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Fendt M, Schmid S, Thakker DR, Jacobson LH, Yamamoto R, Mitsukawa K, Maier R, Natt F, Hüsken D, Kelly PH, McAllister KH, Hoyer D, van der Putten H, Cryan JF, Flor PJ. mGluR7 facilitates extinction of aversive memories and controls amygdala plasticity. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:970-9. [PMID: 17712315 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Formation and extinction of aversive memories in the mammalian brain are insufficiently understood at the cellular and molecular levels. Using the novel metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7) agonist AMN082, we demonstrate that mGluR7 activation facilitates the extinction of aversive memories in two different amygdala-dependent tasks. Conversely, mGluR7 knockdown using short interfering RNA attenuated the extinction of learned aversion. mGluR7 activation also blocked the acquisition of Pavlovian fear learning and its electrophysiological correlate long-term potentiation in the amygdala. The finding that mGluR7 critically regulates extinction, in addition to acquisition of aversive memories, demonstrates that this receptor may be relevant for the manifestation and treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fendt
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Lecourtier L, Deschaux O, Arnaud C, Chessel A, Kelly PH, Garcia R. Habenula lesions alter synaptic plasticity within the fimbria-accumbens pathway in the rat. Neuroscience 2006; 141:1025-1032. [PMID: 16716523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Both the habenula and the nucleus accumbens, and especially the glutamatergic innervation of the latter from the hippocampus, have been hypothesized to be involved, in different ways, in the pathophysiology of cognitive disturbances in schizophrenia. Lesions of the habenula produce disturbances of memory and attention in experimental animals. As the habenular nuclei have been shown to influence the release of many neurotransmitters, both in the hippocampus and the nucleus accumbens, we examined in this study the effects of bilateral habenula lesions on the plasticity of the fimbria-nucleus accumbens pathway, by means of the long-term depression phenomenon in freely moving rats. Long-term depression, induced within the shell region of the nucleus accumbens by low-frequency stimulation of the fimbria, was exaggerated and showed greater persistence in habenula-lesioned rats compared with sham-operated animals. These results indicate that plasticity in the fimbria-nucleus accumbens pathway is altered by habenula lesions in a way similar to previously-reported effects of stress and the psychosis-provoking agent ketamine. Moreover, they strengthen the views that the habenula belongs to systems, mediating higher cognitive functions, which involve the hippocampus and the nucleus accumbens. Finally, this study suggests that dysfunction of the habenula could contribute to cognitive alterations in diseases such as schizophrenia, where the habenula is reported to exhibit exaggerated calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lecourtier
- NS Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - O Deschaux
- INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Psychopathologie, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - C Arnaud
- INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Psychopathologie, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - A Chessel
- INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Psychopathologie, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - P H Kelly
- NS Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Garcia
- INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Psychopathologie, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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3
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Kelly PH, Bondolfi L, Hunziker D, Schlecht HP, Carver K, Maguire E, Abramowski D, Wiederhold KH, Sturchler-Pierrat C, Jucker M, Bergmann R, Staufenbiel M, Sommer B. Progressive age-related impairment of cognitive behavior in APP23 transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 2003; 24:365-78. [PMID: 12498971 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic APP23 mice expressing human APP(751) with the K670N/M671L mutation, were compared at ages 3, 18 or 25 months to non-transgenic littermates in passive avoidance and in a small and large Morris maze. The task in the smaller pool habituated their flight response to the platform. Impairments in passive avoidance and small pool performance in APP23 mice were clearly age-related. In the larger Morris maze APP23 mice at all ages were impaired in latency and distance swum before finding the platform. Identical performance of 18-month APP23 and controls in a visible platform condition indicates that the Morris maze performance deficit was not due to sensory, motor or motivational alterations. At age 3 months both groups initially unexpectedly avoided the visible platform, suggesting that in young mice neophobia may contribute significantly to performance in cognitive tests. In conclusion, APP23 mice exhibit both early behavioral impairment in the large Morris maze as well as impairments in passive avoidance and small pool performance that are marked only in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Kelly
- NS Research, Novartis Pharma A.G. Ltd., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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4
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Schuler V, Lüscher C, Blanchet C, Klix N, Sansig G, Klebs K, Schmutz M, Heid J, Gentry C, Urban L, Fox A, Spooren W, Jaton AL, Vigouret J, Pozza M, Kelly PH, Mosbacher J, Froestl W, Käslin E, Korn R, Bischoff S, Kaupmann K, van der Putten H, Bettler B. Epilepsy, hyperalgesia, impaired memory, and loss of pre- and postsynaptic GABA(B) responses in mice lacking GABA(B(1)). Neuron 2001; 31:47-58. [PMID: 11498050 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
GABA(B) (gamma-aminobutyric acid type B) receptors are important for keeping neuronal excitability under control. Cloned GABA(B) receptors do not show the expected pharmacological diversity of native receptors and it is unknown whether they contribute to pre- as well as postsynaptic functions. Here, we demonstrate that Balb/c mice lacking the GABA(B(1)) subunit are viable, exhibit spontaneous seizures, hyperalgesia, hyperlocomotor activity, and memory impairment. Upon GABA(B) agonist application, null mutant mice show neither the typical muscle relaxation, hypothermia, or delta EEG waves. These behavioral findings are paralleled by a loss of all biochemical and electrophysiological GABA(B) responses in null mutant mice. This demonstrates that GABA(B(1)) is an essential component of pre- and postsynaptic GABA(B) receptors and casts doubt on the existence of proposed receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Schuler
- Novartis Pharma AG, TA Nervous System, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Quenzer TL, Emmett MR, Hendrickson CL, Kelly PH, Marshall AG. High sensitivity Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for biological analysis with nano-LC and microelectrospray ionization. Anal Chem 2001; 73:1721-5. [PMID: 11338584 DOI: 10.1021/ac001095q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Modifications to a 7 T nano-LC micro-ESI FT-ICR mass spectrometer, including a shorter octopole, approximately 100% duty cycle, improved nano-LC micro-ESI emitter tips, and reverse-phase HPLC resins that require no ion-pairing agent, combine to achieve attomole detection limit. Three peptides in a mixture totaling 500 attomoles (amol) each in water (10 microL, 50 amol/microL) are separated and detected, demonstrating detection from a mixture at low endogenous biological concentration. Two peptides in a mixture totaling 500 amol each in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (1 microL, 500 amol/microL) are separated and detected, demonstrating detection from a mixture at a biological concentration in a biological solvent. The highest sensitivity is attained with arg8-vasotocin, in which a total of 300 amol is detected in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (1 microL, 300 amol/microL) and a total of 100 amol in water (1 microL, 100 amol/microL). Arg8-vasotocin isolated from the pineal gland of rainbow trout is detected, demonstrating the ability of FT-ICR to detect and identify a true endogenous biological analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Quenzer
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
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6
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Zamanillo D, Sprengel R, Hvalby O, Jensen V, Burnashev N, Rozov A, Kaiser KM, Köster HJ, Borchardt T, Worley P, Lübke J, Frotscher M, Kelly PH, Sommer B, Andersen P, Seeburg PH, Sakmann B. Importance of AMPA receptors for hippocampal synaptic plasticity but not for spatial learning. Science 1999; 284:1805-11. [PMID: 10364547 DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5421.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Gene-targeted mice lacking the L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor subunit GluR-A exhibited normal development, life expectancy, and fine structure of neuronal dendrites and synapses. In hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, GluR-A-/- mice showed a reduction in functional AMPA receptors, with the remaining receptors preferentially targeted to synapses. Thus, the CA1 soma-patch currents were strongly reduced, but glutamatergic synaptic currents were unaltered; and evoked dendritic and spinous Ca2+ transients, Ca2+-dependent gene activation, and hippocampal field potentials were as in the wild type. In adult GluR-A-/- mice, associative long-term potentiation (LTP) was absent in CA3 to CA1 synapses, but spatial learning in the water maze was not impaired. The results suggest that CA1 hippocampal LTP is controlled by the number or subunit composition of AMPA receptors and show a dichotomy between LTP in CA1 and acquisition of spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zamanillo
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Abstract
An average person normally spends at least 90 min to 2 h per night dreaming. Nevertheless, memories of dream events are not retrieved while awake unless the person awoke shortly after a dream. It is hypothesized here that schizophrenic delusions initially arise because a system that normally inhibits the formation of memories of dream events is defective. Therefore, memories of dream events or fragments would be occasionally made and placed in the normal memory store. The only reason that we really know anything happened to us in the past is that we have a memory of it, and having a memory of an event is sufficient to really believe it. Therefore, the schizophrenic would believe that the dream events actually happened. It is proposed that this is the basis of primary delusions. Because memories are represented by strengthened neural connections there will be an accumulation of connections that do not correspond to reality. This accumulation may account for other symptoms of schizophrenia such as thought disorder, loosening of associations, and hallucinations. The brain trying to draw conclusions from several memories may be the basis of secondary delusions. Evidence is presented for the ideas that primary delusions are due to memories of dream events, that a substance, with vasotocin-like bioactivity, is released in the brain during dreaming and inhibits memory formation, that the lateral habenula is a brain area involved in vasotocin actions and is affected by neuroleptics, and that brain mechanisms involved in vasotocin actions show pathological alterations in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Kelly
- Preclinical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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Lowe DA, Emre M, Frey P, Kelly PH, Malanowski J, McAllister KH, Neijt HC, Rüdeberg C, Urwyler S, White TG. The pharmacology of SDZ EAA 494, a competitive NMDA antagonist. Neurochem Int 1994; 25:583-600. [PMID: 7894335 DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(94)90157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
SDZ EAA 494 (D-CPPene) was characterized as a competitive NMDA antagonist, having a pA2 value against NMDA depolarizations in frog spinal cord and rat neocortex of 6.7-6.8 and a pKi of 7.5 in a [3H]CGP39653 binding assay, with no action on other receptors or amine reuptake. The compound was orally active in rodent maximal electroshock models with an ED50 of around 16 mg/kg, was protective in rats even 24 hours after oral application and had an oral therapeutic index of around 8. Muscle relaxation, ataxia, flattened body posture and reduced acquisition of a passive avoidance task, suggesting potential effects on memory formation, occurred at supra-anticonvulsant doses in rodents, with PCP-like stimulatory effects produced only by high i.p. doses or constant i.v. infusions. This favourable profile is discussed in relation to the negative outcome of a recent trial of the compound in patients with intractable epilepsy. The conclusion is drawn that standard models for screening new anticonvulsants are inappropriate to seeking drugs active in patients with a protracted convulsive history. The anti-ischaemic action of SDZ EAA 494 encourages further testing in brain trauma, in which the anticonvulsant action of the compound may be an added benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Lowe
- Sandoz Research Institute Bern Ltd., Switzerland
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9
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Abstract
In their first swim in an unfamiliar circular swimming pool, control rats showed declines in average swimming speed and in the time spent in the perimeter of the pool. Both declines were antagonized by the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine, but not by methylscopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier only poorly, indicating that these declines depend upon central cholinergic activity. In the first minute of a second swim 3 days later, control rats spent a much longer time in the central region of the pool than in the first minute of the first swim. This modification of behaviour by previous experience suggests that a long-term memory of the first swim was formed. Scopolamine, but not methylscopolamine, administered before the first swim attenuated this modification of behaviour. Pilocarpine, administered shortly after scopolamine before the first swim, significantly normalized all the scopolamine-induced changes, whereas oxotremorine and arecoline normalized only habituation of perimeter preference; agonists administered alone decreased swimming speed and perimeter preference without affecting their rates of decline. The results suggest that in this test, different cholinergic mechanisms are involved in habituation of swimming speed and habituation of perimeter preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Kelly
- Preclinical Research, Sandoz Pharma Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Odland MD, Kelly PH, Ney AL, Andersen RC, Bubrick MP. Management of dialysis-associated steal syndrome complicating upper extremity arteriovenous fistulas: use of intraoperative digital photoplethysmography. Surgery 1991; 110:664-9; discussion 669-70. [PMID: 1925955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dialysis-associated steal syndrome (DASS) occurring after creation of arteriovenous fistulas often necessitates ligation of the fistula. From June 1987 to June 1990, a total of 542 upper extremity arteriovenous fistulas were constructed: radiocephalic fistulas in 182 patients, 325 forearm loop grafts and 32 upper arm loop grafts. We managed 27 patients with DASS including two patients who were referred from other hospitals. DASS developed in two patients (1%) with radiocephalic fistulas and in 23 patients (6.4%) with arteriovenous grafts. Of the 27 patients, the fistula was ligated in nine because of tissue loss, severity of symptoms, or absence of improvement in digital pressure with the fistula occluded. Intraoperative digital photoplethysmography was used to guide the amount of graft narrowing in 16 patients. The goal was to obtain a digital blood pressure of 50 mm Hg or digital to brachial ratio of more than 0.6. Ten of the 16 patients had satisfactory graft function for more than 6 months, and all patients had improvement or resolution of the steal syndrome. We conclude that DASS is an uncommon complication of upper extremity arteriovenous shunts and narrowing of the fistula and that using intraoperative digital photoplethysmography as a guide is a useful method for relieving the steal syndrome and salvaging the shunt.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Odland
- Department of Surgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn. 55415
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11
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Ney AL, Kelly PH, Tsukayama DT, Bubrick MP. Fibrin glue-antibiotic suspension in the prevention of prosthetic graft infection. J Trauma 1990; 30:1000-5; discussion 1005-6. [PMID: 2201786 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199008000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The following study was done to assess whether fibrin glue-antibiotic suspension (FGAS) can prevent infection of a PTFE vascular graft in a contaminated wound. METHODS FGAS was made by combining cryoprecipitate with a mixture of bovine thrombin, aminocaproic acid, and tobramycin (5 mg/cc thrombus). Antibiotic activity was documented by in vitro kinetics which revealed initial elutions to be greater than 8,000 mu gm/cc and elutions at 4 days to be greater than 2 mcg/cc. Twelve dogs had a 1-cm section of infrarenal aorta replaced with a PTFE graft that had been bathed in a 2-cc solution of E. coli 3 x 10(8) CFU/ml and S. aureus 3 x 10(8) CFU/ml. Both organisms were sensitive to tobramycin and cefonicid. Dogs were divided into three groups of four. Group I had a contaminated PTFE graft placed and no further therapy. Group II had a contaminated PTFE graft placed and sealed with fibrin glue. Group III had a contaminated PTFE graft placed and sealed with FGAS. All three groups received daily IV cefonicid. RESULTS Group I: Four of four dogs were reoperated on the fourth day for suspected sepsis and all four had pseudoaneurysms (one ruptured). Three of four were culture positive for S. aureus and two of four positive for E. coli. Group II: Four of four died of anastomotic disruption by the third day. Four of four were culture positive for S. aureus and E. coli. Group III: All four dogs survived and were sacrificed on Day 17: all anastomoses were normal. Animal survival was significantly associated with the treatment given (p = 0.0025). Three of four tissue cultures of the grafts were weakly positive for S. aureus and one of four for E. coli and Pseudomonas. Serum tobramycin levels were negligible at 12, 24, 72, and 96 hours. CONCLUSIONS The data show that FGAS was associated with a reduction in vascular graft infection and pseudoaneurysm formation after exposure to a standardized bacterial inoculum. Whether complete eradication of all organisms can be achieved with higher doses of tobramycin is as yet undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Ney
- Department of Surgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55415
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12
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Camps M, Kelly PH, Palacios JM. Autoradiographic localization of dopamine D 1 and D 2 receptors in the brain of several mammalian species. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1990; 80:105-27. [PMID: 2138461 DOI: 10.1007/bf01257077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D 1 and D 2 receptor distributions were studied in the brain of the mouse, rat, guinea pig, cat and monkey by means of in vitro quantitative autoradiography using [3H]SCH 23390 and [3H]CV 205-502 to label D 1 and D 2 subtypes respectively. The distribution of both subtypes of receptors was similar within the basal ganglia of all species investigated. The highest densities for both subtypes were found in the nucleus caudatus, putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and substantia nigra. Outside of the basal ganglia, differences in the distribution of both receptors were found among the species examined in regions such as cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus, superior colliculus and olfactory bulb. In all species D 1 receptor densities were higher than those of D 2. The absolute amount of both subtypes, however, varied among species. These results indicate that dopamine receptor distribution is well preserved in the basal ganglia during evolution, although differences among species exist in their distribution outside the basal ganglia and their absolute amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Camps
- Preclinical Research, Sandoz AG, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Abstract
Delayed herniation of abdominal contents through a congenital diaphragmatic hernia may occur beyond the neonatal period. The case of a 29-month-old child with a Bochdalek hernia presenting as acute respiratory failure is presented. Chest radiography showed a tension gastrothorax that was misread as a tension pneumothorax. Tube thoracostomy resulted in clinical improvement by perforating and decompressing the stomach. Nasogastric tube placement confirmed herniation of the stomach into the left chest and is the initial treatment of choice when a tension gastrothorax is identified. A congenital diaphragmatic hernia must be recognized promptly so that rapid gastric decompression and surgical repair of the diaphragmatic defect can be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Snyder
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany Medical Center Hospital, New York 12208
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14
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Kelly PH, Julsrud JM, Dyrud PE, Blake DP. Aneurysmal rupture of a femoropopliteal saphenous vein graft. Surgery 1990; 107:468-70. [PMID: 2321140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A case of a nonanastomotic, atheromatous aneurysm in a femoropopliteal saphenous vein graft is presented. This disease is unusual, especially in nonsmokers with normal lipid levels, and, in this case, may be related to mechanical graft failure 22 years after implantation. The aneurysm was excised and the arterial continuity reestablished with a prosthetic graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn. 55415
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15
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Croston JK, Jacobs DM, Kelly PH, Feeney DA, Johnston GR, Strom RL, Bubrick MP. Experience with the biofragmentable anastomotic ring (BAR) in bowel preoperatively irradiated with 6000 rad. Dis Colon Rectum 1990; 33:222-6. [PMID: 2311467 DOI: 10.1007/bf02134184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies from the authors' laboratory using the biodegradable anastomotic ring (BAR) have demonstrated the safety of this device in animals irradiated preoperatively with the equivalent of 5000 rad; sutured, stapled, and BAR anastomoses all had leak rates of 10 percent or less in this setting. This study was undertaken to assess the safety of the BAR after irradiation with the equivalent of 6000 rad. Thirteen mongrel dogs underwent preoperative irradiation to the rectum and rectosigmoid, receiving 6000 rad according to the nominal standard dose equation. After a three-week rest period, each dog underwent anterior resection of the rectosigmoid and anastomosis with the BAR. The anastomoses were evaluated for early and late healing and anastomotic leaks. The results were compared with previous data from the authors' laboratory using an identical model. Radiographic leaks were found in 7 of 10 sutured anastomoses, 8 of 10 stapled anastomoses, and 3 of 13 BAR anastomoses (P less than 0.01). Comparative clinical leaks were 5 of 10 for sutured, 5 of 10 for stapled, and 3 of 13 for BAR anastomoses. These data suggest that the BAR may offer added safety to an anastomosis after preoperative irradiation. Whether this effect is due to the atraumatic technique of placing the device, improved blood flow to the anastomotic margins, or other factors, is still underdetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Croston
- Department of Surgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415
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16
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Abstract
The effects of NMDA antagonists on passive avoidance learning, shock sensitivity and locomotor activity were examined. Pre-training administration of the antagonists 3-((+-)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) and (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801) in mice and rats resulted in impaired performance in a retention test 24 h later. No such impairment resulted from immediate post-training administration of either compound in either species. In addition neither compound, given only before the retention test, reduced the retention latencies of mice. In rats CPP was similarly ineffective whereas MK-801 reduced retention latencies, but only at a dose which significantly elevated locomotor activity at the time of the retention test. As assessed by vocalization threshold in mice and by the proportion of animals vocalizing in response to the passive avoidance training shock, neither compound produced analgesia. The vocalization threshold was, in fact, slightly reduced by both compounds. MK-801, but not CPP, stimulated locomotor activity in mice. These results indicate that in the passive avoidance task activation of NMDA receptors is involved in memory formation, but is not critical for the maintenance of memory or its retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Venable
- Preclinical Research, Sandoz, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Abstract
AbstractPatterns of migration of organisms, coupled with changes in latitudinal diversity, provide useful information for reconstructing palaeoclimate. We apply these tools to the record of 344 articulate brachiopod genera from the Tournaisian, Visean, and Namurian stages of the Carboniferous. Localities from the Northern Hemisphere were assigned to four palaeolatitudinal zones: the palaeoequatorial zone and the low, middle and high latitudes. Generic migrations were tabulated among latitudinal zones for each pair of successive stratigraphic intervals. Latitudinal diversity gradients were calculated based on the number of genera present within each zone.Two intervals of climatic change were identified by these methods. Between the middle and late Visean, 42% of the genera moved the northern boundary of their range northward, and nonequatorial diversity rose dramatically. These patterns indicate high-latitude warming, which may have been caused by deflection of the circumequatorial current as the collision of Laurussia and Gondwana progressed. Migration and latitudinal diversity patterns indicate both high-latitude cooling and equatorial warming between the Namurian A and B. The onset of Gondwanan glaciation may have been responsible; similar patterns occurred during glacial onset in the Miocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. H. Kelly
- Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, University of MississippiUniversity, MS 38677, USA
| | - A. Raymond
- Department of Geology, Texas A & M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3115, USA
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18
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Abstract
The histopathologic effects of different doses of ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion infused into the caudate-putamen complex or nucleus basalis were evaluated in rats. Although no non-specific tissue damage was observed at the lowest doses of ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion examined--0.01 nmol in 1-microliter vehicle and 0.02 nmol in 2-, 5-, and 10-microliters vehicle in both the striatum and nucleus basalis--minimal but definite non-selective pathology, characterized by gliosis and loss of all neuronal elements in the region affected by the nitrogen mustard, was observed in both targets at a dose of 0.02 nmol 1 microliter and more severely at all doses containing 0.05 and 0.1 nmol ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion. At doses of ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion containing 0.2 nmol of the cytotoxin and greater amounts, non-specific cell loss in intact tissue and extensive cavitation became increasingly the most prominent histologic features of drug action. No statistically significant effects of ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion on striatal choline acetyltransferase activities were found until doses of 0.4 nmol/1 microliter or greater were injected, concentrations of the cytotoxin at which appreciable non-specific pathology was also observed. Levels of dopamine in the caudate-putamen nucleus were reduced by comparatively greater amounts than choline acetyltransferase at doses of 2.5 nmol/2 microliters, 5.0 nmol/2 microliters and 10 nmol/2 microliters cytotoxin, but a significant effect of ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion on striatal L-glutamate decarboxylase activity was found only at a dose of 10 nmol/2 microliters. As no dose of ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion was found that reduced choline acetyltransferase without producing considerable non-specific tissue destruction, the usefulness of the cytotoxin in studying the behavioral and physiological consequences of selective cholinergic hypofunction in the brain must be questioned.
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Abstract
In a two-lever, food-reinforced drug-discrimination paradigm separate groups of rats were trained to discriminate either arecoline, pilocarpine or oxotremorine from saline. The discriminative cues of all three agonists were potently blocked by scopolamine, but only by 30-60 fold higher doses of methylscopolamine. The three agonists all suppressed overall response rate. These rate-suppressant effects were not blocked by scopolamine in doses which blocked the discriminative cues. In generalization tests, arecoline elicited selection of the drug-appropriate lever in all groups of trained animals. Pilocarpine was discriminated as drug by all pilocarpine-trained animals and by a majority of oxotremorine-trained animals, but was not significantly discriminated by the arecoline-trained group. Oxotremorine was discriminated by all oxotremorine-trained animals but only by some pilocarpine-trained animals, and was not significantly discriminated by the arecoline-trained group. Morphine, haloperidol, chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital and nicotine were not generalized to any of the training drugs. The discriminative stimuli produced by the training drugs are therefore specific and exhibit properties indicative of an origin at central muscarinic receptors but may not be identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jung
- Preclinical Research, Sandoz A.G., Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
Microinjection of glycine (20 micrograms) into the ventral mesencephalon of rats caused a stimulation of locomotor activity. Microinjection of haloperidol (5 micrograms) into the nucleus accumbens immediately before the glycine injection did not reduce this locomotor stimulation. In rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced destruction of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) terminals the ability of apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.) to stimulate locomotor activity was reduced by microinjection of the glycine antagonist strychnine into the ventral mesencephalon. Increased glycinergic activity in the ventral mesencephalon therefore appears to stimulate locomotor activity by a mechanism other than the activation of mesolimbic DA neurons.
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Abstract
The effects of injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) into the nucleus accumbens and lesions of the nucleus accumbens induced by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) on drug-induced circling were investigated in rats with unilateral nigrostriatal lesions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Injections of 5-HT (60-120 micrograms in 1 microliter; 1 microliter/min) into the nucleus accumbens caused a significant decrease in the circling response to 5.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine (s.c.). The distribution of radioactivity after intracerebral injections of [3H]5-HT using these parameters showed that although much of the injected material was retained in the nucleus accumbens there was also considerable spread to the frontal cortex. However, in further behavioural experiments, using an injection procedure (0.5 microliter; 0.11 microliter/min) which caused much greater retention of injected material in the nucleus accumbens, with minimal spread to the frontal cortex, the ability of 5-HT injected into the accumbens to block amphetamine-induced circling was not diminished. Moreover, injections of 5-HT into the frontal cortex did not have any effect on amphetamine-induced circling. Lesions of the nucleus accumbens induced by 5,7-DHT caused a significant enhancement of the contralateral circling response to 1.0 mg/kg of apomorphine and a similar but non-significant tendency to increase the circling responses to several other doses of apomorphine and amphetamine. The results provide evidence that serotonergic mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens inhibit circling behaviour generated by unilateral activation of nigrostriatal dopaminergic mechanisms.
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Jackson EA, Kelly PH. Effects of intranigral injections of dopamine agonists and antagonists, glycine, muscimol and N-methyl-D,L-aspartate on locomotor activity. Brain Res Bull 1984; 13:309-17. [PMID: 6149795 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(84)90132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previously it has been shown that bilateral intranigral injections of dopamine into rats pretreated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor induced prolonged stimulation of locomotor activity, while bilateral intranigral injections of haloperidol reduced the locomotor stimulation evoked by systemic amphetamine. In the present studies, the role of the substantia nigra in locomotor activity was further investigated using a variety of dopaminergic and other agonists and neuroleptics. Ergometrine, epinine, (+/-)-2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene hydrobromide (ADTN), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7,-dihydroxyisoquinoline hydrochloride (THIQ), muscimol and glycine elicited locomotor activity when injected into the substantia nigra pars reticulata bilaterally. Additionally the non-dopaminergic agonists also elicited a degree of stereotyped behavior. Locomotor activity induced by intranigral ergometrine was blocked by systemic haloperidol but was not affected by intranigral haloperidol. Locomotor activity elicited by systemic amphetamine was blocked by bilateral intranigral alpha-flupenthixol, but that elicited by bilateral intra-accumbens ergometrine was not affected by alpha-flupenthixol or haloperidol injected into the substantia nigra pars reticulata bilaterally. The results provide further evidence that alterations of neurotransmission in the substantia nigra exert effects on locomotor activity.
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23
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Hartgraves SL, Kelly PH. Role of mesencephalic reticular formation in cholinergic-induced catalepsy and anticholinergic reversal of neuroleptic-induced catalepsy. Brain Res 1984; 307:47-54. [PMID: 6540616 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present experiments investigate the brain sites involved in the elicitation of catalepsy by cholinergic agonists and neuroleptics. Microinjection of acetylcholine chloride (50 micrograms) in combination with eserine (2.5 micrograms) into the ventral mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) elicited catalepsy. Microinjection of atropine sulfate (5 micrograms) into the same sites reversed the catalepsy of rats treated with haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg) 2 h earlier, but did not reverse morphine-induced (30 mg/kg, 1 h) catalepsy. Haloperidol (25 micrograms) injected into the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) resulted in catalepsy as severe as that caused by an identical injection into the caudate nucleus. Catalepsy caused by intraNAS haloperidol occurred with a shorter latency than that resulting from intracaudate haloperidol, and was reversed by systemic scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg). On the basis of these results it is suggested that the ventral MRF is a site for the elicitation of catalepsy by cholinergic agonists and for the reversal of neuroleptic-induced catalepsy by anticholinergics, and that neuroleptic-induced catalepsy involves blockade of dopamine receptors in both the NAS and caudate nucleus.
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24
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Erinoff L, Kelly PH, Basura M, Snodgrass SR. Six-hydroxydopamine induced hyperactivity: neither sex differences nor caffeine stimulation are found. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1984; 20:707-13. [PMID: 6429674 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(84)90189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated possible sex differences in the development of locomotor activity in rats treated neonatally with desmethylimipramine (DMI) followed by intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HDA). In addition, the locomotor response to the stimulant caffeine was investigated in the male rats after they had reached adulthood. Both male and female 6-HDA-treated rats exhibited increased activity relative to controls. No sex differences were seen in either the development or magnitude of this effect. Male rats were used to determine the dose effects function for caffeine (0.5, 5, 15, 30 mg/kg) on locomotor activity. Control rats exhibited increased locomotor activity whereas 6-HDA-treated rats showed no increases with any dose of caffeine. Large decreases in the dopamine content of the olfactory tubercle (-88%, -82%), nucleus accumbens (-96%, -95%), and striatum (-99%, -99%) were found in both male and female rats. Choline acetyltransferase and glutamic acid decarboxylase activities were unchanged.
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25
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Abstract
Dopamine (100 micrograms) injected into the substantia nigra pars reticulata of rats pretreated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, resulted in a stimulation of locomotor activity. Bilateral injection of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (5 micrograms) into the substantia nigra pars reticulata resulted in a reduction of the locomotor activity evoked by a low dose of amphetamine (1.25 mg/kg s.c.). These results suggest that the release of dopamine from nigral dendrites is involved in amphetamine-induced locomotor activity.
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26
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Abstract
Unilateral injections of dopamine into the substantia nigra pars reticulata of pargyline-pretreated rats caused a prolonged, contralateral circling, similar in magnitude to that elicited by the injection of the same amount of dopamine intrastriatally. Contralateral circling was also elicited by the unilateral intranigral injection of amphetamine (after pargyline pretreatment), or by the dopamine agonists ergometrine and SKF 38393. In contrast, bilateral intranigral injection of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol greatly reduced the amphetamine-induced circling of rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigrostriatal lesions. These results support the hypothesis that dopaminergic mechanisms in the substantia nigra are involved in motor behavior.
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Abstract
Injections of GABA (125-500 micrograms in 1 microliter) or muscimol (40-200 ng in 1 microliter) into the nucleus accumbens markedly reduced the amphetamine-induced circling of rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesions of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. The potency of muscimol was approximately 10(4) times that of GABA. Muscimol exerted a similar effect when injected in a smaller volume (0.5 microliter) at a slower rate (0.11 microliter/min), a procedure which was shown to reduce the spread of injected [3H]muscimol. Intra-accumbens injections of subconvulsive doses of picrotoxin had no effect on amphetamine-induced circling. Intra-accumbens muscimol (40 ng, 0.5 microliter, 0.11 microliter/min) also reduced the contralateral circling evoked by apomorphine in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA-induced lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway and bilateral 6-OHDA-induced lesions of the mesolimbic dopamine terminals. These results suggest that GABA-ergic activity in the nucleus accumbens exerts an inhibitory influence on drug-induced circling. At least part of this action is at a step beyond the release of dopamine from mesolimbic terminals.
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Kelly PH, Roberts DC. Effects of amphetamine and apomorphine on locomotor activity after 6-OHDA and electrolytic lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1983; 19:137-43. [PMID: 6413984 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous locomotor activity was markedly elevated by electrolytic lesions of the nucleus accumbens. This was true whether or not the dopaminergic input to this nucleus was previously destroyed by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the region. In animals with electrolytic lesions the locomotor stimulant action of d-amphetamine sulfate (1.5 mg/kg SC) was occluded, while a moderately low dose of apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg SC) produced a striking decrease of locomotor activity. The results are consistent with the view that the efferents of neurons in the nucleus accumbens exert an inhibitory influence on locomotor activity. Hyperactivity results when these efferents are destroyed. The results are also consistent with the view that the locomotor depressant action of apomorphine is mediated, at least partly, by an action at a site other than the nucleus accumbens.
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Abstract
During food deprivation and subsequent refeeding there are alterations in growth hormone (GH) secretion and wheel-running activity such that wheel running increases when GH secretion decreases and vice versa. To investigate if there might be a causal relationship between GH secretion and wheel running, the effect of GH administration on wheel running was studied. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were placed singly in activity-wheel cages shortly after weaning. Beginning at 70-75 days of age the rats received 14 daily control injections of saline followed by 14 daily injections of GH and a further 14 days of control injections. Wheel-running activity was inhibited during the period of growth hormone injections. Possible implications of this result are discussed.
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Jackson EA, Neumeyer JL, Kelly PH. Behavioral activity of some novel aporphines in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of caudate or nucleus accumbens. Eur J Pharmacol 1983; 87:15-23. [PMID: 6404639 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(83)90045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The behavioral actions of some novel aporphines have been examined in rats with selective unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA)-induced destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and in rats with bilateral 6OHDA-induced destruction of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons. Dopaminomimetics such as apomorphine (APO) in these animal models elicit circling behavior and locomotor activity respectively. In animals with unilateral nigrostriatal lesions (-)-2,10,11-trihydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine (TNPA) and (-)-10,11-methylenedioxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine (MDO-NPA) elicited weak, but prolonged, contraversive circling, whereas (-)-2,10,11-trihydroxyaporphine (2-OH.APO) was inactive. In animals with bilateral destruction of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons TNPA and MDO-NPA elicited a strong stimulation of locomotor activity, while 2-OH.APO was inactive. The results suggest that TNPA and MDO-NPA, but not 2-OH.APO, exert central dopaminomimetic effects in vivo. The results are also consistent with previous data indicating that N-propyl substitution of aporphines causes a relative enhancement of activity in animal models which emphasise effects at mesolimbic rather than striatal dopaminergic receptors.
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31
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Hartgraves SL, Mensah PL, Kelly PH. Regional decreases of cortical choline acetyltransferase after lesions of the septal area and in the area of nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Neuroscience 1982; 7:2369-76. [PMID: 7177378 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(82)90201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase and [3H]choline uptake have been measured in neocortical regions and hippocampus one week after lesions which destroyed the septum bilaterally, and after unilateral lesions in the area of nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Lesions of the septal area, which severely decreased choline acetyltransferase in hippocampus, only moderately decreased choline acetyltransferase in a posterior cortical region and had no effect in frontal and parietal regions. In contrast, lesions which included nucleus basalis magnocellularis decreased choline acetyltransferase markedly in frontal and parietal regions and had less of an effect in the posterior cortical regions. Lesion-induced decreases of [3H]choline uptake paralleled those of choline acetyltransferase. Lesion which included nucleus basalis magnocellularis had no effect on choline acetyltransferase in hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, midbrain or pons-medulla. These results suggest that existence of topographically distinct cholinergic inputs to neocortex. In agreement with previous studies, cholinergic projections from the peripallidal region of nucleus basalis magnocellularis are predominantly to frontal and parietal neocortex. In contrast to previous suggestions, cholinergic projections to neocortex from the septal area are limited to the posterior regions of neocortex.
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McNaughton N, Kelly PH, Gray JA. Unilateral blockade of the dorsal ascending noradrenergic bundle and septal elicitation of hippocampal theta rhythm. Neurosci Lett 1980; 18:67-72. [PMID: 6820484 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(80)90214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral blockade of the dorsal ascending noradrenergic bundle was produced by injections of procaine or of 6-hydroxydopamine. The threshold current of septal stimulation required to drive the hippocampal theta rhythm was then investigated at frequencies between 5.9 and 10.0 Hz. With both types of blockade the threshold-frequency function showed a normal 7.7 Hz minimum ipsilaterally and an abolition of the minimum contralaterally. Ventral noradrenergic bundle lesions had no effect. Septal elicitation of hippocampal theta rhythm may, therefore, be dependent on a noradrenergic mechanism controlling aspects of the theta rhythm, e.g. interhemispheric balance, which would not be obvious in ordinary spontaneous records.
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34
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Abstract
1 Neurochemical changes and tissue weights were measured following intrastriatal injection of 2.5 microgram of kainic acid in 2 microliter of 0.9% w/v NaCl solution (saline) in the rat. 2 After kainic acid the striatum and neocortex on the injected side showed a progressive reduction in weight, the neocortex showing the greatest absolute weight loss and the striatum the greatest percentage change. 3 Large (80-90%) reduction in choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activities in the striatum occurred within 2-4 days of the injection and persisted at least 10 weeks. At 10 weeks CAT and GAD activities were unaltered in the neocortex. 4 The absolute content of dopamine in the striatum was not different from control 5 days after the injection of kainic acid but was reduced at 2 and 10 weeks. At 2 weeks the concentration (microgram/g wet weight) of dopamine also was reduced but at 10 weeks it was near normal due to atrophy of the striatum. 5 The high affinity glutamate uptake into a crude synaptosomal preparation of the striatum was reduced by 64% 5 days after kainic acid and still reduced by 67% at 10 weeks. 6 The efflux of glutamate from slices of the striatum in the presence of 52 mM K+ was reduced by approximately 75% 5 days and 15 weeks after kainic acid. 7 In vitro kainic acid (10(-4) M) neither altered the high affinity uptake of radiolabelled glutamate into a homogenate of the striatum, nor released endogenous glutamate from slices of striatum.
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Kelly PH, Moore KE. Dopamine concentrations in the rat brain following injections into the substantia nigra of baclofen, gamma-aminobutyric acid, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, apomorphine and amphetamine. Neuropharmacology 1978; 17:169-74. [PMID: 643163 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(78)90096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Kelly PH, Moore KE. Mesolimbic dopamine neurons: effects of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced destruction and receptor blockade on drug-induced rotation of rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1977; 55:35-41. [PMID: 414259 DOI: 10.1007/bf00432814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the nucleus accumbens greatly reduced the dopamine content of this nucleus and the olfactory tubercle and blocked the ipsilateral rotation induced by amphetamine and methamphetamine in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the caudate nucleus. In contrast, apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation was enhanced. Similar results were obtained when the destruction of forebrain noradrenergic neurons, normally produced by the nucleus accumbens 6-OHDA lesion, was prevented by desipramine (DMI) pretreatment. Microinjections of the dopamine receptor antagonist heloperidol into the nucleus accumbens did not spread to the olfactory tubercle, as assessed by the distribution of 3H-haloperidol, and blocked circling induced by amphetamine and apomorphine. Amphetamine-induced circling was less effectively blocked by haloperidol injected into the olfactory tubercle. These results suggest that activity at nucleus accumbens dopamine receptors can greatly affect circling behavior, perhaps by amplifying asymmetries of nigrostriatal activity.
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Kelly PH, Joyce EM, Minneman KP, Phillipson OT. Specificity of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced destruction of mesolimbic or nigrostriatal dopamine-containing terminals. Brain Res 1977; 122:382-7. [PMID: 189878 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kelly PH, Iversen SD. Selective 6OHDA-induced destruction of mesolimbic dopamine neurons: abolition of psychostimulant-induced locomotor activity in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1976; 40:45-56. [PMID: 1033072 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(76)90352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Selective large scale destruction of mesolimbic dopamine-containing terminals is produced by bilateral injection of 8 mug of 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) into the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) of rats pretreated with pargyline and desipramine (DMI). The DMI prevents the destruction of the noradrenergic innervation of the forebrain normally produced by the NAS 6OHDA lesion, without affecting the destruction of dopamine-containing neurons. The locomotor stimulation produced by the psychostimulants d-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg) and cocaine (20 mg/kg) is blocked in rats with selective destruction of the mesolimbic dopamine system. In contrast the locomotor stimulation produced by the directly acting dopamine agonist apomorphine (1.0 mg/kg) is enhanced, which may indicate supersensitivity of the denervated dopamine receptors. These results lend further support to the view that psychostimulant-induced locomotr stimulation in rats results from effects on mesolimbic dopamine neurons. In addition, the protection by DMI of noradrenergic neurons from the toxic effects of 6OHDA is evidence that 6OHDA, as used here, destroys catecholamine neurons mainly by an uptake-dependent specific mechanism.
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Green AR, Heal DJ, Grahame-Smith DG, Kelly PH. The contrasting actions of TRH and cycloheximide in altering the effects of centrally acting drugs: evidence for the non-involvement of dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase. Neuropharmacology 1976; 15:591-9. [PMID: 825788 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(76)90014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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41
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Woodruff GN, Kelly PH, Elkhawad AO. Effects of dopamine receptor stimulants on locomotor activity of rats with electrolytic or 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1976; 47:195-8. [PMID: 1273217 DOI: 10.1007/bf00735821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ergometrine (8 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally into normal rats had little effect on locomotor activity. In contrast, rats with selective 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of dopamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens showed a strong stimulation of locomotor activity following injection of this dose or ergometrine. The dopamine analogue 2-amino-6-7-dihydroxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN) (150 mug), caused strong and long lasting stimulation of locomotor activity when injected intracerebroventricularly into rats. The ADTN response was markedly reduced in rats with bilateral electrolytic lesions of the nucleus accumbens, but unchanged in rats with bilateral electrolytic lesions of the caudate nucleus. At a lower dose level (50 mug) ADTN, injected intracerebroventricularly, had little effect on the locomotor activity of normal or sham-operated rats. This dose of ADTN was, however, effective in causing locomotor stimulation of rats with bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the nucleus accumbens. These results support the view that the dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens are involved in the actions of locomotor stimulant drugs.
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Green AR, Kelly PH. Evidence concerning the involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the locomotor activity produced by amphetamine or tranylcypromine plus L-DOPA. Br J Pharmacol 1976; 57:141-7. [PMID: 1276533 PMCID: PMC1667008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1976.tb07664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
1 Pretreatment of rats with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA; 2 X 200 mg/kg) decreased the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the brain. It also decreased the locomotor activity produced by tranylcypromine plus L-DOPA administration 24 h after the second dose of PCPA. 2 Pretreatment with p-chloroamphetamine, which produced a similar decrease in brain 5-HT concentrations did not decrease the locomotor response to tranylcypromine and L-DOPA. 3 PCPA pretreatment decreased the rise in the concentration of DOPA and dopamine in the brain following tranylcypromine and L-DOPA, suggesting its effect on the dopamine-induced locomotor activity was the result of this drug diminishing dopamine formation in the brain, probably by inhibiting L-DOPA uptake. 4 The locomotor activity produced by tranylcypromine and L-DOPA was not decreased by pretreatment 6 h earlier with disulfiram (400 mg/kg). This argues against the locomotor activity being due to noradrenergic stimulation. 5 PCPA pretreatment did not alter amphetamine-induced stereotypy or the circling behaviour in unilateral nigro-striatal lesioned rats.
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Kelly PH, Miller RJ, Neumeyer JL. Aporphines. 16. Action of aporphine alkaloids on locomotor activity in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens. Eur J Pharmacol 1976; 35:85-92. [PMID: 1253829 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(76)90303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Apomorphine and (+/-)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine (+/-)-NPA) produce stereotypy but not locomotor activity in normal rats. In rats with selective bilateral lesions of dopamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens induced by microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine both compounds produced a marked stimulation of locomotor activity. (+/-)-NPA was considerably more potent than (-) -apomorphine. The maximal intensity of stimulation produced by the two drugs was, however, similar. The locomotor stimulant effects of (-)-apomorphine were inhibited by (+)-bulbocapnine (20 mg/kg) or pimozide (0.5 mg/kg). (+/-)-N-n-Propylnorapocodeine also produced a long-lasting stimulation of locomotor activity. (+/-)-Aporphine, (+/-)-isopomorphine, (-)-1,2-dihydroxyaporphine, and (-)-nuciferine were all inactive in stimulating locomotor activity.
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Abstract
Of eleven aporphine analogues tested on striatal adenylate cyclase only (-)-apomorphine and (+/-)-N-n-propyl-norapomorphine (+/-(NPA)) were effective in stimulating the cyclase from rat brain. Inactive compounds included (+/-)-isoapomorphine, (-)-1,2-dihydroxyaporphine and (+/-)-10-hydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine. (+)-Bulbocapnine was an effective antagonist of the stimulating effects of dopamine or (-)-apomorphine on striatal adenylate cyclase. Injection of (-)-apomorphine into the lateral ventricle of rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway caused the animals to rotate away from the side of the lesion. Intraventricular injection of 25 mug (+/-)-10-hydroxy-N-n-propylnorapomorphine was ineffective in producing rotation. The results are discussed in relation to the structural requirements for CNS dopamine receptor agonists.
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Abstract
The dopamine agonist apomorphine (1.0 mg/kg i.p.) produced an enhanced stimulation of locomotor activity compared to control animals in rats injected bilaterally 14 days previously with 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) into the nucleus accumbens. (+)-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) also produced a marked stimulation of locomotor activity in the 6OHDA treated animals at a dose (1.0 mg/kg i.p.) which was ineffective in control rats. (+)-Bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide (2.0 mg/kg i.p.) did not stimulate locomotor activity in 6OHDA treated rats. The locomotor stimulation produced by LSD was blocked by pretreatment with the dopamine antagonist pimozide (0.5 mg/kg i.p.). It is suggested that LSD acts as an agonist at mesolimbic dopamine receptors.
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Kelly PH. Unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of nigrostriatal or mesolimbic dopamine-containing terminals and the drug-induced rotation of rats. Brain Res 1975; 100:163-9. [PMID: 1237342 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Gray JA, McNaughton N, James DT, Kelly PH. Effect of minor tranquillisers on hippocampal theta rhythm mimicked by depletion of forebrain noradrenaline. Nature 1975; 258:424-5. [PMID: 619 DOI: 10.1038/258424a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kelly PH. Proceedings: Action of LSD on supersensitive mesolimbic dopamine receptors. Br J Pharmacol 1975; 55:291P. [PMID: 1201419 PMCID: PMC1666840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Kelly PH, Seviour PW, Iversen SD. Amphetamine and apomorphine responses in the rat following 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and corpus striatum. Brain Res 1975; 94:507-22. [PMID: 1171714 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1406] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eight mug of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injected bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) or the caudate nucleus of the rat resulted in 79% and 50% depletion of endogenous dopamine (DA) at these respective sites. Fourteen days after the injection a low dose of amphetamine failed to induce the characteristic locomotor response in the NAS-lesioned rats but did so in the caudate-lesioned animals. By contrast the caudate lesion, but not the NAS lesions, abolished intense forms of stereotyped behaviour induced by higher doses of amphetamine. Both lesioned groups exhibited supersensitivity to the dopamine agonist, apomorphine; the NAS group showed enhanced locomotor activity and the caudate group enhanced stereotyped behaviour. The block of amphetamine locomotion and the enhanced response to apomorphine were maximal around 14 days after the operation and gradually attenuated up to 90 days. Theer is evidence that remaining DA levels in the NAS are greater at 90 than at 14 days postoperatively. Thus recovery of behavioural effects correlated with an increase in the remaining levels of DA in the NAS.
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Kelly PH, Miller RJ, Neumeyer JL. Proceedings: Effect of aporphine alkaloids on central dopamine receptors. Br J Pharmacol 1975; 54:271P. [PMID: 1148551 PMCID: PMC1666618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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