. This is the central motivation behind the ContraCancrum project. By developing integrated multi-scale cancer models, ContraCancrum is expected to contribute to the advancement of in silico oncology through the optimization of cancer treatment in the patient-individualized context by simulating the response to various therapeutic regimens. The aim of the present paper is to describe a novel paradigm for designing clinically driven multi-scale cancer modelling by bringing together basic science and information technology modules. In addition, the integration of the multi-scale tumour modelling components has led to novel concepts of personalized clinical decision support in the context of predictive oncology, as is also discussed in the paper. Since clinical adaptation is an inelastic prerequisite, a long-term clinical adaptation procedure of the models has been initiated for two tumour types, namely non-small cell lung cancer and glioblastoma multiforme; its current status is briefly summarized.

Luzindole but not 4-phenyl-2- propionamidotetralin (4P-PDOT) diminishes the inhibitory effect of melatonin on murine Colon 38 cancer growth in vitro

OBJECTIVE

Our earlier studies have shown that MLT exerts the inhibitory effect on murine cancer via membrane and nuclear receptors. We have found that the antagonist of MT1 receptors does not diminish the antiproliferative effect of MLT on Colon 38 cells, and the contribution of MT2 receptors has been suggested to be responsible. Therefore, in the present study we have examined the influence of the 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin (4P-PDOT), which is a selective antagonist of MT2 membrane receptor, and luzindole - an antagonist of both membrane receptors, on an oncostatic action of MLT.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The murine cancer cell line Colon 38 was used in the experiments. In 48 hrs cell culture the effects of MLT, 4P-PDOT and luzindole administered alone and MLT applied jointly with either 4P-PDOT or luzindole were examined. The growth of cancer cells was assessed using the modified colorimetric Mosmann method.

RESULTS

Melatonin at both examined concentrations (10-7, 10-9 M) significantly decreased the viability of cancer cells. The selective antagonist of MT2 membrane receptor, namely 4P-PDOT and luzindole applied separately did not have an effect on the growth of Colon 38 cells. The addition of 4P-PDOT to MLT did not change the inhibitory effect of MLT, whereas luzindole given together with MLT diminished, but failed to block totally, the oncostatic properties of MLT.

CONCLUSIONS

The obtained data and our previous studies conducted on Colon 38 cancer indicate that membrane melatonin receptors are not indispensable to the oncostatic action of melatonin and thus other pathways such as nuclear signaling and receptor-independent mechanism may be also involved.

High repeatability of circadian prolactin rhythm assessment results in children

OBJECTIVES

In normal conditions, prolactin (Prl) secretion manifests a circadian pattern. So far, there have only been but few studies, concerning intrasubject variability and repeatability of the circadian Prl secretion pattern, based on pulse analysis. It seems, that macroscopic analysis based on measurement of Prl concentration at nine time points every 3 hours during 24 hours is an appropriate method to assess Prl profile for clinical purposes. The aim of the study was to assess the repeatability of that circadian Prl secretion pattern in a group of short children without hormonal disorders.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The analysis comprised the results of two circadian Prl profiles, performed from 2 to 14 months in 23 prepubertal children (16 boys) with idiopathic short stature, aged: 10.3+/-2.4 yrs.

RESULTS

There were no statistical differences between Prl concentrations at the same time points in the two consecutive profiles, but the comparison of Prl concentrations at 8:00 gave results which were close to the border of statistical significance (p=0.055), what indicated low repeatability of measurement results at that particular time point. There were no statistical differences between the values of particular parameters in macroscopic profile analysis in the first and in the second test.

CONCLUSION

Circadian Prl profile, based on nine Prl concentration measurements, taken every 3 hours during one day, is characterized by high repeatability of the results and low intrasubject variability in children, despite the results of Prl concentration at 08:00 o'clock.

Does melatonin play a role in aging processes?

Increasing number of people in advanced age is one of the most distinctive demographic events of the 21(st) century which raise many social and medical issues. Therefore, there is a search for any therapeutic agent improving the quality of life of the elderly. Melatonin, the hormone of the pineal gland, received recently a great deal of attention because of its suggested role in aging processes and availability as over-the-counter drug or food supplement in some countries, including Poland. In this survey the basic data on the possible role of melatonin in human aging as well as its possible therapeutic significance are reviewed and discussed.

Assessment of insulin-like growth factor-I serum concentration as a screening procedure in diagnosing children with short stature

OBJECTIVES

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) secretion is growth hormone (GH) dependent. However the data on using IGF-I assessment as a screening procedure in diagnosing GH deficiency are not consistent. The goal of the study was an analysis of the relations between GH secretion in stimulating tests and plasma IGF-I concentration.

PATIENTS & METHODS

The analysis comprised 540 children with short stature in whom two standard GH stimulating tests (GHST) were performed, together with an assessment of plasma IGF-I concentration. The relationships between GH peak in both tests and IGF-I secretion were analysed.

RESULTS

There was no correlation either between GH peaks in different tests or between GH and IGF-I secretion in particular patients. Moreover, both the mean IGF-I concentration was similar in the patients with normal and subnormal results of GHST and the mean GH peak in GHST presented similar in the groups of children with normal and decreased IGF-I secretion.

CONCLUSIONS

Assessment of IGF-I secretion fails to be a screening procedure for the results of GHST. The lack of correlation between the results of two GHST should be taken into account when evaluating the significance of GHST and IGF-I assessment in diagnosing GH deficiency.

Increased melatonin concentrations in children with growth hormone deficiency

A relationship between melatonin and growth hormone (GH) is poorly understood. We compare circadian melatonin rhythms in short children with normal and decreased GH secretion. The analysis included 22 children (20 boys and 2 girls) aged 11.1-16.9 yr (mean +/- S.E.M. = 14.1 +/- 0.3 yr) with short stature (height SDS below -2.0). Based on the GH peak in stimulation tests patients were divided into two groups: idiopathic short stature (ISS, n = 11; GH peak > or = 10 ng/mL) and GH deficiency (GHD, n = 11; GH peak < 10 ng/mL). In all patients the circadian melatonin rhythm was assessed on the basis of nine blood samples, collected in 4-hr intervals during the daytime and 2-hr intervals at night, with dark period lasting from 22:00 to 06:00 hr. Magnetic resonance imaging examination excluded organic abnormalities in central nervous system in all patients. Melatonin concentration at 24:00, 02:00 and 04:00 hr as well as the area under curve of melatonin concentrations (AUC) were significantly higher in the patients with GHD than in individuals with ISS. Significant correlations between GH secretion and melatonin concentrations at 24:00, 02:00 and 04:00 hr, and AUC were also observed. On the basis of these data it seems that the assessment of nocturnal melatonin secretion might be a valuable diagnostic tool used for the improvement of the difficult diagnosis of short stature in children.

Inflammatory cytokines induce the transformation of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells into myofibroblasts: a potential role in skin fibrogenesis

BACKGROUND

The myofibroblast plays a central role in wound contraction and in the pathology of fibrosis. The origin(s) of this important cell type in skin has not been firmly established.

METHODS

Human epithelioid dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) were isolated from foreskin tissue and maintained in cell culture. The transformation of epithelioid HDMEC into myofibroblasts (EMT) was induced by the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the transformed cells were characterized by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR.

RESULTS

After short-term exposure to IL-1beta or TNF-alpha (<3 days), EMT was reversible; after long-term exposure (>10 days), EMT was permanent. The transformed cells were identified as myofibroblasts by cytoplasmic microfilaments with dense bodies and attachment plaques, by the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, type I collagen and calponin, and by quantitative RT-PCR gene expression of type I collagen and alpha-smooth muscle actin.

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term exposure to TNF-alpha or IL-1beta induced the permanent transformation of HDMEC into myofibroblasts in cell culture. A similar transformation following chronic inflammatory stimulation in vivo may explain one source of myofibroblasts in skin fibrogenesis.

Structural Abnormalities in the Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle in Patients With Congenital Blepharoptosis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

To evaluate structural and ultrastructural abnormalities of the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) complex in patients with congenital blepharoptosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Samples of the LPS complex were obtained from patients operated on for congenital blepharoptosis between 2000 and 2001 and studied under light microscopy (15 cases) and electron microscopy (9 cases).

RESULTS

Findings of light microscopy evaluation of the LPS complex correlated closely with the clinical grading of congenital blepharoptosis-hypoplasia, decreased number and varying diameter of muscle fibers, and fibrous tissue hyperplasia in the endomysium and perimysium. The Müller's muscle preserved a normal appearance. Mild blepharoptosis revealed proliferation of collagen fibers on electron microscopy. Moderate blepharoptosis showed abnormal distribution of myofibrils and distortion of the tubular system and mitochondria in addition to the changes observed in mild blepharoptosis. Severe blepharoptosis showed mitochondria loss, cytoplasm thinning, and homogenous fiber areas in addition to the changes observed in mild and moderate blepharoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The clinical degree of severity of congenital blepharoptosis correlates positively with the degree of histopathologic changes in the levator palpebrae superioris muscle.

Melatonin in humans

Melatonin, the hormone of the pineal gland, received a great deal of attention in the last decade because of its availability as over-the-counter drug or food supplement in some countries and suggested role in many vital physiological processes. Melatonin secretion is not restricted to mammals but is also produced in nonmammalian vertebrates, in some invertebrates, and in many plants, with the same molecular structure. The synthesis of melatonin is strictly controlled by lighting conditions and shows a clear circadian rhythm with low values during the daytime and significant increase at night. In this survey the basic data on melatonin significance in human physiology and in pathological processes as well as its possible therapeutic significance are reviewed and discussed.

Primary stenting in the treatment of focal atherosclerotic abdominal aortic stenoses

AIM

To evaluate the results of primary stent placement in focal atherosclerotic aortic stenoses using balloon expandable stents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-six primary balloon expandable stent placements in the abdominal aorta were performed and reviewed. All the aortic stenoses were atherosclerotic. Patients were followed up by ankle/brachial pressure indices (ABPI) and Doppler ultrasound (US) at 24h after procedure and at 12 and 24 months. Follow-up angiograms were performed at 12 months.

RESULTS

Twenty-six stents in 26 patients were placed in the infrarenal aorta. All procedures were technically successful and immediate clinical success was obtained. The mean ABPI significantly improved from 0.52+/-0.10 to 0.94+/-0.09 within 24h after procedure, and remained at 0.90+/-0.12 between 12 and 24 months follow-up (mean 18 months). There was full haemodynamic success at hospital discharge and at 12 and 24 months after the procedure. Clinical success at 12 and 24 months (mean 18 months) was defined as an improvement in the Fontaine classification by at least one class compared with the pre-procedure class and was shown to be 100%.

CONCLUSION

In summary, we report that primary stenting is a safe and effective alternative to surgery in cases of symptomatic stenosis of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. The excellent intermediate term results suggested that we would recommend primary stenting as the treatment of choice for focal atherosclerotic stenoses of the infrarenal aorta in selected patients.

Growth-inhibitory action of melatonin and thiazolidinedione derivative CGP 52608 on murine 16/C breast cancer cells

OBJECTIVES

Melatonin may influence directly tumor cells through the specific binding sites. The best known melatonin binding sites are membrane receptors. Recently, the participation of nuclear signalling via estrogen as well as RZR/ROR receptors in oncostatic action of melatonin on the breast cancer has been widely discussed. The aim of present study was to investigate effects of melatonin, the selective ligand for nuclear RZR/ROR receptors - CGP 52608, and methotrexate on growth of murine 16/C breast cancer cells.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was performed in vitro. The breast cancer cells were incubated for 2 days in the presence of melatonin, CGP 52608 (at concentrations of 10(-5)M, 10(-7)M, 10(-9)M, 10-(11)M ) and methotrexate (at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.125 microg/ml). The growth of cells was measured using the modified Mossman method.

RESULTS

All examined compounds significantly inhibited the growth of cancer cells. The effects of MLT and CGP 52 608 were comparable with suppression caused by methotrexate. The significant differences of efficacy between two examined concentrations of methotrexate were not observed.

CONCLUSION

The obtained data together with our previous results indicate that nuclear receptors RZR/ROR play an important, although not sufficiently recognized role in the oncostatic action of melatonin.

Melatonin synthesized by Jurkat human leukemic T cell line is implicated in IL-2 production

Human lymphocytes have recently been described as an important physiological source of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), which could be involved in the regulation of the human immune system. On the other hand, stimulation of IL-2 production by exogenous melatonin has been shown in the Jurkat human lymphocytic cell line. Furthermore, both melatonin membrane and nuclear receptors are present in these cells. In this study, we show that the necessary machinery to synthesize melatonin is present and active in resting and stimulated Jurkat cells. Accordingly, we have found that cells synthesize and release melatonin in both conditions. Therefore, we investigated whether endogenous melatonin produced by Jurkat cells was involved in the regulation of IL-2 production. When melatonin membrane and nuclear receptors were blocked using specific antagonists, luzindole and CGP 55644, respectively, we found that IL-2 production decreased, and this drop was reverted by exogenous melatonin. Additionally, PHA activation of Jurkat cells changed the profile of melatonin nuclear receptor mRNA expression. A previous study showed that exogenous melatonin is able to counteract the decrease in IL-2 production caused by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in human lymphocytes via its membrane receptor. In our model, when we blocked the melatonin membrane receptor with luzindole, the inhibitory effect of PGE2 on IL-2 production was higher. Therefore, we have demonstrated the physiological role of endogenous melatonin in this cell line. These findings indicate that endogenous melatonin synthesized by human T cells would contribute to regulation of its own IL-2 production, acting as an intracrine, autocrine, and/or paracrine substance.

Decreased melatonin nocturnal concentrations in hemodialyzed patients

OBJECTIVES

In spite of broad interest, intensive studies on function of melatonin have not yielded much information about relationships between this hormone and kidneys in health, and particularity, in disease. There are only a few studies dealing with melatonin concentrations in renal diseases, mainly performed in hemodialyzed patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Moreover, the most melatonin assays were performed during the daytime, and the results are conflicting. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the circadian melatonin profiles in patients ESRD before and after hemodialysis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Thirty patients (19 males and 11 females) with ESRD undergoing dialysis, aged 22 to 64 years (mean+/-SEM: 49.1.0+/-1.9 years) were included in the study. The control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers (13 males and 7 females) aged 35 to 55 years (mean+/-SEM: 46.2+/-1.4 years) matched according to sex and age. Blood samples were collected on the day preceding hemodialysis and one day following dialysis at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00, 02:00, 04:00, and 08:00 h. Melatonin concentration was measured by enzyme immunoassay.

RESULTS

In patients with renal insufficiency undergoing dialysis mean melatonin nocturnal concentrations were significantly lower then those in healthy volunteers. The presence of the circadian rhythm in melatonin concentrations (although of significantly lower nocturnal amplitude) was detected only in 8 patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis, whereas in remaining 22 patients no such rhythm was found. Hemodialysis did not influence melatonin concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS

The mechanism of depressed melatonin concentrations in hemodialyzed patients observed in our study remains unclear. However, it seems possible that decline in melatonin levels is due to impairment in adrenergic function that occurs in renal failure. Because the studies on the melatonin secretion in chronic renal failure bring about conflicting results, the relationship between renal diseases and melatonin secretion needs further investigations.

Serum melatonin circadian profiles in women suffering from cervical cancer

Although there is an increasing evidence that the pineal gland may play a role in human malignancy, the studies on melatonin concentrations in different types of malignant tumors brought about controversial results. However, changes in melatonin concentrations have been observed in some types of human malignant tumors. Therefore, we decided to study the circadian melatonin rhythm in patients suffering from cervical cancer in different stages of progression and to compare them with those in subjects free from neoplastic disease. A total of 45 women were analyzed in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 31 patients [mean age 52.1 +/- 1.8 yr (mean +/- S.E.M.), range 32-77 yr] with cervical cancer in various stages of the disease. The second group consisted of 14 healthy volunteers [mean age 53.5 +/- 2.0 yr (mean +/- S.E.M.), range 42-63] who served as the control group. Blood samples were collected at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 22:00, 24:00, 02:00, 04:00, 06:00, and 08:00 hours. Melatonin concentration was measured by immunoenzymatic method. There were significant differences in circadian melatonin profiles as well as in the area under curve among the two studied groups. Melatonin concentrations were significantly lower in cancer patients in comparison with healthy individuals. Taking into consideration stage of the cervical cancer significantly lower melatonin secretion has been found in all subgroups of patients in comparison with that of tumor-free control group. Additionally, nocturnal melatonin concentrations as well as area under curve were significantly lower in advanced stage of cancer (stages 3 and 4) in comparison with patients with preinvasive cancer (stage 0) at 24:00, 02:00, and 04:00 hours and patients with stage 1 disease at 02:00 and 04:00 hours. The results of the present study indicate that the presence of cervical cancer influences melatonin levels in women. Moreover, stage dependence in reduction of melatonin concentrations has been found.

Human lymphocyte-synthesized melatonin is involved in the regulation of the interleukin-2/interleukin-2 receptor system

Since melatonin was first isolated in 1958 up to the last few years, this substance was considered a hormone exclusive to the pineal gland. Although melatonin has lately been identified in a large number of extrapineal sites, its potential biological actions have not yet been studied. This paper shows that human lymphocyte-synthesized melatonin plays a crucial role modulating IL-2/IL-2 receptor system because when blocking melatonin biosynthesis by the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, parachlorophenylalanine, both IL-2 and IL-2 receptor levels fell, restoring them by adding exogenous melatonin. Moreover, we demonstrated that this endogenous melatonin interfered with the exogenous melatonin effect on IL-2 production. Melatonin exerted these effects by a receptor-mediated action mechanism because both IL-2 and IL-2 receptor expressions significantly decreased when lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of the specific membrane and/or nuclear melatonin receptor antagonists, luzindole, and/or CGP 55644, respectively. Finally, we made the real significance of the membrane melatonin receptors in this process clear, so prostaglandin E(2)-induced inhibition on IL-2 production increased when we blocked the membrane receptors using luzindole. In conclusion, these data show that endogenous melatonin is an essential part for an accurate response of human lymphocytes through the modulation of IL-2/IL-2 receptor system.

Melatonin circadian rhythm in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia

OBJECTIVES

Relationship between melatonin and prolactin has been suggested on the basis of both experimental and clinical studies. However, there are scarce and controversial data concerning melatonin concentrations in hyperprolactinemic patients. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the circadian rhythm of melatonin in female patients suffering from hyperprolactinemia.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was performed on 28 women aged 17-58 years (mean+/-SEM: 30.5+/-1.8 years) suffering from idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and 14 healthy volunteers aged 20-50 years (mean+/-SEM: 36.4+/-3.0 years) with normal prolactin levels. Blood samples for measurements of serum melatonin and prolactin concentrations were collected at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00, 02:00, 04:00, 06:00, and 08:00 h. Melatonin and prolactin concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay.

RESULTS

Significant increase in melatonin serum concentrations was also observed in hyperprolactinemic patients in comparison with healthy volunteers during the night. Similar increase was also observed in the area under curve of melatonin concentrations. However, no correlation was found between prolactin and melatonin concentrations in any examined time points.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study confirm suggestions of the presence of the relationship between melatonin and prolactin secretion.

Melatonin, human aging, and age-related diseases

The worldwide prolongation of the mean life expectancy has resulted in a rapid increase of the size of the elderly population (over the age of 60), both in numbers and as a proportion of the whole. As a consequence, increasing the number of potential beneficiaries of health and pension funds, mainly those aged 65 and over raises many social and economic problems since they are supported by a relatively smaller number of potential contributors, i.e. those in the economically active ages between 18 and 64. Therefore, there is a search for any therapeutic agent improving quality of life in the elderly. A role for melatonin as such a compound was recently suggested. In this survey, data on the possible role of melatonin in human aging and age-related diseases are briefly presented. Undoubtedly the aging process is multi-factorial, and no single factor has been identified which satisfactorily explains the phenomenon. Although many theories relating the pineal gland and its secretory product melatonin to aging have been proposed, the role of this agent in the aging process is still unclear. However, for several reasons it seems reasonable to postulate a role for melatonin in this process. Melatonin levels decline gradually over the life-span and may be related to lowered sleep efficacy, very often associated with advancing age, as well as to deterioration of many circadian rhythms. Melatonin exhibits immunomodulatory properties, and a remodeling of immune system function is an integral part of aging. Finally, because melatonin is a potent free radical scavenger, its deficiency may result in reduced antioxidant protection in the elderly which may have significance not only for aging per se but also may contribute to the incidence or severity of some age-related diseases. Presently available data do not allow us to conclude that melatonin may have a role in extending normal longevity. However, although melatonin cannot be recognized as 'rejuvenating' agent, some of its actions may be beneficial for the aging process. Administration of melatonin may improve temporal organization in advanced age. Moreover, it has beneficial effects on sleep as well as age-related diseases. Although recommendations of melatonin supplementation in elderly should be considered, there is a need for extensive studies on the use of melatonin in order to improve the quality of life in advanced age.

Electromagnetic fields and human endocrine system

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMF) are commonly present in daily life all over the world. Moreover, EMF are used in the physiotherapy of many diseases because of their beneficial effects. There is widespread public concern that EMF may have potential consequences for human health. Although experimental animal studies indicate that EMF may influence secretion of some hormones, the data on the effects of EMF on human endocrine system are scarce. Most of the results concentrate on influence of EMF on secretion of melatonin. In this review, the data on the influence of EMF on human endocrine system are briefly presented and discussed.

The influence of chronic exposure to low frequency pulsating magnetic fields on concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone and estradiol in men with back pain

OBJECTIVES

There is widespread public concern that electromagnetic fields might be hazardous. However, studies on the biological effects of magnetic fields (MFs) have not always been consistent. Influence of extremely-low frequency MFs used in physiotherapy on endocrine system was rarely examined. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the concentrations of some pituitary (FSH, LH, prolactin) and sex (testosterone, estradiol) hormones in men with back pain exposed to magnetic fields applied during magnetotherapy or magnetostimulation over the period of three weeks.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was performed on 20 men aged 28-62 years (mean+/-SEM: 46.4+/-2.0 years) suffering from chronic low back pain who underwent magnetotherapy (10 patients, mean age+/-SEM: 48.4 years, range: 28-62 years) or subjected to magnetostimulation (10 patients, mean age+/-SEM: 44.3 years, range: 34-52 years) for 15 days (daily at 10:00 h, with weekend breaks). Blood samples were collected at 08:00 before magnetic field application, one day and one month following the application. Concentrations of hormones were measured by micromethod of chemiluminescence.

RESULTS

Both magnetotherapy and magnetostimulation lowered levels of prolactin. The levels of LH decreased significantly one month after magnetotherapy in comparison with the baseline whereas following magnetostimulation slight but insignificant increase was observed. Estradiol concentrations were significantly lower one day and one month following magnetosimulation in comparison to the baseline and did not change after magnetotherapy. No statistically significant changes were observed in levels of FSH and testosterone after either magnetotherapy or magnetosimulation at any time examined.

CONCLUSION

Magnetic fields applied in physiotherapy exert no or very subtle effect on concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone, and estradiol in men.

Ultrastructure of pinealocytes in mice implanted with Colon 38 adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVES

Relationship between the pineal gland and neoplastic disease has been repeatedly shown in many both experimental and clinical studies. However, morphological studies of the pineal gland in animals with experimentally-induced tumors are rare. Therefore, we decided to investigate the ultrastructure of pinealocytes in mice with implanted Colon 38 adenocarcinoma.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Male adult B6D2F1 mice were used in this study. The animals were divided into two groups. Eight mice were subcutaneously implanted with Colon 38 cell suspension, whereas the other eight intact animals served as controls. Three weeks after tumor implantation four animals from each group were sacrificed by spinal cord dislocation at 12:00 h or 24:00 h. The pineal glands were removed and processed for electron microscopic studies. The cross-sectional areas of the pinealocyte and its nucleus, and relative volume of mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, granular endoplasmic reticulum, and lipid droplets, as well as the number of dense-core vesicles were estimated using a digital analyzer connected on-line to IBM-PC computer. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Student's t-test and Snedecor F test.

RESULTS

In the pineal glands of the tumor-bearing animals killed during the daytime diminished size of pinealocytes and their nuclei, decreased relative volume of granular endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and lipid droplets as well as decreased number of dense-core vesicles were observed. On the contrary, the relative volumes of mitochondria and Golgi apparatus were increased in these animals. In the tumor-bearing animals killed at night, however, increased cross-sectional areas of pinealocytes, and decreased number of dense-core vesicles were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of our study suggest that the presence of the malignant tumor influences the morphology of pineal cells in mice. Considering the fact that different patterns of ultrastructural changes were demonstrated in pinealocytes in different tumor types in various species, it seems that the character of the ultrastructural changes observed in tumor-bearing animals depends on the animal species and tumor type.

Etiopathogenesis of Graves' disease

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder, caused by thyroid-stimulating antibodies, which bind to and activate the thyrotropin receptor on thyroid cells, inducing the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones. It is a polygenic and multifactorial disease that develops as a result of complex interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental and/or endogenous factors. Graves' disease differs from other autoimmune diseases of the thyroid by specific clinical features, including hyperthyroidism, vascular goitre, ophthalmopathy and--less commonly--infiltrative dermopathy. This article discusses current theories, regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of Graves' disease, including possible predisposing factors, autoimmune aspects of Graves' disease, ophthalmopathy, and dermopathy.

Melatonin inhibits growth of diethylstilbestrol-induced prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor in vitro: possible involvement of nuclear RZR/ROR receptors

Melatonin exerts a marked antiproliferative action in numerous experimentally-induced tumors in vivo as well as in both animal and human cell lines in vitro. However, the mechanisms of oncostatic action of melatonin is not clear, and the involvement of both membrane and nuclear receptors are suggested. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate effects of melatonin, and both agonist (CGP 52608), and antagonist (CGP 55644) of RZR/ROR nuclear receptors on the growth of diethylstilbestrol-induced rat prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor cells in vitro. Pituitary tumors were induced by subcutaneous implantation of a single silastic capsule containing 10 mg of diethylstilbestrol in 4-wk-old male Fischer 344 rats. Four months after the implantation of capsules the animals were killed by decapitation, pituitary tumors were aseptically removed, mechanically dispersed, and enzymatically digested with 0.2% collagenase and 0.2% hyaluronidase. The cells (6 x 105 cells/well) were incubated for 24 hr in the presence of melatonin, CGP 52608, CGP 55644 and CGP 55644 plus melatonin (at the concentrations of 107 and 10-9 m) at 37 degrees C in the humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. The group with the addition of solvent only served as control. The growth of cell was measured using the EZ4U system. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by LSD test. Both melatonin and CGP 52608 significantly suppressed growth of tumor cells in vitro in both used concentrations. CGP 55644 stimulated growth of tumor cells and blocked the inhibitory effects of melatonin in vitro. Results of the present study as well as other experimental evidence strongly support the hypothesis that both membrane and nuclear receptors are involved in the oncostatic action of melatonin, and indicate that nuclear signalling plays an important role in this process.

Effect of superior cervical ganglionectomy on the ultrastructure of pinealocytes in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus): quantitative study

OBJECTIVES

Superior cervical ganglia are of crucial importance in regulating the secretion of the pineal hormone melatonin. Changes in pineal morphology have been observed in many mammalian species after sympathectomy. Therefore, we decided to investigate the ultrastructure of Djungarian hamster pinealocytes following superior cervical ganglionectomy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Eight adult female Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) were used in this study. The superior cervical ganglia were removed bilaterally in four animals, whereas the other four animals served as sham-operated controls. The pineal glands were removed four weeks after the operation and processed for electron microscopic study. The cross-sectional areas of pinealocyte and its nucleus, and relative volume of mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, granular endoplasmic reticulum, and glycogen particles as well as the numbers of dense-core vesicles and "synaptic" ribbons were estimated using a digital analyzer connected on-line to IBM-PC computer. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Student's t test and Snedecor F test.

RESULTS

Significant reduction in the cross-sectional areas of the pinealocyte and its nucleus as well as in the relative volumes of mitochondria and glycogen particles was observed after superior cervical ganglionectomy in comparison with sham-operated controls. Sympathectomy resulted also in reduction of the number of dense-core vesicles. On the contrary 2,5 fold increase in the number of "synaptic" ribbons was observed in ganglionectomized animals in comparison to sham-operated controls.

CONCLUSION

Deprivation of sympathetic innervation leads in Djungarian hamsters not only to suppression of melatonin synthesis and secretions but, as appears from our studies, induces also morphological changes suggesting lower metabolic and secretory activity of pinealocytes.

Melatonin and aging

Although many theories relating the pineal secretory product melatonin to aging have been put forward, the role of this agent in the aging process is not clear. However, there are several reasons to postulate a role for melatonin in this process. Melatonin levels fall gradually over the life-span. Melatonin is a potent free radical scavenger. Melatonin deficiency is related to suppressed immunocompetence. In at least one animal model melatonin supplementation increased life-span although several other studies have failed. The aging process is multifactorial, and no single element seems to be of basic importance. It seems, however, that although melatonin can not be univocally recognized as a substance delaying aging, some of its actions may be beneficial for the process of aging. However, the precise role of melatonin in the aging process remains to be determined.

Oncostatic action of melatonin: facts and question marks

The paper presents the data concerning the in vivo effects of melatonin on experimentally-induced tumors in animals and the in vitro effects on animal and human tumor cells. The majority of experimental tumors responded to the melatonin treatment with growth inhibition. However, some negative or opposite results (i.e. stimulation of tumor instead of inhibition) were also reported. Some of the negative results can be attributed to the improper timing of melatonin administration. Melatonin was also shown to inhibit the growth of several animal and human tumor cell lines in vitro. On the basis of these experiments, a hypothesis of the oncostatic action of melatonin was put forward. The mechanism of the postulated action is complex and probably includes: 1) modulation of the endocrine system; 2) modulation of the immune system; 3) the direct oncostatic action of melatonin on tumor cells. The latter includes the recently discovered anti-oxidative action which probably plays an important role in the countering the DNA damage during the radiation challenge or the exposure to chemical carcinogens. It also includes the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects exerted via melatonin receptors expressed by tumor cells. The involvement of the membrane melatonin receptors is mainly assumed. However, the recent data from our and other laboratories suggest also the involvement of RZR/ROR receptors (the putative melatonin nuclear receptors) in both melatonin-induced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis.

Expression of melatonin MT(1) and MT(2) receptors, and ROR alpha(1) receptor in transplantable murine Colon 38 cancer

OBJECTIVES

There are some data suggesting that melatonin exerts oncostatic action through membrane as well as nuclear receptors. In previous studies we demonstrated the antiproliferative and proapoptotic action of melatonin on transplantable murine Colon 38 adenocarcinoma cells. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether the membrane melatonin receptors MT(1) and MT(2) as well as the nuclear receptor RZR/ROR alpha are expressed in Colon 38 cells.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Adult male B6D2F1 mice were used in this experiment. The induction of tumor was conducted by subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mL of a 33% suspension of Colon 38 cancer cells into axillary region. Expression of mRNA encoding MT(1) and MT(2) melatonin membrane receptors was studied by RT-PCR analysis, and expression of ROR alpha(1) nuclear receptor protein was studied by Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

The expression of mRNA encoding both MT(1) and MT(2) melatonin receptors was demonstrated in Colon 38 cancer cells. Moreover, immunodetection revealed the expression of MT(1) and ROR alpha(1) proteins in these cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our studies on Colon 38 adenocarcinoma cells support the concept that both membrane and nuclear receptors are involved in the oncostatic action of melatonin.

Melatonin and magnetic fields

There is public health concern raised by epidemiological studies indicating that extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields generated by electric power distribution systems in the environment may be hazardous. Possible carcinogenic effects of magnetic field in combination with suggested oncostatic action of melatonin lead to the hypothesis that the primary effects of electric and magnetic fields exposure is a reduction of melatonin synthesis which, in turn, may promote cancer growth. In this review the data on the influence of magnetic fields on melatonin synthesis, both in the animals and humans, are briefly presented and discussed.

Melatonin in clinical oncology

The aim of this article is provide a survey of the current knowledge relating to the analysis of melatonin and its administration to cancer patients. On the basis of this compilation of data it can be discussed under which conditions melatonin may be used for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes in clinical oncology. Melatonin is depressed in patients with cancers of different origins during the phase of primary tumour growth whereas a normal or sometimes elevated pineal melatonin secretory activity is found during early stages of tumour development or when recidivations arise. The clinical studies of Lissoni show that melatonin, particularly if combined with interleukin-2, is able to favourably influence the course of advanced malignant disease leading to a prolonged survival as well as to an improved quality of life. These findings require to be verified by independent and controlled replication studies. If they can be confirmed it should be attempted to administer melatonin to patients with earlier stages of cancer parallel to standard oncological treatment regimens. In such trials it should be tested whether a substitutional therapy in patients with endogenously depressed melatonin may favourably affect the course of the disease both in quantitative (inhibitory effect on tumour growth and spread) and qualitative terms (improved performance status).

Circadian serum melatonin profiles in patients suffering from chronic renal failure

OBJECTIVES

In spite of broad interest, intensive studies on function of melatonin have not yielded much information about relationships between this hormone and kidneys in health, and particularity, in disease. Very little is known about the circadian plasma melatonin concentrations in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). There are only a few studies dealing with melatonin concentrations in renal diseases, mainly performed in hemodialyzed patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Moreover, the most melatonin assays were performed during the daytime, and the results are conflicting. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the circadian melatonin profiles in patients with different stages of CRF.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twenty four patients (13 males and 11 females) with CRF aged 35 to 58 years (mean+/-SEM: 47.0+/-1.6 years) were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 -- patients with compensated CRF (serum creatinine: 2.0-5.0 mg/dL), group 2 -- patients with ESRD (serum creatinine: > 8,0 mg/dL). The control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers (10 males and 10 females) aged 35 to 55 years (mean+/-SEM: 46.0+/-1.5 years) checked not to have renal failure [serum creatinine: 0.8-1.4 mg/dL], and matched according to sex and age. Blood samples were collected at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00, 02:00, 04:00, and 08:00 h. Melatonin concentration was measured by enzyme immunoassay.

RESULTS

In both groups of patients with chronic renal failure, i.e. in patients with compensated disease and in patients with end-stage renal disease melatonin nocturnal concentrations were significantly lower then those in healthy volunteers. Moreover, in patients with compensated renal failure also day-time melatonin concentrations were significantly depressed. Area under curve was significantly lower in both groups of patients in comparison with the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

The mechanism of depressed melatonin concentrations in CRF observed in our study remains unclear. However, it seems possible that decline in melatonin levels is due to impairment in adrenergic function that occurs in CRF. Because the studies on the melatonin secretion in CRF bring about conflicting results, the relationship between renal diseases and melatonin secretion needs further investigations.

Future of melatonin as a therapeutic agent

Report of the round table conference summarizing the International Symposium on "Melatonin: Clinical Significance and Therapeutic Applications" is presented in this article. Some sleep disorders and circadian rhythm disturbances are the widely accepted indications for melatonin treatment. However, other possibilities for use of melatonin in the therapy should be also taken into account, including a co-treatment in cancer patients and free radical-related diseases. All aspects of the possible therapeutic use of melatonin as well as its safety, dosage, side effects and contraindications are discussed herein based on the round table conference and they are presented in this paper.

Effects of six months melatonin treatment on sleep quality and serum concentrations of estradiol, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and somatomedin C in elderly women

OBJECTIVES

The role of melatonin is aging is still under debate. Therefore, an open pilot study on the effects of melatonin administration on some sleep parameters, routine hematological and biochemical parameters, and concentrations of hormones was performed in elderly women.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The study was performed on 14 women (volunteers), aged from 64 to 80 years (mean age 71+/-4.6 years). Melatonin (2 mg daily at 19:00 h) was administered during 6 months. Before and after melatonin treatment the peripheral venous blood samples were taken in the morning (approx. at 08:00 h) after the overnight fast. The total blood count, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides were estimated by routine laboratory methods. The serum concentrations of the following hormones were determined: 17-beta-estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol, and somatomedin C (IGF-I). Additionally, before and after 6 months of melatonin therapy the investigated subjects answered to a questionnaire dealing with sleep parameters and self-estimation of general health status.

RESULTS

In 35.7% of investigated subjects an improvement in general sleep quality and in such sleep parameters as sleep initiation, sleep latency, number of awakenings episodes, wake time after sleep onset, was observed. A significant decrease of estradiol concentrations was observed after 6 months of the melatonin treatment in comparison to initial levels. IGF-I was found to be slightly but significantly increased after the 6 months melatonin therapy. Cortisol levels did not change significantly, during the melatonin treatment. DHEAS concentrations increased after melatonin therapy. Moreover, a tendency towards a higher DHEAS/cortisol ratio was found after 6 months of treatment. Melatonin treatment did not influence significantly either the parameters of total blood count or glucose and serum lipids levels.

CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of this preliminary open study it seems that melatonin administration may be beneficial for elderly subjects.

Effects of melatonin and melatonin receptors ligand N-[(4-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl]propanamide on murine Colon 38 cancer growth in vitro and in vivo

OBJECTIVES

Our previous study suggest that oncostatic action of melatonin (MLT) depends mainly on nuclear RZR/ROR receptors. However, we cannot exclude the involvement of membrane receptors in the control of tumor growth. In the present study the effects of MLT and N-[(4-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl]propanamide (UCM 386 - antagonist of membrane MT(1) receptor and partial agonist of membrane MT(2) receptor) on murine transplantable Colon 38 cancer were investigated in vitro and in vivo conditions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiments were performed on adult male B6D2F1 mice strain. In vitro the cell proliferation was measured using modified Mosmann method. In the experiment performed in vivo, we assessed the cell proliferation, apoptosis and proliferation/apoptosis ratio (P/A). The incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into tumor cell nuclei was used as an index of cell proliferation (labeling index-LI). The labeling of apoptotic cells according to TUNEL method was considered as an index of apoptosis (AI).

RESULTS

In vitro MLT and UCM 386 decreased the cell proliferation, but administration of MLT and UCM 386 together did not change the inhibitory effect of MLT alone. In vivo MLT and UCM 386 alone decreased LI and the addition of UCM 386 to MLT did not diminish the antiproliferative effect of MLT. Melatonin and UCM 386 injected alone also increased the AI. Moreover, both compounds given together exerted the additive effect on tumor apoptosis. MLT and UCM 386 alone or together also significantly decreased P/A ratio which is additional parameter confirming the inhibition of tumor growth.

CONCLUSION

The obtained data together with our earlier observations suggest that oncostatic effect of MLT depends on acting via both MT(2) and RZR/ROR nuclear receptors

Melatonin and RZR/ROR receptor ligand CGP 52608 induce apoptosis in the murine colonic cancer

The effects of melatonin and the thiazolinidinedione derivative CGP 52608 on apoptosis of Colon 38 cancer cells were investigated. Male mice were implanted subcutaneously with a suspension of Colon 38 cells. Ten days after induction of tumors, the animals were treated with melatonin or CGP 52608. Both substances were given in subcutaneous injections in daily doses of 10 or 100 microg in the evening for 6 days. The control group received solvent. The apoptotic cells were visualized in paraffin sections by means of the transferase-mediated dUTPnick end-labeling method. Both treatments increased significantly and to the same degree the number of apoptotic cells in tumors. This finding confirms our earlier observation that melatonin exerts a pro-apoptotic effect on murine colonic cancer cells. Moreover, because CGP 52608 is a ligand of RZR/ROR receptors and the latter are considered by some investigators as nuclear binding sites for melatonin, our data suggest the involvement of these receptors in the pro-apoptotic effect of melatonin.

Melatonin in humans-where we are 40 years after its discovery

Although the pineal gland was well known for more than 2000 years and has been documented since Galen (130-200 AD), for many centuries different theories concerning its function were presented. The organ was believed to be a sphincter (ancient Greeks), the point at which the soul preeminently controls the body (Descartes, 1596-1650), a rudimentary organ (up to the 19th century), and a gland having endocrine function. Endocrine function of the pineal was postulated already at the end of 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century with the notion of antigonadotropic pineal influence, and the functional cooperation between the pineal and hypothalamo-hypophysial axis, but no secretory substance responsible for the gland function was known. In 1958 Lerner and coworkers succeeded in isolating from bovine pineal glands the compound termed melatonin because of its blanching effect on melanophores. This discovery constituted the milestone for further pineal research. Since then the knowledge of the structure and function of the pineal gland has tremendously increased, especially during the last two decades. However, it should be stressed that many problems in pineal research still must be solved. In this paper, the recent knowledge on the role of melatonin in humans is briefly presented.

Pineal gland, melatonin and cancer. NEL Review

Studies on the relationship between the pineal gland, melatonin and neoplastic disease have recently become one of the most fascinating aspects of pineal research. The first data suggesting a link between the pineal and cancer were published 70 years ago. However, the real progress in this area of research has been made in the last two decades. The bulk of the experimental evidence indicates the influence of the pineal gland on the malignant tumor formation and/or growth. The majority of reports point toward the oncostatic action of the pineal, exerted most probably by its hormone, melatonin, via different mechanisms, including modulation of endocrine and immune systems and direct antiproliferative action. The mechanisms of the oncostatic action of the pineal seem to be, however, very complex. There is some indication that the pineal gland may also play a role in human malignancy. Alterations in melatonin concentrations have been demonstrated in various tumor types including breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal carcinoma, and uterine cancer. Moreover, melatonin has been reported to be helpful in therapy of advanced cancer of various types. However, detailed 24h melatonin profiles must be studied in large numbers of patients with different types of tumors before determining whether melatonin concentrations have any diagnostic and/or prognostic values in cancer patients. Moreover, well designed clinical trials should be performed on the possible therapeutic significance of melatonin in neoplastic disease.

Testosterone levels and bone mineral density in young healthy men and in young infertile patients

OBJECTIVES. Although relatively little information exists concerning bone mineral density (BMD) in men, it has been demonstrated that similarly to observations in women, BMD decreases also with age in men, although to a smaller extent, and osteoporosis is increasingly recognized. Most reports concentrate, however, on men of advanced age. Therefore, we decided to investigate BMD in young healthy volunteers and in young patients suffering from infertility, and to compare it with serum tes-tosterone levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The study was performed on 80 men divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 39 young healthy men (mean age 22.1+/-0.3 years; range 20-29). The second group consisted of 41 infertile men with oligozoospermia (mean age 28.0+/-0.5 years; range 23-34). Serum testosterone levels and BMD were measured in each subject. RESULTS. Decrease in BMD (T-score below -0.3) was observed in 35.9% of the subjects in the group of young healthy men and in 60.9% of the subjects in the group of infertile patients. Among these numbers -penia (T-score between -1 and -2.5) was found in 4 subjects (10.3%) in the group of young healthy men and in 13 subjects (31.7%) in the group of infertile patients. There was a positive correlation between testosterone concentrations and BMD as well as T-score both in healthy subjects and in infertile patients. CONCLUSION. Results of the present study indicate that attention should be paid to testosterone deficiency in the young age in terms of the potential risk of decreased bone mineral density in the advanced age.

Comparative quantitative ultrastructural study of pinealocytes in eight mammalian species

OBJECTIVES: The studies related to quantitative ultrastructural features of mammalian pinealocytes, especially in comparative aspects, are relatively rare. Quantitative ultrastructural studies in many mammalian species are lacking. Because of the existence of differences in diurnal melatonin profiles in various species it seemed interesting to compare the ultrastructure of pinealocytes in various mammalian species, both laboratory and domestic animals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The pineal glands of the following mammalian species have been examined: mouse, rat, Syrian hamster, gerbil, sheep, horse, pig and European bison. For each species 4 adult animals (2 males and 2 females) were used. Cross-sectional areas of the pinealocyte and its nucleus and the relative volumes of the following cytoplasmic organelles were analyzed: mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, and lipid droplets. The relative volumes of membrane-bound bodies (MBB) in the pig pinealocytes, pigment granules in the horse pinealocytes, and calcareous concretions in the gerbil pineal gland were also analyzed. In addition, numerical density of dense-core vesicles and "synaptic" ribbons was estimated. RESULTS: Ultrastructure of pinealocytes in examined species shows many common features, and existing differences are of quantitative nature only. The observed qualitative differences include MBB in the pig, abundance of pigment granules in the horse, and calcareous concretions in the gerbil. Relative volumes or the numbers of some cell structures (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lipid droplets, dense-core vesicles and "synaptic" ribbons) show distinct interspecie differences, whereas those of other cell structures (granular endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes) are similar in all studied species. CONCLUSIONS: The ultrastructural features of pinealocytes in all examined species confirm earlier suggestions of high activity of these cells. No distinct correlation has been found between the type of melatonin secretion and ultrastructural patterns of pinealocytes. It should be stressed, however, that the ultrastructure of pinealocytes in the present study was studied during the daytime, whereas differences in melatonin secretion are observed at night.

Serum melatonin circadian profile in women suffering from the genital tract cancers

OBJECTIVES: Although there is increasing evidence that the pineal gland may play a role in human malignancy, the studies on melatonin concentrations in different types of malignant tumors brought about controversial results. However, changes in melatonin concentrations have been observed in some types of human malignant tumors. Therefore we decided to study the circadian melatonin rhythm in patients suffering from malignant tumors of the female genital tract, and to compare them with subjects free from neoplastic disease (healthy volunteers and patients with myomatous uterus). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 46 women were analyzed in this study. The subjects were divided into 3 groups. The first group consisted of 23 patients with malignant tumors of the genital tract (mean age 50.3+/-2.2 years; mean+/-SEM, range 32-77 years). The second group consisted of 16 healthy volunteers (mean age 50.9+/-1.8 years; mean+/-SEM, range 42-63) who served as the first control group, whereas the third group consisted of 7 subjects who suffered from myomatous uterus (mean age 45.7+/-2.3 years; mean+/-SEM, range 39-56) and served as the second control group without malignancy. Blood samples were collected at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 22:00, 24:00, 02:00, 04:00, 06:00 and 08:00 h. Melatonin concentration was measured using RIA kit. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in circadian melatonin profiles among the three groups studied. Taking into consideration the type of tumor of the genital tract, significantly lower melatonin secretion has been found in patients with endometrial cancer in comparison with tumor-free control groups, whereas no significant differences in melatonin secretion have been observed between tumor-free control groups and patients with invasive ovarian cancer and squamous cervical cancer. However, significant differences have been observed between endometrial cancer and invasive ovarian cancer. CONCLUSION: Its seems probable that melatonin concentrations in human malignancy may, at least partly, depend on hormone dependency of the particular type of tumor.

Diurnal profile of melatonin concentrations in patients with major depression: relationship to the clinical manifestation and antidepressant treatment

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to establish if there are differences in the 24-hour melatonin secretion profile between patients with major depression (before, and after treatment with clomipramine) compared to those in healthy subjects. Additionally, we determined if there are differences in melatonin concentrations, depending on the severity of depression, and the presence of 24-hour rhythm disturbances.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twenty patients with major depression and 24-hour rhythm disturbances, and 14 healthy volunteers took part in the study. Before, and after treatment with clomipramine all subjects had blood samples collected at 08:00, 14:00, 20:00, 24:00, 02:00, 04:00, and 08:00 h, for estimation of melatonin concentrations. Before and after treatment, the severity of depression was evaluated using the following scales: the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HADRS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and clinical observation, as well as presence, and if so, severity of 24-hour rhythm disturbances were assessed.

RESULTS

In individuals with major depression with marked disturbances of their diurnal rhythms, melatonin secretion is also disturbed, shown by the higher melatonin concentrations at night as compared to those in healthy individuals. However, melatonin levels were independent of the severity or the clinical manifestation of depression. Moreover, no correlation between the disturbances in their diurnal rhythms (sleep-watchfulness, diurnal mood shifts) and disturbed melatonin pattern was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Melatonin nocturnal concentrations in patients with major depression were higher than those in healthy individuals. However, the melatonin concentration values do not differentiate the patients in terms of the severity of the depressive symptoms.

Melatonin concentrations in patients with large goiter before and after surgery

OBJECTIVES: Surgical removal of a very large goiter may traumatize adjacent anatomical structures. The manipulations that involve superior cervical ganglia may alter melatonin secretion. To test this hypothesis we decided to study diurnal serum melatonin profiles in patients with a very large goiter before and after the surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS:The study was performed on 10 women (mean age-46.5+/-1.6 years; mean+/-SEM; range 39-54 years) with very large non-toxic nodular goiter (mean thyroid volume-125.8+/-25.9 cm (3); mean+/-SEM; range 82.6-326.7 cm(3)). Diurnal serum melatonin profiles were estimated two days before the operation and 10 days after the surgery. Blood samples were collected at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 22:00, 24:00, 02:00, 04:00, 06:00 and 08:00 h. Melatonin concentration was measured using RIA kit. RESULTS: Nocturnal serum melatonin concentrations (at 24, 02, and 04 hours) were significantly higher after the surgery than before the operation. CONCLUSIONS: Very large goiter may compress the superior cervical ganglia altering indirectly the melatonin synthesis. It cannot be excluded, however, that the presence of the large goiter in some other way affects melatonin secretion.

Twelve-month follow-up of a controlled trial of intradiscal thermal anuloplasty for back pain due to internal disc disruption

STUDY DESIGN

Case-control study.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the prima facie efficacy of intradiscal electrothermal anuloplasty (IDTA).

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Although it is being used increasingly as a putative treatment for internal disc disruption, no studies have been published on the efficacy of IDTA.

METHODS

Fifty-three patients with back pain determined by computed tomographic (CT)-discography to be due to internal disc disruption were offered treatment. The outcomes of 35 patients treated with IDTA were compared with those of a convenience sample of 17 patients treated with a physical rehabilitation program, by using a visual analog pain scale, use of analgesics, and return to work as measures.

RESULTS

At 3 months, only one control patient obtained any significant degree of relief of pain, compared with 23 in the index group. Relief of pain was sustained at 6 and 12 months and was associated with improvement in disability, reduced drug use, and a return to work rate of 53%. Depending on the stringency of criteria used, the success rate of IDTA may be as low as 23% or as high as 60% with confidence intervals of +/-16%.

CONCLUSIONS

In carefully selected cases, IDTA can eliminate or dramatically reduce the pain of internal disc disruption in a substantial proportion of patients and appears to be superior to conventional conservative care for internal disc disruption.