Are extremely high progesterone levels still an issue in IVF?

BACKGROUND

Premature luteinization of one or more developing follicles complicates 1-2 % of controlled ovarian stimulation cycles for assisted reproduction. The management of this complication is controversial, with cycle cancellation likely representing the most commonly used strategy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the "freeze-all" policy-where the entire cohort of blastocysts is cryopreserved for subsequent frozen-thawed embryo transfer-in treating cases of premature luteinization.

METHODS

Patients experiencing premature luteinization during controlled ovarian stimulation-identified by extremely high progesterone levels at induction (P levels ≥3.0 ng/ml and/or P/estradiol ratio ≥1, n = 42)-were included in a "freeze-all" program and compared to controls undergoing a "freeze-all" program with normal progesterone levels at induction (P < 1.5 ng/ml, n = 67).

RESULTS

Blastulation rate was comparable between patients with premature luteinization and controls (48.1 ± 20.5 % in Cases vs. 52.3 ± 24.9 % in Controls, p = 0.36). Ongoing pregnancy rates after the first frozen-thawed embryo transfer (38.1 % in Cases and 41.0 % in Controls, p = 0.83) and cumulative ongoing pregnancy rates after three frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles (40.5 % in Cases vs. 47.8 % in Controls, p = 0.55) were also similar.

CONCLUSIONS

These results show that extremely marked progesterone elevation throughout controlled ovarian stimulation does not impair blastocyst development and implantation potential in the context of a "freeze-all" strategy. Based on this, adoption of the "freeze-all" strategy represents a valuable tool in treating premature luteinization. In contrast, cycle cancellation-likely the most frequently used method for management of this complication-currently represents a misconduct.

Evidence for multidimensional resilience in adult patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemias: Is it more common than we think?

BACKGROUND

Life expectancy of patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemias has increased with the development of improved treatment over the last few decades. However, β-thalassemia disorder still has considerable lifetime treatment demands and heightened risk of frequent complications due to transfusion-transmitted infections and iron overload, which may affect thalassemic patients' functioning in different domains.

OBJECTIVES

The vast majority of published studies on thalassemic patients have focused on children and adolescent functioning, and little research has examined adults. Hence, the current study was planned to examine the functioning and resilience of adult thalassemic patients in a comprehensive way.

METHODS

We examined multidimensional resilience and functioning across different domains (psychological adjustment, treatment adherence, social functioning and occupational functioning). We also examined demographic and medical variables that may relate to resilience and functioning. Participants were adult patients [n = 38; age M = 31·63, standard deviation (SD) = 7·72; 72% female] with transfusion-dependent thalassemia in treatment in a hospital in the northeastern United States.

RESULTS

The results suggest that most adult thalassemic patients tend to be resilient, demonstrating good functioning in four main domains: psychological adjustment, treatment adherence, social functioning and occupational functioning.

CONCLUSION

Despite the considerable demands of their illness, adult thalassemic patients appeared to be adapting well, demonstrating evidence of multidimensional resilience.

A proteomic approach for the rapid, multi-informative and reliable identification of blood

Blood evidence is frequently encountered at the scene of violent crimes and can provide valuable intelligence in the forensic investigation of serious offences.

Self-assembly of hydrophobin protein rodlets studied with atomic force spectroscopy in dynamic mode

We have investigated the self-assembling properties of the class I hydrophobin Vmh2 isolated from the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Five different hydrophobin self assembled samples including monolayers, bilayers, and rodlets have been prepared by Langmuir technique and studied at the nanoscale. Local wettability and visco-elasticity of the different hydrophobins samples were obtained from atomic force spectroscopy experiments in dynamic mode performed at different, controlled relative humidity (RH) values. It was found that hydrophobins assembled either in rodlets or in bilayer films, display similar hydropathicity and viscoelasticity in contrast to the case of monolayers, whose hydropathicity and viscoelasticity depend on the adopted preparation method (Langmuir-Blodgett or Langmuir-Schaeffer). The comparison with monolayers properties evidences a rearrangement of the bilayers adsorbed onto solid substrates. It is shown that this rearrangement leads to the formation of a stable hydrophobic film, and that the rodlets structure consists in fragments of restructured proteins bilayers. Our results support the hypothesis that the observed variations in the viscoelastic properties could be ascribed to the localization of the large flexible loop, typical of Class I hydrophobins which appears free at the air interface for LB monolayers but not for the other samples. These findings should now serve future developments and applications of hydrophobin films beyond the archetypal monolayer.

Pain in Thalassemia—An Emerging Complication

Many thalassemia subjects both transfused Major (TM) and nontransfused Intermedia (TI) suffer from longstanding bone disease, reduced or low bone mass (osteopenia or osteoporosis), fractures and bone pain. Unexpected musculoskeletal disease occurs despite longstanding hypertransfusion and new iron chelation strategies. Conditions which have been implicated in its pathogenesis include the massive ineffective erythropoiesis, chronic hypoxia associated with anemia, the local metabolic dysfunction from hemochromatosis, iron chelation toxicity, trace mineral deficiencies such as zinc deficiency, low vitamin D concentrations, the effect of endocrine dysfunction such as hypoparathyroidism, hypogonadism and growth hormone deficiency from hemochromatosis and the chronic inflammatory state induced by iron excess. The pathogenesis of bone disease has been attributed to the underlying marrow expansion of medullary bone caused by the massive ineffective erythropoiesis and subsequent cortical thinning. The process of normal bone health is maintained by a metabolic interplay of several hormonal factors including growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone, parathyroid hormone all of which can be diminished by iron overload in Thalassemia. Trace metals and vitamins including calcium, copper, zinc or vitamin C can also be deficient from iron excess or iron chelation which are also important contributors to bone metabolism. Indeed toxicities of iron chelation itself on bone development in the growing child associated with zinc deficiency, high Deferoxamine dosing and low iron burdens or the collagenous joint disease associated with deferiprone chelation have further contributed to the current musculoskeletal disease of Thalassemias. Decreased spinal height, vertebral flattening and scoliosis have also been reported. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of adolescent and adult β Thalassemia Major and Intermedia patients with osteoporosis and pain have assisted in defining the associated musculoskeletal pathology. The outcomes of the TCRN cross sectional observational study of low bone mass revealed the nature of bone disease across all ages and thalassemia syndromes and identified the prevalence and history of fractures and observed pain. Longstanding osteopenia and osteoporosis existed in the majority of subjects across all thalassemia syndromes. The TCRN Bone Study showed high prevalence of low BMD, fractures and bone pain in Thalassemia. A strong association between low bone mass and fractures was identified factors that may contribute to the pathogenesis of bone disease in Thalassemia. Bone mass was reduced even in children; 55% of 6–10 year olds had osteopenia or osteoporosis. Low vitamin D levels were also associated with increased pain in Thalassemia Major (p = 0.010). Pain has been associated with vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D abnormalities are prevalent in Thalassemia compared to the general population. Musculoskeletal disease of thalassemia may be related to the underlying disease, the consequences of iron excess, associated inflammatory mechanisms or iron chelator effects. Further studies are needed to identify its etiology and improve treatment strategies and prevent the emerging progressive osteoporotic disease process in thalassemia associated with high risk of fractures and musculoskeletal pain disrupting quality of life causing anxiety and depression into adolescence and adulthood.许多地中海贫血患者，无论得了需输血的重型（TM）贫血病或不需输血的中间型贫血病，都会长期患骨病，导致骨质减少或骨质降低（骨质疏松）、骨断裂和骨痛。 尽管采取了高量输血和新铁螯合疗法，肌骨病也会突然产生。 发病机制中反应出的症状有：大量红血球生成无效、贫血伴随慢性缺氧、血色病导致局部新陈代谢机能失调、铁螯合具毒性、微量矿物质缺乏，如缺锌、低维生素D浓度、内分泌失调造成甲状旁腺功能减退、血色病导致性腺功能减退和生长激素缺乏以及铁过量促使慢性发炎。 大量红血球生成无效和皮质变薄引起骨髓的潜在膨胀，进而产生骨病。 骨质健康通过几种激素因子（包括生长激素、雌激素、睾丸激素和甲状旁腺素）新陈代谢的相互作用来保持。这几种激素因子会因地中海贫血患者的铁过载而减少。 微量金属元素和维生素，包括钙、铜、锌或维生素C，也会因铁过量或铁螯合而减少。铁过量和铁螯合也是骨代谢的重要促成因素。 确实，由于缺锌儿童骨发育过程中铁螯合具毒性、高去铁胺剂量、低铁负载、去铁酮螯合伴随的胶原关节病等原因，进一步引发了地中海贫血肌骨病。 脊髓高度降低、椎骨变平和脊柱侧凸等症状也有报告。 伴随骨质疏松症和疼痛的青少年和成年B型地中海重型和中间型患者，可通过磁共振成像(MRI)检查来辅助确定肌骨病的发病机理。 地中海贫血临床研究网络（TCRN）观察研究了低骨质截面，结果显示出各年龄阶段骨病和地中海贫血综合症的类型，并且确定了骨断裂的发病率和历史和观察到的疼痛。 大多数地中海贫血综合症病人都患有长期骨质疏松。 TCRN骨研究显示低骨质密度、骨断裂和骨痛具有高发病率。 低骨质密度和骨断裂有较强的联系，这种联系构成地中海贫血骨病的促发因子。 儿童的骨质也都减少了；6–10岁儿童中有55%的患儿得了骨质疏松症。 维生素D含量减少也与重型地中海贫血疼痛加重有关(p = 0.010)。 与大众比较，在地中海贫血患者中，由于维生素D缺乏和异常导致疼痛，这种情况很普遍。 地中海贫血肌骨病可能与潜在疾病、铁过量、相关发炎机制或铁络合剂作用有关。 为确定伴随骨断裂和肌骨疼痛高发风险的地中海贫血肌骨病的病原学和改善治疗策略并防止出现渐进式骨质疏松病，需要开展更多的研究， 以免影响生活质量、让青少年和成年人产生焦虑和沮丧的心情。

A randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given concomitantly with trivalent influenza vaccine in adults aged ≥65 years

This randomized, double-blind study evaluated concomitant administration of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in adults aged ≥65 years who were naïve to 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Patients (N=1160) were randomized 1:1 to receive PCV13+TIV followed by placebo, or Placebo+TIV followed by PCV13 at 0 and 1 months, with blood draws at 0, 1, and 2 months. Slightly lower pneumococcal serotype-specific anticapsular polysaccharide immunoglobulin G geometric mean concentrations were observed with PCV13+TIV relative to PCV13. Concomitant PCV13+TIV demonstrates acceptable immunogenicity and safety compared with either agent given alone.

Randomised, controlled trial of concomitant pneumococcal and meningococcal conjugate vaccines

A randomised, open-label study compared the immunogenicity and safety of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) and meningococcal C conjugate vaccine (MnCC vaccine) administered concomitantly and individually. Infants received PCV7+MnCC vaccine (n=265), PCV7 alone (n=268) or MnCC vaccine alone (n=178). PCV7 was administered at 2, 3½, 6 and 12 months, and MnCC vaccine at 2, 6 and 12 months. For the 7 pneumococcal serotypes tested (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F), proportions of subjects with pneumococcal serotype-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody concentrations ≥0.35 μg/mL post-infant series were non-inferior for the PCV7+MnCC vaccine (91.5-99.6%) and PCV7 (89.0-99.6%) groups. Proportions of subjects achieving serogroup C meningococcal serum bactericidal assay titres ≥1:8 post-infant series were non-inferior for the PCV7+MnCC vaccine (99.6%) and MnCC vaccine groups (98.8%). Pneumococcal IgG antibody levels were similar in the PCV7+MnCC vaccine and PCV7 groups at each time point. Post-infant and post-toddler meningococcus C serum bactericidal assay titres and IgG levels were similar in the PCV7+MnCC vaccine and MnCC groups, although pre-toddler, the levels were lower in the PCV7+MnCC vaccine group than the MnCC vaccine group. Immune response rates to diphtheria antigen approached 100% for all vaccine groups. Local reactions were mostly similar among the treatment groups. The MnCC vaccine group had lower rates of some systemic events than the PCV7+MnCC vaccine group. Immune responses to PCV7+MnCC vaccine were non-inferior compared with those seen with each vaccine administered alone.

Laparoscopic lateral ovarian transposition: a fertility sparing procedure

This article reports the case of a 30-year-old woman who, in 2003, had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the left vaginal fornix, associated with sclerosis. After six chemoimmunotherapy cycles the patient underwent a laparoscopic procedure for lateral ovarian transposition to spare ovarian function before radiotherapy. Six months after the transposition the evaluation of ovarian function was performed. The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis was normal. Three years after radiation therapy (2006) the patient spontaneously conceived. Her pregnancy proceeded regularly. She had an uneventful vaginal delivery. Lateral ovarian transposition with tubal anatomy preservation, which is an underused technique, can be successfully used to spare ovarian function in women who undergo pelvic radiotherapy and to let them achieve spontaneous pregnancy.

Bioactive modification of silicon surface using self-assembled hydrophobins from Pleurotus ostreatus

A crystalline silicon surface can be made biocompatible and chemically stable by a self-assembled biofilm of proteins, the hydrophobins (HFBs) purified from the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. The protein-modified silicon surface shows an improvement in wettability and is suitable for immobilization of other proteins. Two different proteins were successfully immobilized on the HFBs-coated chips: the bovine serum albumin and an enzyme, a laccase, which retains its catalytic activity even when bound on the chip. Variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE), water contact angle (WCA), and fluorescence measurements demonstrated that the proposed approach in silicon surface bioactivation is a feasible strategy for the fabrication of a new class of hybrid devices.

Random mutants of a Pleurotus ostreatus laccase as new biocatalysts for industrial effluents bioremediation

AIMS

To select better performing laccase variants among the 2300 randomly mutated variants of Pleurotus ostreatus POXA1b laccase to develop improved laccase-based biocatalysts.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Screening of collections of 2300 randomly mutated variants of POXA1b was performed by assaying activity towards the phenolic substrate 2,6-dimethoxyphenol. Two new variants endowed with higher enzyme activity than the wild-type laccase were characterized, and their ability to decolourize industrial dyes with complex trisazo-, polyazo- and stilbene-type structures, in the absence of mediators, was demonstrated. One of the mutants (2L4A) was also proved to be highly stable at both acidic and alkaline pH values (displaying a half-life of around 1 month at the pH levels of both 5 and 10).

CONCLUSIONS

In comparison with the wild-type laccase, the new selected 2L4A mutant shows a significant increase in stability at acidic pH, whilst storing its high stability at alkaline pH. This variant also represents a more versatile enzyme with respect to both the variety of xenobiotics degraded and the operative conditions.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

This work represents the first example of improvement of a basidiomycete laccase for industrial effluents bioremediation by directed evolution.

Liver dysfunction in patients with hemophilia

The incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis and liver dysfunction is presented in fifty-four patients with classical hemophilia who received episodic and/or prophylactic Factor VIII concentrate. 42.5% had persistent biochemical evidence of liver dysfunction with elevated SGOT and SGPT; 3.8% have persistent (HBs) antigenicity and 90% have (HBsAb) antibodies. The results are the same for those who were treated episodically and received an average of 753 units Factor VIII per week as those treated prophylactically who received an average of 686 Factor VIII units per week. The incidence of clinical and/or subclinical disease is unaffected by the transfusion regimen or the amount of concentrate used. The necessity for close follow is emphasized for determination of chronic liver disease and its further therapy.

Langmuir-Blodgett film of hydrophobin protein from Pleurotus ostreatus at the air-water interface

We present results concerning the formation of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of a class I hydrophobin from Pleurotus ostreatus at the air-water interface, and their structure as Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films when deposited on silicon substrates. LB films of the hydrophobin were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). We observed that the compressed film at the air-water interface exhibits a molecular depletion even at low surface pressure. In order to estimate the surface molecular concentration, we fit the experimental isotherm with Volmer's equation describing the equation of state for molecular monolayers. We found that about (1)/ 10 of the molecules contribute to the surface film formation. When transferred on silicon substrates, compact and uniform monomolecular layers about 2.5 nm thick, comparable to a typical molecular size, were observed. The monolayers coexist with protein aggregates, under the typical rodlet form with a uniform thickness of about 5.0 nm. The observed rodlets appear to be a hydrophilic bilayer and can then be responsible for the surface molecular depletion.

VLA-2 and VLA-5 cell adhesion molecules expression in CD34+ cells from umbilical cord blood and from bone marrow

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Umbilical cord blood contains a large number of early hematopoietic cells with high proliferating capacity, that has been used as an alternative to bone marrow transplantation. The aim of this study is to investigate the number of two cell adhesion molecules in cord blood and in bone marrow.

METHODS

We investigated two integrins, named VLA-2 and VLA-5 (Very Late Appearing Antigen), expressed in the surface of CD34+ cells. The CD34+ cells, isolated with MACS CD34+ isolation kit, were labelled with the appropriate monoclonal antibodies.

RESULTS

Cell adhesion molecules showed highly expressed in both cord blood and bone marrow CD34+ cells.

CONCLUSION

There are no significant differences between the two sources of CD34+ populations.

Influence of the kind of delivery on umbilical cord blood collection

From December 1999 to February 2001, the Microbiological and Gynaecological Science Department of the University of Catania has been involved in the collection of umbilical cord blood samples. Eight hundred and sixty-three cord blood units were collected and sent to Sciacca's UCB bank. Among them, 429 were collected from newborns delivered vaginally, while the remaining were collected from Caesarean sections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference between umbilical cord blood samples collected during a vaginal delivery and those from a Caesarean section. In particular, the blood volume collected and cord blood CD34+ stem cell count were considered. The method of blood collection consisted of puncturing the umbilical cord vein with an 18-gauge needle and withdrawing the blood into a sterile bag immediately after clamping and newborn assistance. The blood was collected when the placenta was still in utero and the indication to the kind of delivery was, independently of the study, according to obstetrical good practice. The results of the analysis showed that the cord blood volume and the number of CD34+ cells collected were similar for the two groups. The higher median volume of blood collected from infants delivered by Caesarean section seems mainly due to the different clamping time, rather than to the kind of delivery.

Umbilical cord blood collection in Cesarean section: a comparison before and after placental delivery

Fetal stem cells transplants depend on nucleated cells from fetal blood. This study was a prospective randomized trials to compare the collection of fetal blood by gravity into a bag containing anticoagulant, before and after delivery of the placenta. The obstetric and the newborn characteristics in the two group were not significantly different. The mean volume of fetal blood collected while the placental was still in utero was 74.93+/-7.1 ml as against 35.78+/-3.6 ml for collection of fetal blood after delivery of the placenta.

Comparison of dexa and ultrasonometry in the measurement of bone density

The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic agreement between quantitative sonography of the calcaneum (QUS) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) of the spine and femur. 153 women enrolled in our study and were divided in three groups. Group A was composed of women aged between 45 and 55, Group B of women of 56-66 and Group C of women 67-77. Mean height cm 164+/-2.8; mean weight kg 68+/-3.2. The most concordant results were obtained in group B. This suggests that QUS screening for osteoporosis may be suitable for the "younger" perimenopausal patient.

Two CD34+ stem cells from umbilical cord blood enrichment methods

The authors describe the relation between clamping time and blood volume collected, and two enrichment systems of CD34+ stem cells from umbilical cord blood, to determine an excellent recovery with high proliferate ability and bone marrow reconstitution. After an obstetrician-based cord blood collection, the purification of stem cells was performed either with a combination of monoclonal antibodies (negative selections) using the Stem Sep method, or with a positive cells selection thanks to their surface CD34 antigens, using the Mini Macs system. An excellent recovery of hematopoietic progenitors, burst-forming unit erythroid, colony-forming unit granulocyte and macrophage, and colony-forming unit granulocyte, erythroid, monocyte, and macrophage, inversely related to the rising of clamping time, was performed with the Mini Macs system (54% of colonies, with a 90% purity), while with Stem Sep method, hematopoietic progenitor recovery was 35% (with an 80% purity). By applying early clamping of the umbilical cord blood a greater number of CD34+ cells was obtained and their clonogenic activity increased with enrichment. This is particularly useful, considering that the number of CD34+ stem cells contained in a unit of placental blood is enough for transplanting to a child, but not for an adult engraftment. Thus, using this method, a larger number of CD34+ stem cells can be obtained, which increases the possibility to reduce graft versus host disease also in adult patients, producing survival rates similar to the ones obtained with transplantation of bone marrow from unrelated donors.

Influence of sport and low animal saturated fats intake diet on lipid dismetabolisms in postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND

An important aetiopathogenetic factor leading to menopausal age pathologies (such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and so on) is certainly represented by the worsening of lipid dismetabolism. This condition is generally characterized by an increase in total mean cholesterol levels, LDL-cholesterol (low density lipoprotein-cholesterol), VLDL-cholesterol (very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol), triglycerides, with reduction of HDL-cholesterol (high density lipoprotein-cholesterol) mean levels. All these metabolic modifications are triggered or increased by the hypoestrogenemia typical of postmenopausal age. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence on postmenopausal women's lipid metabolism of a low contribution of animal saturated fat diets, associated with physical training.

METHODS

We enrolled in our study 36 mild hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women (non smokers and not complaining of hypertension and diabetes) and we put them through aerobic training, consisting of 1 hour of a light continuous run, repeated 4 times per week. The final control of their metabolic status and of their lipid order was executed after 6 months, but during this period, all the women were observed bi-weekly or monthly, to assure a high uniform compliance in the group. None of the women enrolled took specific drugs for the lipid metabolism during the study.

RESULTS

After 6 months from the beginning of the diet, with associated physical training, an important weight loss was observed. Increases of HDL-cholesterol mean levels (p<0.05) associated with a decrease of total cholesterol mean levels (p<0.05) were reported in all the subject examined. A statistically non-significant decrease in LDL and VLDL cholesterol mean levels was also noticed.

CONCLUSIONS

A mild lipid dysmetabolism in postmenopause may be corrected advantageously by an opportune diet associated with moderate, but constant, physical training.

Early clamping of umbilical cord blood and foetal CD34 enrichment

We describe the relation between clamping time and blood volume collected, and two enrichment systems of CD34+ stem cells from umbilical cord blood, in order to determine the criteria for an excellent recovery with high proliferative ability and bone marrow reconstitution. After an obstetrician-based cord blood collection, the purification of stem cells was performed either with a combination of monoclonal antibodies, negative selections, using the Stem Sep method, or with a positive cells selection owing to their surface CD34 antigens, using the Mini Macs system. An excellent recovery of haematopoietic progenitors--burst forming unit erythroid; colony-forming unit granulocyte and macrophage; and colony-forming unit granulocyte, erythroid, monocyte, and macrophage--inversely related to an increase in clamping time, was achieved using the Mini Macs system (54% of colonies with a 90% purity), while the recovery of haematopoietic progenitors was 35% (with a 80% purity) using the Stem Sep method. By clamping umbilical cord blood at an early stage, we obtained a greater number of CD34+ cells, and their clonogenic activity increased with enrichment. This is particularly useful considering that the number of CD34+ stem cells contained in a unit of placental blood is sufficient for transplanting into a child but not for an adult engraftment. Thus, using these methods, we obtain a larger number of CD34+ stem cells. This increases the possibility of reducing graft versus host disease in adult patients and produces survival rates similar to the ones we observed in transplantation of bone marrow from unrelated donors.

Placing the newborn on the maternal abdomen increases the volume of umbilical cord blood collected

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an important therapy for certain haematological and malignant disorders. Umbilical cord blood contains a high proportion of potentially transplantable haematopoietic progenitor cells. However, the use of cord blood stem cell transplantation is limited by the low number of stem cells obtainable from a single cord blood donor. The aim of our study was to investigate the possibility that procedures during delivery might influence the number of umbilical cord blood haematopoietic progenitor cells available for transplantation. We assessed the effects of upper and lower positions of the newborn infant on the yield of cord blood stem cells in 51 vaginal deliveries. Neonates in the upper position group were placed by the midwife on the maternal abdomen immediately after birth, while those in the lower position group were placed on the delivery table, below the maternal introitus. The total volume of cord blood and the total number of CD34+ cells collected from babies in the upper position group were significantly higher than those from babies in the lower position group. There were no significant differences in cord blood haemoglobin levels and white blood cell counts between the two groups, nor were there any adverse effects in the newborn infants. The simple manoeuvre of placing the newborn on the maternal abdomen after delivery may thus increase the yield of transplantable haematopoietic progenitor cells in cord blood.

Roles of two white-rot basidiomycete fungi in decolorisation and detoxification of olive mill waste water

A Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain was isolated from Moroccan olive mill waste water (OMW) and its ability to degrade OMW in different culture conditions was investigated and compared to that of Pleurotus ostreatus. The results indicated that Ph. chrysosporium isolate is more efficient than Pl. ostreatus in decolorising and detoxifying OMW in the presence of added nutrients. Ph. chrysosporium is able to remove more than 50% of the colour and phenols from OMW within 6 days of incubation, whereas Pl. ostreatus needs more than 12 days to reach similar results in the same conditions. Many factors affecting the treatment of diluted OMW (20%) by Ph. chrysosporium were studied, including the effects of added nutrients, initial pH, temperature and inoculated biomass. Once the optimisation of 20% OMW biodegradation process had been set up, higher OMW concentrations (50%) were tested. The results show that the fungus is capable of reducing all parameters analysed (colour A395, phenol content and chemical oxygen demand) by at least 60%, after only 9 days of growth.

Purification, characterization, and functional role of a novel extracellular protease from Pleurotus ostreatus

A new extracellular protease (PoSl; Pleurotus ostreatus subtilisin-like protease) from P. ostreatus culture broth has been purified and characterized. PoSl is a monomeric glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 75 kDa, a pI of 4.5, and an optimum pH in the alkaline range. The inhibitory profile indicates that PoSl is a serine protease. The N-terminal and three tryptic peptide sequences of PoSl have been determined. The homology of one internal peptide with conserved sequence around the Asp residue of the catalytic triad in the subtilase family suggests that PoSl is a subtilisin-like protease. This hypothesis is further supported by the finding that PoSl hydrolysis sites of the insulin B chain match those of subtilisin. PoSl activity is positively affected by calcium. A 10-fold decrease in the K(m) value in the presence of calcium ions can reflect an induced structural change in the substrate recognition site region. Furthermore, Ca(2+) binding slows PoSl autolysis, triggering the protein to form a more compact structure. These effects have already been observed for subtilisin and other serine proteases. Moreover, PoSl protease seems to play a key role in the regulation of P. ostreatus laccase activity by degrading and/or activating different isoenzymes.

Adenomyosis and uterus rupture during labor

A spontaneous uterus rupture occurred during the labour of a 37-week-pregnant woman showing a precocious rupture of membranes. It appeared enlarged and the cut surface of the myometrium showed coarse trabeculations. The histological examination showed a hypertrophic gravidic myometrium with heterogeneous areas of fibrosis and adenomyosis, necrotic decidual foci and hyperplastic cervical canal glands. Our experience suggests that a silent and spontaneous uterine rupture, is possible even in the absence of the principal risk factors.

Structural and kinetic characterization of native laccases from Pleurotus ostreatus, Rigidoporus lignosus, and Trametes trogii

A comparative study has been performed on five native laccases purified from the three basidiomycete fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, Rigidoporus lignosus, and Trametes trogii to relate their different catalytic capacities to their structural properties. Spectroscopic absorption features and EPR spectra at various pH values of the five enzymes are very similar and typical of the blue oxidases. The analysis of the dependence of kinetic parameters on pH suggested that a histidine residue is involved in the binding of nonphenolic substrates, whereas both a histidine and an acidic residue may be involved in the binding of phenolic compounds. His and an Asp residue are indeed found at the bottom of a cavity which may be regarded as a suitable substrate channel for approaching to type 1 copper in the 3D homology models of the two laccases from Pleuorotus ostreatus (POXC and POXAlb) whose sequences are known.

Reasons to Eliminate Umbilical Cord Blood Units before Cryopreservation

Hematopoietic stem cells collected from umbilical cord blood (UCB) are widely considered a potential alternative to bone marrow. Research on UCB has now developed with the establishment of cord blood banks throughout the world. The aim of our study is to improve the efficiency of our bank because of the high cost and the administrative effort involved in its organization, finding a correlation between the terms of UCB units discarding, such as the low volume and for the low cell counts, and the obstetrics causes. This process has been made to cut the cost of the research and to improve the final result of each bank. We obtained, in 15 months, 683 cord blood units by blood withdrawal from the placenta. The units were cryopreserved within 24 h of collection, in a volume of at least 60 ml with a nucleated cells total of more than 800 per 10(6). Specific analyses of the unit blood to exclude bacterial contamination were undertaken. Of the 683 bags collected, 340 (49.75%) were discarded, and 343 were banked. The main reasons for rejecting the UCB units were: low volume; low cell counts; clinical history; bacterial contamination; freezing problems; unit misidentification; and no informed consent. We suggest that regular monitoring of the reasons for the rejection of the UCB units could give a significant effort to the bank organization, and identifying those units that are suitable before the cryopreservation could save precious resources.

Manganese peroxidase isoenzymes produced by Pleurotus ostreatus grown on wood sawdust

The white rot basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus produces two manganese peroxidase (MnP) isoenzymes when grown in solid stationary conditions on poplar sawdust, whereas a lower production of these same enzymes is observed on fir sawdust. Addition of Mn(2+) to poplar culture resulted in a threefold increase of MnP activity; the same addition to fir culture was able to increase tenfold the MnP production. The two MnP isoenzymes (MnP2 and MnP3) were purified from P. ostreatus poplar culture. The isoenzymes differ in their pI values, molecular masses, and N-terminal sequences. MnP3 has the same N-terminal sequence as that of a P. ostreatus MnP previously reported. Both isoenzymes exhibit Mn(2+)-dependent and Mn(2+)-independent peroxidase activities when tested on phenolic substrates. The gene coding for the new isoenzyme MnP2 was cloned and sequenced and the promoter region analyzed. Furthermore, the chromosomal localization of all known P. ostreatus genes was determined.

Copper induction of laccase isoenzymes in the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus ostreatus

Pleurotus ostreatus is a white rot basidiomycete that produces several extracellular laccase isoenzymes, including phenol oxidase A1b (POXA1b), POXA2, and POXC. POXC was the most abundant isoenzyme produced under all of the growth conditions examined in this study. Copper was the most efficient inducer of laccase activity among the putative inducers tested. The amounts of all of the previously described laccase isoenzymes increased substantially in copper-supplemented cultures. Under these conditions expression of POX isoenzymes was regulated at the level of gene transcription. It is worth noting that poxa1b mRNA was the most abundant induced transcript at all of the growth times analyzed, and the amount of this mRNA increased until day 7. The discrepancy between the poxa1b transcript and protein amounts can be explained by the presence of a high level of the protein in P. ostreatus cellular extract, which indicated that the POXA1b isoenzyme could be inefficiently secreted and/or that its physiological activity could occur inside the cell or on the cell wall. Moreover, the POXA1b isoenzyme behaved uniquely, as its activity was maximal on the second day of growth and then decreased. An analysis performed with protease inhibitors revealed that the loss of extracellular POXA1b activity could have been due to the presence of specific proteases secreted into the copper-containing culture medium that affected the extracellular POXA1b isoenzyme.

Protein and gene structure of a blue laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus1

A new laccase isoenzyme (POXA1b, where POX is phenol oxidase), produced by Pleurotus ostreatus in cultures supplemented with copper sulphate, has been purified and fully characterized. The main characteristics of this protein (molecular mass in native and denaturing conditions, pI and catalytic properties) are almost identical to the previously studied laccase POXA1w. However, POXA1b contains four copper atoms per molecule instead of one copper, two zinc and one iron atom per molecule of POXA1w. Furthermore, POXA1b shows an unusually high stability at alkaline pH. The gene and cDNA coding for POXA1b have been cloned and sequenced. The gene coding sequence contains 1599 bp, interrupted by 15 introns. Comparison of the structure of the poxa1b gene with the two previously studied P. ostreatus laccase genes (pox1 and poxc) suggests that these genes belong to two different subfamilies. The amino acid sequence of POXA1b deduced from the cDNA sequence has been almost completely verified by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization MS. It has been demonstrated that three out of six putative glycosylation sites are post-translationally modified and the structure of the bound glycosidic moieties has been determined, whereas two other putative glycosylation sites are unmodified.

Microchimerism and tolerance following intrauterine transplantation and transfusion for alpha-thalassemia-1

A fetus homozygous for alpha-thalassemia-1 was given haploidentical paternal CD34 cells at 13, 19 and 24 weeks' gestation and supported through pregnancy by blood transfusion. The fetal hematocrit ranged between 27 and 47% and between one half and three quarters of this hemoglobin was of recipient (Bart's) type. Intrauterine growth proceeded normally and no significant fetal hydrops was detected. Tests for donor HLA antigens, and alpha-globin DNA, were negative on fetal blood samples drawn before birth. A positive signal for alpha-globin DNA was obtained from cord blood and from marrow obtained at 3 months of age, suggesting that some donor stem cells had persisted in the recipient. The infant's blood mononuclear cells showed little proliferative and no cytotoxic response to the donor while responses to a third party were present. Additional paternal CD34 cells given at 3 months age did not reduce transfusion dependency in the subsequent 6 months. Our results show that repeated transfusions can support an alpha-thalassemia-1 fetus through pregnancy, in this instance without significant birth defects or apparent hypoxic tissue injury. The donor stem cells did not have a survival advantage compared with endogenous stem cells, but appeared to survive in the recipient as judged by the persistence of an alpha-globin DNA signal. In vitro studies of alloreactivity suggest tolerization of the host to the donor's MHC disparity. Future efforts will focus on exploiting this tolerance to improve the level of donor chimerism.

A novel white laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus

Two laccase isoenzymes (POXA1 and POXA2) produced by Pleurotus ostreatus were purified and fully characterized. POXA1 and POXA2 are monomeric glycoproteins with 3 and 9% carbohydrate content, molecular masses of about 61 and 67 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, of about 54 and 59 kDa by gel filtration in native conditions, and of 61 kDa by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (only for POXA1) and pI values of 6.7 and 4.0, respectively. The N terminus and three tryptic peptides of POXA1 have been sequenced, revealing clear homology with laccases from other microorganisms, whereas POXA2 showed a blocked N terminus. The stability of POXA2 as a function of temperature was particularly low, whereas POXA1 showed remarkable high stability with respect to both pH and temperature. Both enzymes oxidize syringaldazine and ABTS (2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) together with a variety of different substituted phenols and aromatic amines with the concomitant reduction of oxygen, but POXA1 is unable to oxidize guaiacol. Both enzymes were strongly inhibited by sodium azide and thioglycolic acid but not by EDTA. UV/visible absorption spectra, atomic adsorption, and polarographic data indicated the presence of 4 copper atoms/mol of POXA2 but only one copper, two zinc, and one iron atoms were found/mol of POXA1. The neutral pI and the anomalous metal content of POXA1 laccase render this enzyme unique in its structural characteristics. The lack of typical absorbance at 600 nm allows its classification as a "white" laccase.

Serum ferritin iron, a new test, measures human body iron stores unconfounded by inflammation

Serum ferritin protein is an acute phase reactant. We hypothesized that serum ferritin protein generated in response to an inflammatory process would have much less iron (Fe) in it than would "normal" ferritin protein, and therefore measuring serum ferritin iron would assess human body iron status unconfounded by inflammation.

BASIC METHODS

We measured serum ferritin iron in 140 clinical samples obtained from the serum banks of Bronx VA Medical Center Hematology and Nutrition Laboratory (Bronx, NY), the CDC Nutritional Biochemistry serum sample bank (Atlanta, GA), and the sample bank from patients with thalassemia and iron overload treated at New York Hospital (New York, NY). Each was analyzed for three conventional criteria of iron status: serum iron, percentage of transferrin saturation and ferritin protein. In addition, tests for inflammation were also performed: C-reactive protein, WBC and transaminases. Seventy-seven patients' sera from 140 screened met each of three consistent criteria for stages of iron status. Serum ferritin was immobilized by immunoprecipitation with rabbit antihuman polyclonal antibody bound to agarose and separated from other iron-containing proteins, digested with 0.2 ml of 3N nitric acid and analyzed for iron content by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

RESULTS

Serum ferritin iron ranged in normal controls from 10 ng to 35 ng Fe/ml. The patients with iron deficiency (4/4) and those in negative iron balance (5/6) had values < or = 10 ng. Positive iron balance (8/9) and iron overload (22/22) values were > 35 ng/ml, in contrast to 11/19 with inflammation. Seventeen of twenty-two with overload had values > 100 ng/ml while only 1/19 with inflammation had such a value. Ferritin iron in ferritin protein was > 15% by weight in 14/22 with iron overload but in 0/19 with inflammation.

IMPLICATIONS OF THE WORK

Serum ferritin iron is a simple, direct measure of iron stores that we propose, in conjunction with measuring serum ferritin protein, as a minimally invasive screening procedure for accurately assessing the whole range of human body iron status, unconfounded by inflammation.

Migratory Response of Human NK Cells to Monocyte-Chemotactic Proteins

NK cells are present mostly in blood and spleen but under certain pathological and physiological conditions rapidly accumulate at extrahematic sites. The present study investigates the responsiveness of NK cells to C-C chemokines and the mechanisms of emigration from the bloodstream. MCP-1 induced migration across polycarbonate filters of IL-2-activated NK cells, whereas it was a weak attractant for unstimulated cells. The related chemokines MCP-2 and MCP-3 were also active. IL-2-activated NK cells showed specific binding sites for labeled MCP-1, and cell migration was inhibited by both cholera and Bordetella pertussis toxins. In agreement with functional assays the expression of mRNA specific for MCP-1 receptors was detectable only in IL-2-activated NK cells. The ability of NK cells to respond to MCP-1 and related chemokines may be one important determinant of NK cell emigration and recruitment in tissues.

The gene, protein and glycan structures of laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus

A member of the laccase multigene family in Pleurotus ostreatus has been cloned and sequenced. The gene structure has been determined by comparison with the corresponding cDNA, synthesized by reverse transcription/PCR amplification. The gene encode a laccase isoenzyme of 533 amino acids which has already been purified and characterized [Palmieri, G., Giardina, P., Marzullo, L., Desiderio, B., Nitti, G., Cannio, R. & Sannia, G.(1993) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39, 632-636]. More than 92% of the protein sequence, including the N and C termini, has been verified by fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry, thus confirming the correspondence between the gene and its protein product. The protein was N-glycosylated Asn444. Glycan analysis showed the presence of only a high-mannose structure containing varying numbers of mannose residues. The presence of O-linked oligosaccharides as well as other post-translational modification could be ruled out by the mass analysis.

Cloning and sequencing of a laccase gene from the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus

The gene (pox1) encoding a phenol oxidase from Pleurotus ostreatus, a lignin-degrading basidiomycete, was cloned and sequenced, and the corresponding pox1 cDNA was also synthesized and sequenced. The isolated gene consists of 2,592 bp, with the coding sequence being interrupted by 19 introns and flanked by an upstream region in which putative CAAT and TATA consensus sequences could be identified at positions -174 and -84, respectively. The isolation of a second cDNA (pox2 cDNA), showing 84% similarity, and of the corresponding truncated genomic clones demonstrated the existence of a multigene family coding for isoforms of laccase in P. ostreatus. PCR amplifications of specific regions on the DNA of isolated monokaryons proved that the two genes are not allelic forms. The POX1 amino acid sequence deduced was compared with those of other known laccases from different fungi.

Veratryl alcohol oxidase from Pleurotus ostreatus participates in lignin biodegradation and prevents polymerization of laccase-oxidized substrates

Oxidative enzymes (laccases and peroxidases) isolated from the culture media of different fungi are involved in the basic mechanism of ligninolysis via radical intermediates. However, experiments aimed at reproducing natural biodegradation in vitro have been unsuccessful so far since the single biocatalysts alone are not able to solubilize lignins because of the simultaneous recondensation of these intermediates. FAD oxidases can prevent this side reaction in lignin depolymerization by reducing quinonoids and radical compounds. This study investigates the possible role of a laccase and a FAD-dependent aryl alcohol oxidase (veratryl alcohol oxidase, VAO) excreted by the basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus. In fact, we found that VAO is able to reduce synthetic quinones, laccase-generated quinonoids, and phenoxy radicals with concomitant oxidation of veratryl alcohol to veratryl aldehyde. This cooperative action of laccase and VAO also prevented the polymerization of phenolic compounds and reduced the molecular weight of soluble lignosulfonates to a significant extent.

Oral sodium phenylbutyrate therapy in homozygous beta thalassemia: a clinical trial

Butyrate analogues have been shown to increase fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production in vitro and in vivo. Sodium phenylbutyrate (SPB), an oral agent used to treat individuals with urea-cycle disorders, has been shown to increase HbF in nonanemic individuals and in individuals with sickle cell disease. We have treated eleven patients with homozygous beta thalassemia (three transfusion dependent) and one sickle-beta-thalassemia patient with 20 g/d (forty 500-mg tablets) of SPB for 41 to 460 days. All patients showed an increase in the percent of F reticulocytes associated with treatment, but only four patients responded by increasing their Hb levels by greater than 1 g/dL (mean increase, 2.1 g/dL; range, 1.2 to 2.8 g/dL). None of the transfusion-dependent thalassemia subjects responded. Increase in Hb was associated with an increase in red blood cell number (mean increase, 0.62 x 10(12)/L), and mean corpuscular volume (mean increase, 6 fL). Changes in percent HbF, absolute HbF levels, or alpha- to non-alpha-globin ratios as measured by levels of mRNA and globin protein in peripheral blood did not correlate with response to treatment. Response to treatment was not associated with the type of beta-globin mutation, but baseline erythropoietin levels of greater than 120 mU/mL was seen in all responders and only two of eight nonresponders to SPB. Compliance with treatment was greater than 90% as measured by pill counts. Side effects of the drug included weight gain and/or edema caused by increase salt load in 2/12, transient epigastric discomfort in 7/12, and abnormal body odor in 3/12 subjects. Two splenectomized patients who were not on prophylactic antibiotics developed sepsis while on treatment. We conclude that SPB increases Hb in some patients with thalassemia, but the precise mechanism of action is unknown.

Antiidiotype antibodies as surrogates for polysaccharide vaccines

In past studies we demonstrated that monoclonal antibody 6F9 is a surrogate image of the meningococcal C capsular polysaccharide. These studies indicated that immunization with this anti-id resulted in a T-dependent antibody response. In the studies reported in this paper, we show that the response which is elicited is protective. Using a model of meningococcal infection in BALB/c mice in which the animals are rendered susceptible with iron dextran, we studied the ability of this anti-id to protect adult mice against challenge. These studies encompassed the ability of 6F9 to prime neonatal mice and provide them with protection to later challenge. Adult BALB/c mice immunized with 6F9 had a 100% survival and a significantly reduced level of bacteremia at 24 hours. Neonatal mice primed within 24 hours of birth and immunized at 4 weeks of age with 6F9 had a 100% survival and cleared their bacteremia by 8 hours. Neonatal mice primed with 6F9 and challenged at 5 weeks had a 90% survival. These data indicate that anti-id 6F9 is a surrogate antigen for the meningococcal C polysaccharide and is capable of inducing protective immunity in immunologically mature as well as immature animals.

A new enzyme immobilization procedure using copper alginate gel: application to a fungal phenol oxidase

A new procedure was developed for enzyme immobilization by entrapment in copper alginate gel. The mechanical properties of the copper alginate gel were characterized and compared with those of the most widely used calcium alginate. The system was applied to the immobilization of a fungal phenol oxidase. Optimal conditions for enzyme immobilization were set up: the system immobilized 85% of the enzyme, and the remaining 15% was recovered in the aqueous immobilization medium. The stability and activity of the immobilized enzyme were studied. After immobilization, the enzyme was active in a wider pH range, the temperature of its optimal activity was shifted to lower values, and the possibility of storage at 4 degrees C was greatly improved. The immobilized enzyme generally increased the rate of oxidation of various substrates. The results indicate a potential use of this system for the construction of bioreactors to be used in the detoxification of polluted waste waters.

Stability and activity of a phenol oxidase from the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus ostreatus

Three different phenol oxidases produced by the basidiomycete fungus Pleurotus ostreatus have been isolated and their main structural, enzymatic and physico-chemical properties characterized. Studies have focused on the most abundantly secreted of these proteins, a copper-enzyme specific towards ortho-diphenol substrates. This protein was purified to homogeneity and part of its primary structure determined by direct protein sequencing. The influence of pH, temperature and presence of water-soluble or water-insoluble organic solvents on the activity and stability of the enzyme were also investigated. These data can be used for applying bioreactors to problems of environmental concern such as waste-water treatment.

Sickle and thalassemic erythroid progenitor cells are different from normal

Blood erythroid progenitors (BFU-E) from patients with sickle and thalassemic syndromes were compared with those from normal individuals. The day of maximal colony formation in methyl cellulose was slightly later in the cultures from the patients with hemoglobinopathies than in the normal cultures. The number of colonies/100,000 mononuclear cells was similar in all cultures on day 13, but was higher in the hemoglobinopathy cultures on the day of maximal growth. The number of BFU-E/mL of blood was significantly higher than normal at all times in both sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. The proportional synthesis of gamma globin was twice normal in all sickle cultures, and 4 times normal in those from beta+-thalassemia. Hemin and interleukin-3 increased the numbers of erythroid colonies in all cultures, but did not consistently alter the globin synthesis patterns. Each progenitor population has a unique pattern in terms of time course, number of BFU-E, and level of gamma globin synthesis. These features indicate distinct types of BFU-E, or differences in accessory cells, or both, which distinguish blood-borne erythropoiesis in normals and those with hemoglobinopathies.

Factor XSanto Domingo. Evidence that the severe clinical phenotype arises from a mutation blocking secretion

Factor X (FX) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein required for the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation. FXSanto Domingo is a hereditary FX deficiency which is characterized clinically by a severe bleeding diathesis. The proposita has a FX activity of less than 1% and a FX antigen of less than 5%. We have determined the molecular basis of the defect in the FXSanto Domingo gene by amplification of all eight exons with polymerase chain reaction and subsequent sequence analysis. The patient is homozygous for a G----A transition in exon I at codon -20 (numbering the alanine at the NH2 terminus of the mature protein as +1), resulting in the substitution of arginine for glycine in the carboxy-terminal part of the signal peptide. This amino acid change occurs near the presumed cleavage site of the signal peptidase. We hypothesized that the mutation might prevent cleavage by the signal peptidase which in turn would impair proper secretion of the FX protein. To test this hypothesis, we compared the expression of wild type and mutant FX cDNA in a human kidney cell line. Wild type and mutant constructs in the expression vector pCMV4 were introduced into the human embryonic kidney cell line 293 by calcium phosphate transfection. FX antigen levels in the supernatant of the cells harboring the wild type construct were 2.4 micrograms/10(7) cells per 24 h, whereas antigen levels in media from cells containing the FXSanto Domingo construct were undetectable. No FX antigen was detected in the cell lysates of cells transfected with the mutant construct. To insure that the difference in protein levels was not due to a difference in steady state levels of mRNA, Northern analysis was performed on RNA from the cell lysates of both constructs. The results showed a transcript of the same size, present in roughly equal amounts, in both cases. Thus, the defect in the signal sequence of FXSanto Domingo exerts its effect posttranscriptionally. FXSanto Domingo is the first described example of a bleeding diathesis due to a mutation in the signal sequence.

Purification and characterization of a veratryl alcohol oxidase enzyme from the lignin degrading basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus

A veratryl alcohol oxidase (VAO) enzyme was discovered in cultures of Pleurotus ostreatus. The enzyme, which oxidizes veratryl alcohol to veratraldehyde reducing O2 to H2O2, was purified to homogeneity and its main structural and catalytic properties have been determined. The enzyme is a glycoprotein and contains FAD as a prosthetic group. The amino acid composition and carboxy- and amino-terminal sequences were determined. Primary aromatic alcohols with methoxy substituents in position four are good substrates for VAO; cinnamyl alcohol is the substrate which is oxidized faster whereas coniferyl alcohol is oxidized at a slower rate. The enzyme is moderately thermostable (t1/2(55 degrees C) about 1.5 h, apparent melting temperature about 60 degrees C). The enzyme stability in 50% water/organic solvents mixtures has also been studied.