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Linsel-Nitschke P, Erdmann J, Schunkert H. Identifizierung von Risikogenen für den Herzinfarkt durch genomweite Assoziationsstudien. Hamostaseologie 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1619054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryMyocardial infarction (MI) shows a strong heritability. For a long time the identification of responsible genes has been rather unsuccessful. However, with the advent of genome wide association studies (GWAS) using DNA-array technology a number of significant loci for MI have been identified which were widely replicated. Interestingly, only a small fraction of the hitherto identified genes is also associated with classical risk factors for MI such as hypercholesterolemia or diabetes. Therefore it can be concluded that the MI risk mediated by the newly identified genes involves a number of novel pathophysiological mechanisms.This review summarizes the present state of knowledge in the field and tries to give a perspective on how these findings can be translated into clinical practice and further scientific discovery. Special consideration is given to the association of MI risk with genetic variants in the hemostatic system.
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Schunkert H, König IR, Kathiresan S, Reilly MP, Assimes TL, Holm H, Preuss M, Stewart AFR, Barbalic M, Gieger C, Absher D, Aherrahrou Z, Allayee H, Altshuler D, Anand SS, Andersen K, Anderson JL, Ardissino D, Ball SG, Balmforth AJ, Barnes TA, Becker DM, Becker LC, Berger K, Bis JC, Boekholdt SM, Boerwinkle E, Braund PS, Brown MJ, Burnett MS, Buysschaert I, Carlquist CJF, Chen L, Cichon S, Codd V, Davies RW, Dedoussis G, Dehghan A, Demissie S, Devaney JM, Do R, Doering A, Eifert S, El Mokhtari NE, Ellis SG, Elosua R, Engert JC, Epstein SE, Faire UD, Fischer M, Folsom AR, Freyer J, Gigante B, Girelli D, Gretarsdottir S, Gudnason V, Gulcher JR, Halperin E, Hammond N, Hazen SL, Hofman A, Horne BD, Illig T, Iribarren C, Jones GT, Jukema J, Kaiser MA, Kaplan LM, Kastelein JJ, Khaw KT, Knowles JW, Kolovou G, Kong A, Laaksonen R, Lambrechts D, Leander K, Lettre G, Li M, Lieb W, Linsel-Nitschke P, Loley C, Lotery AJ, Mannucci PM, Maouche S, Martinelli N, McKeown PP, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Melander O, Merlini PA, Mooser V, Morgan T, Mühleisen TW, Muhlestein JB, Münzel T, Musunuru K, Nahrstaedt J, Nelson CP, Nöthen MM, Olivieri O, Patel RS, Patterson CC, Peters A, Peyvandi F, Qu L, Quyyumi AA, Rader DJ, Rallidis LS, Rice C, Rosendaal FR, Rubin D, Salomaa V, Sampietro ML, Sandhu MS, Schadt E, Schäfer A, Schillert A, Schreiber S, Schrezenmeir J, Schwartz SM, Siscovick DS, Sivananthan M, Sivapalaratnam S, Smith A, Smith TB, Snoep JD, Soranzo N, Spertus JA, Stark K, Stirrups K, Stoll M, Tang WHW, Tennstedt S, Thorgeirsson G, Thorleifsson G, Tomaszewski M, Uitterlinden AG, van Rij AM, Voight BF, Wareham NJ, Wells GA, Wichmann HE, Wild PS, Willenborg C, Witteman JCM, Wright BJ, Ye S, Zeller T, Ziegler A, Cambien F, Goodall AH, Cupples LA, Quertermous T, März W, Hengstenberg C, Blankenberg S, Ouwehand WH, Hall AS, Deloukas P, Thompson JR, Stefansson K, Roberts R, Thorsteinsdottir U, O’Donnell CJ, McPherson R, Erdmann J, Samani NJ, Samani NJ. Large-scale association analysis identifies 13 new susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2011; 43:333-8. [PMID: 21378990 PMCID: PMC3119261 DOI: 10.1038/ng.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1396] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We performed a meta-analysis of 14 genome-wide association studies of coronary artery disease (CAD) comprising 22,233 individuals with CAD (cases) and 64,762 controls of European descent followed by genotyping of top association signals in 56,682 additional individuals. This analysis identified 13 loci newly associated with CAD at P < 5 × 10⁻⁸ and confirmed the association of 10 of 12 previously reported CAD loci. The 13 new loci showed risk allele frequencies ranging from 0.13 to 0.91 and were associated with a 6% to 17% increase in the risk of CAD per allele. Notably, only three of the new loci showed significant association with traditional CAD risk factors and the majority lie in gene regions not previously implicated in the pathogenesis of CAD. Finally, five of the new CAD risk loci appear to have pleiotropic effects, showing strong association with various other human diseases or traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inke R. König
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Muredach P. Reilly
- The Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Preuss
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lübeck, Germany,Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexandre F. R. Stewart
- The John & Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Maja Barbalic
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Human Genetics Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Devin Absher
- Hudson Alpha Institute, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Hooman Allayee
- Department of Preventive Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Sonia S. Anand
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamiliton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl Andersen
- Department of Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland,University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jeffrey L. Anderson
- Cardiovascular Department, Intermountain Medical Center; Cardiology Division, University of Utah. Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Diego Ardissino
- Division of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stephen G. Ball
- LIGHT Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK,Division of Cardiovascular and Neuronal Remodelling, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anthony J. Balmforth
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Timothy A. Barnes
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Diane M. Becker
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Lewis C. Becker
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Resarch Unit and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - S. Matthijs Boekholdt
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Human Genetics Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter S. Braund
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Morris J. Brown
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mary Susan Burnett
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Medstar Health Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Ian Buysschaert
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium,Vesalius Research Center, VIB-KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Li Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1Y 4W7
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Veryan Codd
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Robert W. Davies
- The Cardiovascular Research Methods, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Member of Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) sponsored by Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Serkalem Demissie
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA,National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Joseph M. Devaney
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Medstar Health Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Ron Do
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Angela Doering
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Stephen G. Ellis
- Department Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Group, Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona; Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERSP), Spain
| | - James C. Engert
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stephen E. Epstein
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Medstar Health Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Fischer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aaron R. Folsom
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (A.R.F.), Minneapolis, Minn.; USA
| | - Jennifer Freyer
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland,Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur Iceland
| | | | - Eran Halperin
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science , Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel,International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Naomi Hammond
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin D. Horne
- Cardiovascular Department, Intermountain Medical Center; Cardiology Division, University of Utah. Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carlos Iribarren
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Gregory T. Jones
- Surgery Department, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - J.Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology C5-P, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A. Kaiser
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | | | - John J.P. Kastelein
- Dept. Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua W. Knowles
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 356 Sygrou Avenue, 17674 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Reijo Laaksonen
- Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Karin Leander
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1C8, Canada,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mingyao Li
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Christina Loley
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lübeck, Germany,Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Lotery
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK,Southampton Eye Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Pier M. Mannucci
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Fondazione Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Seraya Maouche
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Pascal P. McKeown
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetics Division and Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
| | - Thomas Morgan
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville
| | - Thomas W. Mühleisen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph B. Muhlestein
- Cardiovascular Department, Intermountain Medical Center; Cardiology Division, University of Utah. Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Thomas Münzel
- 2. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Germany
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Janja Nahrstaedt
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lübeck, Germany,Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christopher P. Nelson
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Riyaz S. Patel
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, USA,Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK CF10 3XQ
| | - Chris C. Patterson
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- A. Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano and Luigi Villa Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Liming Qu
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Rader
- The Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA,The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Loukianos S. Rallidis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Catherine Rice
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Frits R. Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Rubin
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Lourdes Sampietro
- Department of Human Genetics and Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manj S. Sandhu
- Manjinder S Sandhu, Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK,Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric Schadt
- Pacific Biosciences, 1505 Adams Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025,Sage Bionetworks, Palo Alto, CA 94301
| | - Arne Schäfer
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arne Schillert
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrezenmeir
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institute, Kiel, Germany,Clinical Research Center Kiel, Kiel Innovation and Technology Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- Cardiovascular Health Resarch Unit and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - David S. Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Resarch Unit and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Albert Smith
- University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland,Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur Iceland
| | - Tamara B. Smith
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Jaapjan D. Snoep
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - John A. Spertus
- Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City
| | - Klaus Stark
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathy Stirrups
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Monika Stoll
- Leibniz-Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - W. H. Wilson Tang
- Department Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | | | - Gudmundur Thorgeirsson
- Department of Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland,University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK,Leicester National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Member of Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) sponsored by Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI), Leiden, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre M. van Rij
- Surgery Department, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nick J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - George A. Wells
- The Cardiovascular Research Methods, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany,Institute of Medical Information Science, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Philipp S. Wild
- 2. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Willenborg
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lübeck, Germany,Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jaqueline C. M. Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Member of Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) sponsored by Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J. Wright
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Shu Ye
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tanja Zeller
- 2. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Francois Cambien
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University, UPMC-Paris 6, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Alison H. Goodall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK,Leicester National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA,National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Winfried März
- Synlab Center of Laboratory Diagnostics Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Manneim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- 2. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Germany
| | - Willem H. Ouwehand
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alistair S. Hall
- Division of Cardiovascular and Neuronal Remodelling, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - John R. Thompson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland,University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Robert Roberts
- The John & Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland,University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Ruth McPherson
- The John & Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada,Atherogenomics Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK,Leicester National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
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Assimes TL, Hólm H, Kathiresan S, Reilly MP, Thorleifsson G, Voight BF, Erdmann J, Willenborg C, Vaidya D, Xie C, Patterson CC, Morgan TM, Burnett MS, Li M, Hlatky MA, Knowles JW, Thompson JR, Absher D, Iribarren C, Go A, Fortmann SP, Sidney S, Risch N, Tang H, Myers RM, Berger K, Stoll M, Shah SH, Thorgeirsson G, Andersen K, Havulinna AS, Herrera JE, Faraday N, Kim Y, Kral BG, Mathias RA, Ruczinski I, Suktitipat B, Wilson AF, Yanek LR, Becker LC, Linsel-Nitschke P, Lieb W, König IR, Hengstenberg C, Fischer M, Stark K, Reinhard W, Winogradow J, Grassl M, Grosshennig A, Preuss M, Schreiber S, Wichmann HE, Meisinger C, Yee J, Friedlander Y, Do R, Meigs JB, Williams G, Nathan DM, MacRae CA, Qu L, Wilensky RL, Matthai WH, Qasim AN, Hakonarson H, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Satler L, Lindsay JM, Waksman R, Knouff CW, Waterworth DM, Walker MC, Mooser VE, Marrugat J, Lucas G, Subirana I, Sala J, Ramos R, Martinelli N, Olivieri O, Trabetti E, Malerba G, Pignatti PF, Guiducci C, Mirel D, Parkin M, Hirschhorn JN, Asselta R, Duga S, Musunuru K, Daly MJ, Purcell S, Eifert S, Braund PS, Wright BJ, Balmforth AJ, Ball SG, Ouwehand WH, Deloukas P, Scholz M, Cambien F, Huge A, Scheffold T, Salomaa V, Girelli D, Granger CB, Peltonen L, McKeown PP, Altshuler D, Melander O, Devaney JM, Epstein SE, Rader DJ, Elosua R, Engert JC, Anand SS, Hall AS, Ziegler A, O'Donnell CJ, Spertus JA, Siscovick D, Schwartz SM, Becker D, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Quertermous T. Lack of association between the Trp719Arg polymorphism in kinesin-like protein-6 and coronary artery disease in 19 case-control studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56:1552-63. [PMID: 20933357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to replicate the association between the kinesin-like protein 6 (KIF6) Trp719Arg polymorphism (rs20455), and clinical coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND Recent prospective studies suggest that carriers of the 719Arg allele in KIF6 are at increased risk of clinical CAD compared with noncarriers. METHODS The KIF6 Trp719Arg polymorphism (rs20455) was genotyped in 19 case-control studies of nonfatal CAD either as part of a genome-wide association study or in a formal attempt to replicate the initial positive reports. RESULTS A total of 17,000 cases and 39,369 controls of European descent as well as a modest number of South Asians, African Americans, Hispanics, East Asians, and admixed cases and controls were successfully genotyped. None of the 19 studies demonstrated an increased risk of CAD in carriers of the 719Arg allele compared with noncarriers. Regression analyses and fixed-effects meta-analyses ruled out with high degree of confidence an increase of ≥2% in the risk of CAD among European 719Arg carriers. We also observed no increase in the risk of CAD among 719Arg carriers in the subset of Europeans with early-onset disease (younger than 50 years of age for men and younger than 60 years of age for women) compared with similarly aged controls as well as all non-European subgroups. CONCLUSIONS The KIF6 Trp719Arg polymorphism was not associated with the risk of clinical CAD in this large replication study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themistocles L Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304-1334, USA.
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Erdmann J, Willenborg C, Nahrstaedt J, Preuss M, Konig IR, Baumert J, Linsel-Nitschke P, Gieger C, Tennstedt S, Belcredi P, Aherrahrou Z, Klopp N, Loley C, Stark K, Hengstenberg C, Bruse P, Freyer J, Wagner AK, Medack A, Lieb W, Grosshennig A, Sager HB, Reinhardt A, Schafer A, Schreiber S, El Mokhtari NE, Raaz-Schrauder D, Illig T, Garlichs CD, Ekici AB, Reis A, Schrezenmeir J, Rubin D, Ziegler A, Wichmann HE, Doering A, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Peters A, Schunkert H. Genome-wide association study identifies a new locus for coronary artery disease on chromosome 10p11.23. Eur Heart J 2010; 32:158-68. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Linsel-Nitschke P, Erdmann J, Schunkert H. [Identification of risk genes for myocardial infarction by genome wide association studies]. Hamostaseologie 2010; 30:230-235. [PMID: 21057710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) shows a strong heritability. For a long time the identification of responsible genes has been rather unsuccessful. However, with the advent of genome wide association studies (GWAS) using DNA-array technology a number of significant loci for MI have been identified which were widely replicated. Interestingly, only a small fraction of the hitherto identified genes is also associated with classical risk factors for MI such as hypercholesterolemia or diabetes. Therefore it can be concluded that the MI risk mediated by the newly identified genes involves a number of novel pathophysiological mechanisms. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge in the field and tries to give a perspective on how these findings can be translated into clinical practice and further scientific discovery. Special consideration is given to the association of MI risk with genetic variants in the hemostatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Linsel-Nitschke
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck
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Erdmann J, Linsel-Nitschke P, Schunkert H. Genetic causes of myocardial infarction: new insights from genome-wide association studies. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2010; 107:694-9. [PMID: 21031128 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2010.0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A positive family history for myocardial infarction (MI) is known to be a major cardiovascular risk factor. The current European guidelines therefore recommend intensified primary prevention for the siblings and children of persons who have had an MI. Although the genes underlying the heritable component of MI were largely unknown previously, the development of new molecular genetic methods, and particularly the advent of genome-wide association (GWA) studies, has led to the discovery of numerous genetic variants that are associated with an elevated risk of MI. METHODS In this article, we review GWA studies on MI and coronary heart disease (CHD) that were retrieved by a selective literature search from 2007 onward. We comment on their implications for clinical practice. RESULTS In the last three years, GWA studies have enabled the identification of many alleles that confer a higher risk of MI. A total of eleven chromosomal regions have been replicated and associated with the disease, and their functional significance has been studied. Furthermore, it has been shown that some of the manifestations of CHD, e.g., calcification, ectasia and main-stem stenosis, are more strongly inherited than others. CONCLUSION The results of recent GWA studies for MI and CHD will aid in individual risk prediction for MI by molecular biological means. They will also permit the development of new approaches to research on the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Linsel-Nitschke
- Department of Medicine II, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
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9
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Teupser D, Baber R, Ceglarek U, Scholz M, Illig T, Gieger C, Holdt LM, Leichtle A, Greiser KH, Huster D, Linsel-Nitschke P, Schäfer A, Braund PS, Tiret L, Stark K, Raaz-Schrauder D, Fiedler GM, Wilfert W, Beutner F, Gielen S, Grosshennig A, König IR, Lichtner P, Heid IM, Kluttig A, El Mokhtari NE, Rubin D, Ekici AB, Reis A, Garlichs CD, Hall AS, Matthes G, Wittekind C, Hengstenberg C, Cambien F, Schreiber S, Werdan K, Meitinger T, Loeffler M, Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Wichmann HE, Schunkert H, Thiery J. Genetic regulation of serum phytosterol levels and risk of coronary artery disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 3:331-9. [PMID: 20529992 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.109.907873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytosterols are plant-derived sterols that are taken up from food and can serve as biomarkers of cholesterol uptake. Serum levels are under tight genetic control. We used a genomic approach to study the molecular regulation of serum phytosterol levels and potential links to coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS AND RESULTS A genome-wide association study for serum phytosterols (campesterol, sitosterol, brassicasterol) was conducted in a population-based sample from KORA (Cooperative Research in the Region of Augsburg) (n=1495) with subsequent replication in 2 additional samples (n=1157 and n=1760). Replicated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for association with premature CAD in a metaanalysis of 11 different samples comprising 13 764 CAD cases and 13 630 healthy controls. Genetic variants in the ATP-binding hemitransporter ABCG8 and at the blood group ABO locus were significantly associated with serum phytosterols. Effects in ABCG8 were independently related to SNPs rs4245791 and rs41360247 (combined P=1.6 x 10(-50) and 6.2 x 10(-25), respectively; n=4412). Serum campesterol was elevated 12% for each rs4245791 T-allele. The same allele was associated with 40% decreased hepatic ABCG8 mRNA expression (P=0.009). Effects at the ABO locus were related to SNP rs657152 (combined P=9.4x10(-13)). Alleles of ABCG8 and ABO associated with elevated phytosterol levels displayed significant associations with increased CAD risk (rs4245791 odds ratio, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.14; P=2.2 x 10(-6); rs657152 odds ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.19; P=9.4 x 10(-6)), whereas alleles at ABCG8 associated with reduced phytosterol levels were associated with reduced CAD risk (rs41360247 odds ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.91; P=1.3 x 10(-5)). CONCLUSION Common variants in ABCG8 and ABO are strongly associated with serum phytosterol levels and show concordant and previously unknown associations with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany.
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Linsel-Nitschke P, Sager H, Maouche S, Brocheton J, Erdmann J, Aherrarhou Z, Cambien F, Schunkert H. P112 TIME-SERIES AND GENE CO-EXPRESSION ANALYSES OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES IN HUMAN MONOCYTES AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: THE GERMAN MI FAMILY STUDY. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(10)70179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Kleber ME, Renner W, Grammer TB, Linsel-Nitschke P, Boehm BO, Winkelmann BR, Bugert P, Hoffmann MM, März W. Association of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs599839 in the vicinity of the sortilin 1 gene with LDL and triglyceride metabolism, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 2010; 209:492-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sager HB, Linsel-Nitschke P, Mayer B, Lieb W, Franzel B, Elsasser U, Schunkert H. Physicians' perception of guideline-recommended low-density lipoprotein target values: characteristics of misclassified patients. Eur Heart J 2010; 31:1266-73. [PMID: 20219745 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The present study investigated the awareness of primary care physicians for patient characteristics relevant for designation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) target values. METHODS AND RESULTS Physicians (n = 907) were asked to estimate guideline-recommended LDL target value for 30 of their patients with hyperlipidaemia. In total, 25 250 patients were allocated on that basis in three different groups (LDL target <100, <130, and <160 mg/dL), in which by guideline criteria 68.0, 21.9, and 10.1% of patients, respectively, were allocated. We analysed (by logistic regression) whether physicians utilized risk factors and co-morbidities appropriately for assignment of correct LDL target values. Overall, physicians estimated recommended LDL target values correctly in 55.1% of male vs. 49.1% of female patients (P < 0.001). In the group with LDL targets of <100 mg/dL, correct assignment was most often given to male patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI; 77.1%). In comparison with this group, increasing probabilities for incorrect assignment were found in patients with documented coronary artery disease (CAD) without a history of MI [odds ratio (OR): 2.08, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 1.87-2.33], CAD-equivalent conditions (OR: 2.30, 95% CI: 2.08-2.55), and a 10-year risk >20% based on calculated risk scores (OR: 2.69, 95% CI: 2.40-3.02). Next, physicians were grouped, based on the number of correct assignments they gave to their patients, in quartiles of guideline knowledge. In patients from physicians of the top performing quartile (>90% of correct assignments), LDL levels were significantly lower than in the second, third, and fourth quartiles (LDL 134.3, 138.8, 145.5, 151.4 mg/dL, P < 0.001 between all groups). CONCLUSION In primary care, about half of high-risk patients receive correct assignment of guideline-recommended LDL targets by their physicians. Perception of correct LDL target values varied largely depending on patients' gender and co-morbid conditions. Poor perception of risk resulted in lower rates of objective LDL target achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik B Sager
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universitätsklinik Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee, Lübeck, Germany
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Reinhardt A, Linsel-Nitschke P, Schunkert H. [New treatment strategies for the management of hypertension]. MMW Fortschr Med 2009; 151:33-36. [PMID: 20043391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Reinhardt
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck.
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Stritzke J, Linsel-Nitschke P, Markus MRP, Mayer B, Lieb W, Luchner A, Doring A, Koenig W, Keil U, Hense HW, Schunkert H. Association between degenerative aortic valve disease and long-term exposure to cardiovascular risk factors: results of the longitudinal population-based KORA/MONICA survey. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:2044-53. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Linsel-Nitschke P, Heeren J, Aherrahrou Z, Bruse P, Gieger C, Illig T, Prokisch H, Heim K, Doering A, Peters A, Meitinger T, Wichmann HE, Hinney A, Reinehr T, Roth C, Ortlepp JR, Soufi M, Sattler AM, Schaefer J, Stark K, Hengstenberg C, Schaefer A, Schreiber S, Kronenberg F, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Erdmann J. Genetic variation at chromosome 1p13.3 affects sortilin mRNA expression, cellular LDL-uptake and serum LDL levels which translates to the risk of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2009; 208:183-9. [PMID: 19660754 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs599839 located at chromosome 1p13.3 has previously been associated with risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and with serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). A functional link explaining the association of SNP rs599839 with LDL-C levels and CAD risk has not yet been elucidated. METHODS We analyzed the association of rs599839 with LDL-C in 6605 individuals across a wide age spectrum and with CAD in four case-control studies comprising 4287 cases and 7572 controls. Genome-wide expression array data was used to assess the association of SNP rs599839 with gene expression at chromosome 1p13. Finally, we overexpressed sortilin in transfected cells to study LDL-uptake in vitro. RESULTS Each copy of the G-allele of rs599839 associated with a decrease of serum LDL-C by 0.14 mmol/L (90% confidence interval (CI) 0.09-0.17 mmol/L, p=2.6 x 10(-11)). Moreover, each copy of the G-allele associated with a 9% decrease of CAD risk (90% CI 4-14%) in the presently studied four case-control samples and with a 13% decrease (90% CI 10-17%, p=2.18 x 10(-9)) in a pooled meta-analysis including recent genome-wide association studies on CAD. The same allele was associated with higher mRNA-expression levels of the multiligand receptor sortilin (log transformed mRNA AA vs. GG=8.31 vs. 8.55; p=0.01). Overexpression of SORT1 cDNA resulted in a significant increase in LDL-particle uptake (+23%, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Rs599839 associates with decreased LDL-C and a lower risk of CAD. Effects appear to be mediated by increased sortilin expression and subsequently enhanced LDL-uptake into cells.
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Wiedmann S, Neureuther K, Stark K, Reinhard W, Kallmünzer B, Baessler A, Fischer M, Linsel-Nitschke P, Erdmann J, Schunkert H, Hengstenberg C. Lack of association between a common polymorphism near the INSIG2 gene and BMI, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular risk factors. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:1390-5. [PMID: 19197259 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies revealed an increasing prevalence of and a steep increase in obesity, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Because significant influence of a polymorphism, rs7566605, near the INSIG2 gene on BMI has been shown in the general population and in obesity cohorts, we hypothesized that this polymorphism might also act through an elevated BMI on the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) or myocardial infarction (MI). We pursued two strategies: First, the polymorphism rs7566605 was investigated for association with BMI, CAD/MI, and cardiovascular risk factors in a large German cohort at high risk for CAD and MI (n = 1,460 MI patients) as compared to unrelated healthy controls (n = 1,215); second, we extended our analyses on the families of MI patients and performed family-based association testing (n = 5,390 individuals). The polymorphism rs7566605 was analyzed using TaqMan technology. No deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium could be observed, and the call rate was 98.2%. No significant associations of rs7566605 with CAD/MI, BMI, and classical cardiovascular risk factors could be detected in the full sample size or in the subgroups. A total of 6,878 individuals were investigated in a population of German MI patients and their family members. Although the number of individuals was large enough, no influence of the rs7566605 INSIG2 polymorphism was detected on BMI and CAD/MI. We therefore conclude that in our sample the SNP rs7566605 near the INSIG2 gene does not influence BMI and is not associated directly with CAD/MI or indirectly through cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Wiedmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Linsel-Nitschke P, Jansen H, Aherrarhou Z, Belz S, Mayer B, Lieb W, Huber F, Kremer W, Kalbitzer HR, Erdmann J, Schunkert H. Macrophage cholesterol efflux correlates with lipoprotein subclass distribution and risk of obstructive coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:14. [PMID: 19348677 PMCID: PMC2674428 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in patients with low HDL have suggested that impaired cellular cholesterol efflux is a heritable phenotype increasing atherosclerosis risk. Less is known about the association of macrophage cholesterol efflux with lipid profiles and CAD risk in normolipidemic subjects. We have therefore measured macrophage cholesterol efflux in 142 normolipidemic subjects undergoing coronary angiography. METHODS Monocytes isolated from blood samples of patients scheduled for cardiac catheterization were differentiated into macrophages over seven days. Isotopic cholesterol efflux to exogenously added apolipoprotein A-I and HDL2 was measured. Quantitative cholesterol efflux from macrophages was correlated with lipoprotein subclass distribution in plasma from the same individuals measured by NMR-spectroscopy of lipids and with the extent of coronary artery disease seen on coronary angiography. RESULTS Macrophage cholesterol efflux was positively correlated with particle concentration of smaller HDL and LDL particles but not with total plasma concentrations of HDL or LDL-cholesterol. We observed an inverse relationship between macrophage cholesterol efflux and the concentration of larger and triglyceride rich particles (VLDL, chylomicrons). Subjects with significant stenosis on coronary angiography had lower cholesterol efflux from macrophages compared to individuals without significant stenosis (adjusted p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Macrophage cholesterol efflux is inversely correlated with lipoprotein particle size and risk of CAD.
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Erdmann J, Grosshennig A, Braund PS, König IR, Hengstenberg C, Hall AS, Linsel-Nitschke P, Kathiresan S, Wright B, Trégouët DA, Cambien F, Bruse P, Aherrahrou Z, Wagner AK, Stark K, Schwartz SM, Salomaa V, Elosua R, Melander O, Voight BF, O'Donnell CJ, Peltonen L, Siscovick DS, Altshuler D, Merlini PA, Peyvandi F, Bernardinelli L, Ardissino D, Schillert A, Blankenberg S, Zeller T, Wild P, Schwarz DF, Tiret L, Perret C, Schreiber S, El Mokhtari NE, Schäfer A, März W, Renner W, Bugert P, Klüter H, Schrezenmeir J, Rubin D, Ball SG, Balmforth AJ, Wichmann HE, Meitinger T, Fischer M, Meisinger C, Baumert J, Peters A, Ouwehand WH, Deloukas P, Thompson JR, Ziegler A, Samani NJ, Schunkert H. New susceptibility locus for coronary artery disease on chromosome 3q22.3. Nat Genet 2009; 41:280-2. [PMID: 19198612 PMCID: PMC2695543 DOI: 10.1038/ng.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present a three-stage analysis of genome-wide SNP data in 1,222 German individuals with myocardial infarction and 1,298 controls, in silico replication in three additional genome-wide datasets of coronary artery disease (CAD) and subsequent replication in approximately 25,000 subjects. We identified one new CAD risk locus on 3q22.3 in MRAS (P = 7.44 x 10(-13); OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.11-1.19), and suggestive association with a locus on 12q24.31 near HNF1A-C12orf43 (P = 4.81 x 10(-7); OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.05-1.11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Erdmann
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Trégouët DA, König IR, Erdmann J, Munteanu A, Braund PS, Hall AS, Grosshennig A, Linsel-Nitschke P, Perret C, DeSuremain M, Meitinger T, Wright BJ, Preuss M, Balmforth AJ, Ball SG, Meisinger C, Germain C, Evans A, Arveiler D, Luc G, Ruidavets JB, Morrison C, van der Harst P, Schreiber S, Neureuther K, Schäfer A, Bugert P, El Mokhtari NE, Schrezenmeir J, Stark K, Rubin D, Wichmann HE, Hengstenberg C, Ouwehand W, Ziegler A, Tiret L, Thompson JR, Cambien F, Schunkert H, Samani NJ. Genome-wide haplotype association study identifies the SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA gene cluster as a risk locus for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2009; 41:283-5. [PMID: 19198611 DOI: 10.1038/ng.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We identify the SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA gene cluster as a strong susceptibility locus for coronary artery disease (CAD) through a genome-wide haplotype association (GWHA) study. This locus was not identified from previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies focused on univariate analyses of SNPs. The proposed approach may have wide utility for analyzing GWA data for other complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David-Alexandre Trégouët
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 525, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC). Paris 06, Paris 75013, France.
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20
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Kathiresan S, Voight BF, Purcell S, Musunuru K, Ardissino D, Mannucci PM, Anand S, Engert JC, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Erdmann J, Reilly MP, Rader DJ, Morgan T, Spertus JA, Stoll M, Girelli D, McKeown PP, Patterson CC, Siscovick DS, O'Donnell CJ, Elosua R, Peltonen L, Salomaa V, Schwartz SM, Melander O, Altshuler D, Ardissino D, Merlini PA, Berzuini C, Bernardinelli L, Peyvandi F, Tubaro M, Celli P, Ferrario M, Fetiveau R, Marziliano N, Casari G, Galli M, Ribichini F, Rossi M, Bernardi F, Zonzin P, Piazza A, Mannucci PM, Schwartz SM, Siscovick DS, Yee J, Friedlander Y, Elosua R, Marrugat J, Lucas G, Subirana I, Sala J, Ramos R, Kathiresan S, Meigs JB, Williams G, Nathan DM, MacRae CA, O'Donnell CJ, Salomaa V, Havulinna AS, Peltonen L, Melander O, Berglund G, Voight BF, Kathiresan S, Hirschhorn JN, Asselta R, Duga S, Spreafico M, Musunuru K, Daly MJ, Purcell S, Voight BF, Purcell S, Nemesh J, Korn JM, McCarroll SA, Schwartz SM, Yee J, Kathiresan S, Lucas G, Subirana I, Elosua R, Surti A, Guiducci C, Gianniny L, Mirel D, Parkin M, Burtt N, Gabriel SB, Samani NJ, Thompson JR, Braund PS, Wright BJ, Balmforth AJ, Ball SG, Hall AS, Schunkert H, Erdmann J, Linsel-Nitschke P, Lieb W, Ziegler A, König I, Hengstenberg C, Fischer M, Stark K, Grosshennig A, Preuss M, Wichmann HE, Schreiber S, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Ouwehand W, Hengstenberg C, Deloukas P, Scholz M, Cambien F, Reilly MP, Li M, Chen Z, Wilensky R, Matthai W, Qasim A, Hakonarson HH, Devaney J, Burnett MS, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Satler L, Lindsay JM, Waksman R, Knouff CW, Waterworth DM, Walker MC, Mooser V, Epstein SE, Rader DJ, Scheffold T, Berger K, Stoll M, Huge A, Girelli D, Martinelli N, Olivieri O, Corrocher R, Morgan T, Spertus JA, McKeown P, Patterson CC, Schunkert H, Erdmann E, Linsel-Nitschke P, Lieb W, Ziegler A, König IR, Hengstenberg C, Fischer M, Stark K, Grosshennig A, Preuss M, Wichmann HE, Schreiber S, Hólm H, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K, Engert JC, Do R, Xie C, Anand S, Kathiresan S, Ardissino D, Mannucci PM, Siscovick D, O'Donnell CJ, Samani NJ, Melander O, Elosua R, Peltonen L, Salomaa V, Schwartz SM, Altshuler D. Genome-wide association of early-onset myocardial infarction with single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants. Nat Genet 2009; 41:334-41. [PMID: 19198609 DOI: 10.1038/ng.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 830] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a genome-wide association study testing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variants (CNVs) for association with early-onset myocardial infarction in 2,967 cases and 3,075 controls. We carried out replication in an independent sample with an effective sample size of up to 19,492. SNPs at nine loci reached genome-wide significance: three are newly identified (21q22 near MRPS6-SLC5A3-KCNE2, 6p24 in PHACTR1 and 2q33 in WDR12) and six replicated prior observations (9p21, 1p13 near CELSR2-PSRC1-SORT1, 10q11 near CXCL12, 1q41 in MIA3, 19p13 near LDLR and 1p32 near PCSK9). We tested 554 common copy number polymorphisms (>1% allele frequency) and none met the pre-specified threshold for replication (P < 10(-3)). We identified 8,065 rare CNVs but did not detect a greater CNV burden in cases compared to controls, in genes compared to the genome as a whole, or at any individual locus. SNPs at nine loci were reproducibly associated with myocardial infarction, but tests of common and rare CNVs failed to identify additional associations with myocardial infarction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Eifert S, Goetz A, Linsel-Nitschke P, Medack A, Hengstenberg C, Reichart B, Schunkert H, Erdmann J. Systematic pathway-analysis of kinesin protein family (KIF) using genome-wide SNP data in patients with myocardial infarction: Genetic variation in KIFC3 gene associates with myocardial infarction. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1191643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Linsel-Nitschke P, Götz A, Erdmann J, Braenne I, Braund P, Hengstenberg C, Stark K, Fischer M, Schreiber S, El Mokhtari NE, Schaefer A, Schrezenmeier J, Rubin D, Hinney A, Reinehr T, Roth C, Ortlepp J, Hanrath P, Hall AS, Mangino M, Lieb W, Lamina C, Heid IM, Doering A, Gieger C, Peters A, Meitinger T, Wichmann HE, König IR, Ziegler A, Kronenberg F, Samani NJ, Schunkert H. Lifelong reduction of LDL-cholesterol related to a common variant in the LDL-receptor gene decreases the risk of coronary artery disease--a Mendelian Randomisation study. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2986. [PMID: 18714375 PMCID: PMC2500189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare mutations of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR) cause familial hypercholesterolemia, which increases the risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). Less is known about the implications of common genetic variation in the LDLR gene regarding the variability of cholesterol levels and risk of CAD. METHODS Imputed genotype data at the LDLR locus on 1 644 individuals of a population-based sample were explored for association with LDL-C level. Replication of association with LDL-C level was sought for the most significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the LDLR gene in three European samples comprising 6 642 adults and 533 children. Association of this SNP with CAD was examined in six case-control studies involving more than 15 000 individuals. FINDINGS Each copy of the minor T allele of SNP rs2228671 within LDLR (frequency 11%) was related to a decrease of LDL-C levels by 0.19 mmol/L (95% confidence interval (CI) [0.13-0.24] mmol/L, p = 1.5x10(-10)). This association with LDL-C was uniformly found in children, men, and women of all samples studied. In parallel, the T allele of rs2228671 was associated with a significantly lower risk of CAD (Odds Ratio per copy of the T allele: 0.82, 95% CI [0.76-0.89], p = 2.1x10(-7)). Adjustment for LDL-C levels by logistic regression or Mendelian Randomisation models abolished the significant association between rs2228671 with CAD completely, indicating a functional link between the genetic variant at the LDLR gene locus, change in LDL-C and risk of CAD. CONCLUSION A common variant at the LDLR gene locus affects LDL-C levels and, thereby, the risk for CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anika Götz
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid Braenne
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter Braund
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Stark
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Fischer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Arne Schaefer
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrezenmeier
- Bundesforschungsanstalt für Ernährung und Lebensmittel, Institut für Physiologie und Biochemie der Ernährung, Kiel, Germany
| | - Diana Rubin
- Bundesforschungsanstalt für Ernährung und Lebensmittel, Institut für Physiologie und Biochemie der Ernährung, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anke Hinney
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Rheinische Kliniken Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinehr
- Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Christian Roth
- Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Children's Hospital & Regional Medical Centre, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jan Ortlepp
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Hanrath
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alistair S. Hall
- C-NET Group, Leeds Institute for Genetics and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angela Doering
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Inke R. König
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Samani NJ, Braund PS, Erdmann J, Götz A, Tomaszewski M, Linsel-Nitschke P, Hajat C, Mangino M, Hengstenberg C, Stark K, Ziegler A, Caulfield M, Burton PR, Schunkert H, Tobin MD. The novel genetic variant predisposing to coronary artery disease in the region of the PSRC1 and CELSR2 genes on chromosome 1 associates with serum cholesterol. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:1233-41. [PMID: 18649068 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Through genome-wide association studies, we have recently identified seven novel loci that confer a substantial increase in risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). Elucidating the mechanisms by which these loci affect CAD risk could have important clinical utility. Here, we investigated whether these loci act through mechanisms involving traditional cardiovascular risk factors. We genotyped 2,037 adult individuals from 520 nuclear families characterised for body mass index, waist-hip ratio, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glucose for the lead single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the seven CAD-associated loci. SNP rs599839, representing the locus in the vicinity of the PSRC1 and CELSR2 genes on chromosome 1p13.3, showed a strong association with total cholesterol. The CAD-associated risk allele A of rs599839 (allele frequency 0.78) was associated with a 0.17-mmol/l (95% CI 0.10 to 0.24 mmol/l) higher serum cholesterol level per allele copy (P = 3.84 x 10(-6)). The association of the A allele with higher total cholesterol was confirmed in an independent cohort (n = 847) of healthy adults (P = 1.0 x 10(-4)) and related to an effect on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P = 8.56 x 10(-5)). An association of rs599839 with LDL cholesterol was also shown in 1,090 cases with myocardial infarction (P = 0.0026). None of the other variants showed a strong association with the measured cardiovascular risk factors, suggesting that these loci act through other mechanisms. However, the novel CAD-associated locus in the vicinity of the PSRC1 and CELSR2 genes on chromosome 1 probably enhances CAD risk through an effect on plasma LDL cholesterol. The findings support further investigation of the role of these genes in cholesterol metabolism and coronary risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK.
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Linsel-Nitschke P, Schunkert H, Erdmann J. [Congestive heart failure is a common disease with complex inheritance--new perspectives through genome wide association studies]. Internist (Berl) 2008; 49:405-10, 412. [PMID: 18301871 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-008-2051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congestive heart failure can be defined as a complex syndrome comprising the end stage of multiple cardiovascular disorders. Genetics of congestive heart failure focused thus far mainly on rare familiar forms of hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy. These are often caused by rare and deleterious mutations showing Mendelian inheritance conferred by genes encoding largely for structural proteins of the myocardium. However, from an epidemiological point of view, these rare familial forms play a minor role in the overall population. By far the most cases of congestive heart failure show a complex inheritance and phenotype. This review article will focus on congestive heart failure as a complex trait and will discuss the impact of new technology (genome wide association studies) on the elucidation of common genetic risk factors for congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Linsel-Nitschke
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
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25
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Lieb W, Zeller T, Mangino M, Götz A, Braund P, Wenzel JJ, Horn C, Proust C, Linsel-Nitschke P, Amouyel P, Bruse P, Arveiler D, König IR, Ferrières J, Ziegler A, Balmforth AJ, Evans A, Ducimetière P, Cambien F, Hengstenberg C, Stark K, Hall AS, Schunkert H, Blankenberg S, Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Tiret L. Lack of association of genetic variants in the LRP8 gene with familial and sporadic myocardial infarction. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:1163-70. [PMID: 18592168 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) have a genetic basis, but the precise genetic underpinning remains controversial. Recently, an association of the LRP8 R952Q polymorphism (rs5174) with familial premature CAD/MI was reported. We analysed rs5174 (or the perfect proxy rs5177) in 1,210 patients with familial MI and 1,015 controls from the German MI Family study, in 1,926 familial CAD (1,377 with MI) patients and 2,938 controls from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) MI/CAD cohort, in 346 CAD patients and 351 controls from the AtheroGene study and in 295 men with incident CAD and 301 controls from the Prospective Epidemiological Study of MI study and found no evidence for association in any of the populations studied. In the WTCCC and the German MI Family studies, additional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the LRP8 gene were analysed and displayed no evidence for association either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Lieb
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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26
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Schunkert H, Götz A, Braund P, McGinnis R, Tregouet DA, Mangino M, Linsel-Nitschke P, Cambien F, Hengstenberg C, Stark K, Blankenberg S, Tiret L, Ducimetiere P, Keniry A, Ghori MJR, Schreiber S, El Mokhtari NE, Hall AS, Dixon RJ, Goodall AH, Liptau H, Pollard H, Schwarz DF, Hothorn LA, Wichmann HE, König IR, Fischer M, Meisinger C, Ouwehand W, Deloukas P, Thompson JR, Erdmann J, Ziegler A, Samani NJ. Repeated replication and a prospective meta-analysis of the association between chromosome 9p21.3 and coronary artery disease. Circulation 2008; 117:1675-84. [PMID: 18362232 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.730614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, genome-wide association studies identified variants on chromosome 9p21.3 as affecting the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated the association of this locus with CAD in 7 case-control studies and undertook a meta-analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1333049, representing the 9p21.3 locus, was genotyped in 7 case-control studies involving a total of 4645 patients with myocardial infarction or CAD and 5177 controls. The mode of inheritance was determined. In addition, in 5 of the 7 studies, we genotyped 3 additional SNPs to assess a risk-associated haplotype (ACAC). Finally, a meta-analysis of the present data and previously published samples was conducted. A limited fine mapping of the locus was performed. The risk allele (C) of the lead SNP, rs1333049, was uniformly associated with CAD in each study (P<0.05). In a pooled analysis, the odds ratio per copy of the risk allele was 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 1.22 to 1.37; P=0.0001). Haplotype analysis further suggested that this effect was not homogeneous across the haplotypic background (test for interaction, P=0.0079). An autosomal-additive mode of inheritance best explained the underlying association. The meta-analysis of the rs1333049 SNP in 12,004 cases and 28,949 controls increased the overall level of evidence for association with CAD to P=6.04x10(-10) (odds ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 1.29). Genotyping of 31 additional SNPs in the region identified several with a highly significant association with CAD, but none had predictive information beyond that of the rs1333049 SNP. CONCLUSIONS This broad replication provides unprecedented evidence for association between genetic variants at chromosome 9p21.3 and risk of CAD.
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Aherrahrou Z, Doehring LC, Ehlers EM, Liptau H, Depping R, Linsel-Nitschke P, Kaczmarek PM, Erdmann J, Schunkert H. An alternative splice variant in Abcc6, the gene causing dystrophic calcification, leads to protein deficiency in C3H/He mice. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:7608-15. [PMID: 18201967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708290200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophic cardiac calcification (DCC) is an autosomal recessive trait characterized by calcium phosphate deposits in myocardial tissue. The Abcc6 gene locus was recently found to mediate DCC; however, at the molecular level the causative variants remain to be determined. Examining the sequences of Abcc6 cDNA in DCC-resistant C57BL/6 and DCC-susceptible C3H/He mice, we identified a missense mutation (Cys to Thr at codon 619, rs32756904) at the 3'-border of exon 14 that creates an additional donor splice site (GT). Accordingly, an alternative transcript variant was detected, lacking the last 5 bp of exon 14 (-AGG(C/T)GCTgtga-) in DCC-susceptible C3H/He mice that carry the Thr allele. The 5-bp deletion was found to result in premature termination at codon 684, in turn leading to protein deficiency in DCC-susceptible mouse tissue as well as in cells transfected with Abcc6 cDNA lacking the last 5 bp of exon 14. All mouse strains that were found to carry the Thr allele, including C3H/He, DBA/2J, and 129S1/SvJ, were also found to be positive for DCC. In summary, we identified a splice variant leading to a 5-bp deletion in the Abcc6 transcript that gives rise to protein deficiency both in vivo and in vitro. The fact that all mouse strains that carry the deletion also develop dystrophic calcifications further suggests that the underlying splice variant affects the biological function of MRP6 protein and is a cause of DCC in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Department of Medicine II, Univerrsity of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
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Lieb W, Mayer B, König IR, Borwitzky I, Götz A, Kain S, Hengstenberg C, Linsel-Nitschke P, Fischer M, Döring A, Wichmann HE, Meitinger T, Kreutz R, Ziegler A, Schunkert H, Erdmann J. Lack of association between the MEF2A gene and myocardial infarction. Circulation 2007; 117:185-91. [PMID: 18086930 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.728485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) are caused in part by genetic factors. Recently, the MEF2A gene was linked to MI/CAD in a single pedigree with autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance. In addition, genetic variants within the gene have been associated with MI in case-control settings, producing inconsistent results. METHODS AND RESULTS The MEF2A gene was sequenced in MI patients from 23 MI families (> or =5 affected members per family), but no mutation was identified in any of these extended families. Moreover, the Pro279Leu variant in exon 7 was analyzed in 1181 unrelated MI patients with a positive family history for MI/CAD, in 533 patients with sporadic MI, and in 2 control populations (n=1021 and n=1055), showing no evidence for association with MI/CAD. In addition, a (CAG)n repeat in exon 11 was genotyped in 543 sporadic MI patients and in 1190 controls without evidence for association with MI. Finally, analyzing 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from the GeneChip Mapping 500K Array, genotyped in 1644 controls and 753 cases, failed to provide evidence for association (region-wide P=0.23). CONCLUSIONS Studying independent samples of >1700 MI patients, 2 large control populations, and multiple families with apparently mendelian inheritance of the disease, we found no evidence for any linkage or association signal in the MEF2A gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Lieb
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Mayer B, Lieb W, Götz A, König IR, Kauschen LF, Linsel-Nitschke P, Pomarino A, Holmer S, Hengstenberg C, Doering A, Loewel H, Hense HW, Ziegler A, Erdmann J, Schunkert H. Association of a functional polymorphism in the CYP4A11 gene with systolic blood pressure in survivors of myocardial infarction. J Hypertens 2007; 24:1965-70. [PMID: 16957555 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000244944.34546.8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Survivors of myocardial infarction (MI) are known to have a high prevalence of arterial hypertension which, at the same time, imposes a major risk to such patients. Genetic variants of the arachidonic acid monooxygenase CYP4A11 may result in decreased synthesis of 20-hydroxyeicostatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), experimental hypertension and elevated blood pressure levels in humans. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the functionally relevant T8590C polymorphism of this gene on blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension in MI patients. METHODS Survivors of MI from the MONICA Augsburg MI registry (n = 560) were studied after a mean of 5.6 years after the acute event. Participants were examined by standardized anthropometric and echocardiographic measurements, as well as genotyping for CYP4A11 T8590C allele status. RESULTS Genotype frequencies in MI patients (TT = 71.8%, CT = 26.2%, CC = 2.0%) did not differ from those in population-based controls (n = 1363; TT = 75.4%, CT = 22.5% and CC = 2.1%, P = 0.22). MI survivors with the CC genotype displayed higher systolic blood pressure levels (CC: 143.4 +/- 4.9 mmHg versus CT: 134.5 +/- 1.3 mmHg and TT: 131.1 +/- 0.8 mmHg; P = 0.02) and a non-significant trend towards higher diastolic blood pressure levels (CC: 88.4 +/- 3.0 mmHg versus CT: 84.9 +/- 0.8 mmHg and TT: 83.9 +/- 0.5 mmHg; P = 0.17) in multivariate models. Accordingly, the C allele was related to elevated odds ratios for hypertension in a recessive [4.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-15.96, P = 0.04] and in a dominant model (1.50; 95% CI = 1.03-2.20, P = 0.04), respectively. No blood pressure-independent association of the T8590C polymorphism with echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular function and/or geometry was found. CONCLUSION The data obtained in the present study strengthen the evidence of an association of the CYP4A11 T8590C polymorphism with blood pressure levels and hypertension prevalence. Particularly, the risk of arterial hypertension is substantially higher in MI patients homozygous for the CC allele. By contrast, no evidence was obtained for an association between this genotype and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Mayer
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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30
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Jehle AW, Gardai SJ, Li S, Linsel-Nitschke P, Morimoto K, Janssen WJ, Vandivier RW, Wang N, Greenberg S, Dale BM, Qin C, Henson PM, Tall AR. ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 enhances phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and associated ERK signaling in macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 174:547-56. [PMID: 16908670 PMCID: PMC2064260 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200601030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 and A7 (ABCA1 and -A7) show sequence similarity to CED-7, a Caenorhabditis elegans gene that mediates the clearance of apoptotic cells. Using RNA interference or gene targeting, we show that knock down of macrophage ABCA7 but not -A1 results in defective engulfment of apoptotic cells. In response to apoptotic cells, ABCA7 moves to the macrophage cell surface and colocalizes with the low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1 (LRP1) in phagocytic cups. The cell surface localization of ABCA7 and LRP1 is defective in ABCA7-deficient cells. C1q is an opsonin of apoptotic cells that acts via phagocyte LRP1 to induce extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. We show that ERK signaling is required for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and that ERK phosphorylation in response to apoptotic cells or C1q is defective in ABCA7-deficient cells. These studies reveal a major role of ABCA7 and not -A1 in the clearance of apoptotic cells and therefore suggest that ABCA7 is an authentic orthologue of CED-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W Jehle
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Jehle AW, Gardai SJ, Li S, Linsel-Nitschke P, Morimoto K, Janssen WJ, Vandivier RW, Wang N, Greenberg S, Dale BM, Qin C, Henson PM, Tall AR. ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 enhances phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and associated ERK signaling in macrophages. J Exp Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1084/jem2039oia22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
Lipid abnormalities are among the key risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Indeed, lipid-modifying drugs - in particular, the statins, which primarily lower plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol - considerably reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, leading to their widespread use. Nevertheless, it seems that there might be limits to the degree of benefit that can be achieved by lowering LDL-cholesterol levels alone, which has led to increased interest in targeting other lipid-related risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In this article, we first consider the mechanisms that underlie the protective effect of HDL cholesterol, and then discuss several strategies that have recently emerged to increase levels of HDL cholesterol to treat cardiovascular disease, including nuclear receptor modulation, inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and infusion of apolipoprotein/phospholipid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Linsel-Nitschke
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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33
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Assémat E, Vinot S, Gofflot F, Linsel-Nitschke P, Illien F, Châtelet F, Verroust P, Louvet-Vallée S, Rinninger F, Kozyraki R. Expression and role of cubilin in the internalization of nutrients during the peri-implantation development of the rodent embryo. Biol Reprod 2004; 72:1079-86. [PMID: 15616221 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.036913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Histiotrophic nutrition is essential during the peri-implantation development in rodents, but little is known about receptors involved in protein and lipid endocytosis derived from the endometrium and the uterine glands. Previous studies suggested that cubilin, a multiligand receptor for vitamin, iron, and protein uptake in the adult, might be important in this process, but the onset of its expression and function is not known. In this study, we analyzed the expression of cubilin in the pre- and early post-implantation rodent embryo and tested its potential function in protein and cholesterol uptake. Using morphological and Western blot analysis, we showed that cubilin first appeared at the eight-cell stage. It was expressed by the maternal-fetal interfaces, trophectoderm and visceral endoderm, but also by the future neuroepithelial cells and the developing neural tube. At all these sites, cubilin was localized at the apical pole of the cells exposed to the maternal environment or to the amniotic and neural tube cavities, and had a very similar distribution to megalin, a member of the LDLR gene family and a coreceptor for cubilin in adult tissues. To analyze cubilin function, we followed endocytosis of apolipoprotein A-I and HDL cholesterol, nutrients normally present in the uterine glands and essential for embryonic growth. We showed that internalization of both ligands was cubilin dependent during the early rodent gestation. In conclusion, the early cubilin expression and its function in protein and cholesterol uptake suggest an important role for cubilin in the development of the peri-implantation embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Assémat
- Inserm, UMR 538, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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Abstract
ABCA7 is homologous to ABCA1 and has recently been shown in cell culture to bind apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and to promote the efflux of phospholipids. However, it is not known if ABCA7 promotes lipid efflux in vivo. When expressed in HEK293 cells, both human and mouse ABCA7 promoted phospholipid efflux to apoA-I but no detectable cholesterol efflux. However, genetic knockdown of ABCA7 in mouse peritoneal macrophages did not affect phospholipid or cholesterol efflux to apoA-I. Moreover, in ABCA1-knockout macrophages, there was no detectable apoA-I-stimulated phospholipid efflux, inconsistent with a residual role of ABCA7. In contrast to plasma membrane localization of ABCA7 in transfected embryonic kidney cells, immunofluorescence microscopy of endogenous ABCA7 in macrophages showed a predominantly intracellular localization of the protein. Strikingly, immunofluorescence studies of adult mouse kidney revealed an apical brush border membrane localization of ABCA7 in the proximal tubule, suggesting that ABCA7 may come in contact with apoA-I in the glomerular filtrate. Although ABCA7 does not contribute to apolipoprotein-mediated lipid efflux in resting macrophages, its cell surface location in the kidney suggests that it could serve such a role in tissue microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Linsel-Nitschke
- Division of Molecular Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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35
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Wang N, Lan D, Gerbod-Giannone M, Linsel-Nitschke P, Jehle AW, Chen W, Martinez LO, Tall AR. ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 (ABCA7) binds apolipoprotein A-I and mediates cellular phospholipid but not cholesterol efflux. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:42906-12. [PMID: 12917409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307831200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1), the defective transporter in Tangier disease, binds and promotes cellular cholesterol and phospholipid efflux to apolipoprotein I (apoA-I). Based on a high degree of sequence homology between ABCA1 and ABCA7, a transporter of unknown function, we investigated the possibility that ABCA7 might be involved in apolipoprotein binding and lipid efflux. Similarly to cells expressing ABCA1, HEK293 cells overexpressing ABCA7 showed specific binding and cross-linking of lipid-poor apoA-I. ABCA7 expression increased cellular phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin efflux to apoA-I in a manner similar to ABCA1 but had no effect on cholesterol efflux. Western analysis showed a high protein level of ABCA7 in mouse spleen, lung, adrenal, and brain but low expression in liver. In contrast to ABCA1, ABCA7 showed moderate basal mRNA and protein levels in macrophages and lymphocytes but no induction by liver X receptor activation. These studies show that ABCA7 has the ability to bind apolipoproteins and promote efflux of cellular phospholipids without cholesterol, and they suggest a possible role of ABCA7 in cellular phospholipid metabolism in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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36
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Wang N, Chen W, Linsel-Nitschke P, Martinez LO, Agerholm-Larsen B, Silver DL, Tall AR. A PEST sequence in ABCA1 regulates degradation by calpain protease and stabilization of ABCA1 by apoA-I. J Clin Invest 2003. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200316808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Wang N, Chen W, Linsel-Nitschke P, Martinez LO, Agerholm-Larsen B, Silver DL, Tall AR. A PEST sequence in ABCA1 regulates degradation by calpain protease and stabilization of ABCA1 by apoA-I. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:99-107. [PMID: 12511593 PMCID: PMC151839 DOI: 10.1172/jci16808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-loaded macrophage foam cells are a central component of atherosclerotic lesions. ABCA1, the defective molecule in Tangier disease, mediates the efflux of phospholipids and cholesterol from cells to apoA-I, reversing foam cell formation. In ABCA1, we identified a sequence rich in proline, glutamic acid, serine, and threonine (PEST sequence) that enhances the degradation of ABCA1 by calpain protease and thereby controls the cell surface concentration and cholesterol efflux activity of ABCA1. In an apparent positive feedback loop, apoA-I binds ABCA1, promotes lipid efflux, inhibits calpain degradation, and leads to increased levels of ABCA1. ApoA-I infusion also increases ABCA1 in vivo. These studies reveal a novel mode of regulation of ABCA1 by PEST sequence-mediated calpain proteolysis that appears to be reversed by apolipoprotein-mediated phospholipid efflux. Inhibition of ABCA1 degradation by calpain could represent a novel therapeutic approach to increasing macrophage cholesterol efflux and decreasing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Grewal T, Heeren J, Linsel-Nitschke P, Mewawala D, Beisiegel U, Jäckle S. Role of Rab5 and Annexin VI in endocytosis and intracellular transport of low density lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)80012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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