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Lee-Rueckert M, Canyelles M, Tondo M, Rotllan N, Kovanen PT, Llorente-Cortes V, Escolà-Gil JC. Obesity-induced changes in cancer cells and their microenvironment: Mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives to manage dysregulated lipid metabolism. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 93:36-51. [PMID: 37156344 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has been closely related to cancer progression, recurrence, metastasis, and treatment resistance. We aim to review recent progress in the knowledge on the obese macroenvironment and the generated adipose tumor microenvironment (TME) inducing lipid metabolic dysregulation and their influence on carcinogenic processes. Visceral white adipose tissue expansion during obesity exerts systemic or macroenvironmental effects on tumor initiation, growth, and invasion by promoting inflammation, hyperinsulinemia, growth-factor release, and dyslipidemia. The dynamic relationship between cancer and stromal cells of the obese adipose TME is critical for cancer cell survival and proliferation as well. Experimental evidence shows that secreted paracrine signals from cancer cells can induce lipolysis in cancer-associated adipocytes, causing them to release free fatty acids and acquire a fibroblast-like phenotype. Such adipocyte delipidation and phenotypic change is accompanied by an increased secretion of cytokines by cancer-associated adipocytes and tumor-associated macrophages in the TME. Mechanistically, the availability of adipose TME free fatty acids and tumorigenic cytokines concomitant with the activation of angiogenic processes creates an environment that favors a shift in the cancer cells toward an aggressive phenotype associated with increased invasiveness. We conclude that restoring the aberrant metabolic alterations in the host macroenvironment and in adipose TME of obese subjects would be a therapeutic option to prevent cancer development. Several dietary, lipid-based, and oral antidiabetic pharmacological therapies could potentially prevent tumorigenic processes associated with the dysregulated lipid metabolism closely linked to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Canyelles
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Tondo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vicenta Llorente-Cortes
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
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Nguyen SD, Maaninka K, Mäyränpää MI, Baumann M, Soliymani R, Lee-Rueckert M, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen PT, Öörni K. Neutrophil proteinase 3 - An LDL- and HDL-proteolyzing enzyme with a potential to contribute to cholesterol accumulation in human atherosclerotic lesions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159225. [PMID: 36058498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Duy Nguyen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Maaninka
- Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; EV Group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; CURED, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko I Mäyränpää
- Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Baumann
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Lee-Rueckert M, Lappalainen J, Kovanen PT, Escola-Gil JC. Lipid-Laden Macrophages and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis and Cancer: An Integrative View. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:777822. [PMID: 35237673 PMCID: PMC8882850 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.777822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic arterial plaques and malignant solid tumors contain macrophages, which participate in anaerobic metabolism, acidosis, and inflammatory processes inherent in the development of either disease. The tissue-resident macrophage populations originate from precursor cells derived from the yolk sac and from circulating bone marrow-derived monocytes. In the tissues, they differentiate into varying functional phenotypes in response to local microenvironmental stimulation. Broadly categorized, the macrophages are activated to polarize into proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes; yet, noticeable plasticity allows them to dynamically shift between several distinct functional subtypes. In atherosclerosis, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol accumulates within macrophages as cytoplasmic lipid droplets thereby generating macrophage foam cells, which are involved in all steps of atherosclerosis. The conversion of macrophages into foam cells may suppress the expression of given proinflammatory genes and thereby initiate their transcriptional reprogramming toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In this particular sense, foam cell formation can be considered anti-atherogenic. The tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) may become polarized into anti-tumoral M1 and pro-tumoral M2 phenotypes. Mechanistically, the TAMs can regulate the survival and proliferation of the surrounding cancer cells and participate in various aspects of tumor formation, progression, and metastasis. The TAMs may accumulate lipids, but their type and their specific roles in tumorigenesis are still poorly understood. Here, we discuss how the phenotypic and functional plasticity of macrophages allows their multifunctional response to the distinct microenvironments in developing atherosclerotic lesions and in developing malignant tumors. We also discuss how the inflammatory reactions of the macrophages may influence the development of atherosclerotic plaques and malignant tumors, and highlight the potential therapeutic effects of targeting lipid-laden macrophages in either disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petri T. Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Petri T. Kovanen
| | - Joan Carles Escola-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
- Joan Carles Escola-Gil
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Cedó L, Metso J, Santos D, Garcia-Leon A, Plana N, Sabate-Soler S, Rotllan N, Rivas-Urbina A, Méndez-Lara K, Tondo M, Heras M, Julve J, Pallarès V, Ruotsalainen AK, Levonen AL, Sanchez-Quesada J, Masana L, Kovanen P, Jauhiainen M, Lee-Rueckert M, Blanco-Vaca F, Escolà-Gil J. LDL receptor regulates the reverse transport of macrophage-derived unesterified cholesterol via concerted action of the HDL-LDL axis. Atherosclerosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cedó L, Metso J, Santos D, García-León A, Plana N, Sabate-Soler S, Rotllan N, Rivas-Urbina A, Méndez-Lara KA, Tondo M, Girona J, Julve J, Pallarès V, Benitez-Amaro A, Llorente-Cortes V, Pérez A, Gómez-Coronado D, Ruotsalainen AK, Levonen AL, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Masana L, Kovanen PT, Jauhiainen M, Lee-Rueckert M, Blanco-Vaca F, Escolà-Gil JC. LDL Receptor Regulates the Reverse Transport of Macrophage-Derived Unesterified Cholesterol via Concerted Action of the HDL-LDL Axis: Insight From Mouse Models. Circ Res 2020; 127:778-792. [PMID: 32495699 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The HDL (high-density lipoprotein)-mediated stimulation of cellular cholesterol efflux initiates macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport (m-RCT), which ends in the fecal excretion of macrophage-derived unesterified cholesterol (UC). Early studies established that LDL (low-density lipoprotein) particles could act as efficient intermediate acceptors of cellular-derived UC, thereby preventing the saturation of HDL particles and facilitating their cholesterol efflux capacity. However, the capacity of LDL to act as a plasma cholesterol reservoir and its potential impact in supporting the m-RCT pathway in vivo both remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated LDL contributions to the m-RCT pathway in hypercholesterolemic mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Macrophage cholesterol efflux induced in vitro by LDL added to the culture media either alone or together with HDL or ex vivo by plasma derived from subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia was assessed. In vivo, m-RCT was evaluated in mouse models of hypercholesterolemia that were naturally deficient in CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) and fed a Western-type diet. LDL induced the efflux of radiolabeled UC from cultured macrophages, and, in the simultaneous presence of HDL, a rapid transfer of the radiolabeled UC from HDL to LDL occurred. However, LDL did not exert a synergistic effect on HDL cholesterol efflux capacity in the familial hypercholesterolemia plasma. The m-RCT rates of the LDLr (LDL receptor)-KO (knockout), LDLr-KO/APOB100, and PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9)-overexpressing mice were all significantly reduced relative to the wild-type mice. In contrast, m-RCT remained unchanged in HAPOB100 Tg (human APOB100 transgenic) mice with fully functional LDLr, despite increased levels of plasma APO (apolipoprotein)-B-containing lipoproteins. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic LDLr plays a critical role in the flow of macrophage-derived UC to feces, while the plasma increase of APOB-containing lipoproteins is unable to stimulate m-RCT. The results indicate that, besides the major HDL-dependent m-RCT pathway via SR-BI (scavenger receptor class B type 1) to the liver, a CETP-independent m-RCT path exists, in which LDL mediates the transfer of cholesterol from macrophages to feces. Graphical Abstract: A graphical abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Cedó
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain (L.C., D.S., N.P., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., L.M., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Jari Metso
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.)
| | - David Santos
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain (L.C., D.S., N.P., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., L.M., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Annabel García-León
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Núria Plana
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain (L.C., D.S., N.P., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., L.M., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Reus, Spain (N.P., J.G., L.M.)
| | - Sonia Sabate-Soler
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Noemí Rotllan
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Andrea Rivas-Urbina
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Karen A Méndez-Lara
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Mireia Tondo
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Josefa Girona
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Reus, Spain (N.P., J.G., L.M.)
| | - Josep Julve
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain (L.C., D.S., N.P., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., L.M., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Victor Pallarès
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Aleyda Benitez-Amaro
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Institut de Recerca Josep Carreras, Barcelona, Spain (V.P.); Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish National Research Council (A.B.-A., V.L.-C.)
| | - Vicenta Llorente-Cortes
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Institut de Recerca Josep Carreras, Barcelona, Spain (V.P.); Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish National Research Council (A.B.-A., V.L.-C.).,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (V.L.-C.)
| | - Antonio Pérez
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain (L.C., D.S., N.P., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., L.M., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain (D.G.-C.).,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (D.G.-C.)
| | - Anna-Kaisa Ruotsalainen
- University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio (A.-K.R., A.-L.L.)
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio (A.-K.R., A.-L.L.)
| | - José Luis Sanchez-Quesada
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain (L.C., D.S., N.P., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., L.M., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Luís Masana
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain (L.C., D.S., N.P., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., L.M., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Reus, Spain (N.P., J.G., L.M.)
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- and Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (P.T.K., M.L.-R.)
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.)
| | | | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain (L.C., D.S., N.P., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., L.M., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (L.C., D.S., A.G.-L., S.S.-S., N.R., A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., M.T., J.J., V.P., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-U., K.A.M.-L., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.).,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain (L.C., D.S., N.P., J.J., A.P., J.L.S.-Q., L.M., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.)
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Cedó L, Farràs M, Lee-Rueckert M, Escolà-Gil JC. Molecular Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying the Cholesterol- Lowering Effects of Phytosterols. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6704-6723. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190822154701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary phytosterols, which comprise plant sterols and stanols, reduce plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels when given 2 g/day. Since this dose has not been reported to cause health-related side effects in long-term human studies, food products containing these plant compounds are used as potential therapeutic dietary options to reduce LDL-C and cardiovascular disease risk. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cholesterol-lowering action of phytosterols. They may compete with dietary and biliary cholesterol for micellar solubilization in the intestinal lumen, impairing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Recent evidence indicates that phytosterols may also regulate other pathways. Impaired intestinal cholesterol absorption is usually associated with reduced cholesterol transport to the liver, which may reduce the incorporation of cholesterol into Very-Low- Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, thereby lowering the rate of VLDL assembly and secretion. Impaired liver VLDL production may reduce the rate of LDL production. On the other hand, significant evidence supports a role for plant sterols in the Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion (TICE) pathway, although the exact mechanisms by which they promote the flow of cholesterol from the blood to enterocytes and the intestinal lumen remains unknown. Dietary phytosterols may also alter the conversion of bile acids into secondary bile acids, and may lower the bile acid hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio, thereby reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption. This article reviews the progress to date in research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Farràs
- Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Ruuth M, Soronen J, Kaiharju E, Merikanto K, Perttilä J, Metso J, Lee-Rueckert M, Taskinen MR, Kovanen PT, Öörni K, Olkkonen VM, Jauhiainen MS, Laurila PP. USF1 deficiency alleviates inflammation, enhances cholesterol efflux and prevents cholesterol accumulation in macrophages. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:285. [PMID: 30545366 PMCID: PMC6293625 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The focus of studies on high-density lipoproteins (HDL) has shifted from HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) to HDL function. We recently demonstrated that low USF1 expression in mice and humans associates with high plasma HDL-C and low triglyceride levels, as well as protection against obesity, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. Here, we studied the impact of USF1 deficiency on HDL functional capacity and macrophage atherogenic functions, including inflammation, cholesterol efflux, and cholesterol accumulation. Methods We used a congenic Usf1 deficient mice in C57Bl/6JRccHsd background and blood samples were collected to isolate HDL for structural and functional studies. Lentiviral preparations containing the USF1 silencing shRNA expression vector were used to silence USF1 in human THP-1 and Huh-7 cells. Cholesterol efflux from acetyl-LDL loaded THP-1 macrophages was measured using HDL and plasma as acceptors. Gene expression analysis from USF1 silenced peritoneal macrophages was carried out using Affymetrix protocols. Results We show that Usf1 deficiency not only increases HDL-C levels in vivo, consistent with elevated ABCA1 protein expression in hepatic cell lines, but also improves the functional capacity of HDL particles. HDL particles derived from Usf1 deficient mice remove cholesterol more efficiently from macrophages, attributed to their higher contents of phospholipids. Furthermore, silencing of USF1 in macrophages enhanced the cholesterol efflux capacity of these cells. These findings are consistent with reduced inflammatory burden of USF1 deficient macrophages, manifested by reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines MCP-1 and IL-1β and protection against inflammation-induced macrophage cholesterol accumulation in a cell-autonomous manner. Conclusions Our findings identify USF1 as a novel factor regulating HDL functionality, showing that USF1 inactivation boosts cholesterol efflux, reduces macrophage inflammation and attenuates macrophage cholesterol accumulation, linking improved macrophage cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory pathways to the antiatherogenic function of USF1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Ruuth
- Wihuri Research Institute, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Soronen
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Essi Kaiharju
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Krista Merikanto
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Perttilä
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Metso
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti S Jauhiainen
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland. .,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Pirkka-Pekka Laurila
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Escola-gil J, Cedó L, Plana N, Metso J, García-León A, Sabaté S, Heras M, Santos D, Rivas-Urbina A, Lee-Rueckert M, Sánchez-Quesada J, Kovanen P, Jauhiainen M, Masana L, Blanco-Vaca F. Defective HDL remodeling and macrophage cholesterol efflux in adult and adolescent familial hypercholesterolemic patients. Atherosclerosis 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Kareinen I, Baumann M, Nguyen SD, Maaninka K, Anisimov A, Tozuka M, Jauhiainen M, Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. Chymase released from hypoxia-activated cardiac mast cells cleaves human apoA-I at Tyr 192 and compromises its cardioprotective activity. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:945-957. [PMID: 29581158 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m077503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoA-I, the main structural and functional protein of HDL particles, is cardioprotective, but also highly sensitive to proteolytic cleavage. Here, we investigated the effect of cardiac mast cell activation and ensuing chymase secretion on apoA-I degradation using isolated rat hearts in the Langendorff perfusion system. Cardiac mast cells were activated by injection of compound 48/80 into the coronary circulation or by low-flow myocardial ischemia, after which lipid-free apoA-I was injected and collected in the coronary effluent for cleavage analysis. Mast cell activation by 48/80 resulted in apoA-I cleavage at sites Tyr192 and Phe229, but hypoxic activation at Tyr192 only. In vitro, the proteolytic end-product of apoA-I with either rat or human chymase was the Tyr192-truncated fragment. This fragment, when compared with intact apoA-I, showed reduced ability to promote migration of cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells in a wound-healing assay. We propose that C-terminal truncation of apoA-I by chymase released from cardiac mast cells during ischemia impairs the ability of apoA-I to heal damaged endothelium in the ischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kareinen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Baumann
- Protein Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Andrey Anisimov
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minoru Tozuka
- Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Cedó L, Santos D, Silvennoinen R, Kaipiainen L, Valledor AF, Kovanen PT, Lee-Rueckert M, Gylling H, Blanco-Vaca F, Escolà-Gil JC. Phytosterol-mediated inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption is independent of liver X receptor. Atherosclerosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Cedó L, Santos D, Ludwig IA, Silvennoinen R, García-León A, Kaipiainen L, Carbó JM, Valledor AF, Gylling H, Motilva MJ, Kovanen PT, Lee-Rueckert M, Blanco-Vaca F, Escolà-Gil JC. Phytosterol-mediated inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption in mice is independent of liver X receptor. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas; CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat Spain
| | - David Santos
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas; CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat Spain
| | - Iziar A. Ludwig
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | | | - Annabel García-León
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular i Biomedicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Leena Kaipiainen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine; Helsinki Finland
| | - José M. Carbó
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology; School of Biology, University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Annabel F. Valledor
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology; School of Biology, University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Helena Gylling
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine; Helsinki Finland
| | - Maria-José Motilva
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center; University of Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas; CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular i Biomedicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas; CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular i Biomedicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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12
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Laurila PP, Soronen J, Kooijman S, Forsström S, Boon MR, Surakka I, Kaiharju E, Coomans CP, Van Den Berg SAA, Autio A, Sarin AP, Kettunen J, Tikkanen E, Manninen T, Metso J, Silvennoinen R, Merikanto K, Ruuth M, Perttilä J, Mäkelä A, Isomi A, Tuomainen AM, Tikka A, Ramadan UA, Seppälä I, Lehtimäki T, Eriksson J, Havulinna A, Jula A, Karhunen PJ, Salomaa V, Perola M, Ehnholm C, Lee-Rueckert M, Van Eck M, Roivainen A, Taskinen MR, Peltonen L, Mervaala E, Jalanko A, Hohtola E, Olkkonen VM, Ripatti S, Kovanen PT, Rensen PCN, Suomalainen A, Jauhiainen M. USF1 deficiency activates brown adipose tissue and improves cardiometabolic health. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:323ra13. [PMID: 26819196 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
USF1 (upstream stimulatory factor 1) is a transcription factor associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease in humans. However, whether USF1 is beneficial or detrimental to cardiometabolic health has not been addressed. By inactivating USF1 in mice, we demonstrate protection against diet-induced dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and atherosclerosis. The favorable plasma lipid profile, including increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased triglycerides, was coupled with increased energy expenditure due to activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Usf1 inactivation directs triglycerides from the circulation to BAT for combustion via a lipoprotein lipase-dependent mechanism, thus enhancing plasma triglyceride clearance. Mice lacking Usf1 displayed increased BAT-facilitated, diet-induced thermogenesis with up-regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, as well as increased BAT activity even at thermoneutrality and after BAT sympathectomy. A direct effect of USF1 on BAT activation was demonstrated by an amplified adrenergic response in brown adipocytes after Usf1 silencing, and by augmented norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis in mice lacking Usf1. In humans, individuals carrying SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) alleles that reduced USF1 mRNA expression also displayed a beneficial cardiometabolic profile, featuring improved insulin sensitivity, a favorable lipid profile, and reduced atherosclerosis. Our findings identify a new molecular link between lipid metabolism and energy expenditure, and point to the potential of USF1 as a therapeutic target for cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirkka-Pekka Laurila
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland.
| | - Jarkko Soronen
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland. Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands. Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands
| | - Saara Forsström
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands. Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands
| | - Ida Surakka
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland
| | - Essi Kaiharju
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland
| | - Claudia P Coomans
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands
| | | | - Anu Autio
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland. Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland. Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tuula Manninen
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland. Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jari Metso
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland
| | | | - Krista Merikanto
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland
| | - Maija Ruuth
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Julia Perttilä
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Anne Mäkelä
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Ayaka Isomi
- Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 730-0053, Japan
| | - Anita M Tuomainen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anna Tikka
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland
| | - Usama Abo Ramadan
- Experimental MRI Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Tampere University School of Medicine, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Tampere University School of Medicine, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland. Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland. Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland. Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Aki Havulinna
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Pekka J Karhunen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Tampere University School of Medicine, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland
| | - Christian Ehnholm
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland
| | | | - Miranda Van Eck
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku FI-20520, Finland. Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | | | - Eero Mervaala
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anu Jalanko
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland
| | - Esa Hohtola
- Department of Genetics and Physiology, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland. Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands. Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, Netherlands
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland. Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland. Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00251, Finland.
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13
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Ollikainen E, Tulamo R, Lehti S, Lee-Rueckert M, Hernesniemi J, Niemelä M, Ylä-Herttuala S, Kovanen PT, Frösen J. Smooth Muscle Cell Foam Cell Formation, Apolipoproteins, and ABCA1 in Intracranial Aneurysms: Implications for Lipid Accumulation as a Promoter of Aneurysm Wall Rupture. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:689-99. [PMID: 27283327 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccular intracranial aneurysm (sIA) aneurysm causes intracranial hemorrhages that are associated with high mortality. Lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation occur in the sIA wall. A major mechanism for lipid clearance from arteries is adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1)-mediated lipid efflux from foam cells to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). We investigated the association of wall degeneration, inflammation, and lipid-related parameters in tissue samples of 16 unruptured and 20 ruptured sIAs using histology and immunohistochemistry. Intracellular lipid accumulation was associated with wall remodeling (p = 0.005) and rupture (p = 0.020). Foam cell formation was observed in smooth muscle cells, in addition to CD68- and CD163-positive macrophages. Macrophage infiltration correlated with intracellular lipid accumulation and apolipoproteins, including apoA-I. ApoA-I correlated with markers of lipid accumulation and wall degeneration (p = 0.01). ApoA-I-positive staining colocalized with ABCA1-positive cells particularly in sIAs with high number of smooth muscle cells (p = 0.003); absence of such colocalization was associated with wall degeneration (p = 0.017). Known clinical risk factors for sIA rupture correlated inversely with apoA-I. We conclude that lipid accumulation associates with sIA wall degeneration and risk of rupture, possibly via formation of foam cells and subsequent loss of mural cells. Reduced removal of lipids from the sIA wall via ABCA1-apoA-I pathway may contribute to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliisa Ollikainen
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Riikka Tulamo
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Satu Lehti
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Miriam Lee-Rueckert
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Juha Hernesniemi
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Mika Niemelä
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
| | - Juhana Frösen
- From the Biomedicum, Neurosurgery Research Group, Helsinki, Finland (EO, RT, JH, MN, JF); Biomedicum, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (EO, SL, ML-R, PTK); Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (RT); Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (JH, MN); Department of Molecular Medicine, AIV-Institute, Kuopio, Finland, University of Eastern Finland (SY-H); Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF); and Hemorrhagic Brain Pathology Research Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland (JF)
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14
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da Silva RF, Lappalainen J, Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. Conversion of human M-CSF macrophages into foam cells reduces their proinflammatory responses to classical M1-polarizing activation. Atherosclerosis 2016; 248:170-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Lee-Rueckert M, Escola-Gil JC, Kovanen PT. HDL functionality in reverse cholesterol transport--Challenges in translating data emerging from mouse models to human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:566-83. [PMID: 26968096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Whereas LDL-derived cholesterol accumulates in atherosclerotic lesions, HDL particles are thought to facilitate removal of cholesterol from the lesions back to the liver thereby promoting its fecal excretion from the body. Because generation of cholesterol-loaded macrophages is inherent to atherogenesis, studies on the mechanisms stimulating the release of cholesterol from these cells and its ultimate excretion into feces are crucial to learn how to prevent lesion development or even induce lesion regression. Modulation of this key anti-atherogenic pathway, known as the macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport, has been extensively studied in several mouse models with the ultimate aim of applying the emerging knowledge to humans. The present review provides a detailed comparison and critical analysis of the various steps of reverse cholesterol transport in mouse and man. We attempt to translate this in vivo complex scenario into practical concepts, which could serve as valuable tools when developing novel HDL-targeted therapies.
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16
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Nguyen SD, Maaninka K, Lappalainen J, Nurmi K, Metso J, Öörni K, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Jauhiainen M, Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. Carboxyl-Terminal Cleavage of Apolipoprotein A-I by Human Mast Cell Chymase Impairs Its Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:274-84. [PMID: 26681753 PMCID: PMC4725095 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) has been shown to possess several atheroprotective functions, including inhibition of inflammation. Protease-secreting activated mast cells reside in human atherosclerotic lesions. Here we investigated the effects of the neutral proteases released by activated mast cells on the anti-inflammatory properties of apoA-I. APPROACH AND RESULTS Activation of human mast cells triggered the release of granule-associated proteases chymase, tryptase, cathepsin G, carboxypeptidase A, and granzyme B. Among them, chymase cleaved apoA-I with the greatest efficiency and generated C-terminally truncated apoA-I, which failed to bind with high affinity to human coronary artery endothelial cells. In tumor necrosis factor-α-activated human coronary artery endothelial cells, the chymase-cleaved apoA-I was unable to suppress nuclear factor-κB-dependent upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and to block THP-1 cells from adhering to and transmigrating across the human coronary artery endothelial cells. Chymase-cleaved apoA-I also had an impaired ability to downregulate the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 in lipopolysaccharide-activated GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)- and M-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor)-differentiated human macrophage foam cells and to inhibit reactive oxygen species formation in PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate)-activated human neutrophils. Importantly, chymase-cleaved apoA-I showed reduced ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vivo in mice. Treatment with chymase blocked the ability of the apoA-I mimetic peptide L-4F, but not of the protease-resistant D-4F, to inhibit proinflammatory gene expression in activated human coronary artery endothelial cells and macrophage foam cells and to prevent reactive oxygen species formation in activated neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS The findings identify C-terminal cleavage of apoA-I by human mast cell chymase as a novel mechanism leading to loss of its anti-inflammatory functions. When targeting inflamed protease-rich atherosclerotic lesions with apoA-I, infusions of protease-resistant apoA-I might be the appropriate approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Duy Nguyen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Katariina Maaninka
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Jani Lappalainen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Katariina Nurmi
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Jari Metso
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Katariina Öörni
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Mohamad Navab
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Miriam Lee-Rueckert
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.).
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize evidence about the effects that mast cell mediators can exert on the cholesterol efflux-inducing function of high density lipoproteins (HDL). RECENT FINDINGS Subendothelially located activated mast cells are present in inflamed tissue sites, in which macrophage foam cells are also present. Upon activation, mast cells degranulate and expel 2 major neutral proteases, chymase and tryptase, and the vasoactive compound histamine, all of which are bound to the heparin-proteoglycan matrix of the granules. In the extracellular fluid, the proteases remain heparin-bound and retain their activities, whereas histamine dissociates and diffuses away to reach the endothelium. The heparin-bound mast cell proteases avidly degrade lipid-poor HDL particles so preventing their ability to induce cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells. In contrast, histamine enhances the passage of circulating HDL through the vascular endothelium into interstitial fluids, so favoring HDL interaction with peripheral macrophage foam cells and accelerating initiation of macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport. SUMMARY Mast cells exert various modulatory effects on HDL function. In this novel tissue cholesterol-regulating function, the functional balance of histamine and proteases, and the relative quantities of HDL particles in the affected microenvironment ultimately dictate the outcome of the multiple mast cell effects on tissue cholesterol content.
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18
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Silvennoinen R, Quesada H, Kareinen I, Julve J, Kaipiainen L, Gylling H, Blanco-Vaca F, Escola-Gil JC, Kovanen PT, Lee-Rueckert M. Chronic intermittent psychological stress promotes macrophage reverse cholesterol transport by impairing bile acid absorption in mice. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/5/e12402. [PMID: 25969465 PMCID: PMC4463831 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, yet the pathophysiological mechanisms involved remain elusive. The transfer of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells to liver and feces (the macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport, m-RCT) is an important antiatherogenic pathway. Because exposure of mice to physical restraint, a model of psychological stress, increases serum levels of corticosterone, and as bile acid homeostasis is disrupted in glucocorticoid-treated animals, we investigated if chronic intermittent restraint stress would modify m-RCT by altering the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. C57Bl/6J mice exposed to intermittent stress for 5 days exhibited increased transit through the large intestine and enhanced fecal bile acid excretion. Of the transcription factors and transporters that regulate bile acid homeostasis, the mRNA expression levels of the hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the bile salt export pump (BSEP), and the intestinal fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) were reduced, whereas those of the ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), responsible for active bile acid absorption, remained unchanged. Neither did the hepatic expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the key enzyme regulating bile acid synthesis, change in the stressed mice. Evaluation of the functionality of the m-RCT pathway revealed increased fecal excretion of bile acids that had been synthesized from macrophage-derived cholesterol. Overall, our study reveals that chronic intermittent stress in mice accelerates m-RCT specifically by increasing fecal excretion of bile acids. This novel mechanism of m-RCT induction could have antiatherogenic potential under conditions of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Quesada
- IIB Sant Pau, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Julve
- IIB Sant Pau, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leena Kaipiainen
- Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Gylling
- Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- IIB Sant Pau, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escola-Gil
- IIB Sant Pau, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Kareinen I, Cedó L, Silvennoinen R, Laurila PP, Jauhiainen M, Julve J, Blanco-Vaca F, Escola-Gil JC, Kovanen PT, Lee-Rueckert M. Enhanced vascular permeability facilitates entry of plasma HDL and promotes macrophage-reverse cholesterol transport from skin in mice. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:241-53. [PMID: 25473102 PMCID: PMC4306679 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m050948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway from macrophage foam cells initiates when HDL particles cross the endothelium, enter the interstitial fluid, and induce cholesterol efflux from these cells. We injected [(3)H]cholesterol-loaded J774 macrophages into the dorsal skin of mice and measured the transfer of macrophage-derived [(3)H]cholesterol to feces [macrophage-RCT (m-RCT)]. Injection of histamine to the macrophage injection site increased locally vascular permeability, enhanced influx of intravenously administered HDL, and stimulated m-RCT from the histamine-treated site. The stimulatory effect of histamine on m-RCT was abolished by prior administration of histamine H1 receptor (H1R) antagonist pyrilamine, indicating that the histamine effect was H1R-dependent. Subcutaneous administration of two other vasoactive mediators, serotonin or bradykinin, and activation of skin mast cells to secrete histamine and other vasoactive compounds also stimulated m-RCT. None of the studied vasoactive mediators affected serum HDL levels or the cholesterol-releasing ability of J774 macrophages in culture, indicating that acceleration of m-RCT was solely due to increased availability of cholesterol acceptors in skin. We conclude that disruption of the endothelial barrier by vasoactive compounds enhances the passage of HDL into interstitial fluid and increases the rate of RCT from peripheral macrophage foam cells, which reveals a novel tissue cholesterol-regulating function of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lídia Cedó
- IIB Sant Pau, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pirkka-Pekka Laurila
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Josep Julve
- IIB Sant Pau, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- IIB Sant Pau, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escola-Gil
- IIB Sant Pau, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Escolà-Gil JC, Lee-Rueckert M, Santos D, Cedó L, Blanco-Vaca F, Julve J. Quantification of In Vitro Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux and In Vivo Macrophage-Specific Reverse Cholesterol Transport. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1339:211-233. [PMID: 26445792 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2929-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Promotion of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is thought to be a major HDL-mediated mechanism for protecting against atherosclerosis. Preclinical studies support the concept that increasing cholesterol efflux from macrophages may confer atheroprotective benefits independently of the plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration. The application of the macrophage-to-feces RCT method in genetically engineered mice has provided evidence that this major HDL property correlates closely with changes in atherosclerosis susceptibility. This chapter provides details on the methodologies currently used to measure in vitro cholesterol efflux from macrophages or in vivo macrophage-specific RCT. The general principles and techniques described herein may be applied to measure the in vitro cholesterol efflux capacity of human serum in macrophage cultures and to evaluate the effect of different experimental pathophysiological conditions or the efficacy of different therapeutic strategies on the modulation of in vivo macrophage-RCT in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, C/Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas. CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - David Santos
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, C/Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas. CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lídia Cedó
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, C/Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas. CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, C/Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas. CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Julve
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, C/Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas. CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Öörni K, Rajamäki K, Nguyen SD, Lähdesmäki K, Plihtari R, Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. Acidification of the intimal fluid: the perfect storm for atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:203-14. [PMID: 25424004 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r050252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions are often hypoxic and exhibit elevated lactate concentrations and local acidification of the extracellular fluids. The acidification may be a consequence of the abundant accumulation of lipid-scavenging macrophages in the lesions. Activated macrophages have a very high energy demand and they preferentially use glycolysis for ATP synthesis even under normoxic conditions, resulting in enhanced local generation and secretion of lactate and protons. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the effects of acidic extracellular pH on three key players in atherogenesis: macrophages, apoB-containing lipoproteins, and HDL particles. Acidic extracellular pH enhances receptor-mediated phagocytosis and antigen presentation by macrophages and, importantly, triggers the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages through activation of the inflammasome pathway. Acidity enhances the proteolytic, lipolytic, and oxidative modifications of LDL and other apoB-containing lipoproteins, and strongly increases their affinity for proteoglycans, and may thus have major effects on their retention and the ensuing cellular responses in the arterial intima. Finally, the decrease in the expression of ABCA1 at acidic pH may compromise cholesterol clearance from atherosclerotic lesions. Taken together, acidic extracellular pH amplifies the proatherogenic and proinflammatory processes involved in atherogenesis.
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22
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Nguyen S, Lappalainen J, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen P, Lee-Rueckert M. Colony stimulating factor-induced phenotypic heterogeneity of macrophages is suppressed by cholesterol loading. Atherosclerosis 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Badeau RM, Metso J, Kovanen PT, Lee-Rueckert M, Tikkanen MJ, Jauhiainen M. The impact of gender and serum estradiol levels on HDL-mediated reverse cholesterol transport. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:317-23. [PMID: 23397902 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Premenopausal women have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease compared to men of the same age. Endogenous oestrogens, especially estradiol, presumably protect against atherosclerosis by a variety of mechanisms. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) mechanisms also provide protection against this disease. RCT is defined as the removal of cholesterol from peripheral macrophage foam cells, via high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and cholesterol transportation to the liver for excretion. We have previously shown in a preliminary study that HDL, isolated from premenopausal women, enhanced macrophage cholesterol efflux compared to HDL derived from age-matched male subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we expanded this study by analysing a larger population of healthy volunteers and evaluated the capacity of HDL derived from women with high or low serum E2 concentrations, mainly representing premenopausal and postmenopausal women, respectively, or men (each group consisting of 30 subjects) to facilitate cholesterol removal from human THP-1 macrophages. HDL isolated from serum samples was incubated with [(3)H] cholesterol oleate-loaded macrophages for 16 h, after which cholesterol efflux to HDL was determined. RESULTS No significant differences in the efflux-promoting ability of HDL existed among the three groups. Relevant plasma factors involved in further steps of RCT, such as cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activities were also analysed, but no differences were observed among the study groups. CONCLUSION The results do not support a role for estradiol status or gender in modifying the initial step of RCT as a protective mechanism against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Badeau
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
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24
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Escolà-Gil JC, Julve J, Llaverias G, Urpi-Sarda M, Silvennoinen R, Lee-Rueckert M, Andres-Lacueva C, Blanco-Vaca F. Resveratrol administration or SIRT1 overexpression does not increase LXR signaling and macrophage-to-feces reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. Transl Res 2013; 161:110-7. [PMID: 23146569 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The natural polyphenol resveratrol has cardiometabolic protective properties. Resveratrol has been reported to be an activator of NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), which may regulate liver X receptor (LXR) activity, thereby upregulating the expression of genes crucial in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). In the present study, the effects of resveratrol and SIRT1 overexpression on RCT from macrophages-to-feces in vivo in C57BL/6 mice were determined. [³H]cholesterol-labeled mouse macrophages were injected intraperitoneally into mice treated with intragastric doses of the well-known LXR agonist T0901317, resveratrol, or a vehicle solution, and radioactivity was determined in plasma, liver, and feces. T0901317-treated mice presented increased [³H]cholesterol in plasma and HDL 48 h after the label injection. Treatment with T0901317 also increased liver ABCA1, G1, and G5 gene expression and reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption which were changes that were associated with a 2.8-fold increase in macrophage-derived [³H]cholesterol in feces. In contrast, resveratrol treatment had no effect on liver LXR signaling or fecal [³H]cholesterol excretion. A separate experiment was conducted in SIRT1 transgenic mice. Liver LXR-target gene expression and magnitude of macrophage-derived [³H]cholesterol in plasma, liver, and feces of SIRT1 transgenic mice did not differ from those of wild-type mice. We conclude that neither resveratrol administration nor SIRT1 overexpression upregulate liver LXR-target genes and macrophage-to-feces RCT in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Silvennoinen R, Escola-Gil JC, Julve J, Rotllan N, Llaverias G, Metso J, Valledor AF, He J, Yu L, Jauhiainen M, Blanco-Vaca F, Kovanen PT, Lee-Rueckert M. Acute Psychological Stress Accelerates Reverse Cholesterol Transport via Corticosterone-Dependent Inhibition of Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption. Circ Res 2012; 111:1459-69. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.277962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rationale:
Psychological stress is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the connecting mechanisms of the stress-inducing activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis with atherosclerosis are not well-understood.
Objective:
To study the effect of acute psychological stress on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), which transfers peripheral cholesterol to the liver for its ultimate fecal excretion.
Methods and Results:
C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to restraint stress for 3 hours to induce acute psychological stress. RCT in vivo was quantified by measuring the transfer of [
3
H]cholesterol from intraperitoneally injected mouse macrophages to the lumen of the small intestine within the stress period. Surprisingly, stress markedly increased the contents of macrophage-derived [
3
H]cholesterol in the intestinal lumen. In the stressed mice, intestinal absorption of [
14
C]cholesterol was significantly impaired, the intestinal mRNA expression level of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-α increased, and that of the sterol influx transporter Niemann-Pick C1–like 1 decreased. The stress-dependent effects on RCT rate and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-α gene expression were fully mimicked by administration of the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) to nonstressed mice, and they were blocked by the inhibition of CORT synthesis in stressed mice. Moreover, the intestinal expression of Niemann-Pick C1–like 1 protein decreased when circulating levels of CORT increased. Of note, when either peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α or liver X receptor α knockout mice were exposed to stress, the RCT rate remained unchanged, although plasma CORT increased. This indicates that activities of both transcription factors were required for the RCT-accelerating effect of stress.
Conclusions:
Acute psychological stress accelerated RCT by compromising intestinal cholesterol absorption. The present results uncover a novel functional connection between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and RCT that can be triggered by a stress-induced increase in circulating CORT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reija Silvennoinen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Joan Carles Escola-Gil
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Josep Julve
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Gemma Llaverias
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Jari Metso
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Annabel F. Valledor
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Jianming He
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Liqing Yu
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Petri T. Kovanen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
| | - Miriam Lee-Rueckert
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (R.S., P.T.K., M.L.-R.); Departament de Bioquimica, IIB Sant Pau-CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., J.J., N.R., G.L., F.B.-V.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Research Unit Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University
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Nguyen SD, Öörni K, Lee-Rueckert M, Pihlajamaa T, Metso J, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen PT. Spontaneous remodeling of HDL particles at acidic pH enhances their capacity to induce cholesterol efflux from human macrophage foam cells. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2115-2125. [PMID: 22855736 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m028118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
HDL particles may enter atherosclerotic lesions having an acidic intimal fluid. Therefore, we investigated whether acidic pH would affect their structural and functional properties. For this purpose, HDL(2) and HDL(3) subfractions were incubated for various periods of time at different pH values ranging from 5.5 to 7.5, after which their protein and lipid compositions, size, structure, and cholesterol efflux capacity were analyzed. Incubation of either subfraction at acidic pH induced unfolding of apolipoproteins, which was followed by release of lipid-poor apoA-I and ensuing fusion of the HDL particles. The acidic pH-modified HDL particles exhibited an enhanced ability to promote cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-laden primary human macrophages. Importantly, treatment of the acidic pH-modified HDL with the mast cell-derived protease chymase completely depleted the newly generated lipid-poor apoA-I, and prevented the acidic pH-dependent increase in cholesterol efflux. The above-found pH-dependent structural and functional changes were stronger in HDL(3) than in HDL(2). Spontaneous acidic pH-induced remodeling of mature spherical HDL particles increases HDL-induced cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells, and therefore may have atheroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Duy Nguyen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnantie 4, FIN-00140, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnantie 4, FIN-00140, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tero Pihlajamaa
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Metso
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Petri T Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnantie 4, FIN-00140, Helsinki, Finland.
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Lommi JI, Kovanen PT, Jauhiainen M, Lee-Rueckert M, Kupari M, Helske S. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are present in stenotic aortic valves and may interfere with the mechanisms of valvular calcification. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:538-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Both quantity and quality of the circulating HDL particle matter for the optimal antiatherogenic potential of HDL. This review summarizes various mechanisms capable of inducing extracellular modifications of HDL and reducing the function of HDL subclasses as cholesterol acceptors. Special emphasis is laid on the proteolytic inactivation of lipid-poor preβ-migrating HDL (preβ-HDL). RECENT FINDINGS HDL particles can undergo functional inactivation in vivo. During atherogenesis, different cell types in the arterial intima release enzymes into the intimal fluid, potentially capable of causing structural and chemical modifications of the various components present in the lipid core or in the polar surface of the HDL particles. Enzymatic oxidation, lipolysis and proteolysis, and nonenzymatic glycosylation are among the HDL modifications that adversely affect HDL functionality. Proteolysis of preβ-HDL by various proteases present in the arterial intima has emerged as a potential mechanism that impairs the efficiency of HDL to promote cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells, the mast cell-derived neutral protease chymase being a prime example of such impairment. A paradigm of proteolytic inactivation of preβ-HDL in vivo is emerging. SUMMARY Several extracellular enzymes present in the arterial intima may compromise various cardioprotective functions of HDL. Observations on proteolysis of specific lipid-poor HDL subpopulations in vivo constitute the basis for future studies evaluating the actual impact of proteolytic microenvironments on the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Silvennoinen R, Lee-Rueckert M, Rotllan N, Judstrom I, Blanco-Vaca F, Jauhiainen M, Metso J, Escola-Gil J, Kovanen P. 190 MAST CELL ACTIVATION IN VIVO IMPAIRS THE MACROPHAGE REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT PATHWAY IN THE MOUSE. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(11)70191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lappalainen J, Yeung N, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen P, Lee-Rueckert M. 138 CHOLESTEROL LOADING OF HUMAN MACROPHAGES REDUCES GROWTH FACTOR-INDUCED HETEROGENEITY OF GENE EXPRESSION INVOLVED IN FOAM CELL FORMATION. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(11)70139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lee-Rueckert M, Silvennoinen R, Rotllan N, Judström I, Blanco-Vaca F, Metso J, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen PT, Escola-Gil JC. Mast Cell Activation In Vivo Impairs the Macrophage Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway in the Mouse. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:520-7. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.221069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Lee-Rueckert
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Reija Silvennoinen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Ilona Judström
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Jari Metso
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Petri T. Kovanen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
| | - Joan Carles Escola-Gil
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., R.S., I.J., P.T.K.); Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (N.R., F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V., J.C.E.-G.); Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain (F.B.-V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (J.M
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Lee-Rueckert M, Lappalainen J, Leinonen H, Pihlajamaa T, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen PT. Acidic Extracellular Environments Strongly Impair ABCA1-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux From Human Macrophage Foam Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1766-72. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.211276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
In the deep microenvironments of advanced human atherosclerotic lesions, the intimal fluid becomes acidic. We examined the effect of an acidic extracellular pH on cholesterol removal (efflux) from primary human macrophages.
Methods and Results—
When cholesterol efflux from acetyl-low-density lipoprotein-loaded macrophages to various cholesterol acceptors was evaluated at pH 7.5, 6.5, or 5.5, the lower the pH the more was cholesterol efflux reduced. The reduction of efflux to lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I was stronger than to high-density lipoprotein
2
or to plasma. Cholesterol efflux to every acceptor was severely compromised also at neutral pH when the macrophages had been loaded with cholesterol at acidic pH, or when both loading and efflux were carried out at acidic pH. Compatible with these observations, the typical upregulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA levels in macrophages loaded with cholesterol at neutral pH was rapidly attenuated in acidic medium. The secondary structure of apolipoprotein A-I did not changed over the pH range studied, supporting the notion that the inhibitory effect of acidic pH on cholesterol efflux rather impaired the ability of the foam cells to facilitate ABCA1-mediated cholesterol release. Secretion of apolipoprotein E from the foam cells was fully inhibited when the pH was 5.5, which further reduced cholesterol efflux.
Conclusion—
An acidic pH reduces cholesterol efflux via different pathways and particularly impairs the function of the ABCA1 transporter. The pH-sensitive function of human macrophage foam cells in releasing cholesterol may accelerate lipid accumulation in deep areas of advanced atherosclerotic plaques where the intimal fluid is acidic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Lee-Rueckert
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., J.L., H.L., P.T.K.); Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland (T.P.); National Public Health Institute and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.)
| | - Jani Lappalainen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., J.L., H.L., P.T.K.); Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland (T.P.); National Public Health Institute and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.)
| | - Hannele Leinonen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., J.L., H.L., P.T.K.); Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland (T.P.); National Public Health Institute and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.)
| | - Tero Pihlajamaa
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., J.L., H.L., P.T.K.); Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland (T.P.); National Public Health Institute and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.)
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., J.L., H.L., P.T.K.); Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland (T.P.); National Public Health Institute and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.)
| | - Petri T. Kovanen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (M.L.-R., J.L., H.L., P.T.K.); Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland (T.P.); National Public Health Institute and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.)
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Lee-Rueckert M, Lappalainen J, Leinonen H, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen P. P230 ABC TRANSPORTERS-MEDIATED CHOLESTEROL EFFLUX FROM HUMAN MACROPHAGE FOAM CELLS IS IMPAIRED IN AN ACIDIC EXTRACELLULAR ENVIRONMENT. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(10)70297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lappalainen J, Yeung N, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen P, Lee-Rueckert M. P405 HETEROGENEITY OF HUMAN CULTURED MACROPHAGES IS GROWTH FACTOR-DEPENDENT AND AFFECTS THE EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO CHOLESTEROL EFFLUX AND METABOLISM. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(10)70472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Judström I, Jukkola H, Metso J, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen PT, Lee-Rueckert M. Mast cell-dependent proteolytic modification of HDL particles during anaphylactic shock in the mouse reduces their ability to induce cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells ex vivo. Atherosclerosis 2009; 208:148-54. [PMID: 19679305 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have found previously that proteolytic modification of HDL by mast cell chymase in vitro reduces cholesterol efflux from cultured macrophage foam cells. Here, we evaluated whether mast cell-dependent proteolysis of HDL particles may occur in vivo, and whether such modification would impair their function in inducing cellular cholesterol efflux ex vivo. METHODS Systemic activation of mast cells in the mouse was achieved by intraperitoneal injection of a high dose of the mast cell-specific noncytotoxic degranulating agent, compound 48/80. Serum and intraperitoneal fluid were then evaluated for degradation of HDL apolipoproteins and for their potential to act as cholesterol acceptors from cultured mouse macrophage foam cells. RESULTS Lysates of isolated mouse peritoneal mast cells containing active chymase partially proteolyzed apoA-I in alpha- and prebeta-HDL particles in mouse serum in vitro, and, when injected into the mouse peritoneal cavity, the lysates also degraded endogenous apoA-I in peritoneal fluid in vivo. Systemic activation of mast cells in mast cell-competent mice, but not in mast cell-deficient (W-sash c-kit mutant) mice, reduced the ability of serum and intraperitoneal fluid derived from these animals to promote efflux of cellular cholesterol. This inhibitory effect was related to mast cell-dependent proteolytic degradation of apoA-I, apoA-IV, and apoE, i.e., the HDL-associated apolipoproteins that are efficient inducers of cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSION The present results document a role for extracellular mast cell-dependent proteolysis in the generation of dysfunctional HDL, and suggest an inhibitory role for mast cells in the initial step of reverse cholesterol transport in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Judström
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnatie, 4, Helsinki, Finland
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Lee-Rueckert M, Judström I, Kovanen P. Abstract: P425 MAST CELL CHYMASE-DEPENDENT PROTEOLYSIS OF HDL PARTICLES DURING ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK IN THE MOUSE REDUCES THEIR ABILITY TO INDUCE CELLULAR CHOLESTEROL EFFLUX. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(09)70720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nakanishi S, Vikstedt R, Söderlund S, Lee-Rueckert M, Hiukka A, Ehnholm C, Muilu M, Metso J, Naukkarinen J, Palotie L, Kovanen PT, Jauhiainen M, Taskinen MR. Serum, but not monocyte macrophage foam cells derived from low HDL-C subjects, displays reduced cholesterol efflux capacity. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:183-92. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800196-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen P. MACROPHAGE-LIPOPROTEIN INTERACTIONS IN AN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT ENHANCE FOAM CELL FORMATION. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(08)70200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lee-Rueckert M, Vikstedt R, Metso J, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen PT. Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein with HDL particles reduces its proteolytic inactivation by mast cell chymase. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:358-68. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700392-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lee-Rueckert M, von Eckardstein A, Kovanen PT. The neutral protease chymase degrades apolipoprotein E from high-density lipoproteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 46:421-3. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Soro-Paavonen A, Naukkarinen J, Lee-Rueckert M, Watanabe H, Rantala E, Soderlund S, Hiukka A, Kovanen PT, Jauhiainen M, Peltonen L, Taskinen MR. Common ABCA1 variants, HDL levels, and cellular cholesterol efflux in subjects with familial low HDL. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:1409-16. [PMID: 17372331 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p600012-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HDL promotes cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells via ABCA1 in the first step of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). We investigated whether the early steps of RCT were disturbed in subjects with familial low HDL and an increased risk for early atherosclerosis. Cholesterol efflux from monocyte-derived macrophages to lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I; %) was measured in 22 patients with familial low HDL without Tangier disease mutations and in 21 healthy controls. In addition, we defined the different alleles of ABCA1 using single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes and measured ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA transcript levels in cholesterol-loaded macrophages. Similar ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux levels were observed for macrophages derived from control subjects and from low-HDL subjects. However, when efflux of cholesterol was estimated as cholesterol efflux to apoA-I (%)/relative ABCA1 mRNA expression level, cholesterol removal was significantly (P = 0.001) lower in the low-HDL group. Cholesterol-loaded macrophages from low-HDL subjects showed significantly increased levels of ABCA1 mRNA but not of ABCG1 mRNA and were more often carriers of the rare ABCA1 alleles L158 and R219K. These results suggest that defective ABCA1 function in cholesterol-loaded macrophages is one potential contributor to the impaired RCT process and the increased coronary heart disease risk in subjects with familial low HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Soro-Paavonen
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Lee-Rueckert M, Metso J, Vikstedt R, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen P. PO2-32 CHOLESTERYL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN (CETP) AND APOA-I INTERACTION CONFERS MUTUAL PROTECTION AGAINST PROTEOLYSIS BY CHYMASE. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(07)71042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Favari E, Gomaraschi M, Zanotti I, Bernini F, Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT, Sirtori CR, Franceschini G, Calabresi L. A Unique Protease-sensitive High Density Lipoprotein Particle Containing the Apolipoprotein A-IMilano Dimer Effectively Promotes ATP-binding Cassette A1-mediated Cell Cholesterol Efflux. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:5125-32. [PMID: 17164237 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609336200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carriers of the apolipoprotein A-I(Milano) (A-I(M)) variant present with severe reductions of plasma HDL levels, not associated with premature coronary heart disease (CHD). Sera from 14 A-I(M) carriers and matched controls were compared for their ability to promote ABCA1-driven cholesterol efflux from J774 macrophages and human fibroblasts. When both cell types are stimulated to express ABCA1, the efflux of cholesterol through this pathway is greater with A-I(M) than control sera (3.4 +/- 1.0% versus 2.3 +/- 1.0% in macrophages; 5.2 +/- 2.4% versus 1.9 +/- 0.1% in fibroblasts). A-I(M) and control sera are instead equally effective in removing cholesterol from unstimulated cells and from fibroblasts not expressing ABCA1. The A-I(M) sera contain normal amounts of apoA-I-containing prebeta-HDL and varying concentrations of a unique small HDL particle containing a single molecule of the A-I(M) dimer; chymase treatment of serum degrades both particles and abolishes ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. The serum content of chymase-sensitive HDL correlates strongly and significantly with ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux (r = 0.542, p = 0.004). The enhanced capacity of A-I(M) serum for ABCA1 cholesterol efflux is thus explained by the combined occurrence in serum of normal amounts of apoA-I-containing prebeta-HDL, together with a unique protease-sensitive, small HDL particle containing the A-I(M) dimer, both effective in removing cell cholesterol via ABCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Favari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biological Sciences, and Applied Chemistries, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27A, 43100 Parma, Italy
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Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. Mast cell proteases: Physiological tools to study functional significance of high density lipoproteins in the initiation of reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis 2006; 189:8-18. [PMID: 16530202 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular fluid of the intima is rich in lipid-poor species of high density lipoproteins (HDL) that promote efficient efflux of cholesterol from macrophages. Yet, during atherogenesis, cholesterol accumulates in macrophages, and foam cells are formed. We have studied proteolytic modification of HDL by mast cell proteases as a potential mechanism of reduced cholesterol efflux from foam cells. Mast cells are present in human atherosclerotic lesions and, when activated, they expel cytoplasmic granules that are filled with heparin proteoglycans and two neutral proteases, chymase and tryptase. Both proteases were found to specifically deplete in vitro the apoA-I-containing prebeta-migrating HDL (prebeta-HDL) and other lipid-poor HDL particles that contain only apoA-IV or apoE. These losses led to inhibition of the high-affinity component of cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells facilitated by the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). In contrast, the diffusional component of efflux promoted by alpha-HDL particles was not changed after proteolysis. Mast cell proteases are providing new insights into the role of extracellular proteolysis of HDL as an inhibiting principle of the initial steps of reverse cholesterol transport in the atherosclerotic intima, where many types of protease-secreting cells are present.
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Lee-Rueckert M, Vikstedt R, Metso J, Ehnholm C, Kovanen PT, Jauhiainen M. Absence of endogenous phospholipid transfer protein impairs ABCA1-dependent efflux of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1725-32. [PMID: 16687660 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600051-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro experiments have demonstrated that exogenous phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), i.e. purified PLTP added to macrophage cultures, influences ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages to HDL. To investigate whether PLTP produced by the macrophages (i.e., endogenous PLTP) is also part of this process, we used peritoneal macrophages derived from PLTP-knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. The macrophages were transformed to foam cells by cholesterol loading, and this resulted in the upregulation of ABCA1. Such macrophage foam cells from PLTP-KO mice released less cholesterol to lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and to HDL than did the corresponding WT foam cells. Also, when plasma from either WT or PLTP-KO mice was used as an acceptor, cholesterol efflux from PLTP-KO foam cells was less efficient than that from WT foam cells. After cAMP treatment, which upregulated the expression of ABCA1, cholesterol efflux from PLTP-KO foam cells to apoA-I increased markedly and reached a level similar to that observed in cAMP-treated WT foam cells, restoring the decreased cholesterol efflux associated with PLTP deficiency. These results indicate that endogenous PLTP produced by macrophages contributes to the optimal function of the ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux-promoting machinery in these cells. Whether macrophage PLTP acts at the plasma membrane or intracellularly or shuttles between these compartments needs further study.
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Lee-Rueckert M, Vikstedt R, Metso J, Ehnholm C, Kovanen P, Jauhiainen M. Th-P15:216 Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) deficiency impairs ABCA1-dependent efflux of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(06)82175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lee-Rueckert M, Metso J, Jauhiainen M, Kovauen P. W10-P-022 Chymase treatment of HDL3 increased their ability to transfer cholesterol esters and phospholipids mediated by plasma lipid transfer proteins. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(05)80209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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